TWO-MEASUREMENT POROSITY

CROSSPLOTS
• Two measurements determine two unknowns
– Formations with one lithology
• Lithology
• Porosity
– Formations of two known constituents
• Can determine a more accurate value of porosity
• Can determine the percentage of each mineral
– Complex lithologies
• Can determine a more accurate value of porosity
• Cannot determine percentage mineral makeup
COMMON POROSITY CROSSPLOTS
• Neutron-density

• Sonic-neutron
• Sonic-density

• All have complicating effects

– Shaliness
– Hydrocarbons (gas)
– Fractures
NEUTRON-DENSITY CROSSPLOTS
• Most frequently used

• Developed for clean, liquid-saturated

formations

• Boreholes filled with water or water-

based muds

• Several charts, depending on tools

– CP-1’s Schlumberger
– CNT-K-1’s and DSN-II-1’s Halliburton
 NEUTRON 1.9
DENSITY 2.0 Sulfur

CROSSPLOT Salt

Bulk density (Mmg/m3 or g/cc)

2.1 Trona

2.2
• Axes
– Neutron limestone 2.3
A φ = 30
– Density 2.4
B
2.45
• NE-SW Lith. Lines 2.5 C
– Sandstone φ = 20
2.6
– Limestone
% Ls = BC / AC
– Dolomite 2.7 % Dol = AB / AC
Langbeinite
φ = 10
Polyhalite
2.8 Matrix may be:
• NW-SE Por. Lines ~2.83
• Ls and dolomite
2.9 • Ss and dolomite
– Connect equal por pts
22%
– Nearly parallel
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
CHART BASED on... 1.9
– POR-12/13 Neutron
2.0 Sulfur
– POR-10 Density Salt
2.1

Bulk density (Mg/m3 or g/cc)

Trona

2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Polyhalite
Langbeinite
2.8
2.9

3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 1.9
• Parallel lith. lines 2.0 Sulfur
– Constant separation Salt Trona
– Distinct position 2.1

Bulk density (Mg/m3 or g/cc)

• Log presentation 2.2

(next) 2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Polyhalite
Langbeinite
2.8
2.9
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 0
|
DENSITY-NEUTRON |
PRESENTATION φ=12 ls
2.7

• Parallel lith. lines

φ=30 ls ρb ~2.23
ρb ~2.53
– Constant separation
– Distinct position
– Log presentation
φ=12 ss ρb =2.45; φn = 9

• Limestone scaling
φ=30 ss ρb =2.15; φn = 27
– Neutron 45 to -15 lspu
– Density 1.95 to 2.95 g/cc
– LS ρ and φ values overlie
φ=12 dol ρb =2.67; φn = 15

in Ls
φ=30 dol ρb =2.33; φn = 33
• Other scalings
possible
 EXAMPLE LOG - WELL “X”
• 90-260ft Zone D
– OWC @ 150ft
– Pe = 1.8 - 2: SS
– Den-Neut B
• LS compatible
• Ntrn to rt of Den C
• SS lithology
• Large sep. above
150 ft OWC
• Shales
– Pe = 2.5 - 3
D
– Neutron left of
Density
 OTHER 1.9

EFFECTS 2.0 Sulfur

Salt
• Shales 2.1 Trona

2.2
• Gas

Bulk density (Mg/m3 or g/cc)

2.3

• Fractures 2.4

– No effect, both 2.5

logs respond
tototal porosity 2.6

2.7
Polyhalite
Langbeinite
2.8

2.9

3.0
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
EXAMPLE LOG - DN PLOT, WELL “X”

Shale Effect

Borehole effects and calcite

stringers cause outliers
 Density-Neutron Response

WELL “X” Qtz

GR < 30 & ILD < 1
Calcite
GR > 80
Dolomite
GR < 30 & ILD > 1

DN PLOT 1.9

(EXCEL) 2.1 Water

Oil
2.2

Values do not all fall

Bulk density, g/cc

2.3
on Ss line owing to:
2.4
• Borehole effects
2.5
• Carbonate cements
2.6
• Shaliness
2.7
Shale plots like dol; use GR
• HC vs water to differentiate
2.8
• Statistical fluctuations of tools
2.9

3
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Neutron Porosity, limestone

 GAS EFFECT - 1
WELL “A” LS Calibration
• Zone (depth) 0

– A: 0 - 20 A Anhydrite
Marl
– B: 20 - 45 B
– C: 45 - 335
– D: 335 - 350
Sandstone
Gas
• A Effect
– Low GR
– Den = 2.95 (high)
C
– Neut por. = -2
Apparent Ls effect
• B, D – high GR due to shaly sand?
• C
Gas
– D-N litho scaling (From Res. Log)
– GWC @ 290 ft. Water

– D-N near overlay

below D Shale
GAS EFFECT
-2
WELL “A”
C

A D
B Shale

C B
Marl
A

D
 DENSITY-NEUTRON - OTHER
COMMENTS
• Density log may be displayed as porosity
– Density-Neutron overlay for water- filled lithology

– Curve order as with g/cc scaling

• Shale/Gas effects
– Across litho lines: Lithology most affected

– Along porosity lines: Porosity least affected

• Response lines change with tool type

COMMON POROSITY CROSSPLOTS
• Neutron-density

• Sonic-neutron
• Sonic-density
SONIC-NEUTRON CROSSPLOTS

• Developed for clean, liquid-

saturated formations

• Boreholes filled with water or water-

base muds
 SONIC-NEUTRON PLOTS - 1
110
• Similar layout to Time average
Field observation
density-neutron 100
• Two lines - two
porosity models

t, Sonic transit time (μs/ft)

90
– Wylie time average
– Raymer-Hunt-Gard. 80
Syivite

• Charts
70
– CP-2’s (S) Trona

– CNT-K-2’s (H)
60

50

40
0 10 20 30 40

Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)

 SONIC-NEUTRON PLOTS - 2
110
• Shale - NE region Time average
Field observation
100
• Fracs - South

t, Sonic transit time (μs/ft)

90
• Gas - NW
80
Syivite

70
Trona

60

50

40
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 Sonic-Neutron (CNL), Fresh Mud

WELL “X,” SN Quartz Calcite Dolomite GR < 30 GR > 80

PLOT W/ GR 120

• Shaliness 110

• Optimistic
100
porosity
• Lithology OK

Sonic slowness, ms/ft

90
• HC effect slight
80

70

60

50

40
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Neutron, apparent LS pu
COMMON POROSITY CROSSPLOTS
• Neutron-density

• Sonic-neutron
• Sonic-density
• Poor porosity resolution
• Useful for some evaporites
 SONIC-DENSITY CROSSPLOTS
Density-Sonic Response
Field Lines Only
• Poor Qtz Calcite Dolomite
2
lithology and
porosity 2.1

2.2

• Multiple lines 2.3

2.4
– WTA
Density
2.5
– RHG 2.6

• Useful for 2.7

– Evaporites 2.8

– Vsh 2.9

3
40 60 80 100
Sonic DT
 WELL “X,” Density-Sonic Response

DENSITY-SONIC Qtz Calcite Dolomite GR < 30 GR > 90

40 60 80 100
2
• Clean points cover 2.1
all lines 2.2
• Shale point distinct 2.3

2.4
D e n s ity
2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

Sonic DT
MID PLOTS - 2 LOGS
 Density-Sonic Response
DENSITY- Qtz Calcite Dolomite GR < 30 GR > 90

SONIC 40 60 80 100

Vsh 2

2.1
What is shale 2.2 Vsh = 0
content of 2.3
formation comprised
2.4
of 2 minerals? D e n s ity
Vsh = 1
2.5

2.6
• Locate 100%shale 2.7
and clean 2.8
formation 2.9
• Grid to give Vsh 3

Sonic DT
 1. DETERMINE APPARENT MATRIX DENSITY
MID PLOTS 1.9

PRINCIPLES 2.0

2.1

Bulk density (Mg/m3 or g/cc)

• Lith. lines 2.2
– 3 of many poss.
2.3
– Each line diff. lith. ρb= 2.30, φn = 21
2.4

• Line definition 2.5

– Use endpoint loc’n 2.6
– Value of ρb for φ = 0 2.7 ρmaa= 2.68
– Called ρmaa
2.8

• Example 2.9
Logs show ρb= 2.30, φn = 21
3.0
0 10 20 30 40
ρmaa = 2.68 Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 MID PLOTS 2. DETERMINE APPARENT MATRIX TRANSIT TIME
110
PRINCIPLES
Field observation
100
• Lithology Lines
– Similar to D-N
90

t, Sonic transit time (μs/ft)

• Line Definition 80
– Use endpoint loc’n Syivite Δt = 78, φn = 21
– Value of Δt for φ = 0 70
– Called Δtmaa Trona

60

Δtmaa= 53
• Example 50
Logs show Δt = 78, φn = 21

Δtmaa = 53 40
0 10 20 30 40
Apparent neutron porosity (lspu)
 THREE - MEASUREMENT CROSSPLOTS

• For lithology determination only

• Used when 3 porosity logs available
• Three types
– Density-Neutron-Sonic (M-N plot)
– Density-Neutron-Sonic (MID plot)
– Density-Neutron-Pe (Umaa -- ρmaa plot)
 3. DETERMINE LITHOLOGY

MID PLOTS
PRINCIPLES

• 3 Lithology Points
• Example
ρmaa = 2.68

Ρmaa
Δtmaa = 53 Quartz
Calcite
Results
– 50% quartz Dolomite
– 50% calcite

Δtmaa
 Calculating Δtmaa and ρmaa
• At each depth: Δt, ρb, and φn
• 1. Obtain φDN and φSN from crossplots
• 2. ρmaa = (ρb − φDNρfl)/(1 - φDN)
• 3. Δtmaa = Δt − (φSNΔt)/0.7
– 0.7 factor may vary somewhat
 SUMMARY
• 3 types of porosity logs

• Density, Neutron, Sonic

• These logs respond differently to matrix,

fluids and pore types

• Use for 2-log crossplots

• Crossplots allow determination of

porosity and proportions of 2 minerals,
if mineralogy is known

• Neutron – density is most commonly

used crossplot
 SUMMARY

• 3-Log Crossplots
– Lithology only
– Several versions
• MID plot
• MN plot
• Umaa -- ρmaa plot