STYLE SHEET—CMS

STYLE SHEET—CMS GUIDE

The style sheet has been prepared based on The Chicago Manual of Style.

Points Style STM Humanities

Section head All caps, bold SECTION A: READING SKILLS SECTION A: READING SKILLS

Chapter title All caps, bold CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 3

ATOMS, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ATOMS, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

Topic Title case, bold TOPIC-1

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

Left Running Head OSWAAL IGCSE Chapterwise & Topicwise READING SKILLS
Question Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-X
Running head
Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise &
Right Running Head ATOMS, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS Topicwise Solved Papers, ENGLISH CORE,
Class-XII

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Numbers Spell out only single-
CMS Section 9.3. (p. 1206) digit numbers and use
Section 9.2. (p. 1205) numerals for all the Two stones of masses m and 2m are whirled in
others
STYLE SHEET—CMS
Spell out zero to nine Spell out zero to one hundred and certain round
multiples of those numbers
Examples:
Examples:
When net torque is zero, dL/dt = 0, if change in
angular momentum L is zero. Thirty-two children from eleven families were
packed into eight vintage Beetles.
horizontal circles. Copyright in the work could be renewed for
another twenty-eight years.
Two reactions of the same order have equal
preexponential factors. Which explorers visited China in the sixteenth
century?
Express ax2 + bx + c as sum or difference of two
squares. The population of our city is more than two
hundred thousand.
According to a recent appraisal, my house is 103
years old
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Use numerals day, week, month, year day, week, month, year
Units of time Accounts and English: second, hour, minute second, hour, minute
CMS (p. 1219) Spell out zero to nine; 6 seconds six seconds
Use numerals for 10 and 2 hours
above

Examples: Examples:

A bullet of mass 10 g moving horizontally with a A bullet of mass 10 g moving horizontally with a
When number is velocity of 400 ms–1 strikes a wood block of mass velocity of 400 ms–1 strikes a wood block of mass
Numbers used with followed by units then 2 kg 2 kg
units do not spell out: use only
CMS Section 7.40 (p. numerals Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 3 kg have position Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 3 kg have position
947) vectors vectors
Below 10 spell out Below hundred spell out

Examples: Examples:
Spell out when numbers
Ordinal number usage Newton’s second law of motion There, Danny Casey scores the second goal
are used with “st,” “nd,”
CMS Section 9.6 (p.
1209) “rd,” or “th” The ratio of the angular speeds of the first to the The ninety-ninth person to enter the hall was John
second car

Pseudo First-Order Reaction

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Example: Example:
Fractions Fractions should be spelled
CMS Section 9.14 (p. 1217) out in text The concentration of the reactant reduces to one- The concentration of the reactant reduces to one-
third of the initial concentration in 5 minutes third of the initial concentration in 5 minutes

Number beginning a When a number begins a

sentence, it is always spelled One hundred ten candidates were accepted One hundred ten candidates were accepted
Sentence
CMS Section 9.5 (p. 1208) out

Units with numbers should

SI units
CMS Section 10.61 (p. 1343)
be abbreviated according to
the SI standards (a list of Examples: Examples:
the basic SI units and
abbreviation is given below A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible Some students live more than fifteen
under “BASIC SI UNITS”. string An automobile engine develops 100 kW kilometers from the school.
when rotating at a speed of 1800 rev/min
If an abbreviation or a
Three-by-five-inch index cards are now seldom
symbol is used for the unit
used in index preparation.
of measure, the quantity is 2 mL, 10 km, 2 × 5 cm, 2–3 cm
always expressed by a
Numeral

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In scientific and statistical copy, the symbol % is In nontechnical contexts, the word percent is
more common. generally used.
Except at the beginning of a
sentence, percentages are Examples: Example:
Percentage usually expressed in
CMS Section 9.18 (p. 1221) numerals. Fewer than 3 percent of the employees used
Only 20% of the ants were observed to react to the
Accounts and English: stimulus. public transportation.
Use symbol The treatment resulted in a 20%--25% increase
in reports of night blindness

twenty-first century, eighth and ninth centuries twenty-first century, eighth and ninth centuries

Century Spelled out and lowercased Example: Example:

CMS Section 9.33 (p. 1236)
Before the footlights stood one of the most Before the footlights stood one of the most
notorious rakes of the twenty-first century notorious rakes of the twenty-first century

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Units value
CMS Section 9.17 (p. 1220)
Comma
CMS Section 9.55 (p. 1258)
35%–50%
3°C–7°C Examples:
Abbreviation or symbol 6⅝″ × 9″
is repeated if it is closed With 90–95 percent of the work
up Examples: complete, we can relax.
The treatment resulted in a 20%--25% increase
in reports of night blindness.
Four digits and above
Example:
Use commas for thousand Five digits and above (10,000; 12,345) 1,234; 12,345
separators Example:
Between 1,950 and 2,000 people
From the given figure, 500 N × AF = 1000 N × BF
attended the concert.

ibid. ibid.
et al. et al.
Latin words Because of its peculiar ca. ca.
CMS Section 7.53 (p. 960) use in quoted matter, sic passim passim
is best italicized.
Example:
Example:
“mindful of what has been done here by
“mindful of what has been done here by we [sic] as
we [sic] as agents of principle”
agents of principle”

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When the second part of Examples: Examples:

a hyphenated expression
is omitted, the hyphen is fifteen- and twenty-year mortgages fifteen- and twenty-year mortgages
retained, followed by a Chicago- or Milwaukee-bound passengers Chicago- or Milwaukee-bound
Hyphenations space passengers
CMS Section 7.84 (p. 991)

Omission of the second both over- and underfed cats both over- and underfed cats
part of a solid compound but but
follows the same pattern overfed and overworked mules (not overfed overfed and overworked mules (not overfed
and -worked mules) and -worked mules)

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Examples: Examples:

A first-order reaction is 50% complete non-English-speaking person

Hyphenated compound A hyphenated compound is
CMS Section 7.78 (p. 985) spelled with one or more The decomposition of NH3 on platinum surface early twentieth-century growth
hyphens is zero-order reaction

A mass-produced reaction kilowatt-hour

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Prefixes are closed up Hyphen should appear for the following cases:
always: the exceptions are 1. Before a capitalized word or a numeral
listed: (e.g., sub- Saharan, pre-1980).
English: Hyphenate prefixes 2. Before a compound term (e.g., non-self-
sustaining; pre-Vietnam War).
3. To separate two i’s, a’s, and other combination
Prefixes
of vowels and syllables that might cause
CMS (p. 997)
misleading (e.g., anti-intellectual, extra-
alkaline, pro-life).
4. To separate the repeated terms with double
prefix (e.g., sub-subentry).
5. Prefix or combining forms stands alone (e.g.,
over- and underused, macro- and
microeconomics).
Hyphen should appear for the following
cases:
1. Before a capitalized word or a numeral
(e.g., sub- Saharan, pre-1980).
2. Before a compound term (e.g., non-self-
sustaining; pre-Vietnam War).
3. To separate two i’s, a’s, and other
combination of vowels and syllables
that might cause misleading (e.g., anti-
intellectual, extra-alkaline, pro-life).
4. To separate the repeated terms with
double prefix (e.g., sub-subentry).
5. Prefix or combining forms stands
alone (e.g., over- and underused,
macro- and microeconomics).

Example: Example:

Parenthetical dash Closed-up em dash for Rate of reaction—depending upon physical state Robert–owner of a shop–dreams of owning
parenthetical text. of the reactant I2(g)—is faster than I2(s) boutique/being a manager/actor/fashion
designer

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Capitalize nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, Capitalize nouns, pronouns, verbs,

adverbs, and some conjunctions. adjectives, adverbs, and someconjunctions.
Lowercase articles (the, a, and an), preposition Lowercase articles (the, a, and an),
regardless of length (with, from, … ), conjunctions preposition regardless of length (with, from,
(and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so) … ), conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor, yet,
Capitalization
Regardless of the length so)
CMS Section 8.157 (p. 1161)
in heading levels. Examples:
Extracts for Comprehension Examples:

Centre of Mass of a Two-particle System Extracts for Comprehension

Centre of Mass of a Two-particle System

Be-verbs and most of the auxiliary verbs are
Contractions contracted when followed by not: are--arent;
CMS Section 5.103 (p. 623) was--wasn't; cannot--can't; could not--couldn't;
do not--don't; and so on. A few, such as ought
not--oughtn't, look or sound awkward and are
best avoided.
Be-verbs and most of the auxiliary verbs
are contracted when followed by not: are--
arent; was-- wasn't; cannot--can't; could
not--couldn't; do not-- don't; and so on. A
few, such as ought not--oughtn't, look or
sound awkward and are best avoided.

Keyword all caps,

Figure caption (if numbered) followed by figure FIGURE 3.3. A line drawing with descriptive labels FIGURE 3.3. A line drawing with
number and the caption; descriptive labels
no full point at end

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Keyword all caps,

Table caption (if numbered) followed by figure number TABLE 1.1. Functional status review TABLE 1.1. Functional status review
and the caption; no full
point at end

Table note Note: Status aging 10.

For notes that apply to

specific parts of a table, 1, 2, 3 or a, b, c 1, 2, 3 or a, b, c
superior (superscript) (Only p-value use *) (Only p-value use *)
Table footnote letters, numbers, or *p < 0.05 *p < 0.05
CMS Section 3.78 (p. 374) symbols may be used; one **p < 0.01 **p < 0.01
system should be used ***p < 0.001 ***p < 0.001
consistently across all
Tables

Lower case probability p p = 0.02 p = 0.02

Probability in italics (zeroes are
CMS Section 3.78 (p. 374) omitted before decimal
point)

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If several expressions (i.e., a “list” of expressions) appear in a single display, they should be
separated by commas or semicolons:

Example:

Mathematical equations, Linear momentum of particle is related to net force acting on that object:
whether run in with the text 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 3,
or displayed on a separate 𝑥1𝑥2 + 𝑥2𝑥3 + 𝑥3𝑥1 = 6,
Equations line, are grammatically part 𝑥1𝑥3𝑥3 = 1.
CMS Section 12.8 (p. 1543) of the text in which they Consecutive lines of a single multiline expression, however, should not be punctuated:
appear
Example:

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Spell out in text; abbreviate
i.e., e.g., etc. in parentheses. Always put
CMS Section 6.43 (p. 820) a comma after
English: Abbreviate in text
except at the start of a
sentence
STYLE SHEET—CMS
Examples: Examples:
Condition or assumption—for example, if, though, Condition or assumption—for
unless, except, without, and once example, if, though, unless, except,
without, and once
Condition or assumption (e.g., if, though,
unless, except, without, and once) Condition or assumption (e.g., if,
though, unless, except, without, and
Titles of the types of works discussed elsewhere in once)
this chapter (i.e., books, journals, etc.)
Titles of the types of works
Keesler managed to change the subject; that is, he discussed elsewhere in this chapter
introduced a tangential issue. (i.e., books, journals, etc.)
English for names of offices, institutions, and so
Keesler managed to change the subject;
on.
that is, he introduced a tangential issue.
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Square brackets as parentheses within

Order of parentheses parentheses, usually for bibliographic (For further discussion see Richardson’s (For further discussion see Richard on’s
CMS Section 12.26 (p. 1551) purposes. excellent analysis [1999] and Danneberger's excellent analysis [1999] and
survey [2000].) Danneberger’s survey [2000].)

To make it easy to remember this order, we Example:

remember the word BODMAS, where B Simplify 25 − [20 − {10 − (7 − 5 − 3)}]
stands for brackets, O for of, D for division,
M for multiplication, A for addition, and S Solution:
for subtraction. This is called the
“BODMAS” rule.

Sometimes numerical expressions may

BODMAS rule involve different types of brackets. These
brackets are

Vinculum or bar—
Parentheses or small brackets ( )
Braces or curly brackets { }
Square brackets or big brackets [ ]

We simplify expressions by starting with the

innermost bracket. Usually the vinculum is
the innermost bracket, next is the
parentheses, then the braces, and finally the
square brackets. Let us now consider some
examples.

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1. Use periods with abbreviations that end in
a lowercase letter: p. (page), vol., e.g., i.e.,
etc., a.k.a., a.m., p.m., Ms., Dr., et al.
2. Use periods for initials standing for given
names: E.
B. White; do not use periods for an entire
name replaced by initials: JFK.
3. Use no periods with abbreviations that
Abbreviation should be expanded at first appear in full capitals, whether two lettersor
Abbreviations occurrence and in subsequent occurrences more and even if lowercase letters appear
CMS Section 10.3 (p. 1275) only the abbreviations are used within the abbreviation: VP, CEO, MA, MD,
PhD, UK, US, NY, IL (but see rule 4).
4. In publications using traditional state
abbreviations, use periods to abbreviate
United States and its states and territories:
U.S., N.Y., Ill. Note, however, that Chicago
recommends using the two-letter postal
codes (and therefore US) wherever
abbreviations are used
1. Use periods with abbreviations that
end in a lowercase letter: p. (page),
vol., e.g., i.e., etc., a.k.a., a.m., p.m.,
Ms., Dr., et al.
2. Use periods for initials standing for
given names: E.
B. White; do not use periods for an
entire name replaced by initials: JFK.
3. Use no periods with abbreviations
that appear in full capitals, whether
two letters or more and even if
lowercase letters appear within the
abbreviation: VP, CEO, MA, MD,
PhD, UK, US, NY, IL (but see rule
4).
4. In publications using traditional
state abbreviations, use periods to
abbreviate United States and its states
and territories: U.S., N.Y., Ill. Note,
however, that Chicago recommends
using the two-letter postalcodes (and
therefore US) wherever abbreviations
are used
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US vs United States In running text, spell out United Examples: Examples:

CMS Section 10.33 (p. 1307) States as a noun; reserve US for
the adjective form only (in US dollars; US involvement in China US dollars; US involvement in China
which position the abbreviation but but
is generally preferred). China’s involvement in the United States China’s involvement in the United
States

Example: Example:

“It’s only a few months away now, Soaf, you “It’s only a few months away now, Soaf,
Quotes Double quotes really should be sensible. They don’t pay well you really should be sensible. They
CMS Section 13.28 (p. 1634) Single quotes within double for shop work, you know that, your dad would don’t pay well for shop work, you know
quotes never allow it.” that, your dad would never allow it.”

“Admit it,” she said. “You haven't read ‘The “Admit it,” she said. “You haven't read
Simple Art of Murder.’ ” ‘The Simple Art of Murder.’ ”

Examples: Examples:

(a) meat, (b) bottled drinks, (c) packaged foods, (a) meat, (b) bottled drinks, (c)
Run-in list A number or letter, such as (3) and (d) nicotine. packaged foods, and (d) nicotine.
CMS Section 6.123 (p. 900) or (c), used in a run-in list
(1) commas, (2) em dashes, and (3) parentheses.

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I. Historical introduction I. Historical introduction

II. Retention of vertebrates II. Retention of vertebrates
A. Reptilia A. Reptilia
1. Histology and development of 1. Histology and development
reptilian teeth of reptilian teeth
2. Survey of forms 2. Survey of forms
B. Mammalia B. Mammalia
1. Histology and development 1. Histology and development
of mammalianteeth of mammalianteeth
Numbered list The hierarchy of the 2. Survey of forms 2. Survey of forms
CMS Section 9.126 (p. 904) numbered lists is as a) Primates a) Primates
follows: (1) Lemuroidea (1) Lemuroidea
(2) Anthropoidea (2) Anthropoidea
(a) Platyrrhini (a) Platyrrhini
(b) Catarrhini (b) Catarrhini
i) Cercopithecidae i) Cercopithecidae
ii) Pongidae ii) Pongidae
b) Carnivora b) Carnivora
(1) Creodonta (1) Creodonta
(2) Fissipedia (2) Fissipedia
(a) Ailuroidea (a) Ailuroidea
(b) Arctoidea (b) Arctoidea
(3) Pinnipedia (3) Pinnipedia
etc. etc.

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 STYLE SHEET—CMS
Example:
Use the control panel on your printer to Use the control panel on your printer to
manage basic settings:
Control toner usage by
Bulleted list turning EconoMode on or
CMS Section 6.124 (p. 901) off.
Adjust print quality by
changing the Resolution
Enhancement technology
and Print Density settings.
Manage printer memory by
changing the Image Adapt and
Page Protect settings.
Items carry no closing punctuation unless
they consist of complete sentences
Example:
A vertical list is best The degree of stability of a system depends The degree of stability of a system depends
upon:
List structure introduced by a complete
• height of the centre of gravity
CMS Section 6.124 (p. 901) grammatical sentence,
of body from the surface of
followed by a colon
support
• vertical line drawn from center
of gravity passing through the base
• low position of center of gravity
• broader base
Example:
manage basic settings:
Control toner usage by
turning EconoMode on or
off.
Adjust print quality by
changing the Resolution
Enhancement technology and
Print Density settings.
Manage printer memory by
changing the Image Adapt andPage
Protect settings.
Items carry no closing punctuation unless
they consist of complete sentences
Example:
upon:
• height of the centre of gravity of
body from the surface of support
• vertical line drawn from center
of gravity passing through the base
• low position of center of gravity
• broader base
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If the items are numbered, a period follows If the items are numbered, a period follows the
the numeral and each item begins with a numeral and each item begins with a capital
capital letter. letter.
Example: Example:
Characteristics of catalyst: Characteristics of catalyst:
(i) Catalyst only the spontaneous reaction. (i) Catalyst only the spontaneous reaction.
(ii) Does not change the equilibrium (ii) Does not change the equilibrium
constant. constant.
(iii) Catalyst both the forward and (iii) Catalyst both the forward and
backward reactions. backward reactions.
(iv) Does not alter the free energy (iv) Does not alter the free energy
change (DG) of a reaction. change (DG) of a reaction.
A small amount of the catalyst can A small amount of the catalyst can catalyse
catalyse large amount of reactions. large amount of reactions.

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Names of chemical elements and Example: Example:

compounds are lowercased when
Chemical names and symbols written out. Symbols, however, are
CMS Section 8.148 (p. 1152) capitalized and set without periods;
the number of atoms in a molecule
appears as a subscript.
ozone: O3 ozone: O3
sodium chloride: sodium chloride: NaCl
NaCl sulfuric acid: sulfuric acid: H2SO4
H2SO4
tungsten carbide: WC
tungsten carbide: WC

In formal chemical literature, the Example: Example:

Mass number
CMS Section 8.149 (p. 1153)
mass number appears as a
14
superscript to the left of the C (formal style); C-14 or carbon-14 14C (formal style); C-14 or carbon-14 (informal
symbol. In work intended for a (informal style) style)
general audience, however, it may 238
U (formal style); U-238 or 238
U (formal style); U-238 or uranium-238
follow the symbol, after a hyphen, uranium- 238 (informal style) (informal style)
in full size.

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Terms for electromagnetic

radiations may be spelled as β-ray (noun or adjective) or beta ray (in β-ray (noun or adjective) or beta ray (in
follows: nonscientific contexts, noun or adjective) nonscientific contexts, noun or adjective)
γ-ray (noun or adjective) or gamma ray γ-ray (noun or adjective) or gamma ray (in
Radiation Note that the verb to x-ray, (in nonscientific contexts, noun or nonscientific contexts, noun or adjective)
CMS Section 8.150 (p. 1154) though acceptable in a general adjective) x-ray (noun, verb, or adjective)
context, is not normally used in x-ray (noun, verb, or adjective) cosmic ray (noun); cosmic-ray (adjective)
scholarly medical literature, cosmic ray (noun); cosmic-ray (adjective) ultraviolet ray (noun); ultraviolet-ray
where writers would more likely ultraviolet ray (noun); ultraviolet-ray
speak of obtaining an x-ray film, (adjective) (adjective)
or a radiograph, of something, or
of subjecting something to x-ray
analysis.

Naming conventions for
chemical elements
CMS Section 10.66 (p. 1348)
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is the recognized body that formally approves element
names. Each element bears a number (reflecting the number of protons in its nucleus) as well as a name--as in “element
106,” also known as seaborgium. This number is an important identifier in cases where formal names are in dispute; between
1995 and 1997, for example, the American Chemical Society and IUPAC adopted different names for some of the same
elements. The differences were reconciled, and the list that follows reflects names and symbols approved by IUPAC. Names
for undiscovered or unconfirmed elements (as of publication, 111, roentgenium, was the last confirmed element) are
provisionally assigned using Latin for the digits of their atomic number (e.g., ununbium, one-one-two, for element 112).
The elements in the following list are arranged in alphabetical order by common name. If the symbol is based on a term
other than the common name--for example, Sb (stibium) for antimony--the term is added in parentheses. Although the
names of elements are always lowercased, the symbols all have an initial capital. No periods are used. In specialized works,
the abbreviations commonly appear in text as well as in tables, notes, and so forth.

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There are seven fundamental, or

base, SI units. Note that although UNIT SYMBOL
QUANTITY
weight and mass are usually Length meter m
Base SI units measured in the same units, they are kilogram kg
mass
(CMS Section 10.56, p. 1338) not interchangeable. Weight is a time second s
force due to gravity that depends on Electric current ampere A
an object's mass. Note also that no thermodynamic kelvin K
degree sign is used with the symbol temperature
K.ng abbreviations are used in Amount of substance mole mol
statistical material, especially in Luminous intensity candela cd
tables. They are often italicized. See
Table 12.3.

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Standards for mathematical copy
CMS Section 12.3 (p. 1528)
STYLE SHEET—CMS
As a general rule, mathematical
copy, including displayed equations,
should “read” as clearly and
grammatically as any other kind of
copy. The signs for simple
mathematical operations and
relations have direct verbal
translations:
The translation is not always
straightforward, however, as is the a < b reads “a is less than b”; a > b reads “a is greater than b”;
case with df(x)/dx, which means “the a + b = c reads “a plus b equals c.”
derivative of the function f of x with
respect to x” and is not the quotient
of two numbers df(x) and dx.
Moreover, mathematical notation is
often abbreviated: the pair of
inequalities a < b and b < c is usually
written a < b < c. In mathematics it is
also standard to read terms with
indices, such as x (“x sub I”), as
plural or singular depending on the
context (e.g., “for a unique x” and
“for all the x” are both grammatically
correct). Use this convention
wherever possible to avoid ugly
mixtures of italic mathematics and
roman “s” in forming a plural.
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Notation should be consistent and

unambiguous: the same symbol
should denote the same thing
whenever it occurs and not be used for
more than one thing. Typographical
distinctions should also be made
Consistency of notation consistently; for example, if
CMS Section 12.4 (p. 1529) uppercase italic letters A, B, and C are
used to denote sets and lowercase
italic letters x, y, and z to denote the
elements of sets, then a, b, and c
should not be used for sets at another
place without good reason.

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Words versus symbols in text
CMS Section 12.5 (p. 1530)
Sentence beginning with a
mathematical symbol
CMS Section 12.7 (p. 1532)
STYLE SHEET—CMS
In general, mathematical symbols
may be used in text in lieu of words,
and such statements as “x ≥ 0” should
not be rewritten as “x is greater than or
equal to zero.” Nonetheless, symbols
should not be used as a shorthand for
words if the result is awkward or
ungrammatical. In the phrase the
vectors r, … , r , ≠ 0, the condition“≠
0” is better expressed in words: the
nonzero vectors r, … , r or the vectors
r, … , r, all nonzero, depending on the
emphasis desired. Moreover, logical
symbols should generally not appear
in text: a minimum value of the
function f on the interval [a, b] should
be replaced by there exists a minimum
value of the function f on the interval
[a, b] or the function f has a minimum
value on the interval [a, b].
Mathematical symbols should not For example, it is difficult to read Assume that x S. S is countable.
begin a sentence, especially if the If a sentence starting with a symbol cannot easily be rephrased,
preceding sentence ended with a the appropriate term for the symbol can be inserted in apposition
symbol, since it may be difficult to tell at the beginning of the sentence: Assume that x S. The set S is
where one sentence ends and another countable. If the sentences are closely related, a semicolon may
begins. be used to connect them:
A function f is even if f(−x) = f(x); f is odd if f(−x) = −f(x).
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Letters and diacritical marks
CMS Section 12.10 (p. 1535)
STYLE SHEET—CMS
Ordinary italic letters are used to represent various kinds of mathematical objects. The set of letters can
be greatly extended by the use of diacritics (including accents), such as â, ã, ā, a, ȧ, ä, ă, and. All such
diacritics and additional characters are considered to be separate from the letters they modify, rather than
forming a single glyph. (Note that when an i or a j appears with a diacritical mark-- e.g., with an overbar
or a circumflex--the dotless i or j should be used.) Double diacritics may also be used; for example, ẵ.
These can, however, be difficult to center over a letter and, in combination with capital letters, may
interfere with descenders from the line above, so they should be avoided if possible. Marks over or beneath
several letters or groups of letters--for example, overlines, underlines, overbraces, and underbraces--are
frequently encountered in mathematics, as are other types of stacked expressions.
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Basic spacing in mathematics
CMS Section 12.16 (p. 1541)
STYLE SHEET—CMS
Good mathematical spacing helps to
indicate grouping: things that are
more closely related should be set
more tightly than things that are less
closely related. Such spacing will
vary according to the elements being
set. In simple expressions, however,
absolute spacing may be called for.
Signs for binary operations (i.e.,
conjunctions); symbols of integration,
summation, or union; and signs for
binary relations (i.e., verbs) are
preceded and followed by medium
spaces:
No space follows a binary operation
or relation sign when it is modifying
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Functions
CMS Section 12.17 (p. 1542)
STYLE SHEET—CMS
a symbol (i.e., used as an adjective):
In subscripts and superscripts, no
space precedes or follows operation
or relation signs:
For a list of abbreviated functions,
see table 12.2 below. These
abbreviations are followed by a thin
space unless the argument is
enclosed in delimiters, or fences, in
which case they are usually closed
up to the opening delimiter:
Limits are set as subscripts to the
right of the abbreviation in text and
below the abbreviation in display:
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STYLE SHEET—CMS

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Formal statements in text
CMS Section 12.56 (p. 1581)
STYLE SHEET—CMS
DEFINITION. A permutation is a one-to-one transformation
of a finite set into itself.
For definitions, theorems, propositions, corollaries, (In a definition, the term being defined is set in roman type in
lemmas, axioms, and rules, it is common practice to order to distinguish it from the rest of the text; alternatively,
set the head in caps and small caps and the text the term can be set in italics and the text in roman.)
(including symbolic expressions but not including
numerals, which are always set in roman) in italics, THEOREM 1. The order of a finite subgroup is a multiple of
sometimes indented from the left margin. Numbers the order of every one of its subgroups.
for these statements, unlike those for equations, are
not enclosed in parentheses, and in cross-references COROLLARY. If p and q are distinct prime numbers and a is
the numbers are also not enclosed. an integer not divisible by either p or q, then
The text of proofs, examples, remarks,
demonstrations, and solutions is usually set in roman, LEMMA 2. The product of any two primitive polynomials is
with only variables and other such letters in italics. itself primitive.
The heads, however, are set in caps and small caps.
AXIOM. Every set of nonnegative integers that contains at
Proofs of theorems often end with the abbreviation least one element contains a smallest element.
QED (statement at the end of Section 12.56).
NOTE: QED means quod erat demonstrandum, RULE 4.4. The length of a vertical segment joining two points
literally meaning "what was to be shown”. is given by the difference of the ordinates of the upper and the
Traditionally, the abbreviation is placed at the end of lower points.
a mathematical proof or philosophical argument in
print publications to indicate that the proof or the
argument is complete, and hence is used with the PROOF. Let A = B. Hence, C = D.
meaning “thus it has been demonstrated”.
SOLUTION. If y = 0, then x = 5.
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