INACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Mount Makiling

- It is an inactive volcano, and very popular in the Philippines. It is located at the province
of Laguna. The mountain rises to an elevation of 1,090 m (3,580 ft ) above mean sea level
and is the highest feature of the Laguna Volcanic field. The volcano has no recorded
historic eruption but volcanism is still evident through geothermal features like mud
spring and hot springs.

2. Mount Arayat
- Mt. Arayat has no single record of eruption. it is a famous mystical mountain which is
considered as a sanctuary of the legendary wizard Aring Sinukuan, also known Mariang
Sinukuan. It is located at central Luzon. You can see the crater about 1.2 km in diameter
at the top of the mountain. It has a diameter of 9 kilometers.

3. Tadlac Lake
- Tadlag lake is also known as Alligator lake. It is a fresh water crater lake, or a maar, as
what some call it.it is located at Brgy. Tadlac, Los Banos Laguna, with a length of 650
meters and a width of 503 meters. They named it as a body of water but, the PHIVOCS
considered it as volcano. It is also known for its annual lake overturns, known locally as
langal. The outcome of trapped carbon dioxide erupting from the deep layers of the lake
 towards the surface, causing fish fatalities owing to low levels of dissolved oxygen, is a
phenomenon that occurs only in Tadlac lake during the cold months of December to
February.

4. Pocdol mountains
- It is located at Manito Sorsogon City Albay. It has an elevation of 1,102 m (3,615 ft). It
covers an area of about 225 km2 between Saragon Bay and Albay Gulf in southern Luzon,
SE of Mayon Volcano. Pyroxene andesites make up the majority of the igneous rocks of
the Pocdol Mountains, with minor amounts of dacite and basalts.

5. Mt. Alu
- Mount Alu is a volcano in the province of Sulu in the Philippines, located on the eastern
point of the island town of Lugus. Mount Alu is classified as inactive by the PHIVOCS.
Last erupted in c22500s BC.
 ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Taal Volcanoes
Located in the province of Batangas, the volcano is the country's second most active volcano,
with 38 confirmed historical eruptions, all of which were focused on Volcano Island, near the center
of Taal Lake. The Taal Volcano has had multiple severe eruptions in the past, killing thousands of
people on the island and in the populous areas surrounding the lake. The volcano was declared a
Decade Volcano because of its proximity to populous regions and eruptive history, and it is being
closely studied to avert future natural disasters. The Ring of Fire encompasses all of the Philippines'
volcanoes. Between 1572 and 1977, there were 42 eruptions at Taal. The first eruption was in 1572,
when Augustinian friars established the town of Taal on the lake's shoreline (on what is now San
Nicolas, Batangas). A moderate eruption occurred in 1591, resulting in large clouds of smoke rising
from the crater. From 1605 to 1611, the volcano was so active that Father Tomas de Abreu had a
massive anubing wood cross constructed on the crater's edge. On September 24, 1716, a more
powerful explosion blew away the entire southeastern portion of the Calauit crater, directly opposite
Mount Macolod. The 1716 eruption "killed all the fishes...as if they had been fried," according to
Father Manuel de Arce, "since the water had been heated to a degree that it appeared to have been
taken from a boiling caldron." A new island was formed by the 1731 eruption off the eastern edge of
the island, Pira-Piraso. Year 2020 the Taal volcano erupted again. The volcano erupted on the
afternoon of January 12, 2020, with the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS) raising the alert level from Alert Level 2 to Alert Level 4. It was an eruption from
Volcano Island's main crater. Calabarzon, Metro Manila, several portions of Central Luzon, and
Pangasinan, in the Ilocos Region, were all affected by the eruption, which forced the cancellation of
schools, work schedules, and flights. Until now, year 2022 the Taal volcano is giving a sign in being
active.

2. Mount Pinatubo

Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano in the Zambales Mountains in Central

Luzon, on the northern island of Luzon. It is located on the tripoint boundary of the Philippine
provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga, all in Central Luzon. Before the 1991
explosion, Mount Pinatubo's summit was 1,745 meters (5,725 feet) above sea level, barely
600 meters (2,000 feet) above neighboring plains, and only 200 meters (660 feet) above
 surrounding peaks, which entirely blocked it from view. Modern Pinatubo arose from
Ancestral Pinatubo's cataclysmic and most powerful eruptions, believed to be five times
larger than the June 1991 eruption, after a long period of inactivity. It deposited up to 25 km3
(6.0 cu mi) of pyroclastic surge material up to 100 meters thick all around the volcano. It is
uncertain how much volcanic material was ejected during the eruptions.
The recent activities of the Pinatubo declared by the PHIVOLCS elevated alert level 1 over
Mount Pinatubo on March 4, 2021, after observing an increase in seismic activity. Since
January 20, 2021, 1,722 volcanic earthquakes have been registered near the volcano.
Due to "continuous decline in earthquake activity and a restoration to baseline seismic
characteristics," PHIVOLCS lowered Mt. Pinatubo's Alert Level 1 to Level 0 on August 11,
2021.From July 1 to August 1, 2021, PHIVOLCS reported a "dramatic drop" in volcanic
earthquakes, with a total of 104 quakes, or an average of 2 - 3 events per day.

3. Mount Mayon

it is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay, Bicol Region, on the Philippine

island of Luzon, erupted. It is a prominent tourist destination known for its "perfect cone"
shape and is revered in Philippine folklore for its symmetrical conical shape. Mayon is the
most prominent landmark and tallest point in the province of Albay and the entire Bicol
Region of the Philippines, rising 2,463 meters (8,081 feet) from the Albay Gulf's coastlines
around 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) away. Mayon is the Philippines' most active volcano, having
erupted 47 times in the last 500 years. Its first eruption was recorded in 1616, and the first
eruption for which an extended description exists was the six-day occurrence of July 20,
1766. The volcano continues to show a sign in being active started in 1814 to 2020. They
recorded small summit explosion, phreatic explosion, and earthquakes around the area.
In 1993, an eruption killed 79 people. Following eruptions in 2000, 2006, 2009,
2014, and 2018, tens of thousands of people were forced to flee adjacent villages. Rains from
Typhoon Durian produced mudslides and floods at the base of the volcano in December 2006,
killing over 1,000 people. The total number of volcanic earthquakes and rockfall incidents
was reported by the NDRRMC. The DSWD-Disaster Response Operations Monitoring and
Information Center (DROMIC) revealed that the phreatomagmatic eruption of Mayon
Volcano affected 23,786 families or 91,055 people in 61 barangays in Albay.
4. Mount Banahaw

Mount Banahaw is an active complex volcano. The three-peaked volcano sits on the
border of the provinces of Laguna and Quezon. It dominates the scenery for kilometers
around, being the highest mountain in both provinces and the Calabarzon region. The
andesitic Banahaw mountain complex is made up of many mountains, the greatest of
which is Mount Banahaw, which stands at 2,170 meters (7,119 feet) above mean sea
level. The summit is crowned by a 1.5 by 3.5 kilometer (0.93 mi 2.17 mi) and 210 meter
(690 ft) deep crater that was formed by the 1730 eruption and is breached on the southern
rim. Prior to 1730, Mount Banahaw's summit crater was home to a lake. The town of
Sariaya, Quezon, which was located below the mountain, was completely destroyed by
the flood. According to the Sariaya records, Mt Banahaw erupted for the first time in
1539, and it did so again on January 18, 1909.

5. Mount Kanlaon

With an elevation of 2,465 meters (8,087 feet) above sea level, it is an active
stratovolcano and the tallest mountain on the Philippine island of Negros, as well as the
highest point in the Visayas. Mount Kanlaon is the world's 42nd highest mountain on an
island. It has a peak elevation of 2,465 m (8,087 ft) at its highest point, although it is 2,435 m
(7,989 ft) in some sources, with a base diameter of 30 km (19 mi) and is dotted with
pyroclastic cones and extinct craters lining to the north-northwest. There are three hot springs
in the volcanoes slope, this are Mambukal Hot Springs in the northwest, Bucalan Hot
Spring, and Bungol Hot Spring. It has erupted 30 times since 1819. Eruptions are usually
small-to-moderate phreatic eruptions that create little ash falls around the volcano. The
eruption was classed as Strombolian in 1902, with incandescent cinders, lapilli, lava bombs,
and gas fumes ejected. In 1996, there was an accident that hikers are being trapped in the peak
of the Volcano and they didn’t expect it will erupt. It kills 3 hikers and 17 others are rescued.
The recent activities of the volcano started in 2001 up to 2020. PHIVOCS still monitoring the
volcano because of the possibility that it will erupt again. The seismic monitoring network
surrounding the volcano have documented earthquake clusters or occurrences, high ash
plume, exhibited restiveness and spewed steam and ash, and steam-driven explosion.
 ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE WHOLE WORLD

1. Wolf
-Wolf, the archipelago's highest volcano, spans the equator near the north end of Isabela,
the archipelago's largest island. The 1710-meter-high edifice has steeper slopes than most
other Isabela volcanoes, with 35-degree angles. At the peak lies a 6 x 7 km caldera, one of
the deepest in the Galápagos Islands at 700 meters.
IG announced on May 5 that the eruption on Wolf's SE flank had ended. The eruption
started at 2320 UTC on January 6th, from an approximately 8-kilometer-long radial
fissure that was running NW-SE and included at least five active vents. Lava flows from
the vents went southeast, then east, covering more than 30 square kilometers. The flow
field reached a maximum length of 18.5 kilometers, with the farthest-reaching flow
halting 150-200 meters from the coast. Early on in the eruption, the highest amounts of
heat, sulfur dioxide emissions, seismicity, and deformation were observed. For the past 30
days, there had been no sulfur dioxide emissions. According to Galapagos Conservancy’s
Director of the Giant Tortoise Restoration Initiative, the lava flow of the volcano can be
the cause of death of certain species near the area like tortoises, iguanas, and other
species.
2. Turrialba

Turrialba is a huge forested basaltic-to-dacitic stratovolcano located across a broad

saddle NE of Iraz volcano, overlooking the city of Cartago, Costa Rica's easternmost
Holocene volcano. The huge structure spans 500 square kilometers. At the upper SW end
of a large 800 x 2200 m summit depression that is breached to the NE, three well-defined
craters may be found.
On the 23rd of February, OVSICORI-UNA observed a point of incandescence on the
SW wall of Turrialba's Cráter Oeste, which coincided with the area of greatest gas
emissions. On February 27, 1955, an eruption released a dispersed ash plume that
ascended 300 meters above the summit and drifted northeast. On February 28, rumbling
was sometimes accompanied by tiny ash eruptions. After September 20214, ash
explosions, multiple weak and passive ash plumes, and emissions surged at Turrialba,
which persisted into 2019; thereafter, activity steadily decreased until weak explosions
and ash emissions occurred between mid-June and 24 August 2020. The following report
analyzes activity from September 2020 to August 2021, and is mostly based on data from
the Observatorio Vulcanologico Sismologica de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional
(OVSICORI-UNA) weekly reports and satellite data. During the eruption the
winds are primarily from the west. Mainland from the Caribbean (E-W),while the Central
Valley is facing south. This is a threat from Turrialba. a huge threat to cities in the future
there. Six large eruptions have occurred took happened in Turrialba during isopachs, and
the last 3400 years reveal that ashfall has a major impact (in the western Central Valley)
San José, Costa Rica's current cities Alajuela and Heredia lie) and the eastern Central
Valley is smaller. Volcanic ash has contaminated homes, caused crop damage, and
disrupted travel arrangements. The volcano has gone from an amusing diversion to a
nuisance for surrounding residents and visitors due to its regular outbursts.

3. San Cristobal

The youngest cone, San Cristóbal (also known as El Viejo), is crowned by a 500 x 600 m-
wide crater. Eruptions have been recorded since 1528, with frequent eruptions in the last 50
years. Thermal anomalies, occasional explosions, and ash plumes have characterized recent
activity. This report uses data from the Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales
(INETER) and satellite data to update activities from July to December 2021. From July to
December 2021, activity was rather quiet, consisting mostly of gas and steam emissions and
seismicity. The average sulfur dioxide levels (tons/day) and the total number of earthquakes
 each month, a small percentage of which were volcano-tectonic events, were routinely
reported by INETER. The volcano's eruption resulted in no gas being detected at farms near
the volcano's base. Acid rain was visible on the leaves of a few coffee bushes and other plant
species, but the impacts were minor, and the coffee crops were not damaged. Rainwater
collected for drinking at one farm, as well as a sample from a neighboring farm's spring, had
cation and anion concentrations anticipated of normal rainwater.

4. Masaya

Masaya is a 6.5 x 11.5 km caldera including the Nindir, San Pedro, San Juan, and the
currently active Santiago craters, located about 20 kilometers southeast of Nicaragua's
capital, Managua. The current eruption started in October 2015 and has recently included
an active lava lake as well as gas and steam emissions. Using information from the
Instituto Nicareguense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) and other satellite data, it is
active from June to December 2021, marked by a dropping lava lake level and gas-and-
steam emissions. According to INETER, landslides on the walls of the Santiago crater
toward the lava lake have been recorded, resulting in increasing degassing. The lava
lake's level continued to drop, though incandescence remained apparent. The average rate
of sulfur dioxide emissions grew to 1,116 tons per day in October. In addition to the
declining lava lake level, internal wall collapses continued in October and November. In
November, the average rate of sulfur dioxide emissions was 1,037 tons per day. On
November 29, the MODVOLC thermal algorithm issued a single thermal alert.during the
eruption of the volcano, the explosion sent rocks with diameters up to 60 cm which
travelled up to 500 m from the crater
5. Karangetang

The Karangetang (Api Siau) volcano is located at the northern extremity of the island
of Siau, , the stratovolcano has five summit craters. It is one of Indonesia's most active
volcanoes, having erupted more than 40 times since 1675, with many more tiny eruptions
not reported in the historical record. Explosive activity was common in twentieth-century
eruptions, which was sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows and lahars. In the
summit craters, lava domes have formed, and pyroclastic flows have resulted from the
collapse of lava flow fronts. During the 5-10 January, PVMBG observed intermittent
incandescence from Karangetang's N crater. Daily white emissions climbed 150 m above
the peak on average, but as high as 200 m on rare occasions. White-and-gray plumes
ascended as high as 200 meters on the 9th and 10th of January. The level of alert
remained at 2. During the eruption of the volcano in 2010, many properties are damage.
At least one house was buried and several other buildings, including a church, were damaged. A
damaged bridge isolated about six villages. And it kills 3 people because of pyroclastic flow.
Eruption in August 2010 isolated 20,000 residents and caused four deaths.
 ASSIGNMENT IN
GEOLOGY

 INACTIVE VOCANOES IN THE

PHILIPPINES

 ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE

PHILIPPINES

 ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE WHOLE

WORLD