Phonological and Morphological Analysis of the Philippine

Sugbuhanon South Cotabato-Pilar Dialect

A Research Paper Presented to

Prof. Joveth Jay D. Montana
of Mindanao State University - General Santos City
 
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
English Phonology and Morphology

Kyamko, Kc
Lacar, Nikka Mae
Phala, Honeylyn
Solidum, Perchy
Tenerife, Kristelle Joy D.

June 2022
 Abstract

This paper describes the vowel phonemes of the Pilar variety of South Cotabato Sugbuanon spoken in
the Philippines. It also identifies its morphemes. The study also utilized Lorenzana, A. (2018) Phonological,
Lexical, and Morphological Analysis of the Philippine East Miraya Bikol-Pilar Dialect that will examine the
language of Cebuanos in terms of phonological and morphological analysis. This study used qualitative
research, as the research topic requires the collection and analysis of non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or
audio) in order to comprehend thoughts, opinions, or experiences. The study is discourse in nature since it to
seeks to analyze the Phonological and Morphological features of Sugbuhanon speakers in South Cotabato. It
employed three instruments: the swadesh list, the motivational quote analysis, and the Math 139 Frequency
Counter. Vowel [a] ranked first as the most occurring vowel Sugbuanon dialect. Many Sugbuanon speakers
do not distinguish between [ɛ] vs. [i], and [ɔ] vs. [u] in pronouncing native words and overlap each other and
interchange the spelling and pronunciation of it like the [L] to semi vowel [w]. Therefore, consider each pair
of sounds as belonging to one phoneme. It also distinguish the pitch, stress and length of a Sugbuanon
speakers of South Cotabato. Sugbuanon dialect commonly uses the prefixes "mag," "mu," and "ga," as well as
the suffix "ay," in the following examples: "musalig," "magtalikdanay," "musulod," and "gadautay." As one
can see, sugbuanon pillars frequently abbreviate words, such as "ta," which is short for "kita," "ga," which is
short for "naga," "di," which is short for "dili," and "mayo," which is short for "maayo."

Keywords: Phonology, Morphology, South Cotabato, Sugbuanon, Philippines

Introduction
For about 7, 640 island in the Philippines, with the three main island named Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao, 17 regions across the nation, 120 languages, and 111 dialects, the Cebuano or Sugbuanon people, is
the country's largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group, and is the main subset of the larger ethnolinguistic group
Bisaya. Cebu/Sugbu was the origin of its proper name. It is the Philippines' second most widely spoken
language, and it is also spoken by a sizable portion of the Filipino diaspora. Meanwhile, People from many
areas and tribes congregate in South Cotabato. South Cotabato covers a total land area of 3,935.95 square
kilometres (1,519.68 sq mi). When General Santos City is included for geographical purposes, the province's
land area is 4,428.81 square kilometres (1,709.97 sq mi). In the province, around 20 languages are spoken, and
most South Cotabatenos are bilingual, speaking Hiligaynon and/or Cebuano, as well as Tagalog and English.
Figure 1: Map of Philippines highlighting SOCCSKSARGEN

Hiligaynon is the most widely spoken language in the province of South Cotabato, followed
by Cebuano, which is the majority language of General Santos for about 57.1 percent of the population
classified themselves as Cebuano.

Cebuano may be the second-strongest language after Tagalog based on the number of speakers, the
number of advocacy groups promoting its use, and the use of the language by its speakers. Nonetheless, this
language still faces problems. Cebuanos have seen a decline in population over the years, and the media
portrays them as 'Indays' and 'Dodongs,' slaves and low-class individuals who are frequently the topic of
humor and mockery.They are distinguished by pronouncing the Tagalog/English ‘e’ as [ɪ] or [i], and the ‘o’ as
[ʊ] or [u].It has been discovered that this Mindanaon verbal affixation is a peculiar and unique phenomenon in
locations where Sugbuhanon is the prevalent language. Despite the fact that the same usage has been reported
in nearby Visayas towns, when people in other locations hear it, they commonly refer to it as Mindanaon
Sebuano. The Mindanaons' variation may appear minor, but it should be noted that the suffixes á, áy, and há
do not exist in standard Sebuano morphology and usage among most Sebuano speakers in the Visayas and
Mindanao regions, where reduplication or the adverb is the unmarked procedure for transforming verbs into
the progressive or intensive mood.

The significance of phonological analysis aids in the acquisition and comprehension of dialects and
languages. The more one's understanding of a language's sounds, the better. It is also essential that people are
able to comprehend the language's pronunciation and its effect on other languages. One of its examples is the
Sugbuhanon dialect of South Cotabato, in which a great deal of stress is placed on words; hence, acquiring the
correct stress may help a person speak it correctly and without misunderstanding. Cebuano morphology is also
essential for determining how verbal morphology is governed by rules and how semantics affects the final
surface form of the verb. This indicates that verbal affixation is semantically driven, i.e., the choice of affix by
the verb has a corresponding semantic explanation.

According to Genon-Sieras, S. (2020) The analysis uncovered fifty-seven misspelled terms with
incorrect vowels, the absence of hyphens for glottal stops, and the omission of apostrophes in contracted
words. In addition, there are three incorrect sentence structures that use a subject-predicate sequence rather
than the predicate-subject system of Cebuano Visayan. In the meantime, the morphemic structure of content
words demonstrates that the bulk of Cebuano words are generated by affixes that influence the
grammaticalization of concepts and ideas. According to Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum, (2017) The findings of
the research make it very clear that Siquijodnon-Cebuano is a language that is guided by rules. Considering
things from the point of view of CongruentThe idea of lexicalization, often known as the
morphologicalcharacteristics of the Siquijodnon language which include: morphemes that are free, morphemes
that are bound, and There are also additional morphological phenomena that can be seen. in the language of
the Siquijodnon people. Morphologically speaking, the Siquijodnon-Cebuano language has free morphemes,
which means that individual morphemes are capable of existing independently semantically. According to
Saranza, R.C (2014), Results indicated that the phonemic inventory of the Kinamayo dialects had twenty
segmental phonemes, fifteen consonants: /n/, /g/, /d/, /s/, /l/,/w/, /p/, /m/, /k/, /t/, /y/, /h/, /b/, //; five fundamental
vowels: /a/, /i/, / Most consonant clusters are loanwords and occur at the beginning of syllables. The
examination of Kinamayo phonology and morphology will serve as the foundation for the building of the
language's functional orthography and lexicon. Classification based on morphological structure indicated that
the common morphological processes in Kinamayo include affixation, reduplication, deletion, and word-class
derivation. Kinamayo's most prolific morphological process is affixation. Variation was detected between
dialects in terms of phonological and morphological processes, voicing or phonation, and the prefix for past
tense indicators. Morphophonemic Variation among Kinamayo Dialects: Distinctions in the phonological and
morphological processes of dialects, as well as their regions of variation, were observed to be connected
predominantly with geographical dispersion.According to the findings of Borong, N. (2019), the languages of
Western and Southern Leyte are formed of repetitive root words and affixes. Three types of pagbabagong
morpoponemiko constituted the western and southern Leyte languages (morphophonemic change). These
included pagpapalit ponema (phonemic alteration), pagkakaltas (phoneme deletion), and metatesis
(metathesis). The following phonemes were substituted without altering their meaning: /l-w/, /m-n/, /i-a/ /a-
u/, /l-k/,, /s-l/, /r-n/, /r/, /d/, /r-h/, /g-s/, /u-i/, /h-k/, /s-t/, /j-y/ The language of Southern Leyte omits more
phonemes than that of Western Leyte, however this does not alter the meaning of the language. One of the
alterations in pagbabagong morpoponemiko (morphophonemic change) was metatesis (metathesis), in which
the location of phonemes in words changed. The dialects of Western and Southern Leytenos differed
morphologically. It is advised, therefore, that a research be conducted on morphological and phonological
variance in Western and Southern Leyte in order to generate booklets that may be used as a guide/resource by
instructors who teach mother language courses.According to Berowa, A.M (2020), Based on the results, this
research concludes that Philippine English (PE) has a smaller inventory of phonological units in terms of its
vowels and consonants. Its vowel system is considerably reduced as it is characterized by weakened vowel
length distinction. Moreover, this study highlights a different perspective from the previously established
features of PE as it revealed the absence of long /i/ and /u/ in the vowel inventory, and the frequent tendency to
shorten long vowels with the emergence of /ɪ/ and /ʊ/. Additionally, it appears that neutralization of sounds is
not only evident in vowels but also in consonants as fricatives are generally collapsed. Contrary to the
common perception, it is also very meaningful to discovery that the use of /t/ for /Ɵ/ and /d/ for /ð/ are not
features of PE speakers which is actually different from what previous researchers determined. This
investigation asserts that Filipino speakers of English may sometimes use one, and sometimes another.

The study also utilized Lorenzana, A. (2018) Phonological, Lexical, and Morphological Analysis of the
Philippine East Miraya Bikol-Pilar Dialect that will examine the language of Cebuanos in terms of
phonological and morphological analysis. The researcher's primary objective was to examine the phonological
 and morphological characteristics of Philippine Sugbuhanon in South Cotabato. This study had specifically
seek answers to the following questions:
1.What are the vowel sounds or phonemes present in Sugbuhanon South Cotabato-Pilar dialect?

2.What vowel sound or phonemes occurs most frequently in the Sugbuhanon South Cotabato-Pilar dialect?

3.What are the derivational and inflectional morpheme affixes in Sugbuhanon South Cotabato-Pilar?

Materials and Methods

This paper analyzed the phonological and morphological aspects of Sugbuanon, a South Cotabato
Pilar-Dialect from the Philippines. It seeks the vowel sounds or phonemes present, the most-frequently
occurring vowel sound, and the derivational and inflectional morpheme affixes in the Sugbuhanon South
Cotabato-Pilar Dialect. This study used qualitative research, as the research topic requires the collection and
analysis of non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) in order to comprehend thoughts, opinions, or
experiences. The study is discourse in nature since it to seeks to analyze the Phonological and Morphological
features of Sugbuhanon speakers in South Cotabato. Discourse analysis, as defined by (Shaw, Sara; Bailey,
Julia (2009), is a type of qualitative research approaches used in analyzing the use of language in social
contexts. The corpus of the study was 6 Sugbuhanon speakers in South Cotabato, 3 females and 3 males using
purposive sampling. The participants are selected according to their appropriateness to the study. The study
utilized Lorenzana, A. (2018) Phonological, Lexical, and Morphological Analysis of the Philippine East
Miraya Bikol-Pilar Dialect. The research made extensive use of Ferdinand de Saussure's and Leonard
Bloomfield's structuralist approach to language analysis where a language is a self-contained relational
structure, the elements of which derive their existence and their value from their distribution and oppositions
in texts or discourse. (Britannica.com)

Three instruments were utilized in the study: the Swadesh List, the motivational Picture, and the Math
139 Frequency Counter, all of which may be obtained from the internet and including their respective
instructions.

The data consisted of recorded lexical counterparts of the Swadesh list. Only selected words from the
100-word Swadesh list containing the vowels were used. The data also comprised recordings of six informants
doing image analysis. The informants will be chosen on the basis of the following criteria: (1) they are native
speakers of the dialect, (2) they have resided in the area for at least ten years, (3) they have no speech
impediments, and (4) they have a good reputation. The discussion will focus exclusively on the morphemes
used by the informants in their analysis of the picture. It will not be a grammatical structure of the dialect.
 For the phonological analysis, the informants were instructed to record the dialect word equivalents for
each Swadesh word on paper. The Swadesh List, compiled by Morris Swadesh, comprises 100, 200, or 400
terms that are most likely to exist in any language's original lexicon. They are believed to constitute the
fundamental core vocabulary, which facilitates comparative analyses of dialects that are typologically similar
and distinct. The research employed the 100 word vocabulary. The informants read aloud the terms on the list,
and the researcher recorded their responses. Using Praat, a computer software created by Paul Boersma and
David Weenink of the Institute of to verify the existence of vowel phonemes, the Math 139 Frequency Counter
was used to count the number of times the letters representing the vocoids occurred in the image's transcribed
analysis.

For the morphological analysis, informants were tasked with analyzing a motivating photograph and
expressing their thoughts on the image in their own words. These spontaneous oral descriptions of the image
were recorded and transcribed using Praat. Then, the words containing bound morphemes or affixes, whether
prefix, infix, or suffix, or any combination thereof, were detected. The significance of these morphemes was
then discussed. The affixes were then classified as derivational or inflectional morphemes. Derivational
morphemes are those that alter the part of speech of a word, whereas inflectional morphemes indicate
grammatical categories such as mode, number, aspect, and focus in the case of verbs without altering the
word's part of speech. Inflectional forms of adjectives include the comparative, superlative, and intense forms.

Results and Discussion

Phonological Analysis: Vowel Phonemes of the Philippine Sugbuhanon South Cotabato-Pilar Dialect

Figure 2: Number of vowels

The graph above shows the Pilar sound [a] based on the formant values of the recording of the six
informants. The sound [a] is the most frequently occurring vowel sound in Sugbuanon South Cotabato-Pilar
dialect. Based on the frequency counter of the text from the picture analysis and the swadesh list, the following
vowels are arranged according to the order of their frequency of use: the vowel “a” as the highest with counts
followed by 769 “i,”295; “o,” 199; “u,” 194; and “e,” 12.
Vowels e and i
It is found that the [i] ranks the second the in the chart with a total of 295 while the [e] ranked last with
a number of 12 counting only. With this, the research also found that Sugbuanon speakers spoke vigorously.
Therefore [i] is mostly used instead even if these are spelled with an “e,” the pronunciation most often reverts
to the sound [i], as in bayi, problima and piro that is pronounced as [i] and not with an [Ɛ].
Vowels u and o
The vowels “o” [ɔ] and “u” [u] overlap each other as the respondents, in uttering the words, many
times interchanged the spelling of “o” [ɔ] and “u” [u]. It can be represented by only one sound since
alternation does not change the meaning of the word. For example, bilangon/bilangun, bola/bula (to count) and
(ball).
L to semi vowel w
The study also found the interchanging of letters between [L] and the semi vowel [w] in pronouncing
native words such as bola to buwa and dula to duwa.
Pitch, Stress and Length
South Cotabato Sugbuanon speakers speak vigorously as the recordings of the participants were
analyzed by a voicing tool. It is found that most words the speakers utter put stresses, emphasize pitch and
length at the beginning of the sentences such as “A—sa man to oy” and words such as Ulan, DUwa, BUwa.

Morphological of the Philippine Sugbuhanon South Cotabato-Pilar Dialect

The study found derivational and inflectional morphemes in the dialect, which signal a wide array of
modal and aspectual expressions that include advertent past, inadvertent past, causative, plural past,
imperfective past duration, abilitative, imperfective present infinitive, directional adverb. Derivational affixes
can be added to words that may make them look like verbs but can be grammatically categorized as nouns,
adjectives, and adverbs.
For the following examples, just one phrase sample is presented for each affix. Affixes that are being
detailed are the ones displayed in bold. In this work, the gloss (Table 1) comprises the grammatical categories
depending on their purpose. They are placed in parenthesis with the depiction of their morphological form.

Table 1. Glossing Abbreviations and Symbols

 Cebuano verbs contain affixes to indicate mood (Bunye & Yap, 1971). In Cebuano Grammar Notes,
Bunye & Yap present three types of mood in Cebuano Visayan: Factual An action that has already been begun
or started. Non-factual An action that has not been started or begun yet. Affectual An action that is either a
request or a command. The forms used with the negatives “wala” and “dili” are also classified as afactual
(1971).
Prefix “mag” and “mu” “ga” frequently occur prefix in sugbuanon dialect <mu> is used as the future
tense and <ga> is used as the present tense <musalig,magtalikdanay> <musalig,musulod> <gadautay> Suffix
“ay” frequently occur <gadautay,traydoranay>. As observe sugbuanon pillars tend to shorten the words like
(“ta” short for “kita”) (“ga” short for “naga”) ( “di” short for dili” ) and ( “mayo” short for “maayo”)
1. Dili ta magsalig sa tanan tawo.
NEG (N)AF V PREP ADJ OF
“ We should not trust every person.”
The word “magsalig” has a inflectional affixes “mag” in the sentence and the verb “salig”(trust) as the root
word.
2. Magtalikdanay sila gadautay
V N-AF V
“They insult behind each other’s back.”
The word “magtalikdanay” has a derivational affix with back-formation because the root word for it is” likod”
which meang back, from a noun it transformed into a verb “talikdanay” added with a prefix “mag” and suffix
“ay”
3. Ginapakita satoa na dili ta dali musalig sa mga tawo
V AF ADJ NEG N ADV V PREP LK OF
“It is shown to us that we should not quikly trust the people.”
The word “ginapakita” has a root word “kita” which means “see” and an inflectional affixes “gina” which is a
perfecrt tense, and the word “musalig” that has a inflectional prefix “mu” and a root word salig.
4. Pillion nato ug tarong ang mga tawo na musulod sa atong kinabuhi
V N-AF AUX ADV DET LK N-OF AUX V PREP N LF
“We have to choose the people that enters our life”
The word “pillion” has a root word “pili” which means choose and an inflectional suffix “on”. The word
“musulod” has a root word “sulod” which mean “to enter” and has a inflectional prefix “mu” which is an
active future.
5. Kani nga picture ga representa na amigo sila pero pag talikod ga traydoranay.
EXIST aux N adv V aux adj N conj V LK V
“This picture represents that they are friends but they backstab each other”
The word talikod has a root word “likod” which means “back” and a inflectional prefix “ta”. The word
“traydoranay” has a root word “traydor” which means “traitor” and an derivational suffix “anay” from a
adjective “traydor” became a verb “traydoranay
6. Ilang batasan sa likod di mayo
PRO AF PREP OF NEG ADJ
“Their character behind is not good.”
The word “di” is a shorten word from a root word “dili” which mean “not”. The word mayo is a shorten word
from a root word maayo “which means good”
Conclusion
Pilar has five phonemes represented by the vowels “a,” “i,” “o” “u” and the semi vowel “w”. Apart from the
evident phoneme /a /, many Sugbuanon words interchange the sounds of [Ɛ] and [i] of the phoneme /i/ (like
“baye” and “bayi,” which both mean a woman, “pero” and “piro” which both mean but; and [ɔ] and [u] of the
phoneme /u/ like “bola” and “bula,” which means ball, and consonant [l] to semi vowel [w] such as “dula” to
“duwa” which means play. The South Cotabato Sugbuanon speakers utter their words and sentences
vigorously and indicate their stress, length and pitch at the beginning of words. Prefix "mag," "mu," and "ga"
regularly appear as prefixes in the Sugbuanon dialect. "mu" and “mag’ is used as the future tense, while "ga" is
used as the present tense: <musalig,magtalikdanay> musalig,musulod> <gadautay> Suffix “ay” frequently
occur <gadautay,traydoranay>. As observe sugbuanon pillars tend to shorten the words like (“ta” short for
“kita”) (“ga” short for “naga”) ( “di” short for dili” ) and ( “mayo” short for “maayo”) The study also found
the derivational affixes commonly used is “ay”. For inflectional the commonly used are mu,ga,and mag.
These are the recommendations that have been made: other varieties of the Sugbuaon dialect should also
be described in terms of the phonological and morphological structures; a compendium of Sugbuanon
orthographies should be prepared; and a standard set of glossing terminologies for the Sugbuanon dialects
should be established so that there is a more disciplined representation and easier interpretation.

References
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Phonology of. The Asian ESP Journal.
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and-housing/node/2291
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Education and Human Resource Development.
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Verb Affix Adaptation. Kinaadman Journal, 2-3. Retrieved from Kinaadman Journal.
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6186.
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Phonological features of Basilectal Philippine English: An exploratory study. Academic Journals.
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fbclid=IwAR0P_BV_ROKxo4_qE9d279-z2HUY4Mt2DbUG96x3hk49zsBJEwXNA2u5g88https://
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Genon-Sieras, S. ( May 2020). ORTHOGRAPHY, SYNTAX, AND MORPHEMES IN CEBUANO
VISAYAN NEWS EDITORIAL: A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS. . International Journal of English
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Instrument Sources
1. Swadesh List
Swadesh, Morris. List of 200 words of the basic core vocabulary, as set out by, from “Archaeology and
Language" by Colin Renfrew.http://people.umass.edu/ellenw/Swadish%20 List.pdf
2. Picture Analysis

Reshav. (n.d.). 60 Motivational Pictures With Deep Meaning Awesome! Pictures (Without Text) With Deep
Meanings. Medium. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@chaudharygaylesabb/60-motivational-
pictures-with-deep-meaning-awesome-pictures-without-text-with-deep-meanings-2020-57ddb6423104.

3. Math 139 Frequency Counter

Appendix

Google Drive Link for the Recorded Respond Of The Participants

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AjBdZEYDsdUl5TPUXtoSNn_96i0zyCCy/view?usp=sharing

Transcript for the Picture Analysis

Female 1: Ang akong maingon sa kana na hulagway kay dili dapat ta magsalig sa tanan tawo na maging parte
sa atong kinabuhi, pero kini wala naga hatag sa atoa o imoha ug Karapatan para ahason pud ang tanang tawo
na imong makita o maging parte sa imong kinabuhi kay naga tuo ka na dili tanan tao tinuod.

Female 2: Ang maingon nako sa hulagway n ani kay dili magsalig dayun sa isa ka tawo kay pwedi mayo sya
sa imong atubngan tapos dauton ka patalikod

Female 3: Ang makita sa kani na hulagway nga, ginapakita satoa na dili ta dali musalig sa mga tawo kay basi
gina plastic lang ta ug ginaduolan ta kay tungod nay kinahanglan maong di ta musalig dayon ug pillion nato ug
tarong ang mga tawo na musulod sa atong kinabuhi

Male 1: Kani nga picture ga representa na amigo sila pero pag talikod ga traydoranay sila

Male 2: ang pag Analisa nako ani kay mayo ilang tan.aw sa usat-usa pero dili puro kay sa ilang Batasan sa
likod dili mayo
Male 3: Kani nga hulagway kay gapakita na wala silay problema sa kaugalingon pero inig mag talikdanay na
sila gadautay na.