Physics 1 Lesson 3 - Kinematics (Motion in One Dimension)

KINEMATICS: MOTION IN ONE
DIMENSION
(Lesson No. 3)
Efren M. Suratos, Jr.
SHS Department
Far Eastern University - Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

KINEMATICS: MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION 1 / 22
OUTLINE
1 What is Mechanics?
2 Displacement
3 Speed vs. Velocity
4 Acceleration
5 Motion at Constant Acceleration
6 Free Fall

What is Mechanics?
Mechanics: study of the motion of objects, and the related
concepts of force and energy
1 Kinematics: description of "how" objects move
2 Dynamics (aka Kinetics): deals with force and "why" objects
move as they do

Displacement
Displacement:
- change in position of the object
- how far the object is from its starting point
- a quantity that has both magnitude and direction
- mathematically: ∆x = x2 − x1
∆x = 30 m - 10 m = 20 m; ∆x = 10 m - 30 m = - 20 m

Displacement
Example:
An ant starts at x = 20 cm on a piece of graph paper and walks
along the x axis to x = - 20 cm. It then turns around and walks
back to x = - 10 cm. Determine
a. the ant’s displacement, and
b. the total distance traveled.

Displacement
Example:
Solution:
a. Displacement: ∆x = x2 − x1 = -10 cm - 20 cm = -30 cm

Displacement
Example:
Solution:
a. Displacement: ∆x = x2 − x1 = -10 cm - 20 cm = -30 cm
b. Distance = 20 cm + |-20 cm| + |-10 cm| = 50 cm
(Keep in mind that distance cannot be negative.)

Speed vs. Velocity
Average Speed vs. Average Velocity
distance traveled
• Average Speed =
time elapsed
displacement ∆x x2 − x1
• Average Velocity (vave ) = = =
time elapsed ∆t t2 − t1
• Common units: m/s, mi/h (mph), km/h (kph), ft/s

Speed vs. Velocity
Average Speed vs. Average Velocity
distance traveled
• Average Speed =
time elapsed
displacement ∆x x2 − x1
• Average Velocity (vave ) = = =
time elapsed ∆t t2 − t1
• Common units: m/s, mi/h (mph), km/h (kph), ft/s
Points to Remember:
1 Average speed is not necessarily equal to the magnitude of the
average velocity. However, they have the same magnitude
when the motion is all in one direction.
2 Sign convention: + or − sign can signify direction for a linear
motion.
3 The direction of the average velocity is always the same as the
direction of the displacement.
Speed vs. Velocity
Example:
Consider an object moving horizontally (x-axis on a coordinate
system). During a 3.00-s time interval, the object’s position
changes from x1 = 50.0 m to x2 = 30.5 m. What is the object’s
average velocity?

Speed vs. Velocity
Example:
Consider an object moving horizontally (x-axis on a coordinate
system). During a 3.00-s time interval, the object’s position
changes from x1 = 50.0 m to x2 = 30.5 m. What is the object’s
average velocity?
Solution:
x2 − x1 30.5 m − 50.0 m
vave = =
t2 − t1 3.00 s
vave = -6.50 m/s (or: 6.50 m/s to the left)

Speed vs. Velocity
Example:
How far can a cyclist travel in 2.5 h along a straight road if her
average velocity is 18 km/h?

Speed vs. Velocity
Example:
Solution:
Given: ∆t = 2.5 h, vave = 18 km/h
Unknown: ∆x

Speed vs. Velocity
Example:
Solution:
Unknown: ∆x
∆x
vave = → ∆x =vave ∆t
∆t

Speed vs. Velocity
Example:
Solution:
Unknown: ∆x
∆x
vave = → ∆x =vave ∆t
∆t
∆x = (18 km/h)(2.5 h) = 45 km

Speed vs. Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity is the velocity at any instant of time.

• The magnitude of instantaneous velocity is indicated in a car
speedometer.
• Mathematically, instantaneous velocity is the average velocity
over an infinitesimally short time interval.
∆x dx
v = lim∆t→0 =
∆t dt
• The instantaneous speed always equals the magnitude of the
instantaneous velocity.

Speed vs. Velocity
Graphical Analysis: Position vs. Time
The average velocity of an object during any time interval is equal
to the slope of the straight line connecting two points, say P1 and
∆x
P2 , on an x vs. t graph. That is, slope = vave = .
∆t

Speed vs. Velocity
The instantaneous velocity equals the slope of the tangent to the

curve of x vs. t at any chosen point, say P1 at time t1 .

Acceleration
An object whose velocity is changing is said to be accelerating.
change in velocity
• Average Acceleration =
time elapsed
∆v v2 − v1
• In symbols: aave = =
∆t t2 − t1
∆v dv
• Instantaneous Acceleration: a = lim∆t→0 =
∆t dt

Acceleration
An object whose velocity is changing is said to be accelerating.
change in velocity
• Average Acceleration =
time elapsed
∆v v2 − v1
• In symbols: aave = =
∆t t2 − t1
∆v dv
• Instantaneous Acceleration: a = lim∆t→0 =
∆t dt
Points to Remember:
1 Acceleration tells us how quickly the velocity changes, whereas
velocity tells us how quickly the position changes.
2 Deceleration does not mean that the acceleration is necessarily
negative. There is a deceleration when velocity and
acceleration point in opposite directions, i.e. the object is
slowing down.
Acceleration
Example:
A car accelerates on a straight road from rest to 75 km/h in 5.0 s.
What is the magnitude of its average acceleration?

Acceleration
Example:
Solution:
Given: v1 = 0 km/h, v2 = 75 km/h, ∆t = 5.0 s
Unknown: aave (magnitude only)

Acceleration
Example:
Solution:
v2 − v1 75 km/h − 0 km/h
aave = = = 15 km/h/s
∆t 5.0 s

Acceleration
Example:
Solution:
v2 − v1 75 km/h − 0 km/h
∆t 5.0 s
Alternatively:
km 1000 m 1h
75 km/h = (75 )( )( ) = 21 m/s
h 1 km 3600 s

Acceleration
Example:
Solution:
v2 − v1 75 km/h − 0 km/h
∆t 5.0 s
Alternatively:
km 1000 m 1h
75 km/h = (75 )( )( ) = 21 m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
21 m/s − 0 m/s
So: aave = = 4.2 m/s2
5.0 s

Motion at Constant Acceleration
If the magnitude of the acceleration is constant, then the
instantaneous and average accelerations are equal.
Kinematic Equations for Constant Acceleration:

1 v = v0 + at
1
2 x = x0 + v0 t + at 2
2
3 v 2 = v02 + 2a(x − x0 )
v + v0
4 vave =
2

If the magnitude of the acceleration is constant, then the
instantaneous and average accelerations are equal.
Kinematic Equations for Constant Acceleration:

1 v = v0 + at
1
2 x = x0 + v0 t + at 2
2
3 v 2 = v02 + 2a(x − x0 )
v + v0
4 vave =
2
Points to Remember:
• The equations given above are not valid unless the
acceleration is constant.
• If an object is moving in the vertical direction, replace x by y.
Example:
An automobile starts from rest and accelerates at a constant 10
m/s2 during a 402-m race. How fast is the automobile going at the
finish line?

Example:
finish line?
Solution:
Given: v0 = 0 m/s, a = 10 m/s2 , ∆x = x − x0 = 402 m
Unknown: v

Example:
finish line?
Solution:
Given: v0 = 0 m/s, a = 10 m/s2 , ∆x = x − x0 = 402 m
Unknown: v
v 2 = v02 + 2a(x − x0 )
q
v = v02 + 2a(x − x0 )
q
v = (0 m/s)2 + 2(10 m/s2 )(402 m)
v = 90 m/s

Example:
How long does it take an automobile to cross a 30.0-m-wide
intersection after the light turns green, if the automobile
accelerates from rest at a constant 2.00 m/s2 ?

Example:
Solution:
Given: v0 = 0 m/s, a = 2.00 m/s2 , x − x0 = 30.0 m
Unknown: t

Example:
Solution:
Given: v0 = 0 m/s, a = 2.00 m/s2 , x − x0 = 30.0 m
Unknown: t
1 1
x = x0 + v0 t + at 2 → x − x0 = +v0 t + at 2
2 2
1 2 2
30.0 m = (0 m/s)t + (2.00 m/s )t
2
30.0 m = (1.00 m/s2 )t 2

Example:
Solution:
Given: v0 = 0 m/s, a = 2.00 m/s2 , x − x0 = 30.0 m
Unknown: t
1 1
x = x0 + v0 t + at 2 → x − x0 = +v0 t + at 2
2 2
1 2 2
30.0 m = (0 m/s)t + (2.00 m/s )t
2
30.0 m = (1.00 m/s2 )t 2
s
30.0 m
t= = 5.48 s
1.00 m/s2
Free Fall
Galileo’s specific contribution to our understanding of the motion of

falling objects can be summarized as follows:
At a given location on the Earth and in the absence of air
resistance, all objects fall with the same constant acceleration.
• acceleration due to gravity (magnitude):
g = 9.80 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2

Free Fall
Galileo’s specific contribution to our understanding of the motion of

falling objects can be summarized as follows:
At a given location on the Earth and in the absence of air
resistance, all objects fall with the same constant acceleration.
• acceleration due to gravity (magnitude):
g = 9.80 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2
Points to Remember:
1 Actually, g varies slightly according to latitude and elevation
on the Earth’s surface, but these variations are so small that
we will ignore them for most purposes.
2 Acceleration due to gravity is a vector, as is any acceleration,
and its direction is downward toward the center of the Earth.

Free Fall

Free Fall
Example:
Suppose that a ball is dropped
(v0 = 0) from a tower. How far
will it have fallen after a time
a. t1 = 1.00 s, and
b. t2 = 2.00 s?
Ignore air resistance.

Free Fall
Solution:
Let a = −g = −9.80 m/s2

Free Fall
Solution:
Let a = −g = −9.80 m/s2
a. At time t1 = 1.00 s:
y1 = y0 + v0 t + (1/2)at12
y1 = 0 + 0t − (1/2)(9.80 m/s2 )(1.00 s)2
y1 = −4.90 m

Free Fall
Solution:
Let a = −g = −9.80 m/s2
a. At time t1 = 1.00 s:
y1 = y0 + v0 t + (1/2)at12
y1 = 0 + 0t − (1/2)(9.80 m/s2 )(1.00 s)2
y1 = −4.90 m
b. At time t2 = 2.00 s:
y2 = y0 + v0 t + (1/2)at22
y2 = 0 + 0t − (1/2)(9.80 m/s2 )(2.00 s)2
y2 = −19.6 m

Free Fall
Example:
A person throws a ball upward
into the air with an initial velocity
of 15.0 m/s. Calculate:
a. how high it goes, and
b. how long the ball is in the
air before it comes back to
the hand.
Ignore the effects of air
resistance.

Free Fall
Solution:
Let a = −g = −9.80 m/s2

Free Fall
Solution:
Let a = −g = −9.80 m/s2
a. At the highest point, v = 0 (the object stops momentarily).
So,
v 2 = v02 + 2a∆y
v 2 − v02 02 − (15.0 m/s)2
∆y = = = 11.5 m
2a 2(−9.80 m/s2 )

Free Fall
Solution:
Let a = −g = −9.80 m/s2
So,
v 2 = v02 + 2a∆y
v 2 − v02 02 − (15.0 m/s)2
∆y = = = 11.5 m
2a 2(−9.80 m/s2 )
b. The time it takes to reach the highest point is:

v − v0 0 − 15.0 m/s
v = v0 + at → t = = = 1.53 s
a −9.80 m/s2

Free Fall
Solution:
Let a = −g = −9.80 m/s2
So,
v 2 = v02 + 2a∆y
v 2 − v02 02 − (15.0 m/s)2
∆y = = = 11.5 m
2a 2(−9.80 m/s2 )
b. The time it takes to reach the highest point is:

v − v0 0 − 15.0 m/s
v = v0 + at → t = = = 1.53 s
a −9.80 m/s2
Therefore: Total time (roundtrip) = 2t = 2(1.53 s) = 3.06 s


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KINEMATICS: MOTION IN ONE

Efren M. Suratos, Jr.

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Instantaneous Velocity is the velocity at any instant of time.

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

The instantaneous velocity equals the slope of the tangent to the

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Kinematic Equations for Constant Acceleration:

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Kinematic Equations for Constant Acceleration:

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Galileo’s specific contribution to our understanding of the motion of

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Galileo’s specific contribution to our understanding of the motion of

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

b. The time it takes to reach the highest point is:

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

b. The time it takes to reach the highest point is:

Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department

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