RL Series Circuit

The current I lags the voltage V by 𝜽

𝑿
𝒁 = √𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝑳 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑹𝑳 polar form

𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿𝑳 rectangular form

𝑽 = √𝑽𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑽𝑳 𝟐

𝑽/𝜽 = 𝑽𝑹 + 𝒋𝑽𝑳

𝑽=𝑰∗𝒁
Where:

Z impedance in 𝛺

Impedance Diagram:

𝑿
𝒁 = √𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝑳 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑳
𝑹
𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿𝑳
𝑿𝑳 = 𝒋𝝎𝑳

` 𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳/𝟗𝟎°

Owner
Voltage Diagram:

𝑽 = √𝑽𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑽𝑳 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆

𝑰𝑿𝑳 𝑿𝑳
𝑽 = √𝑰𝑹𝟐 + 𝑰𝑿𝒄 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒐𝒓
𝑰𝑹 𝑹

Power Diagram:

𝑷𝑻 = 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹

𝑷𝑻 = 𝑽𝑰𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 real power

𝑷𝑹 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑿𝑳

𝑷𝑹 = 𝑽𝑰𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒔 reactive power

𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝒁𝑹𝑳 𝒗𝒂 apparent power

𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 𝒗𝒂

𝑷 = √𝑷𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑷𝑻 𝟐 = 𝑷𝑻 + 𝒋𝑷𝑹

vars= volt-ampere reactive

va= volt-ampere

𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 either lagging or leading

Lagging power factor = RL circuit

Lagging = current lags voltage by 𝜃

Leading = current leads voltage by 𝜃

Owner
Example problem 1:
A 5-ohm resistor in series with an inductor having an inductance of L=15.92 mH is connected to
a voltage source 110 volts 60 Hz source. Determine:
A. The total impedance
B. The total current
C. The overall pf
D. The total voltage across the resistor
E. The total voltage across the inductor
A. The total impedance
Let

𝑉 = 110/0° 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(15.92𝑥10−3 )

𝑋𝐿 = 6𝛺
𝑋𝐿
𝑍𝑅𝐿 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑅

6
𝑍𝑅𝐿 = √52 + 62 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
5
𝒁𝑹𝑳 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟏 /𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟗°𝜴

B. The total current

𝑉
𝐼=
𝑍
110 /0°
𝐼=
7.81 /50.19°

𝑰 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟖 /−𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟗°𝑨

C. The overall pf

𝑝𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑝𝑓 = cos (−50.19°)

𝒑𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈

D. The total voltage across the resistor

Owner
𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅

𝑉𝑅 = 14.08 /−50.19° (5)

𝑽𝑹 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟏𝟒 /−𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟗° 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔

E. The total voltage across the inductor

𝑉𝑋𝐿 = 𝐼(𝑗𝑋𝐿 )

𝑉𝑋𝐿 = 14.08 /−50.19° (𝑗6)

𝑉𝑋𝐿 = 14.08 /−50.19° (6 /90°)

𝑽𝑿𝑳 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟒𝟖 /𝟑𝟗. 𝟖𝟏° 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔

Owner