ÁLGEBRA

LINEAL
 SERIE DE EJERCICIOS 3
x 1
1. - 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝐻 = {(y) ; x-2y-3z = 0} 𝑦 V = ( 0 )
z -2
𝑎) 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙.
𝑏) ProyH𝑉.
𝑐) 𝑂𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 H⊥.
𝑑) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 ProyH⊥𝑉.
𝑒) 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ProyH𝑉 + ProyH⊥𝑉 = 𝑉

𝐷𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0

𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 3
𝑧
x 2 3
𝑦=𝑦 ; (y) = y (1) + z (0)
z 0 1
𝑧=𝑧

2 3
Base = {(1) , (0)}
0 1
2⁄
2 2
1 + 0 (1) = l1 √5
V1 = (1) ; U1 = √2 + 1
0 2 2 2 0 ⁄√5
𝗁 0 )

3 3 l 3 2 2
( ) l ⁄√5 ⁄
l √5
V2 = (0) ; V2 ´ = V2 − V2 ∙ U1 U1 = (0) − I(0) ∙ 1⁄ 1 =
1 1 1 √5 I ⁄√5
𝗁 𝗁 0 )) 𝗁 0 )

2⁄ 12⁄ 3⁄
3 6 l √5 3 5 5
(0) − √5 1
⁄
1 √5 = (0)
1
- ( 6⁄ ) = (-6⁄ )
𝗁 0 ) 05 15
3⁄
1 1 3⁄ 3⁄ 3⁄ l √70
U2 = V 2´ = (-6 5) = 1 (-6 5 ) = 5 (-6 5 ) = -6⁄
|V2´| ⁄5 70 ⁄5 70 ⁄5 I √70I
√3⁄ + -6⁄ + 12
2 2
1 √ 1 1 5⁄
5 5 25 )
𝗁 √ 70
 3⁄
2⁄ √70
√5 l-6
Base Ortonormal: Base = (U1, U2) = l1⁄ , I ⁄√70I
√5
𝗁 0 ) 5
𝗅 𝗁 ⁄√70 )𝖩
𝑏) ProyH𝑉 = (V ∙ U1)U1 + (V ∙ U2)U2
2⁄ 2⁄ 3⁄√70 3⁄
l 1 √5 √5 l 1 l -6 l -6 √70
= I( 0 ) ∙ l1⁄ l + ( 0 ) ∙ ⁄ I I ⁄ I
I 1⁄ I
-2 √5 √5 I √70 I √70
-2 5⁄ 5
𝗁 𝗁 0 ) 𝗁 0 )
) 𝗁 𝗁 √70) ) 𝗁 ⁄√70 )
2 3⁄ 4 -21⁄
2 1⁄√ 3 10 l-6 √70 ⁄5 70
= √5 l ⁄ 5 + ( √70 - √70) I ⁄√70I = (2⁄ ) + l 42⁄70
√5 5 -35
5⁄ 𝗁 70)
𝗁 0 ) 𝗁 √70 ) 0 ⁄
l24⁄5 - 36⁄10 1⁄
= ⁄ + ⁄ = ( 2)
I 5 10I 1
5
0 - ⁄ -1 ⁄2
𝗁 10 )
1⁄
2
ProyH𝑉 = ( 1 )
-1⁄
2
2 3
𝑐) H⊥; 𝐻 = {(1) , (0)}
0 1
x 2
𝑥 ∙ h1 = 0 ; (y) ∙ (1) = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = −2𝑥
z 0
x 3
𝑥 ∙ h2 = 0 ; (y) ∙ (0) = 0, 3𝑥 + 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = −3𝑥
z 1
𝑥=𝑥
x 1 1
𝑦 = −2x ; (y) = x (-2) ∴ H⊥ = {(-2)}
z -3 -3
z = -3x
 1⁄
1 1 1 1 l-2 √14
U1 = (-2) = (-2) = I ⁄ I
√12 + (-2)2 + (-3)2 -3 √14 -3 √14
-3⁄
𝗁 √14)
𝑑) ProyH⊥𝑉 = (V ∙ U1)U1

1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
l 1 l-2 √14 √14 7 l-2 √14 1⁄
ProyH⊥𝑉 = I ( 0 ) ∙ I ⁄ l-2⁄ = I ⁄ = ( -12 )
-2 √14II I √14I √14 √14 I
-3⁄
-3⁄ -3⁄ -3⁄ 2
𝗁 𝗁 √14)) 𝗁 √14) 𝗁 √14)

1⁄
2
ProyH⊥𝑉 = ( -1 )
-3⁄
2
𝑒) ProyH𝑉 + ProyH⊥𝑉 = 𝑉

1⁄ 1⁄ 1
2 2
( 1 ) + ( -1 ) = ( 0 )
-1⁄ -3⁄ -2
2 2

𝑎−𝑐
𝟐.-obtenga la matiz asociada de la transformación lineal T: R−> R3, con T (a+bx+cx2)=(b − c)
3𝑏
1 1 1
respecto a la bases 𝐵1 = {1,1 + 𝑥, (1 + 𝑥 } y 𝐵2 = {(0) , (1) , (1)} y úsela para obtener
)2
1 0 1
Rango(T), Nulidad(T), Nu(T) e Imag(T)

1 1 1
𝐵1 = {(0) , (1) , (2)}
1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
T ( 0) = ( 0) T ( 1) = ( 1) T (2) = (1)
0 0 0 3 1 6
1 1 1 1
(0) = a (0) + b (1) + c (1)
0 1 0 1
1=a+b+c a-c+c=1 a=x=1
0=b+c b=-c b=y=1

0=a+c a=-c c=z=-1

1 1 1 1
(1) = a (0) + b (1) + c (1)
3 1 0 1
1=a+b+c 3-c+1-c+c=1 4-c=1

1=b+c b=1-c c=3

3=a+c a=3-c

a=0
b=-2
c=3
0 1 1 1
(1) = a (0) + b (1) + c (1)
6 1 0 1
0=a+b+c 6+c+1-c+c=0 7-c=0 a=-1
1=b+c b=1-c c=7 a=-6
6=a+c a=6-c a=7
1 0 −1
( 1 ) , (−2) , (−6)
−1 3 7

1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1
[ 1 −2 −6] [0] 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 [ 0 −2 −5] [0] 𝑅2 (− 2)
−1 3 7 0 𝑅 3 + 𝑅1 0 3 6 0 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 0 −1
5 𝑅1 + 𝑅3
0 1 0 5 1 0 0 0
[ 23 ] [0]
𝑅2 − 2 𝑅3 [ 0 1 0] [0]
0 0 − 0 𝑅 (− 2) 0 0 1 0
2 3 3

Rango(T)+Nulidad(T)=3 Rango(T)=3
Nulidad(T)=0 Nulidad(T)=0
Espacio nulo→ Nu(T)=0
1 0 −1
Img(T) =gen {( 1 ) , (−2) , (−6)}
−1 3 7
 3. − 𝐸𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ón x2 + y2 + 2z2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑎 𝑙𝑎𝑠

𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑥´, 𝑦´, 𝑧´

𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒.

1 1 0
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝐴 = [1 1 0]
0 0 2

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑦 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠;

1-λ 1 0
𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 1 1-λ 0 ] = [(1-λ)(1-λ)(2-λ)] − 1[(1)(2 − 𝜆)] + (0)(0) = 0
0 0 2-λ

[(1-λ)(2 − 3𝜆 + λ2)] − 1(2 − 𝜆) = 0

2 − 3𝜆 + λ2 − 2𝜆 + 3λ2 − λ3 − 2 + 𝜆 = 0

−λ3 + 4λ2 − 4𝜆 = 0

𝜆(λ2 − 4𝜆 + 4) = 0λ1 = 0, λ2 = 2, λ3 = 2

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑎 2

1-0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
si λ1 = 0 ∴ [ 1 1-0 0 ] 0] ~ [1 1 0] 0] R2-R1 [0 0 0] 0] 1 [0 0 0] 0]
0 0 2-0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 R3 ( ) 0 0 1 0
2
x = -y x -1
y = y → (y) = y ( 1 )
z=0 z 0

-1
Eλ1 = ( 1 ) Multplicidad geometrica 1
0

1
1-2 1 0 0 -1 1 0 0 R1 (- ) 1 -1 0 0
si λ2 = 2 ∴ [ 1 1-2 0 ] 0] ~ [ 1 -1 0] 0] R -R1 [0 0 0] 0]
0 0 2-2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0

x=y x 1 0 1 0
y = y → (y) = 𝑦 (1) + 𝑧 (0) 𝐸λ2 = (1) , (0)
z=z z 0 1 0 1

Multiplicidad geometrica = dim(Eλ2) = 2

 -1 1 0
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = {( 1 ) , (1) , (0) }
0 0 1
-1
V1 = ( 1 )
0
-1 - 1⁄
1 √2
U1 = √2 ( 1 ) = l 1
⁄√2
0
𝗁 0 )
1
- ⁄
1 l 1 - 1⁄ - 1⁄
( ) l √2 l √2 1 1 1 l √2
V2´ = V2 − V2 ∙ U1 U1 = (1) − I(1) ∙ 1⁄ 1⁄ = (1) − (- √2 + √2) 1⁄
0 0 √2 I √2 0 √2
𝗁 𝗁 0 ) ) 𝗁 0 ) 𝗁 0 )
1 1
= (1) − 0 = (1)
0 0
1
1 = l1⁄√2
U2 = 1 (1)
√2 0 ⁄√2
𝗁 0 )
V3´ = V3 − (V3 ∙ U1)U1 − (V3 ∙ U2)U2
- 1⁄ - 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
0 l 0 √2 √2 l 0 √2 √2
= (0) − I (0) ∙ l 1⁄ I l 1⁄ − I(0) ∙ l1⁄ I l 1⁄
1 1 √2 √2 1 √2 √2
𝗁 𝗁 0 ) ) 𝗁 0 ) 𝗁 𝗁 0 ) ) 𝗁 0 )

0 0
= (0) − (0) − (0) → V3´ = (0)
1 1

1 0 0
U3 = (0) = (0)
√1 1 1
- 1⁄ 1⁄
‫ﻟ‬
√2 √2 0 1
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = l 1⁄ , l1⁄ , (0)
❪ √2 √2 1 ❵
𝗅𝗁 0 ) 𝗁 0 ) 𝖩

x - 1⁄ 1⁄ 0 x = - 1⁄ x´ + 1⁄ y´
√2 √2 x´ √2 √2
l
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 → (y) = 1⁄ 1⁄ 0 ( y´) → 1
y = ⁄ x´ + ⁄ 1 y´
z √2 √2 z´ √2 √2
𝗁 0 0 1 ) z = z´
 Sustiyuyendo en x2 + y2 + 2z2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 2
2 2
(- 1⁄ x´ + 1⁄ y´ ) + (1⁄ x´ + 1⁄ y´ ) + 2(z´)2
√2 √2 √2 √2
+ 2 (- ⁄ x´ + ⁄ y´ ) (1⁄ x´ + 1⁄ y´) = 2
1 1
√2 √2 √2 √2
= (- 1⁄ x´2-x´y´ + 1⁄ y´2 ) + (1⁄ x´2 + x´y´ + 1⁄ y´2 )
√2 √2 √2 √2
+ 2 (1⁄ x´2- 1⁄2 x´y´ + 1⁄2 x´y´ + 1⁄ y´2) = 2
√2 √2
2x´2 + 2y´2 = 2

→ 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑜 x´2 + y´2 = 1

Se trata de una circunferencia