-- ----

Fig.l
P-C bi-phase friction 10ss .
'--"
10

f = 66(Mlq.. I dlr3 3f'1

~
$
Pressure traverse found
U)

for 2-phase vertical flow

~11O-1'
e
.. ,g
~
G.c. BORGIA program using assigned P-V-T and
10-2
G. GOITARDI other properties are first developed.
University of Bologna Two theories are incorporated into fue
Bologna, Italy programo
Then the treatment of muItiphase
flow of liquid and gas as flow of a
10-3
TIME-CONSUMING calculations for single phase with combined properties
10 102 pressure traverse in vertical pipe with by an energy balance will be analyzed.
Mt(qon) flowing fluids have been streamlined Friction losses are accounted for dif-
d1 into two programs for fue HP 67/97 ferentIy in this approach.
hand-held calculator. The resuIt is a second program for
Using existing theories for such flow, the HP 67/97calculator.
fue flow equations and a calculator Laws controlling two-phase flow in
-- Fig.2 Fig.3

Pressure traverses by th P-C method Pressure traverses by the M-K method

o o
qon = 60 cu m/d
qon = 60 cu m/d
di = 6.2 cm di = 6.2 cm

2 2

E
8
°. -4
4
~

E: E:
~
~ 15.
15. Q)
o
Q)
o

6 6

8 8
1 50 100 150 250
1 50
Pressure P. bars
........

OGJ

OIL & GAS JOURNAL - SEPT. 15, 1980 191

 Fig.4
Friction 10ss factor (Tek)
00:1
vertical pipe are complicated because
of the variation in flowing fluids'
specific volume with pressure and
temperature changes. Slippage losses
and the variety of flow patterns that
liquid and gas may have during up-
ward flow also complicate the picture.
Results from theoretical proposals
are incomplete, but in fue flow region
of practical importance, equations of
satisfactory accuracy have evolved.
Designed for the HP 67/97 calcu-
lator, this program evaluates pressure
traverses in pipe for assigned P-V-T
properties of fue fluids, the oi! rafe,
the GOR, and ID of the pipe.
Flow equations. When the average
Flow equations
192
Fig.5 Fig.6
Pressure traverses (Tek) Pressure traverses
/
-./
temperature along fue pipe is known, the basis oi an energy balance,wher~ ~
the pressure traverse is evaluated by fue energy los8 was calculated by th
integration of a differential equation Fanning equation. The two-phase tota1'"
oi, the type dp/dh = f(p), where: p
= =
pressure; h depth; and f(p) is a
Nomenclature
function of the pressure that varies
according to the different theories and Bg, gas umefactor, cu mIs cu m
to the P-V-T characteristics of fluids. Bo, oil e factor, cu mIs cu m
By using the theory implying fue STO
easiest mathematical formulation of Bt, bi-phase volume factor, cu mIs
-.0
the problem, the engineer can deter- Imeter ID, m
mine the pressure traverse along a phase loss factor, dimen-
~
vertical pipe by laborious hand calcu- sionless
lations, or by using' gradient curve Mt, bi-phase ,mass factor, kg/cu m
tables. STO
pressure, bar abs
TheHP 67/97 calculator was pro- oil volumetric flow rata, cu mI sec
grammed to salve the flow equations gas volumetric flow rata, cu
(Table 1). Equation (1) is the pres- m/sec
Rs, gas solubility, s cu mIs cu m STO
sure gradient obtained by Poettmann Rgo, gas oil ratio, s cu mIs cu m STO
and Carpenter (P-C) in differential g, acceleration. of gravity, bar abs
form, valid for an infinitesimal length (sq m/kg)
of flow string.1 oil density, kg/cu m
P-C equation (1) was obtained on gas density, kgl cu m
average temperatura along the
pipa, °K. /
Table1 Z, gas compressibility factor,
Isionless
n, to standard
Tabte 2
Runge-Kutta integration
Given a differential equation of the
type dy/dx =f(x,y),the solution is:
= Yn+¡+ (ko+2k¡+2k2+k3)/6
Xn+ Ax
Áxf(xn,y.)
/
k¡ = Axf(x.+Ax/2,y.+ko/2)
k2= Axf{x.+Ax/2, y.+k¡/2)
k3 = AX f{Xn+AX, y.+k2)
OIL & GAS JOURNAL - SEPT.15, 1980
 Table3
Program listing

J
i....'S..""".Y"'MnOG CO.."". ,.o. ,.".. """",oro
+
* ,,"
4 Inilialize RCL7 T1 3
-51 RCL9 3 9 RTN 24
24 _nn-_n_n_n x,y? , 21
mn nn_n_n

211 TOa 2214 SBb 231612

TX - 4 RTN RCLO 3614
T ' 35 45 Enler "L"Ld 'ro -2
data 8 36 B x' 53 yx
and
1 1 Poettmann RCL 36
23 4 ,"o RCLl 36 1
* IBIe
STOI I '1 131-Seiééi-------
35 46 nIhe
-- ---melhod
n n -- ---
R 6 36
mn--n----- .
e
- and el
STO
36
35
- 5

' -35
"" yx Carpenler + -55
RCL0 '36
formula Krylov
RCLl 36 1
-55 - ,
,-:-
ST02 35 2 The Runge- ST05 35 5
RS
+ - 5
2 2 CHS -22 RCL1 36 1 K
-24 Kutta RCLA 361 -35 RCLO 36 14
,d 23161 + -55 RCL 36 1 1
ST03 35 inlegralion P 16-51 ... , -24
melhod R 7 36 7 -- __n__--_-- K formula
-]2 *LBL1 1 1 ,
23
R 61 ,

+ -55 RCLE BI X 53 7 7
RCL3 36 3 RCL6 Pi 16-24 EEX -23
RCL4
. 36
-5,
-55
K

, -24
H
5
-
05
-35
---=3s ' -55 +
RCLE
RCL2 I 3615
36
-35
1 X

CB
-
52

12
". +
C
1

3
...ti 3 ,
- 5 , -3 RC 6
CL ,
PRTX o Bo
C7 7 Prinl + '" Muiaviev -
T - 1 resulls STO
RTN '- , -35
x R 3 B
,ro +
- -
" 16-
R LB
MI - --- - '-'
LABELS FLAGS
, "'tial" "oterd." e PO "" D START ' u"d o FLAGS
SETSTATUS
TRIG DISs
' '
Me " u,.d 'u"d
P C
Be
, MK ' , . , 000
'DO
DEGO
GRADO SCIO
FlXO
, " ,
'e
o'g D"
B I RADO I NG20

energy loss factor was determined by
P-C by analyzing production data from
Giland gas wells.
Equation (4) is a good approxi-
mation (correlation factor about 0.99)
for the two-phase loss factor deter-
mined by C-P (Fig. 1).
The variation of the Gilvolume fac-
tor Bo and of the gas solubility factor
Rs can be established at fue mean
flowing temperature by diagrams
based on laboratory experiments.
The curves Bo Bo(p) and Rs = known.
= Rs(p) can cIten be approximated
by straight liDes, equations (8) and
(9), with significant deviations at low
pressure only. In this program fue
gas compressibility factor Z Z(p)
has algo been approximated by a
straight line, equation (11).
The two-phase mass factor Mt is
expressed as a function of Gil and
194
1
J
gas densities and of the GOR at for the friction losses tbat would arise
standard conditions, equation (3). The sbould gas and Gilbe flowing alone.
two-phase volume factor Bt is ex- Knowledge of pbysical and thermo-
pressed as a function of tbe Gil vol- dynamic fluid cbaracteristics permits
ume factor Bo, tbe gas volume factor expression of fue rigbt-band sirle of
Bg, the gas solubility Rs, and Rgo, equation (2) as a function of pressure
the GOR, equation (10). only. Equati~ns (5) to (12) are valid
Equation (1) is a function of pres- for constant values of tbe Gil rate,
sure only, if temperature is assumed fue GOR, tbe average temperature
to be constant and the Gil rate, fue along tbe pipe, and fue pipe ID.
GOR, the ID of the pipe, and tbe P-V-T The pressure traverse along fue pipe
characteristics of gas and oil' are is from numerical integration of dif-
ferential equations (1) and (2), using
Tbe differential expression of pres- tbe four-step Runge-Kutta integration
sure gradient in equation (2) by Mur- metbod (Table 2).
aviev and Krylov (M-K) was obtained Using the programo Table 3 is tbe
by correlations of laboratory experi- program listing. The steps to be ex.
= mental data.2 ecuted from tbe instructions (Table ' "
Tbe first and second terms in equa- 4) are:
tion (2) represent fue loss due to tbe Load the program cardo
coexistence of two flowing pbases. Press key A to initialize registers.
Tbe tbird and fourth terms account Enter data by pressing key B.
GIL & GASJOURNAL- SEPT.15, 1980
 I
Table 4

User instructions 4

Table 6

,,- K
1~~.~0 .10°'00 ""
~.~0'" 0.00 "'.'
105.~~ n" 10\.00 ""
1611.~~ ..." lb00.00
327.~~ n.. 327.00 ""
1.15 "" LIS'"
1.5~~"~~~1-~3 .., l.500~00000-03,'"
".~~ .,** 10.00..,
I.b~ *" 0.80,..
1.~1 H'
-2.0~000000-03 ",
1.00".
-c .00000000-03,..
3.410000000-03H' 3.;10000000-03",
U20.00 *** "20.00...
0.>5 ..* 0.Y',H'
500.0~ *"" 500.00",
6.944444444-04 **' e.944444444-04 '"
9.UI000~000-05 '" 9."'0000000-05 ".,
0.lb "H' 0..06.",
"7.96 "" 109.35 '" I
100.00 ..,
110.99 "',
100.00 ...
113.79
." 0
200.00 ,.. 200.00
...
114.09"" 110.32
,..
300.00n. 300.00
".

153.69'*. 173.19, ..
14".00 ... 1400.00...
E7.03... 178.5" '"
1\00.00,., 1000." n,
ID4.0I..,
lb00 00 no

Select the calculation method by en-
. tering cpfor P-C or 1 for M-Kmethods.
Press key C.
Start the program by pressing key
D.
At the end of each integration step,
the program prints the couple of
values p and h. Thereafter there is
a pause of about one secando During
this pause it is possible to change the
length of the integration, step .:lh by
executing these instructions:
Press key R/S.
Enter the new .:lh.
STO6.
Press key R/S.
This program option may be used
to reduce execution time of the cal-
culation. The execution time of each
integration step is about 30 seconds
for the C-P method and about 50 sec-
onds for the M-K method.
196
Input data used to calculate the
pressure traverses of Figs. 2 and 3
using the C-P method and M-K meth-
od, respectively, are shown in Table
5.
To test the program, the input data ..
and the results obtained for two ex-
amples of ca]culation may be used
(Table 6).
The program uses metric units and
pressure expressed in bars absolute.
Single phase approach
Using a third theory a second pro-
gram for the HP 67/97 handheld cal-
culator can be developed.
Similar to the earlier work, fue
theory of M. R. Tek treats multiphase
flow of liquid and gas as the flow of a
single phase with combined proper-
ties.4 Using an energy balance, the
theory leaves out of consideration the
complex mechanisms caused by the
coexistence of numerous flow pat-
tems, the variation of the flowing
fluids' specific volume with pressure
and temperature, and the slippage
losses.
Friction losses are accounted for by
using the concept of a "two-phase f
factor," by Poettmann and Carpenter
(P-C). It is in the form of an em-
pirical correlation as a function of the
"viscosity-less" Reynolds' number pvd
(density)(velocity) (diameter) of the
flow pipe.
Tek finds a two-phase total energy
loss factor by using field data from
several flowing and gas-lift wells. The ' /
concept of the "two-phase Reynolds'
number function" and of the mass
ratio of gas to liquid are used.
Similar to the work of P-C, the two-
OIL & GAS JOURNAL - SEPT. 15, 1980
 phase friction factor is a function of by integrating a differential equation
the liquid and Gil viscosity. of the type dp/dh
The pressure traverse is evaluáted pressure along the pipe (h and p) are
as used earlier.
The function f(p,T) is a function of
Flow equations pressure and temperature which var-
-,,"'~
ies according to the P"V-T character-
dp/dh = Mt/Bt (g + 32f qon2 istics of the flowing fIuids. Tempera-
ture is assumed to be constant in this
programo
Equations. The HP fJl/97 was pro-
grammed to salve the flow equations
(Table 7). The expression of the pres-
sute gradient, equation (1), is valid
for an infinitesimal length of flow
string. It comes from the well-known
flow equation, neglecting change of
kinetic energy of the fluido
Equation (2) is an approximation
for the two-phase loss factor proposed
in a diagram by Tek (Fig. 4).
Equations (4) and (5) are the
Reynolds' numbers that gas and Gil
= f(p,T). Depth and would assume flowing alone in the
pipe. The gas/liquid ratio, equation
(9), varies along the string according
to the pressure.
Linear pressure approximations-
equations (12), (13), and (14)-are for
the Gil volume factor Bo, the gas
solubility Rs, and the gas compressi-
bility factor Z. -
Two-phase mass factor Mt is a
function of the Gil and gas densities
and GOR at standard conditions,
equation (11). -
The two-phase volume factor Bt is
expressed as a function of the Gil
volume factor Bo, the gas volume
factor Bg, the gas solubility Rs, and
Rgo, the gas/Gil ratio, equation (10).
The assumption of constant temper-
ature along the pipe makes the right
hand sirle of equation (1) a function

Table 8

Program listing

.""t ...,,""'" ""'. ..«'M"M'.". ...t... K'V.,"""""""" """.'N"" .tE.. ........",..,..""",. .,"".""' .,",.....c..."..yO"'" ...,....t..
05

-
o"' "LBLA 11 +
2 7 7 11 RCLl 3646 ,," RCLC 36

4
005
STOl
CLX
RTN
3546
51
24
Initialize 059

061 6
ss
-35

06
Method
11
116
117
RCL7
RCL6
36
36
-35
7
6
l7l
172
173
RCL6
35
36 06
No
, 006
007
"LBLB
PRTX
2112
-14
nhhh..hmn--
062
063 STo' 35 ss ,
24 118
ll9
+ -ss
-35
174
175
RCL5 36 05
62
""-' 008 SToi 3545 Enter data 064 sPC 16-11 'w RCLl 36 46 176 1 1
, 1521 16 26 46 065 RCL' 36 0' 121 RCL3 36 3 1
RT 24 66 PRTX -14 Print 122 -35 178 ex 33
m_mm_hnnn
11 OéLBLC 21 13 067 RCL8 36 08 123 RCL2 36 02 179 1 X 52
12 RCLC 36 13 068 PRTX -14 resulls 124 + SS '"" yX 31
1 69 PSE 1651 125 P;" 16-51 181 :qy -41
13 STO1 35
14 4 4 "" RCL7 36 7 126 + -55 182 RCL5 3 5
15 Pi 16-24 71 X> 2 16-44 127 STO 35 BI 183
+
5
5
5 The
16 24 072 GTOe 22 16 15 128 RTN 24 184
17 RCLE 36 15 73 RCL8 36 08 129 'LBL2 21 02 185 RCL5 36 5
18 " 35 74 X>02 16-44 ,," G58b 23 16 12 186 -2
RCLD 3614 GTOD 22 14 131 RCLl 36 01 187 1 X 5
075
' -24 76 RTN 24 132 EEX -23 188 yx Tek
0é8 e 211615 133 3 3 189 -35
022 RCL8 3612 78 RCL8 36 8 4 " 35 ' LOG 1632
23 24 79 ""5 16-51 191 62
024 STD8 3512 "'o RCL0 36 00 1'6 9 "9 192 1 01
025 2 02 081 S 16-51 137 RCLD 3614 193 RCL5 36 05 formula
026 RCLO 3614 82 X>Y? 16 34 138 4 4 194 -35
027 24 83 GTOD 22 14 195 - 45
028 5 05 084 RTN 24 '" 196 4 4
29 yX 31 85 '-LBLd 211614 141 -24 197 " 35
RCLE 3615 086 RCL' 36 09 142 eX 33 198 CHS 22
16-24 + -SS 143 ' 24 199 ex
'-'" 31
032
Pi
24
087
88 STOl 3546 144 yx 31 "" 2 2
33 " G58 23 2 145 LSrX 1663 21 2
34 " 35 "" RCL7 36 7 146 X' 53 22 -35
035 STOE 3515 091 -35 147 -35 23 RCL0 36 00
036 "L8LD 2114 092 RTN 24 _mnhnn._h. 148 EEX 23 204 XZ 53
37 RCL9 36 8L 149 3 3 205 35
38 STD 35 46 94 PS 1651 , , 24 26 RCLE 3615
39 GS82 23 2 95 RCL5 36 05 TD6 6 Z 7 x -35
RCL7 36 7 36 11 /-Los 208 9 9
The 96 RCLl 36 47 152 RCLA
41 ST+8 35-SS 8 97 -35 153 RCLO 36 14 29 8 08
42 -35 98 RCL4 36 4 154 - 45 ,," EEX -23
043 T02 35 2 99 + -55 1SS nS 16-51 2l1 6
44
045
046
'
GSBd
2

231614
2
-24 Runge-Kutta
'""
11
12
STOD
CRS
RCLA
351
22
1
RS 156

158
RCL'
.
"
36 09
6 1
35
212
213
214
CHS
+
RCLA
-22
-SS
36 11
47 ST03 35 3 13 + -SS 2 1651
48 2 2 14 3 3 ,.. RC B 36 12
-24 15 4 04 161 -35 217 -35
GSBd EEX -23 614
Ng 218 RCL8 36 08
231614 inlegration 16
051 ST04 35 4 1 S 16-51 219 + -SS
52 G58d 231614 18 CHS 2 "" no 16-51
2 6 2 19 35 6 -35 221 "
54 + SS ,," RCLl 36 1 166 ReLS 36 8 222 CL 36
SS RCL3 36 3 III -35 6 S 1651 223 24
56 ReL4 36 4 112 RCLl 36 46 16 + SS 24 RTN 24
REGISTERS lABElO FlAGS SETSTATUS
; O E o
Bt l' 'od l' ko 13 k1 l' k2 K l' '" l' oh l' h l' p 'Initi"iz BEntee
'
d,t,e Stoct
'
", d
'
FlAGS
ONO"
TRIG DISP
" " Bt "sed "sed "sed o o O
hm,,!" T" 1" '1 1" '2 l"b1 b2 1" e, 1" e2 pon 1" Pgn o , , TEK 3 , , , O O GRAOO SOl O
,
'go lB "sed le "sed o "sed E ",ed
l' "sed
'h
; , , , , 3 ' O O
3 . O RAO
DEG oO I NG2O
FIX '"

""'-"

OIL & GAS JOURNAL - SEPT. 15, 1980 199

 Table 9
Table 10
Instructions Test case
Ah 100.00 m
ho 0.00 m
Po 105.00 barsabs ,r
hmax 1600.00 m -- ----
Tav 327.00 °K
STEP INSTRuenONS
INPUT
DATA/UN'TS
KEYS
OUTPUT
DATA/UNITS
a, 1.15 cumIs cumSTO
1 InitiaHze [L] CJ 0.00 a2 1.50 (10}-3 cum/(scumSTO
- 2 Enter Llh n Llh [LI CJ Llh x barsabs)
n b, 10.00 s cumIscumSTO
3 Enter ho ho C!::JCJ ho
b2 0.80 scum/(scumSTO
4 Enter po po IT::J CJ po
x barsabs)
5 Enter hmax n hmax C!::JCJ hmax
1.00
6 Enter Tav Tav C!::JCJ Tav
C, dimensionless
C2 --0.002 (barsabs)-'
7
8
Enter al a, C!::Jc=J al
pon 820.00 kg/scum
Enter a2 a2 QDCJ a2 pgn 0.95 kg/scum
9 Enter b1 b1 IT:J CJ b1
Rgo 500.00 scumIscumSTO
10 Enter b2 b2 [I] CJ b2 /Lg 2.50 (10}-5 Palsec
11 Enter c¡ c¡ [LI CJ c1
/Lo. 3.00 (10)"3 Pa/sec
12 Enter c2 [I] CJ
c2 c2 di 0.062 m
13 Enter Pon Pon [I] CJ Pon
14
qon 6.944(10)-4 seum/sec
Enter Pgn Pgn [I] CJ Pon 108.57
15 Enter Reo RgO [LI CJ RgO 100.00
16 Enter Ug Ug [I] CJ Va 112.19
17 Enter Uod Uod C!::Jc=J Uod 200.00
18 Enter di di [I] CJ di 115.86
19 Enter qon qon IT:Jc::J qon 300.00
20 Start u::Jc::J P1' h1 119.57 ~
CJCJ P2, h2
.......
400.00
CJCJ 151.59
CJ c::J Pn, hn 1200.00
21 Return to step 1 for a new case CJCJ 155.92
CJCJ 1300.00
CJCJ 160.34
CJCJ 1400.00
CJCJ 164.84
CJCJ 1500.00
(O)Steps 2, 3 and 5: if Llh<O invert CJ r=J 169.42
ho and hmax ; in chis case Pn<Po CJ c::J 1600.00
CJ c::J ,
CJCJ
c::J c::J
c::J c::J calculation the physically impossible '-"
c::J CJ condition of Rs(p»Rgo is met, the
CJCJ program will go into error.
c::J CJ Some pressure traverses obtained
CJCJ from fue program are shown (Fig. 5).
A comparison is shown for the pres-
SUTetraverses calculated by the P-C,
M-K (Muraviev and Krylov), and Tek
methods (Fig: 6). The Tek Ínethod
generally gives average gradients of

of pressure only. The form is deter- Load the program cardo

mined by specifying the P-V-T char-
acteristics of flowing fluids-equations
(11) to (15)-the ID of the pipe, the
Gil flow rate, and the GORat standard
conditions.
Equation (6) shows the relation be-
tween dead Gil viscosity (P,Od) and
saturated Gil viscosity (P,os).5 Equa-
tions (7) and (8) are good approxima-
tions for the function of Gil solubility
A(Rs) and B(Rs).5
The pressure traverse along the pipe
is obtained by numerical inte gratio n
of the differential equation (1). The
four-step Runge-Kutta integration
method allows good approximation
using large steps.
The programo Table 8 is the
program listing. The instructions tell
how to use the program (Table 9).
These steps must be executed:
Press key A to initialize registers. .
Enter data by pressing key B.
Start the program by pressing key C.
At the endof each integration step,
the program prints the couple of
values p and h. There is a pause of
about one second, during which time
itis possible to change fue length of
the integration step Ah by executing
these instructions:
Press key R/S.
Enter the new integration step.
STO7.
Press key R/S. This program option
may be used to reduce the execution
time of the calculation, which is about
60 seconds for each integration step.
A test case may be helpful in test-
ing the program (Table 10).
Caution must be taken in the choice
of the gas/Gil ratio, Rgo. If during the
pressure greater than the other two.6
Nomenclature is defined in the ac-
companying box. The international
'-
system of measure (SI) has been used
in this programo Pressure is in bars
absolute.
References
1. Poettrnann, F. H., and Carpenter,
P. G., "The rnulti-phase flow of gas, oil.
and water through vertical fIow strings,"
API Drilling and Production Practice, Dal-
Ias, 1952.
2. Muraview, 1. M., and Krylov, A. P.,
"Ekspluatatsiya neftyanykh rnestorozhdeniy,"
Gostoptekhizdat, Moscow, 1949.
3. Szilas, A. P., "Production and trans-
pOrt of oil and gas," EIsevier, Budapest,
1975.
4. Tek, M. R., "Multiphase flow of water,
oil and natural gas through vertical flow
strings," JPT, October 1961, pp. 1029-36.
5. Chew J. and Connally, C. A., Jr., "A
viscosity correlation for gas-saturated crude ~-r-""""
oils," Trans. AIME, 1959, 216, p. 23-25.
6.0rkiszewski, J., "Predicting two-phase
pressure drops in vertical pipe," JPT, June
1967, pp. 829-38.

200 OIL & GASJOURNAL- SEPT. 15,1980