1(a)(i)

9
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

10
Time
(min)
Question 1

48
50
55
64
65
65
65
68
73
80

60
(C)
Temperature

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 1(a)(ii)
Question 1

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Question 1
1(a)(iii) The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.

1(a)(iv) Melting point – the temperature at which a solid changes state to a liquid.

1(a)(v) The melting point of A is 65 C.

1(a)(vi) There would be a mixture of solid and liquid between t = 2.8 minutes and t = 5.4 minutes.

1(a)(vii) One precaution which should be taken during this experiment is that the boiling tube should be
handled with a test tube holder, and not with bare/gloved hands.

1(a)(viii)

Particles of A at 0 min Particles of A at 10 min

1(b)
Inference

• NO2 gas produced; NO3- present.

(i)

• Ca2+(aq), Al3+(aq), Pb2+(aq) and/or Zn2+(aq) possibly present.

(iii)
• Al3+(aq), Pb2+(aq) and/or Zn2+(aq) possibly present.
• Al3+(aq), Pb2+(aq) and/or Zn2+(aq) possibly present.
(iv)
• Al3+(aq) or Pb2+(aq) possibly present.
• Pb2+(aq) confirmed to be present.
(v)
• Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → PbI2(s).
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Question 2
2(a) An oxidizing agent gains an electron or electrons when it reacts with a reducing agent.
A reducing agent loses an electron or electrons when it reacts with an oxidizing agent.

2(b)(i) Potassium dichromate(VI) is an oxidizing agent not mentioned in Table 3.

2(b)(ii) Test 1: Solution C is acting as a reducing agent.

Test 2: Solution C is acting as an oxidizing agent.

2(b)(iii) Test 1: The colour change from purple (Mn7+(aq)) to pale pink (Mn2+(aq)) was due to the reduction of
manganese which was caused by Solution C acting as a reducing agent.

Test 2: The colour change from colourless (I-(aq)) to brown (I2(aq)) was due to the oxidation of iodide
ions which was caused by Solution C acting as an oxidizing agent.

2(b)(iv) Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s).

2(b)(v) Test 3: Iron is above copper in the electrochemical series. Metals higher in the series can displace
ones lower down from solutions of their salts, so iron was able to displace copper. Test 4: Metals
lower in the electrochemical series cannot displace ones higher in the series from solutions of their
salts. Silver is lower in the series than copper and was unable to displace copper.

Question 3
3(a) Structural isomerism is defined as the type of isomerism shown by compounds which have the same
molecular formula but different structural formulae.

3(b)(i) The name of compound P is pent-1-ene.

3(b)(ii) One physical property of compound P is a low boiling point.

3(b)(iii) One chemical property of compound P is that it undergoes an addition reaction with Br2(aq), in the
dark causing the bromine water to change from red-brown to colourless.

3(b)(iv)

Compound P Isomer of Compound P

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Question 3
3(c)(i)

3(c)(ii) One physical property of Compound Q is that it is immiscible with water.

3(d) The name of Compound R is pentan-2-ol.

3(e) The conditions required for the dehydration of ethanol are an excess of concentrated sulfuric acid at
a temperature of 170 C.

Question 4
4(a) Allotrope – one of multiple (2 or more) different forms/structures of the same element, which exist
in the same physical state.

Diamond Graphite

• = carbon atom. • = carbon atom.

= strong covalent bond. = strong covalent bond.
= weak van der Waals’ force.

4(b)(i) In metals, cations are arranged in a lattice held together by a sea of mobile/delocalized electrons.

4(b)(ii) In diamond there are no mobile electrons because all outer electrons are held in place in covalent
bonds and are unable to move throughout the structure. In graphite, one outer electron per carbon
atom is delocalized and can move throughout the entire structure, carrying charge and therefore
conducting electricity.
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Question 4
4(c)

In sodium chloride the ions are both singly charged while in magnesium oxide the ions are both doubly
charged. Since the attractive force is proportional to the product of the charges of ions in the lattice. MgO
has stronger attractive forces between its ions, requiring more energy to overcome, and therefore it has a
higher melting point.

Question 5
5(a) Covalent bonding is present in methane. Carbon and hydrogen are both non-metals. It is
energetically preferable for them to share electrons in order to obtain a stable outer electronic
configuration (filled outer shell) than to lose or gain electrons to achieve this.

hν
5(b)(i) CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g) → CCl4(l) + 4HCl(g).

5(b)(ii) Type of reaction: Substitution. Reaction mechanism: Free radical substitution. Common name for
reaction: halogenation/chlorination. Conditions: Room temperature and uv light.

5(c)

Alkene: C4H8 Acid: C4H8O2

5(d)(i) Shake samples of the alkane and alkene with a few drops of H+(aq)/KMnO4(aq). The alkene would
cause the H+(aq)/KMnO4(aq) to go from purple to colourless while no change would be observed with
the alkane.
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Question 5
5(d)(ii) Add a few drops of Na2CO3(aq) to both the alkane and carboxylic acid in a test tube. The carboxylic
acid would cause the effervescence of a colourless gas which forms a white precipitate with lime
water (Ca(OH)2(aq)) while there would be no change observed with the alkane.

Question 6
6(a)(i) Aluminium ore is called bauxite. The process of aluminium extraction involves:

• Purification of the ore to produce alumina i.e. Al2O3.

• Dissolving of the Al2O3 in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6) with the addition of CaF2, all at 1000 C.

• Electrolysis of the molten electrolyte above, using a graphite cathode and graphite/titanium
anode.

• Molten aluminium is produced at the cathode in the following reaction: Al3+(l) + 3e- → Al(l).

6(a)(ii) Aluminium extraction by electrolysis requires large amounts of electrical energy. The cost of
electricity in most Caribbean countries is too high for the process to be economic.

6(b) The alloy used is duralumin. The alloy has improved properties as compared to pure aluminium, such
as:

• Improved corrosion resistance which leads to lower maintenance costs and longer lifespan.

• Greater strength which makes aircraft more resistant to damage when struck by birds, hail etc.

6(c) Mercury is useful in the manufacture of thermometers. However, when released in to the
environment by careless disposal of such articles, it can pollute water. If this water is consumed by
humans it can result in birth defects.