Ceel La Helay Survey Report

SAHAMIYE
UNDERGROUNDWATERSURVEYANDDRILLINGCONSULTATION
ADDRESS: JIGJIGAYAR, HARGEISASOMALILAND
TEL: 0634428946Email:alfaaiz046@gmail.com
1. Background
Sahmiye Ground water Survey and Drilling Consultation were requested by Mr.
Cilmi ibrahim a detailed information on prospects of drilling production borehole,
And the objective of the present study was to assess the availability of groundwater,
recommend a drilling site and comment on aspects of depth of potential aquifers,
aquifer availability and type, possible yield and water quality in ceel la helay area
of Inshaca region in Ethiopia.
This report summarizes the result of the profile survey of which is both
geophysical and hydro geological survey that had been carried out to find out the
ground water potential area.
This survey was made to identify the best suitable site to be drilled in order to
provide fresh water for drinking and irrigation purposes.
The surveyed area lies approximately 20Km from Xariirad.
Two Electrical Resistivity Profiles trending E-W direction and south to
South of Ceel la helay was conducted in the Eastern part, while the other
profile line is conducted in a site situated at about 2km from the center
and1km of the residential area.
2. Project objectives and scope

The specific objectives of this study were to:
 Desk Study: To identify, obtain and analyze all the necessary available
existing data which are related to the investigation agenda; such as general
geological and hydro geological maps of the area, previous studies within
and around the area, existing boreholes or any other interrelated data
 To undertake hydro geological/geophysical investigations on the occurrence
of groundwater within the land recently acquired by the client for the water
expansion project with the view to identify suitable borehole drilling site.
Identify the site for borehole drilling and advise the client on the best
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 TEL: 0634428946Email:alfaaiz046@gmail.com
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drilling method.
 Point out the geological formation likely to been counter enduring drilling
and implications with regard to water type (fresh, Mineral, salty)
methodology, borehole yields and ground water quality.
 Preparation of hydro geological and geophysical survey reports, including
the following:
• Site Name ,Location and GPS readings
• Methodology ,Geophysical data and analysis
• General and Local Geology and hydrogeology of the area
• Conclusion and Recommendations
3.Methodology and Approach

To achieve the above stated objective; to know the groundwater
potential resource areas within and around the study area, which will be
used over all domestic and irrigation water supply purpose, we
employed geological, hydro geological and geophysical survey method
in combined with the previous investigations and existing data which
are found during the investigation.
The Geophysical investigation is conducted to know the different
geo-electromagnetic nature of the study area subsurface layers (strata)
at the selected. The spreading of current and potential electrodes will be
along a
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single orientation. The maximum intervals of potential electrode
spacing is10m with horizontal profiling the curve analyses using both
during the field and the software will carry out the subsurface layering
interpretation.
4. Geophysical Investigation
In conjunction with hydrological and geological investigations, geophysical
survey is the basic input for assessment of groundwater potential of the
area. The activities in this survey are critical and, hence, require good
interpretation of the subsurface geologic and structural features to
understand the depth, thickness and lateral extent of water-bearing
formations or structures and the possible factors that controls its flow
Geophysical exploration is detecting graphic rocks, geological structure
and other geological conditions through the study and observation of
changes in a variety of geophysical fields. Commonly used geophysical
exploration methods include gravity exploration, DC exploration, and
alternating current survey exploration, magnetic exploration, sonic
exploration, seismic exploration, radioactive exploration. At present, the
main geological exploration instrument is electricity exploration in the
market and most of these instruments are too complex post-data
processing.PQWT-TC series of natural Electric field geophysical
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exploration underground water detector
ADDRESS: JIGJIGAYAR, is the latest product in research
HARGEISASOMALILAND
and development. Using a number of Frequency domain
electromagnetic
Disturbance, suitable for geological exploration in various

environmental.
The new test methods of power supply, voltage and current, improved
the electrode cable test, programming using the latest digital filtering
technology, including FFT digital filtering, FIR, IIR and other filtering
technology. Digital filtering combined with conventional filtering,
frequency resolution up to 0.1Hz. Software upgrade online, new UI,
optimize operation interface, which make the instrument easier to use.
Geophysical survey namely, Frequency Electromagnetic Survey was
carried out in conjunction with Geological and Hydro geological studies
at the main site.
The main objectives of geophysical (FEM) investigations are:
 To determine the thickness of the geological, of specific

logic unit variation or weathered section,
 To identify fractured zones, depth to ground water
table, position of possible aquifer, and to qualitatively
evaluate the degree of groundwater salinity.
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The scope ADDRESS:
of the JIGJIGAYAR,
geophysical surveys includes preparation and
HARGEISASOMALILAND
setting of the equipment for the selected/recommended electrode
spacing, actual geophysical surveys along selected traverse lines,
taking as much as possible.
Geological observations are taken place along with the traverse
lines so as to help during data processing, data interpretation and

report preparation.
4.1 Survey Layout

Frequency domain Electromagnetic profile (FEM) surveys have been
conducted in the area. However, almost station point maximum interval
2m and electrode cone spacing (MN) values of 10m that extent of 500M
depth of penetration each Station. On the contrary, the area is mainly
underlain by recent alluvial deposition map units and considered to have
good groundwater potential and quality at depth.
4.2 Field Procedure
Wiring direction &Location
Geophysical lines are generally arranged perpendicular to the line to be

constructed, can detect tectonic crushed zone on both sides of the border
and its different physical characteristics, contrast is strong, crushing
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width, extendingADDRESS:
distinctive characteristics.
JIGJIGAYAR, In order to accurately locate,
HARGEISASOMALILAND
confirmed the location of the abnormal ground point, generally use
measuring rope (or tape) pull straight line, and mark with paint at the
beginning of the measuring line to find the measuring position for later
test results.
The collected data each time is the data of mid-point between two
electrodes data, the point O is the first set of data as shown below in this
figure .Electrode spacing is generally 10m, dot spacing is generally about

1m or 2m, and electrode spacing and dot spacing must keep the same
distance for one measuring line.
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Figure1:JIGJIGAYAR,
ADDRESS: Three electrode connecting diagram
HARGEISASOMALILAND
Figure2: Measuring electrode with spacing parameter
The electrodes with alloy rods and copper electrodes is connected a

hand-held alloy rod with copper electrode inserted into the soil, the
puddle soil
is recommended in each insertion. Before click on the "Record” ,Press

"Line Test" firstly, judged good grounding, Indicator lights up and then
process measuring. Note: On dry and hard ground, it is difficult to use
hand to penetrate the electrode, it is impossible to hammer the electrode
in to ground; it will break the machine function. We use to mix some
water, salt
and soil in a barrel, and then put the mud on the hard point so that we can
insert the electrode. Meanwhile, you need cover the line that you will
measure with salt water to improve the electrical conductivity.
5. Data Processing and Presentation

The instrument is light and easy to carry, the length of measurement line
need only 10meters, only few persons can complete the operation, saving
manpower and time, full touch LCD screen,, Simply operation, external
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insert a large-capacity storage, the
ADDRESS: JIGJIGAYAR, instrument with Real-time mapping
HARGEISASOMALILAND
function, to find high resistance (fracture Band), low resistance (such as
detection of water and karst cave) through real-time mapping, it can be
directly displayed the geological structure abnormal on-sites.
By the M, N electrode probe (transducer) via a cable earth's magnetic
field to electrical signal input to high impedance input stage, after the
anti-jamming exchange amplification, frequency selection, select the
desired operating frequency, and then by the A / D sampling, central
processor (CPU) for data processing. Where in the entire measurement
process, high-speed Central processing unit (CPU) of the control,
instrumentation automatic range conversion and automatic frequency
selection.
Finally display the measured data and curves graph, and then click
“Profile” the instrument will automatically draw profile map directly on

the LCD of instrument, also can output measurement data, curve grab
hand profile map by USB cable to computer for analysis and making
geological conclusion Turn on the main switch, after display boot system
information, LOGO and company information, automatically enters root
menu interface and operating mode. The layer parameters so obtained
have been used as a starting model for iterative squares inversion
program. Due to the well-known problems of equivalence and
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suppression, theADDRESS:
best model fit may
JIGJIGAYAR, not necessarily agree with the litho
HARGEISASOMALILAND
logy of the project area. In order to describe the subsurface Geological
succession of investigated area, the Profile Maps were calibrated using
the observed Litho logical borehole logs in the proximity of the surveyed
traverses and reviewed geological formation from the previous studies.
Profile map will be observed (The horizontal line of profile map is
measurement point, and the vertical line of profile map is measurement
depth)
So note a color could stand for anything, the map just could help us to
analysis the geological structure, need to combine the local geological,
that’s the reason.
As we all know, if it is a whole rock, the water will not gather into the
underground. So when we find the crack/fracture between the two
rocks.
Rocks capable of high porosity and permeability, there is high
probability to find the water deep underground. You also can find the
rock perched is broken there, and there is the blue between them (the
water will easy save at the crack of rock). It
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Figure 3: Drilling point is number 9

Water Type Depth Underground testing
Type
Fresh Water L1: 180meters Geological testing
type 100m to 500m
depth and flat area of
600metre
From the findings it recommended to drill a borehole to a minimum

depth of 110m and a maximum depth of 180m.Judging from the resistance of
the subsurface mud drilling seems feasible in this area but provision should be
made for temporary casing where unstable formation is encountered however
the driller must have the capacity to change from air drilling to mud drilling if
need be.
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Figure 4: Drilling point is number 9
Appare Thickness Depth Interpretation Aquifers

nt
(m) (m)
Resist
119.6 0.89 1.53 Dry topsoil No
25.10 4.21 7.2 Sand No
193.8 54.09 50.3 Weathered Sandstone No

with gravel
54.9 113.10 90.70 Wet sand stone Yes
17.45 35.1 110 weathered sandstone Yes

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24.6 75.4 180 Highly Weathered Yes
gravel stone
6. Conclusions
Ground water potential in the investigated areas is fair to moderate
Generally deep boreholes of more than 180m have to be drilled in order to
have meaningful yields
 There is a wide variation in the subsurface conditions and
drilling has to be carried out at the recommended site.
 The water quality is expected to be good and fresh
 Large storage tanks are necessary once the boreholes are
successfully drilled in order to cope with the high demand during
the peak of dry season.
 Due to the presence of unstable formations at depth as well as hard
formation, mud drilling may be the most appropriate method to
employ when drilling.
 The Overall result of Geological, geophysical and hydro geological
data the study site is recommending to drill a production well ,and
can be with medium yield and can pump more than 14m3/hour
7.Recommendations
SAHAMIYE
It is recommended to drill the borehole at the first location to a
maximumof120m below ground level.
It’s highly recommended that monitoring of the struck aquifers should
be done by measuring the electrical conductivity of the drilling water
and the drilling mud at the same intervals as the geological sample
(ideally every 2m).In this respect, it’s recommended that the
implementing agency acquiring electrical/TDS meter capable of
measuringupto20, 000us/cm of conductivity for the current future use.
SAHAMIYE
Drilling, Construction and Pumping Tests Technical
Specification
1. General
.
The responsibility of the owner is to earn site access permission from local
administration and provide supervision.
1.1. Scope of work

The requirements of the work are as follows:
1. Drilling of one borehole with the diameter specified in the BOQ,
2. Supply and installation of surface and well
casings ,screens ,observation pipe, filter pack, development, test
pumping and well head construction are necessary,
3. Water and aquifer sampling for the well drilled,
1.2 Description of the Work Area

The well drilling sites are located in Ceel la helay Area, Inshaca
Regions. The detail information included in general information.
1.3 Sitting of Boreholes

The contractor shall drill the test well at the exact location designated by the
engineer. The engineer shall establish the exact location of the test
boreholes in the field.
1.4 Site clearing & Access to all site

The contractor at his own cost will repair any damage to the
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Surface of any private roads, fences or gates by the contractor's plant and
equipment, Drilling mud pits, abandoned drywells & others must be
properly back filled and leveled after completion of drilling works. After
completion of drilling and construction work, the environment shall be
thoroughly cleaned from foreign substances brought to the site during the
construction activity. Any other damage to private property will be
handled strictly according to the general condition of contract.
The contractor shall dispose of drilling fluid, cuttings, and discharged

water in a manner prescribed by the engineer so as not to create
damage to public or private property.
2. Contractors Personnel and Materials

The contractor shall supply capable and appropriate drilling machine and
experienced personnel and suitable drilling equipment to perform the
drilling and well completion works. Each contractor shall furnish with
the bid information, which shows:
a. Experience record of the contractor on works of the same nature.

b. Name and experience record of the personnel of the contractor to
be assigned for the work
c. Manufacturer’s name and model number of drilling machine or
machineries to be used. This includes rig, compressor, mud
pump ,power unit and other pertinent equipment
The drilling unit shall consist but not limited to the following items:
1. The drilling rig must be equipped with hoist block for pulling
drilling tools stacked wells.
2. A services truck to transport well casing, fuel, water and
SAHAMIYE
3. other supplies and
ADDRESS: equipment
JIGJIGAYAR, HARGEISASOMALILAND
4. A vehicle to transport the crew from site to living quarters.
5. A welding plant.
6. A water tank suitable for hauling water to the site for use in drilling.
7. A list of all equipment’s ,vehicles ,drilling tools ,hand
tools ,welding equipment ,pumping sets ,deep meter etc to be
assigned for the project shall be included in the contractor
3. Materials
The materials to be used for the construction of this well shall meet the following
requirements:
3.1 Well Casings

If Casings can be joined to each other with threaded and coupled joints or
by welding .If reinforcing is required for threaded casings after the
casings are joined, the joint may be reinforced with welding if the
Engineer finds it necessary and gives approval to the contractor.
The welding to be used for joining casings is DC arc welder with rating of
at least 250 amperes. The welded parts shall be clean and free of slag.
a. Surface casing
Contractor shall drill a well of diameter specified in the BOQ. The upper
unconsolidated formation to accommodate the outer temporary
(protective) of the casing specified diameter for each well. Temporary
surface casings are used to protect caving overburden during drilling and
for hanging pumping set and well casing when installed permanently in
boreholes completed with Well casing or in boreholes not packed with
gravel. The diameter of this casing has to be wider than the presumed
drilling diameter to allow the drilling bit to pass through to continue
further drilling. The top of the outer casing when permanently installed
SAHAMIYE
shall be ADDRESS: JIGJIGAYAR, HARGEISASOMALILAND
above a known flood levels in the area.
b. Inner casing
The working (production) casing to be installed shall be manufactured of
steel for deep wells. These casings shall have a diameter specified in the
BOQ. The casing can be threaded or blank of the aforementioned
standards.
c. Well Screen
The Well screen shall be manufactured of steel based for deep wells, and
shall have a minimum of 10%open area. The slots shall be widening
inward to minimize clogging. Johnson Division or an equal if approved
by the engineer shall manufacture the well screen.
3.2 Gravel Pack

If the Engineer instructs gravel packing, the gravel to be supplied shall be
natural well-rounded, sorted, smooth and uniform, sieved and washed
driver gravel, preferably quartz grains. If pure quartz gravel can’t be
obtained the engineer may consent to install similar materials .The
engineer based on the size of the aquifer materials shall order and
approve the gravel size. The maximum allowable non-round particles
are10%.The gravel pack must be placed in the annular space between the
casing holes starting from the bottom up wards to the level instructed by
the engineer depending on the static water level.
If the aquifer is unconsolidated and poorly sorted the engineer might order
development of the aquifer formation to attain natural gravel pack.
4. Wells Depths
The target wells depths are different and the drilling might be ordered to
SAHAMIYE
be stopped at shallower
ADDRESS:depths, or toHARGEISASOMALILAND
JIGJIGAYAR, be continued based on the actual field
hydro geological and geological findings. The drilling Contractor is
there for required to be equipped, accordingly.
5. Drilling Diameters
Drilling shall be started with diameter specified in the BOQ for the well in
the unconsolidated upper section for the installation of surface casing
sand continued to the final depth with the diameter specified in the BOQ.
The drilling diameter however may change according to the geological
situation during actual drilling. Changes shall not be made unless
otherwise the engineer feels changes are necessary and gives written
approval
6.Geological Logging
Litho-logic log of formation penetrated should be done at 2m intervals.
Drilling cuttings shall be collected during the drilling operation and
handled in a manner that they can easily be identified. Samples shall be
taken at predetermined intervals of 2m and whenever there is change
information type inform the owner with recommendations
7. Electrical Logging
Electrical (resistivity) logging of drilled wells shall be carried out to
determine the aquifer position in the well as deemed necessary by the
engineer. Casing arrangement shall be based on the litho logical and
electrical log result.
8. Well Development
The term well development means the work carried out after completion of
the construction of a well and prior to test pumping. The objective of
development is to improve well performance, to increase well capacity
and to reduce an unacceptable level of the amount of sediment contained in
SAHAMIYE
the Water yielded by the
ADDRESS: well. InHARGEISASOMALILAND
JIGJIGAYAR, a few cases further development maybe
required after testing.
9. Pump Test and Accessory Equipment for Aquifer Test

a. Pump sand Other Equipment’s
Electrically powered submersible pumps, fitting into a casing of diameter
specified in the BOQ and with capacity to be specified at the end of drilling
should be available onsite, to carry out pumping test. All equipment
shall be reliable for periods of 36 hours of continuous operation at the
designed rate.
b. Generators
The contractor must be equipped with generator sets with a capacity to
drive the submersible pumps, welding machine sand all power
requirements. The generator set should be capable to operate for a
minimum of 4hrs.
10. Capping the Well

After completion of the pumping test and removal of the test pump
unit, and after the last water level recovery observation have been
made wells shall be securely welded to the top of the surface or
production casing as the case maybe with steel plate of 6mm thickness
to prevent illegal access to the well. An appropriate socket and plug for
the observation pipe must also be installed.
11. Ground Sealing

The annular space between the preventive and production casing shall be
sealed with mixture of Portland cement and water slurry by a pour in
SAHAMIYE
method from the top for
ADDRESS: sanitaryHARGEISASOMALILAND
JIGJIGAYAR, protection in case the surface casing is
permanently installed. In case the temporary casing is to be removed the
annular space between the borehole wall and the well casing has to be
sealed with mixture of Portland cement and water as described above.
Before grouting a minimum of 50cm bridging sand followed by clay
plug of 6m or more shall be placed over the gravel pack in order to avoid
cement infiltration into the gravel. Cement grout should not be placed
before the end of the pumping test to allow the gravel to settle and be
filled up as necessary.
12. Well Head

Constructing wellheads around the casing must complete the successful
wells. The surrounding of the well casing must be excavated until
reasonable firm foundation is obtained for wellhead construction. In case
firm foundation is not available close to the surface the space around.
13. Miscellaneous Equipment

Miscellaneous Equipment for pertinent measurement sand observations,
E.g. welding and cutting equipment with an electric welding plant with a
minimum welding current of 180 a in good working order, cutting
equipment, stop watch, thermometer, pressure gauge (in case artesian
conditions are encountered) sediment cones, PH- paper, containers for
water samples must be provided and be on site.
14. Special Requirements.
a. Fishing for Lost or Stuck Tools and Equipment
Fishing will be done using the most appropriate techniques and fishing
tools, in order to minimize the time required for fishing and with
minimum
damage to the hole and to the items being fished, standard fishing tools as
SAHAMIYE
well as special tools fabricated
ADDRESS: on site or in a shop maybe used.
JIGJIGAYAR, HARGEISASOMALILAND
In a situation where drilling tools and equipment are lost or stuck in a hole,
the Engineer's Representative shall decide together the contractor
engineers and Drilling superintendent on site whether it is in the interest
of the Employer to carry out fishing operations in order to salvage a hole
or for any other reason. If, in the opinion of the Engineer, it is not in the
interest of the Employer to carry out fishing operations, the contract or
may fish to recover tools and other equipment at his own, without
creating any delays to the Employer's time schedule.
15. Work Sheet and Records

During drilling and testing the contractor will keep records on printed
forms, penetration rates, lithology, drilling problems encountered, draw
down, discharges, temperature, etc.
The drilling and pumping test and recovery sheets should be filled
inaccurately and should contain remarks on all irregularities observed
and other information which may be of interest for future drilling in the
area and the assessment of the tests (e.g. remarks on water dour, taste,
color, suspended matter, etc.) Technical failures and irregularities should
likewise be mentioned.
Work sheets for each drilling unit will be prepared in English by the
contractor hydrogeologist for each shift. The worksheets will be
prepared induplicate and signed by the contractor representative and the
engineer. The Engineer will retain the original. The work sheets will
include the following information
a) Drilling
1. The location of the drilling site, name of well,
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2. Make, model ,type
ADDRESS: and sizeHARGEISASOMALILAND
JIGJIGAYAR, of drilling rig,
3. Date of cement and completion of drilling,
4. Type of work performed including mobilization, demobilization
and on site relocation and number of hours on each type of
work,
5. Name of all crew members,
6. Size of hole and depth penetrated,
7. Logo formation penetrated,
8. Length and size of casing installed,
9. Length and size of screen installed,
10. Length and size of observation pipe installed,
11. Any problems encountered,
b) Test pumping
1. The location and name of the well being tested. Physical
characteristic of the well including depth, diameter, size of casing
screen setting and length of screen,
2. Date of cement and completion of pumping test,
3. Type and capacity of pumps used,
4. Type of work performed and number of hours on each type of
work including mobilization, demobilization or onsite relocation
position of the pump.
16. Final Reports
After completion of the well (drilling, development, re-development, and
pumping tests) the contractor has to submit a final report incorporating
all-important result of specific activities.
The well report has to contain remarks on all special observations,
difficulties, etc. The complete well report must be such that the activities
and findings can be reproduced step by step.
For the well the final report has to consider the specific well reports and
SAHAMIYE
must be submitted afterJIGJIGAYAR,
ADDRESS: completion of all activities in the relevant well.
HARGEISASOMALILAND
17. Drilling
Payment for drilling will be made at the unit price per meter by the drilling
company for the various diameters of the borehole.
Measurement will be made vertically to the nearest 0.1m from the original
ground level to the bottom of the completed hole.
This price should include all materials, equipment, and lab our and all
work
Incidentals there to except for those items for which payment is specified
additionally to that of drilling .No payment will be made for boreholes
abandoned or incomplete as a result of lost or stuck tools, stuck casing,
failure to meet plump necessary alignment tests, or any other reasons
that
Is the fault of the contractor.

SAHAMIYE
BILL OF QUANTITIES FOR THE BOREHOLE
PREAMBLE
1. The Bill of Quantities forms parts of the contract document and
shall be read in conjunction with all other documents comprising
the contract documents.
2. The quantities set out in the Bill of quantities area approximate

only and do not necessarily represent the actual amount of work to
bed one. These may be more or less than the amounts listed in the
following Bills. Payment shall be made only for work performed
or materials furnished in accordance with the contract and the
price listed in the bill of quantities.
3. The prices and rates to be inserted in the Bill of Quantities shall be
fully including all costs and expenses which may be required in
and for the drilling of the work described, together with all general
risks, liabilities and obligations set forth or implied in the
documents on which the tender is based.
4. All rates and sum of money quoted in the Bill of Quantities shall
be in the currency of USD.
5. The units of measurement described in the Bill of Quantities
are metric units
SAHAMIYE

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SAHAMIYE

2. Project objectives and scope

3.Methodology and Approach

single orientation. The maximum intervals of potential electrode

Disturbance, suitable for geological exploration in various

 To determine the thickness of the geological, of specific

Geological observations are taken place along with the traverse

lines so as to help during data processing, data interpretation and

4.1 Survey Layout

4.2 Field Procedure

Wiring direction &Location

Geophysical lines are generally arranged perpendicular to the line to be

figure .Electrode spacing is generally 10m, dot spacing is generally about

distance for one measuring line.

The electrodes with alloy rods and copper electrodes is connected a

is recommended in each insertion. Before click on the "Record” ,Press

5. Data Processing and Presentation

“Profile” the instrument will automatically draw profile map directly on

water will easy save at the crack of rock). It

Figure 3: Drilling point is number 9

From the findings it recommended to drill a borehole to a minimum

Figure 4: Drilling point is number 9

Appare Thickness Depth Interpretation Aquifers

119.6 0.89 1.53 Dry topsoil No

25.10 4.21 7.2 Sand No

193.8 54.09 50.3 Weathered Sandstone No

54.9 113.10 90.70 Wet sand stone Yes

17.45 35.1 110 weathered sandstone Yes

1.1. Scope of work

1.2 Description of the Work Area

1.3 Sitting of Boreholes

1.4 Site clearing & Access to all site

The contractor shall dispose of drilling fluid, cuttings, and discharged

2. Contractors Personnel and Materials

a. Experience record of the contractor on works of the same nature.

3.1 Well Casings

3.2 Gravel Pack

9. Pump Test and Accessory Equipment for Aquifer Test

10. Capping the Well

11. Ground Sealing

12. Well Head

13. Miscellaneous Equipment

15. Work Sheet and Records

Is the fault of the contractor.

BILL OF QUANTITIES FOR THE BOREHOLE

2. The quantities set out in the Bill of quantities area approximate

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