Frequency Measures &

Graphical Representation of Data

 Discussion Topics
• Absolute and Relative Frequencies
• Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function (ECDF)
(ECDF for Ordinal Variables, ECDF for Continuous Variables)
• Graphical Representation of a Variable
(Bar Chart, Pie Chart, Histogram)

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Absolute and
Relative
Frequencies

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 Frequency of Data on Discrete Variables (1)
Suppose there are 10 people in a queue. Each of them is either coded as “F”
(for female) or “M” (for male). The collected data may look like:
M, F, M, F, M, M, M, F, M, M.
We use 𝑎1 to refer to the M category and 𝑎2 to refer to the F category. We also
have 7 values in category 𝑎1 , denoted as 𝑛1 = 7, and 3 values in category 𝑎2 ,
denoted as 𝑛2 = 3.
The absolute frequency is the number of observations in a particular category.
Note that 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 = 𝑛 = 10 we can also calculate the relative frequencies of
𝑛1 7 𝑛2 3
𝑎1 and 𝑎2 as 𝑓1 = 𝑓 𝑎1 = = = 0,7 = 70% and 𝑓2 = 𝑓 𝑎2 = = =
𝑛 10 𝑛 10
0,3 = 30% ,respectively.
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Frequency of Data on Discrete Variables (2)
Suppose there are 𝑘 categories denoted as 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ,..., 𝑎𝑘
with 𝑛𝑗 (𝑗 = 1, 2, … , 𝑘) observations in category 𝑎𝑗 .
The absolute frequency 𝑛𝑗 is defined as the number of
units in the 𝑗th category 𝑎𝑗 .
The sum of absolute frequencies equals the total number
of units in the data: σ𝑘𝑗=1 𝑛𝑗 = 𝑛. The relative frequencies
of the 𝑗th class are defined as
𝑛𝑗
𝑓𝑗 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑗 = , 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑘
𝑛
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Empirical
Cumulative
Distribution
Function (ECDF)

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Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function (ECDF)
Consider 𝑛 observations 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 of a variable 𝑋, which are arranged in ascending
order as 𝑥(1) ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ ⋯ ≤ 𝑥(𝑛) . The empirical cumulative distribution function 𝐹(𝑥)
is defined as the cumulative relative frequencies of all values 𝑎𝑗 , which are smaller
than, or equal to, 𝑥:

𝐹 𝑥 = ෍ 𝑓 𝑎𝑗
𝑎𝑗 ≤𝑥
• 𝐹(𝑥) is a monotonically non-decreasing function,
• 0 ≤ 𝐹(𝑥) ≤ 1,
• lim 𝐹 𝑥 = 0,
𝑥→−∞
• lim 𝐹 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→+∞
• 𝐹(𝑥) is right continuous.
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 ECDF for Ordinal Variables (1)

Consider a customer satisfaction survey from a car service

company. The 200 customers who had a car service done
within the last 30 days were asked to respond regarding their
overall level of satisfaction with the quality of the car service
on a scale from 1 to 5 based on the following options:
1 = not satisfied at all, 2 = unsatisfied, 3 = satisfied, 4 = very
satisfied, and 5 = perfectly satisfied.
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ECDF for Ordinal Variables (2)

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 Obtain the relative frequencies from ECDF
Suppose 𝐻(𝑐 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑑) = relative frequency of
values 𝑥 with 𝑐 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑑, then:

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ECDF for Continuous Variables (1)
Assume:
• 𝑘 : number of groups (or intervals)
• 𝑒𝑗−1 : lower limit of 𝑗th interval
• 𝑒𝑗 : upper limit of 𝑗th interval
• 𝑑𝑗 = 𝑒𝑗 − 𝑒𝑗−1 : width of the 𝑗th interval
• 𝑛𝑗 : number of observations in the 𝑗th interval
The ECDF can then be defined as
0, 𝑥 < 𝑒0
𝑓𝑗
𝐹 𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑒𝑗−1 + 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑗−1 , 𝑥 ∈ ൣ𝑒𝑗−1 , 𝑒𝑗 ൯
𝑑𝑗
1, 𝑥 ≥ 𝑒𝑘
with 𝐹 𝑒0 = 0.
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ECDF for Pizza Delivery Time (1)
Consider of the pizza delivery service. If the number of observations is not large, i.e.
whether the delivery took < 15 min, between 15 and 20 min, between 20 and 25 min, and
so on, then we can construct the ECDF by creating a table summarizing the data features as

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ECDF for Pizza Delivery Time (2)

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Graphical
Representation
of a Variable

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 Bar Charts for Pizza Deliveries per Branch

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 Pie Charts

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 Histogram for Pizza Delivery Time

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 Thank You!
Agus Sukmana dan Erwinna Chendra
AMS 181501.04 STATISTIKA ELEMENTER

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