English - Aula 1

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Simple Present

The Simple Present is a form of the verb that shows the action or state
happens in the present.
For example: Lisa dances every day.

Repeating actions or habits


They travel every Sunday.
He goes to school by bike.
He always loses his papers.
They usually get a lot of fish.
They go to work every day.

Facts or things which are true at all times


Cows eat grass.
Paris is in France.
He is a policeman.

Conditions (not actions) taking place at this moment


This is a big ship.
She looks dangerous.
She likes him.
He thinks that she is pretty.
They feel tired.
He has a car.

Examples of Typical Time Expressions


always
usually
often
frequently
sometimes
rarely
never
once a _______ (minute, hour, day, week, month, year, etc)
every _______ (minute, hour, day, week, month, year, etc)
Present Continuous

The Present Continuous is a form of the verb that shows the action or state is
in progress (continues) in the present.

For example: Lisa is dancing right now.

Actions that are happening now


The boy is running.
The phone is ringing.
They are talking.

Actions which are currently in progress (Not at this exact second, but in the
present. For example: these days, this month, this year)
This month they are practicing for a contest.
He is working in an office.
He is studying a lot these days.
They are fighting for their country.

Planned future actions


Tomorrow he is returning home.
She is meeting her friends tonight.
He is starting a new job in the morning.
She is traveling to Paris this afternoon.

Annoying repeating actions


She is always making a mess!
He is always causing trouble.
This guy is always smoking!

Examples of Typical Time Expressions

The present time Annoying 


Now Near future
period repeating actions
now these days this afternoon always
right now today tonight constantly
this moment this week next week
this month on Sunday
this year after dinner
currently tomorrow

Simple Past
The Simple Past is a form of the verb that shows the action or state happened
in the past.

For example: Lisa danced yesterday.

Actions that happened in the past


He broke his tooth last week.
Last year he had only two candles on the cake.
He was very dirty 30 minutes ago.
She asked for a kiss.
He played and he lost.
They worked very hard for this.

Examples of Typical Time Expressions

an hour ago
yesterday
last week
last month
2 years ago
last Monday
in 1974
when I was young

Simple Future
The Simple Future is a form of the verb that shows the action or state that will
happen in the future.

For example: Lisa will dance tomorrow.

Future actions or future states (not plans):


They will dance all night long.
Next month he will be ten years old.
How old will he be next month?
It will be very cold in the winter.
This winter will not be so cold.
I hope you will have a successful trip.
I hope you will not be disappointed.
He won't be late again.
What time will he arrive?

She will be very happy when she finds out.


We will eat in ten minutes.
You will see him in a minute.
I believe it will be a very nice party.

Promises or intentions:
I will always help you.
We will win this match!
I will drop by later.
Will you come with us?
We will stay for dinner.
I won't give up.
I will do it tomorrow.
I will fix the car as soon as I can.
We won't tell anyone about it.

Examples of Typical Time Expressions


Tomorrow
Next week
Soon
Later
In the future

Question Words
WH words 
(palavras Função Exemplo
interrogativas)
What Perguntar uma informação sobre What is your name?
(O quê?/ Qual?) algo/alguma coisa (Qual é o seu nome?)
Pedido de repetição ou confirmação sobre What? I can't hear you.
o que foi dito anteriormente
(O quê? Eu não consigo ouvi-
lo.)
What...for  Perguntando pelo motivo, pelo por que What did you do that for?
(Para quê...?) (Para quê você fez isso?)
When Pergunta pelo tempo When did he go out?
(Quando?) (Quando ele saiu?)
Where Perguntando pelo lugar ou posição Where do you live?
(Onde?) (Onde você mora?)
Which Perguntando pela escolha Which t-shirt do you want?
(Qual?) (Qual blusa você quer?)
Who Perguntando quem ou qual pessoa ou Who closed the door?
(Quem?) pessoas (sujeito) (Quem fechou a porta?)
Whom Perguntando quem ou qual pessoa ou Whom did you see?
(Quem?) pessoas (objeto) (Quem você viu?)
Whose Perguntando sobre a propriedade Whose are these books?
(De quem?) (De quem são esses livros?)
Why Perguntar pela razão, por quê? Why do you say that?
(Por que...?) (Por que você diz isso?)
Why don't Dando uma sugestão Why don't you study?
(Por que você não...?) (Por que você não estuda?)
How Perguntando sobre a forma How does the game work?
(Como?) (Como funciona esse jogo?)
Perguntando sobre o estado ou qualidade How was your day?
(Como foi o seu dia?)
How + adj/adv Perguntando sobre a extensão ou o grau Observe os exemplos abaixo:
How far Distância How far is Rio de Janeiro from
(Quão longe?) Goiânia?
(Qual a distância do Rio de
Janeiro até Goiânia?)
How long Duração (tempo ou espaço) How long will it take?
(Por quanto tempo?) (Quanto tempo isso vai
durar?)
How many Quantidade (contável) How many cars are there?
(Quantos/quantas?) (Há quantos carros aí?)
How much Quantidade (incontável) How much money did you
(Quanto?) spend?
(Quanto de dinheiro você
gastou?)
How old Idade How old are you?
(Quantos anos?) (Quantos anos você tem?)
How come (informal) Perguntando pela razão, pelo por que – How come I can't see her?
(Como?) situações informais (Como eu não consigo vê-la?)

SOME
A palavra some significa algum (a)/alguns (mas) e é usado na maioria das
vezes em frases afirmativas. Em frase negativa não se usa. Ela pode também
aparecer em frases interrogativas, quando se quer oferecer ou pedir algo para outra
pessoa.
Exemplos:
I have some ideas for this project. (Eu tenho algumas ideias para este projeto)
My friend needs some advice. (Meu amigo precisa de alguns conselhos)
Would you like some coffee? (Você aceita um pouco de café?)

ANY
O any aparece tanto em frases afirmativas, significando qualquer (ou após If, com
significado de algum(a)), em frases negativas, significado nenhum(a) e em
interrogativas, significando algum(a).
Exemplos:
If you have any questions, feel free to ask. (Se você tiver alguma dúvida, fique à
vontade para perguntar)
There aren’t any beaches in this state. (Não existe nenhuma praia neste estado)
Take any clothes you want. (Pegue qualquer roupa que você quiser)
Do you have any money to borrow me? (Você tem algum dinheiro para me
emprestar?)

NO
O no é usado com sentido de nenhum e é usado de forma intercambiável com o any,
porém com uma pequena diferença. Nas frases negativas contendo any, é necessário
o uso de um auxiliar ou verbo (don’t/doesn’t/didn’t/won’t/isn’t etc) para indicar a
negação, pois o any por si mesmo não expressa a negação. Já o no tem essa
característica, e então o “auxiliar negativo” deve ser removido, para evitar duplicidade
na negação.
Sendo assim, a frase “Sandra doesn’t have any friends in this city” fica “Sandra has
no friends in this city”.

DERIVADOS
As palavras some, any e no também possuem derivados, que são formados
acrescentando-se os sufixos –thing, -body e –one:
Something, somebody e someone;
Anything, anybody e anyone;
Nothing, nobody e no one.
As palavras que terminam com -thing se referem a coisas (alguma coisa, coisa alguma
(nada), qualquer coisa), enquanto que os que terminam com -one e -body se referem a
pessoas (alguém, ninguém, qualquer pessoa).
Exemplos:
I don’t have anything to say.
I have nothing to say.
I have something to say.
I don’t know anybody.

Existe também a palavra none, que é derivada de no. Ela tem o significado de
nenhum, porém é usada quando não há um substantivo em seguida. A palavra no será
sempre seguida de substantivo (quando for usada no sentido de nenhum), enquanto
que none não será sucedido por substantivo.
Exemplos:
I have no money in my pockets.
Money? I have none.
Sandra has three sisters, and you have none.
None of my relatives came to the party last Sunday.
Why do we use this and these?

We use this (singular) and these (plural) as pronouns:

- to talk about people or things near us:

This is a nice cup of tea.


Whose shoes are these?

- to introduce people:

This is Janet.
These are my friends, John and Michael.

WARNING:
We don’t say These are John and Michael.
We say This is John and this is Michael.

- to introduce ourselves to begin a conversation on the phone:

Hello, this is David, Can I speak to Sally?

Why do we use that and those?

We use that (singular) and those (plural):

- to talk about things that are not near us:

What’s that?
This is our house, and that’s Rebecca’s house over there.
Those are very expensive shoes.

- We also use that to refer back to something someone said or did:

 - Shall we go to the cinema?


- Yes, that’s a good idea.

 - I’ve got a new job.


- That’s great.

 - I’m very tired.


- Why is that?

this, these, that, those with nouns

We also use this, these, that and those with nouns to show proximity

We use this and these for people or things near us:

We have lived in this house for twenty years.


Have you read all of these books?

… and that and those for people or things that are not near us:

Who lives in that house?


Who are those people?

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