SEMESTER III

SOCIOLOGY

RESEARCH TOPIC:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOISE POLLUTION AND INSOMNIA

SUBMITTED BY:
Devanshi Damania
BA LLB Division – A
Roll No. A025
Kirit P. Mehta School of Law, NMIMS (Deemed to be University)

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Vrinda Mohan
Sociology
Kirit P. Mehta School of Law, NMIMS (Deemed to be University)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 ABSTRACT 3

2 INTRODUCTION 4

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6

3.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 6

3.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6

3.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 8

3.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 8

3.5 SOURCES OF DATA 9

3.6 HYPOTHESIS 9

3.7 LIMITATIONS 9

4 EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION AND LAWS 10

RELATED TO IT
4.1 NOISE POLLUTION EFFECTS 10

4.2 LAWS REALTED TO NOISE POLLUTION 11

5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOISE POLLUTION 13

AND INSOMNIA
5.1 CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION AND EFFECT ON 14
INSOMNIA

5.2 MEASURES TO CURB NOISE POLLUTION AND 15

REDUCE INSOMNIA

6 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION 18

7 REFERENCES 19
 1. ABSTRACT:

Noise from the environment, particularly that generated by modes of mobility, traffic, and
construction, is well recognised as a major contributor to insomnia. Inadequate sleep is related
with a variety of poor cardiometabolic, mental, and social effects in both adults and children.
Those who have trouble sleeping due to noise in the night may experience these objective and
subjective symptoms, as well as daytime sleepiness and exhaustion, irritability, mood changes,
diminished well-being, and impaired cognitive performance. They will have sleeplessness in
the long run as well. Constantly avoiding noise that could wake you up during the night is one
solution that should be suggested.

Keywords: Noise pollution, insomnia, environment, health, sleep disorders

 2. INTRODUCTION

Ever wondered there could be a link between insomnia and noise pollution?! New causes for
concern about the state of the nation's health are cropping up as a direct result of the ever-
increasing global population and the emergence of new environmental hazards. The term
"environment" refers to the sum of all the conditions and influences from the outside world
that have an effect on the way an organism lives and grows. Once it is disrupted, it is impossible
to recreate conditions that are more favourable for human habitation at that location. It is
probable that noise pollution will have a negative effect not only on the amount of sleep a
population obtains but also on the quality of the sleep they get. Insomnia and noise pollution
are two different concepts but they are somehow interrelated. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder
whereas, noise pollution is an environmental problem. Too much of noise pollution can lead to
sleeping disorders also.

It is a well-known fact that exposure to loud noises might make it more challenging to fall
asleep or keep us awake while we are already in bed. Insomnia is a disorder that is characterised
by excessive daytime sleepiness and a lower capacity to function properly the next day. If these
disruptions continue, they can evolve into insomnia.

The human eye is unable to detect the presence of noise pollution in either the air or the water,
despite the fact that noise pollution commonly goes unnoticed despite the fact that it can cause
major health problems. Noise pollution is present in both the air and the water. The term "noise
pollution" refers to the negative effects that prolonged exposure to loud or otherwise unpleasant
noise can have not only on individuals but also on various forms of life in the surrounding
environment. These effects can have a negative impact on people's health as well as the health
of other forms of life. The average person is exposed to a wide variety of noise pollution on a
daily basis, including those caused by automobile and public transportation traffic, construction
of subways and roads, construction of churches and factories, and construction of religious
institutions. The effects of noise pollution can be noticed in a variety of circumstances,
including but not limited to those involving sleep disorders, cardiovascular issues, hearing
problems, disruptions in sleep patterns, waking up feeling weary, feeling depressed, and not
receiving enough sleep.

It is a truth universally acknowledged that there is such a thing as acoustic energy. If you are
in a calm environment, listening to the music may be relaxing, but if you are in a noisy
environment, it may be distracting. When the vibrations of an object force that thing to move
through the air, the result is a sound that can be heard. People and other forms of life contribute
to the problem of sound pollution when they continually expose themselves to noises that are
too loud, which can have a negative effect on their health.

Sleep is an important modulator of hormonal release, glucose regulation and cardiovascular

function. Poor sleep causes measurable changes on these systems. Experimental studies
demonstrated that both sleep restriction and poor quality sleep affect glucose metabolism by
reducing glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and that sleep restriction dysregulates
appetite (lower levels of leptin and higher levels of ghrelin) as well as cortisol levels. Sleep
restriction has also been shown to increase blood pressure and affect immune processes. It has
been hypothesized that these perturbations cause long-term consequences on health. Insomnia
and mental diseases are now understood to have a synergistic link, one that includes bi-
directional causation. This understanding developed over the course of the past few years.

It is now abundantly clear that insomnia is not simply a symptom of psychiatric disorders;
rather, it contributes not only to the risk of future relapse or the development of new onset
mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, but it also contributes to the severity of psychiatric
symptoms. Insomnia contributes to the risk of future relapse or the development of new onset
mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. This is the case regardless of whether a mental
disorder causes insomnia or whether sleeplessness is a symptom of a psychiatric disorder. It
has also been related to an increase in the occurrence of aggressive acts, including domestic
violence, accidents at work and on the road, as well as increased absenteeism from work.
Children and teenagers are also affected by the known links between insufficient sleep and
unhealthy behaviours such as obesity, diabetes, depression, and aggressive and criminal
behaviour. Children who have trouble sleeping often have problems with their cognitive
functioning, and the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might get
even worse as a result.

In the past, noise pollution was disregarded as an issue, but this way of thinking is beginning
to shift as a direct result of improvements in technology. As a direct response to this issue,
numerous laws have been enacted that restrict the amount of noise pollution and make it
simpler for persons to enter and remain in a slumber state.
 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:

Insomnia and being exposed to an excessive amount of noise are linked to one another, despite
the fact that the two might not seem to have any connection to one another at first. When
compared to the environmental issue that is noise pollution, you will note that insomnia is a
sleep condition rather than a cause of the problem. This is because noise pollution disrupts
people's natural sleep patterns. There is a link between increased noise levels in the
environment and a number of different sleep disorders, one of which is insomnia. One of the
most vital points to discuss is the correlation between being exposed to excessive noise and
having trouble sleeping. There is a lot of discussion around the topic of whether or not noise
pollution has an effect on one's ability to get quality sleep. Finding out the numerous laws that
are relevant to this issue of noise pollution and insomnia is going to be a challenge for my
research, as it is related to my topic. Insomnia and noise pollution are both having a negative
influence on society; therefore, it is important to investigate both of these issues in order to
identify their root causes and provide a variety of potential solutions. These are the issues that
arise when conducting research on the topic of the connection between exposure to noise
pollution and insomnia.

3.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

It seems that many studies have been done on the topic of relationship between noise pollution
and insomnia. In these reports, various researchers have researched about this topic and impacts
and effects are discussed.

Singh, N., & Davar, S. C. (2004) discusses and explores noise pollution's impact on people's
lives. Religious noise affects women more than men. Noise pollution affects communication,
sleep, and efficiency. Deafness and mental instability aren't ruled out. The researcher states
that, the aggrieved party requests noise reduction or cessation. Public education appears to be
the best method as suggested by the respondents. However, government and NGOs can play a
significant role in this process. Morillas, J. M. (2018) says that each city's design affects noise
pollution dispersion. Urban planning influences traffic volume, vehicle dispersion, traffic
conditions, etc. Temporally and spatially, road traffic is the biggest source of urban noise.
Urban planning is linked to urban density, urban morphology, urban land use, street
distribution, street environment, and green spaces. In this paper, one could locate a sustainable
city, at least for noise pollution. According to him, a good understanding of these relationships
would improve pollution prediction, analysis, and prevention through urban design.

Next is how urbanization plays an important role for the increase in the noise pollution. Ghani,
M. U. (2020) says that noise pollution is a serious global health problem. Due to the rapid
increase in technology, industrialization, urbanisation, and other communication and transport
systems, noise pollution has reached a disturbing level. Varied countries have separate
techniques such vehicular noise limitations and their regulation, vehicle physical health check-
ups, different times of operation for noisy traffic like trucks at night, and noise pollution fines
for noisy vehicles.

The next issue that was found was noise pollution related to human health. Wokekoro, E.
(2020) examined public knowledge of noise pollution's health effects. Noise pollution causes
headaches, sleeplessness, psychological issues, lack of concentration at work, hearing loss,
learning difficulties, stroke, hypertension, and lower quality of life, according to this study.
Noise pollution harms human health, says the study. Jariwala, H. J (2017) states that city noise
pollution is global and noise is unwanted sound. Environmental noise includes outdoor sounds.
Environmental noise pollution harms health. Expanding highway, rail, and aviation traffic will
increase environmental noise and also industrial machinery is loud and has a lasting medical
and societal effects. Noise creates immediate and cumulative health concerns and impairs
residential, social, and professional settings, costing money and well-being. It can cause
hearing loss, sleep disruption, cardiovascular disease, social handicaps, poor productivity,
unfavourable social behaviour, irritation, absenteeism, and accidents. Kourkouta, L. (2015)
explains that noise pollution has auditory and non-auditory health impacts. Excessive noise
causes hypertension, increased heart rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, and peripheral vascular
resistance. Noise pollution can stimulate endocrine and autonomic nervous system reactions,
which impact the cardiovascular system and may cause cardiovascular disease. Ronco, C.
(2008) analyse that an environmental contaminant and potential health risk, noise can have
serious consequences for human health and the surrounding environment. Urban regions with
excessive noise levels have been linked to an increase in the prevalence of a number of mental
health problems, including anxiety, sleeplessness. Sleep is disrupted by the high levels of noise
pollution in hospitals, which can rival those of chainsaws and jackhammers. This is true not
only for those who are in critical condition, but also for those who are chronically ill and require
recurrent treatments, such as haemodialysis.
Next, researcher focused on the relation between insomnia and noise pollution. Marit Aasvang,
G. (2017) in this article states that night time traffic noise threatens the quality and quantity of
sleep in large urban populations. Study on traffic noise and insomnia symptoms and sleep
medicine reveals how road traffic noise may disrupt sleep. In this study exposure–response
connections between overnight road traffic noise and insomnia symptoms are shown. High
night time traffic noise may cause insufficient sleep, according to this research. Moon, J. D.
(2017) says that lack of sleep may be a symptom of hearing loss in those whose jobs involve
being around loud machinery. Having trouble hearing at low frequencies is also correlated with
insomnia. Particularly, additional work is needed to enhance sleep quality for employees who
are subjected to loud occupational noise.

Also, the researcher has focused on the quality of sleep while facing noise pollution Gilani, T.
A., & Mir, M. S. (2022) explains that night time traffic noise poses a significant risk to public
health since it can reduce sleep duration and quality. The purpose of this research is to shed
light on the mechanisms through which night time traffic noise contributes to sleep disruption.
Jenkins sleep issue scale is being used to evaluate the effect.

3.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

The goal of the research is to investigate issues such as, what kind of societal impacts does
noise pollution have? Which legislation now exist to manage the problem of noise pollution?
Then, we will investigate the reasons behind and the mechanisms behind how noise pollution
contributes to the widespread problem of inability to sleep that we are all too familiar with. In
conclusion, what measures may be taken to reduce the impact that noise pollution has on
people's ability to fall or stay asleep?

3.4 RESEARCH OBEJECTIVES:

The main research objectives of this study were to explore the effects of environmental noise
pollution on society and also how it affects the people with giving various solutions to it.

1. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of noise pollution on society and to
analyse the related laws.
2. The goal of this study is to investigate the link between noise pollution and insomnia,
its sources and impacts, and to propose potential countermeasures.
3.5 SOURCES OF DATA:

For the most part, the author has relied on primary data that was gathered by means of a Google
Form questionnaire that was sent for the purpose of this study. The researcher collected the
data through Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) in the questionnaire. It consisted of 9
questions which were based on research objectives. The survey questions were derived from
the research questions so that responses would provide data relevant to this study. The sample
size was around 110 responses. The primary functions of data were to gather the data and to
examine the effects of noise pollution and insomnia. The author of the research paper has
conducted both primary and secondary research in order to gather the information that will be
included in the research paper. In order to have a better understanding of this topic, literature
review was essential. Secondary sources used include publications, other research papers,
journals, and the internet.

3.6 HYPOTHESIS:

People have a very limited understanding of the concept that there is a connection between
being exposed to loud noise and having trouble falling or staying asleep. The relationship
between noise pollution and insomnia hypothesis holds that the harm brought by noise
pollution has an impact on sleep, leading to various sleep disorders, such as insomnia.

3.7 LIMITATIONS:

This study, much like the overwhelming majority of others, has some problems with the way
it was designed. The lack of available time to conduct the necessary research and keep track of
any changes that may occur in the future is the most significant hurdle. The researcher struggled
to recruit volunteers who were representative of the target population in terms of both age and
geographic area. This study has a few shortcomings, one of which was that the researcher had
to rely on questionnaires to collect data since she simply did not have the time to chat to each
respondent individually to acquire their perspective on the topic under investigation. This was
the study's limitations.
 4. EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION AND LAWS RELATED TO IT

4.1 NOISE POLLUTION EFFECTS:

The dangers posed by noise pollution are frequently overlooked. It can be found in both the
land and the sea, where it is unseen but very much present. Any sort of sound that is
undesirable and has a detrimental influence on people or other living things is referred to as
"noise pollution," and the phrase can be used to describe any type of sound. The rustling of
leaves can be heard in the environment, with its volume ranging from around 20 to 30
decibels to the piercing wailing of a siren, which is approximately 120 decibels. Other sounds
can also be heard in the environment (120 to 140 decibels). It is possible for a person's
hearing to begin to suffer permanent damage when it is subjected to sounds that are 85
decibels or louder. Outside of this decibel range are things like gas-powered lawn mowers,
subway trains, and rock concerts, among other commonplace activities (110 to 120 decibels).
Every single day, noise pollution has an adverse effect on the lives of millions of people. The
majority of those who are impacted by its effects report having trouble sleeping.

The impacts of excessive noise in the environment that are the direct result of human activity
are referred to as man-made noise pollution, which is also known simply as noise pollution.
This type of noise pollution leads to many effects on human beings and society. At a point of
time, sleep disturbances can have a great impact on human beings. The term environmental
noise refers to disturbances that come from a wide range of sources, some of which are
included below: construction, air, car, household, and bar noise. Other sources may also fall
under this category. It is exceedingly dangerous for people to be exposed to this kind of
noise, the decibel levels of which range from 30 to an astounding 140.

The effects of noise pollution on society are in many ways such as;

• Potentially disruptive to sleep-wake cycles (sleep cycles) - Normal sleep pattern being
disrupted by an excessive amount of noise is likely to cause people to become irritated
and uncomfortable. A restful night's sleep might help people feel more refreshed and
more able to handle the challenges of the following day. Productivity will suffer as a
result of this no matter where people are: at job, school, or home. Insomnia is one of
the most prevalent disorders found in adolescents, and one of the primary causes is
the constant exposure to environmental noise that they are forced to contend with.
• Excessive BP - The number of cases of high blood pressure, heart disease, and other
heart problems that have been connected to stress has recently increased. Researchers
 have shown that prolonged exposure to loud noise disrupts the natural blood flow in
the body, which leads to an increase in both blood pressure and heart rate. Because
raising awareness of the adverse effects of noise pollution is crucial to bringing these
numbers down to a more manageable level, we need to tackle these issues with
prudence.
• Reduced hearing - The ear-splitting decibel levels produced by jackhammers, horns,
machineries, aeroplanes, traffic, constructions, noises from religious institutions and
even automobiles can be excruciating. Chronic exposure to noise can easily cause
tinnitus or even deafness because it tears the eardrums and affects the auditory nerve,
both of which are necessary for hearing. In addition to this, it impairs our ability to
perceive the minute rhythmic cues that our ears pick up on instinctively.
• Hinder mental processes - Offices, building sites, club establishments, and even
people's residences can all be contributors to excessive noise pollution, which has
been linked to have a harmful impact on mental health. An excessive amount of noise
has been linked to a variety of adverse health effects in people as well as animals.
These results include aggressive behaviour, sleep disturbance, continuous stress,
fatigue, sorrow, anxiety, hysteria, and hypertension. More noise produces more
annoyance, and as a result, humans become less patient. These, in turn, have the
potential to lead to more significant and enduring health problems in the future.

4.2 LAWS (LEGISLATION) REALTED TO NOISE POLLUTION:

In India, legislation governing noise pollution can be located in a variety of different parts of
the legal code. These clauses can be found in a variety of statutes and modifications,
including;

To combat and limit noise pollution, the Indian government updated its Noise Pollution
Control Rule in 2000, making it a legal requirement under the country's “The Environment
Protection Act, 1996”.1 The government designated certain locations as industrial,
commercial, and residential, and the noise level allowed in each of these zones was outlined
in this rule. A silence zone must be proclaimed within 100 metres of any hospital, school,

1
Noise Pollution Control Rule, 2000 under The Environment Protection Act, 1996
university, or courthouse, and noise must be kept to a minimum inside that area. A person is
regarded to be in violation of the law if they use a loudspeaker outside of an authorised place
or between the hours of 10:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., and they are liable to a punishment as well
as a fine for doing so.

Also, the tort law concept of nuisance can encompass noise pollution. Any victim of this type
of noise pollution might seek monetary compensation by filing a civil lawsuit. The use of
horns in motor vehicles is regulated under the Motor Vehicle Act. The use of excessively
loud horns that disrupt the peace is prohibited by this law.

An executive magistrate, district magistrate, or subdivisional magistrate may order the

temporary removal of a nuisance pursuant to Section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
As a result, this clause can be invoked in the event of a noise disturbance.

Now we can state that there are various efforts made to lessen the negative consequences that
are caused by noise pollution. The government is enforcing a variety of rules that were
created specifically to combat the issue of excessive noise pollution.
 5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOISE POLLUTION AND INSOMNIA

There is a direct relationship between noise pollution and insomnia. If there is too much noise
pollution it will affect your sleep and if this cycle continues, then it may also lead to
insomnia. Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that is mainly faced by teenagers now a days
and one of the reasons is because of noise pollution. We may find it difficult to understand
the link of noise pollution and insomnia but various noises such as road constructions, metro
constructions, setting up a building, traffic noises especially during the night time can lead to
disturbances in one’s sleep cycle. Analysis of noise pollution and insomnia can also be done
with the help of a survey conducted by the researcher. The following question was answered
by 110 people, out of which 48 people did not suffer from insomnia and 62 people did suffer
from insomnia due to noise pollution.

According to the responses given above, illustrated by the pie chart, it is evident that almost
56% people suffer insomnia due to noise pollution. The point to note here is that, the 56%
population faces noise pollution on such an extend that their sleep cycles are disturbed.

The next question in the survey was, how many people faced noise pollution in their area and
there were so many of them who faced noise pollution.
71.8% of people said “yes” that they face noise pollution. This shows how noise pollution is
increasing day by day either through traffic, construction noises or any other thing.

5.1 CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON INSOMNIA:

The noise pollution can be caused due to various reasons such as air traffic noise, traffic
noise, construction sites, religious institutions, catering nightlife. And all these causes lead to
insomnia because it is known that few of the construction sites do their work in the late
evening, also traffic in the night can cause horn and noise pollution. The following are the
reasons that people face insomnia;

As we can see, the highest causes of insomnia are due to traffic and mass transmit that is
about 42.7%. Whereas, even religious institutions or practices such as Ganapati festival and
all play a major role in noise pollution leading to sleep disturbances. Here, we can see that
26.4 % people experience noise pollution through religious institutions. Also, road
construction and metro construction play an evident role in noise pollution. Here 18.2% and
12.7% people face noise pollution respectively.

Due to all these reasons, people’s sleep schedule is disturbed and a point of time many people
cannot sleep at night. When our sleep is not completed, we wake up tired and we feel dizzy.
Effects of noise pollution can lead to severe insomnia and due to this people can face many
health issues.

We can see that due to noise pollution faced by people, they do not get enough sleep. Around
66.4% people’s sleep get disturbed and they feel tired after waking up. This is because their
sleep is not done and also due to disturbances of sleep. If this pattern continues, people can
face insomnia in a long run and to treat insomnia is a big task.

5.2 MEASURES TAKEN TO CURB NOISE POLLUTION AND REDUCE

INSOMNIA:

It’s a high time one should take measures because one should be comfortable while sleeping.
Here we can see that, about 66.4% people cannot sleep comfortable when there are noise
disturbances around. Whereas, 20% are not sure about their answer and other 13.6% does not
get their sleep affected due to noise disturbances.

The following are few measures that one can take to reduce noise pollution and can prevent
insomnia;

• Make sure the constraints that have been imposed on loud noises post 10 pm are
followed strictly through vigilance. Convey to the public how serious of a problem
noise pollution is through banners, hoardings, street plays etc.
• Stop all construction work for reasonable hours.
• Set a particular time period for the construction works or Dj/Bands that work
taking into account the surrounding people's consent and having a smooth
functioning.
• There should be a particular time allotted while conducting certain religious
festivities.
• Discipline in traffic rules should be established.
• Put no horn please, if any unnecessary horn than penalized him, check engine time
to time and get certificate

• Silencers should be installed in vehicles and more trees should be planted to reduce
the noise pollution.
• Soundproofing our houses at domestic level and institutions or people must take
into consideration proper guidelines set by government regarding noise control.
• Regularly checking noise level in an industrial complex and indoor to keep noise level
within the limit.

• Go Green by planning trees.

 6. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION:

There is clear evidence that sleep disturbances are associated with health deterioration, and
growing evidence that exposure to noise pollution, around-the-clock, negatively affects health,
too. It has also been proven that nocturnal noise pollution significantly impairs sleep,
objectively and subjectively. Increased attention needs to be paid to the growing problem of
noise pollution, and more people need to be made aware of the role that noise pollution plays
in the development of insomnia and other types of sleep disorders. There is a cap on the amount
of power that can be granted to legislation in order for it to issue rules and regulations. The
prevention of noise pollution should be everyone's responsibility, and everyone should take
stringent precautions. It's possible that we are unaware of the fact that noise pollution is the
cause of sleeplessness for a significant number of people.

Everyone needs to take the threat posed by noise pollution seriously, and the first step is to
educate the public about the myriad of health problems that can be brought on by noise
pollution. Because it has the potential to become a much more significant issue in the not-too-
distant future, we need to make every effort to reduce the amount of noise pollution.

It is imperative that the government move quickly to put the suggested policies into effect in
order to safeguard not just the health of its citizens but also the environment and the economy.
Let's make it a goal to keep the peace in our neighbourhoods and keep our communities
liveable!
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