Chapter 1

SHS- General Mathematics

Functions

FUNCTIONS and RELATIONS, ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS, RATIONAL AND INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Overview:

This chapter introduces concepts on functions, their notations and graphs. Several types of
functions such as the piece-wise and rational functions are presented in detail. This chapter also
tackles how to find the inverse of a function. Algebraic manipulations are integrated in the topics on
operations to equip you in mathematical modeling.

Learning Outcomes

After working with the module, you will be able to:

1. Differentiate relations and functions.

2. Illustrate functions as a graph.
3. Understand functions as representations of real life situations.

1. 1 FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Functions and Relations:

A relation is a set of inputs and outputs, often written as ordered pairs (input, output).
We can also represent a relation as a mapping diagram or graph.

A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all the first components of the ordered
pairs is called the domain of the relation and the set of all the second components is
called the range.

A relation in which each number of the domain corresponds to exactly one member of
the range is called a FUNCTION.

The following table shows how relations and functions are the same and how they are different.
RELATION FUNCTION

A RELATION is a rule that relates values A FUNCTION is a relation where each

from a set of values called the DOMAIN to a element in the domain is related to only
second set of values called the RANGE ONE value in the range by some rule.
A RELATION is a set of ordered pairs (x,y). A FUNCTION is a set of ordered pairs (x,y)
such that NO TWO ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-values.
The elements of the domain can be The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that applies imagined as input to a machine that applies
a rule to these inputs to generate one or a rule so that each input corresponds to
more outputs. only one output.

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LET’S INVESTIGATE!

A group of UEP STEM students in their PE Class sold ticket for the UEPAA Games 2020. The
entrance ticket is sold Php50.00. How many tickets should be sold in order to finance the total cost
for the food and other expenses in the amount of Php7,500.00. How much profit they will get if they
sold 250 tickets?

No. of tickets 20 50 100 150 200 250

sold

Amount of 1000 2500 5000 7,500 10,000 12,500

sales

The given data can be written in an ordered pair where the first components are the values
of the independent quantity while the second components are the values of the dependent quantity.

Thus, the first component is the number of tickets sold while the second component is the
amount of sales.

{(20, 1000), (50, 2500), (100, 5000), (150, 7,500), (20, 10000), (250, 12500)}

Now this set of ordered pairs is an example of a relation.

A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all the first components of the ordered pairs
is called the domain of the relation and the set of all the second components is called the range.

1 Suppose we have to find the domain and range:

1. {(1,3), (2,4), (5,7), (6,8)}
2. {(-2,4), (-1,1), (-2,0), (0,5), (2,-2)}

Solution:
The domain in number 1 is {1,2,5,6}
The domain in number 2 is ________
The range in number 1 is { 3,4,7,8}
The range in number 2 is __________

A function is a relation in which NO TWO ORDERED PAIRS HAVE THE SAME FIRST
COMPONENT and DIFFERENT SECOND COMPONENTS.

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For example, the ordered pairs (2,3) and (2,1) is NOT a function!

2 Find the domain and range of the function given its set of ordered pairs
{(1,-1), (2,-2), (3,-3), (4,-4), (5,-5)}

Solution:
Domain: {1,2,3,4,5}
Range: {-1,-2,-3,-4,-5}

3 Given the equation -x2 + y2 = 16, determine if the relation define y as a function of x

Solution:

Solving for y in terms of x in -x2 + y2 = 16 results to

y2 = 16 +x2
y = ±√x2 + 16

This implies that the relation produces two values of y for each x, a positive value and a
negative value.
Thus, the equation does not define a function. Why?

Note that if an equation is solved for y and two or more values of y are obtained for a given
x, then the equation does not define a function.

4 Given the figure, determine if the relation defines y as a function of x.

Input x output y

-2 0
-1 1
0 4
1

Solution:

In the figure, each x is paired with exactly one y. thus, the correspondence defines y as a
function of x.

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VERTICAL LINE TEST

Given a graph, we can use the vertical line test to determine whether it represents a function.
Note: A graph in the xy plane is a function if and only if no vertical line intersects the graph in
more than one point.

1 Determine if the relation defines y as a function of x.

Solution:
Since no vertical line intersects the graph in more than one point, the graph defines y as a
function of x

FUNCTION NOTATION

Functions are usually expressed in equation form. The equation form of a function is written
in a special notation. Think of a function as a machine which is programmed with a rule that defines
the relationship between the input and the output. Consequently, the machine accepts the member
of the domain which is the input and releases the member of the range which is the output.

In the figure below, the letter “f” is used to name the function. The input is represented by “x”
and the output by “f(x)”. The special notation f(x), read as “f of x” or “f at x”, represents the value of
the function at x.

Functions in the form of equations use the f(x) notation. For example, f(x) = 4x + 25
describes the function f that takes an input x which is multiplied by 4 then add by 25.

1 Evaluate f(5) in the function f(x) = 4x + 25

Solution: we take the input 4

f(x) = 4x + 25
f(5) = 4(5) + 25
f(5) = 20 + 25
f(5) = 45

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2 Evaluate a. f(0) b. f(-2) c. (a + 1) defined by f(x) = 3x2 – x + 6

Solution:
a.
f(0) = 3x2 – x + 6
f(0) = 3(0)2 - 0 + 6
f(0) = 20 + 25
f(0) = 45
b.
f(-2) = 3x2 -x + 6
f(-2) = 3(-2)2 – (-2) + 6
f(-2) = 3(4) +2 + 6
f(-2) = 12 + 8
f(-2) = 20

c. f(a + 1) = 3x2 -x + 6
f(a + 1) = 3(a +1)2 – (a +1) + 6
f(a + 1) = 3 (a2 +2a+1) -a – 1 +6
f(a + 1) = 3a2 + 6a + 3 – a +5
f(a + 1) = 3a2 +5a + 8

GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

The graph of a function f on the xy-plane consists of points (x,y) such that x is in the domain of f and
y=f(x). To graph a function through a table of values, follow these steps.

1. Select at least five values of x in the domain. The choice of x-values is arbitrary.
2. find the corresponding values of the function for each selected x.
3. plot the obtained ordered pairs or points on the coordinate plane, then join them with a smooth
curve.

Illustrative example:

1 Sketch the graph of f(x) = 2x + 4. Then, find the domain.

Solution:
Make a table of values then, sketch the graph
x f(x)= 2x + 4 points
-2 2(-2) + 4 = 0 (-2,0)
-1 2(-1) + 4 = 2 (-1,2)
0 2(0) + 4 = 4 (0,4)
1 2(1) + 4 = 6 (1,6)
2 2(2) + 4 = 8 (2,8)

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Graph of f(x) = 2x + 4

The domain is the set of all real numbers.

2 Sketch the graph of f(x) = x2 – 2x. Then, find the domain.

Solution:
Make a table of values then, sketch the graph
x f(x)= x2 – 2x points
-2 (-2)2 – 2(-2) = 8 (-2,8)
-1 (-1)2 – 2(-1) = 3 (-1,3)
0 (0)2 – 2(0) = 0 (0,0)
1 (1)2 – 2(1) = -1 (1,-1)
2 (2)2 – 2(2) = 0 (2,0)
3 (3)2 – 2(3) = 3 (3,3)
4 (4)2 – 2(4) = 8 (4,8)

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Graph of f(x) = x2 – 2x.

Since x2 – 2x is a real number for each x, the domain of f is the set of all real numbers. Kindly sketch
the graph.

PIECEWISE FUNCTION

Piece wise functions are functions defined by more than one sub-functions where
each sub functions has a particular domain.

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Below is an example of a piecewise function. The function f consists of two sub-functions or pieces, 4
and /x-2/.

f(x) = 4 if x < -1
/x – 2/ if x ≥ -1

Graph of a Piecewise Function

To sketch the graph of a piecewise function, here are the following steps:

1. Make a table of values for each piece of the function.

2. Plot the obtained points on the same coordinate plane, then connect the points for each piece.
3. In the given interval for each piece, check the graphs if they satisfy the vertical line test.

Graph:

f(x) = /x – 2/

X = -1

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REAL-LIFE APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONS

Functions are used to mathematically model real-life situations. These situations involve
one quantity depending on another quantity. Examples are the numbers of days worked in relation
to the salary earned; the area of the circle depends on its radius; and the interest of investment
affected by the rate.

1 a. A rectangle has a perimeter of 60 ft. Express its area A as a function of the length.

b. The volume V of a right cylinder is twice its radius, express the volume V as a function of radius
r.

Solution:
a. Given: Perimeter of a rectangle P= 2 length + 2 Width

solve w in terms of l :
P = 2l + 2w= 60
2(l + w) = 60
l + w = 30
w = 30 - l

Since the area of the rectangle is A= lw

A = lw
A = l(30-l)
A(l) = l(30-l)
A(l) = 30l – l2

b. Given: V= 𝜋𝑟2h. If the height of the cylinder is twice its radius, h = 2r

V = 𝜋r2h
V(r) = 𝜋r2(2r)
V(r) = 2𝜋r3

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4.4 Self Assessment Questions

SAQ

A. Which of the following relations are functions? Justify your answer.

1. {(3,5), (1,0), (9,5), (2,0)}

2. {(-1,-2), (3,5), (1,2), (-1,7)}

3. 2x + 3y = 8

4. -x + y2 = 2

5.

B. Evaluate each function at x = 4

1. f(x) = x2

2. g(x) = x2 – 3x

3. h(x) = 1 – x

4. f(x) = √ x2 -5

5. f(x) = x3 + 2x – 1

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Functions

1.2 ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS

This section incorporates algebraic techniques in performing operations of functions

especially in composition and decomposition of functions.

Operation on Functions

Functions are mostly defined by the four fundamental operations of algebra. For instance, the
function defined by h(x)= x + 5x may be regarded as the sum of f(x) = x2 and g(x0 = 5x.

Let f and g be functions with domains Df and Dg respectively, then

the sum (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) domain: Df ∩ Dg

the difference (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) domain: Df ∩ Dg
the product (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x) domain: Df ∩ Dg
f f(x)
the quotient g (x) = g(x) domain: Df ∩ Dg, g(x) ≠0

1 Given f(x) = 2x, g(x)= x+4, and h(x) = 5 – x3, evaluate

1. (f + g)(3) 2. (h – g)(3) 3. (fh)(3) 4. (h/g)(3)

Solutions:
Example

Since the given value of x is 3 for all functions, we have

f(3) = 2(3) = 6
g(3) = 3 + 4 = 7
h(3) = 3 – 33 = -24

1. (f + g)(3) = f(3) + g(3) = 6 + 7 = 13

2. (h – g)(3) = h(3) – g(3) = -24 – 7= -31

3. (fh)(3) = f(3)g(3) = (6)(7)= 42

4. (h/g)(3) = h(3)/g(3) = -24/7 = -3.43

Composition of Functions

Let f and g be functions. The composition of functions g with f, denoted by (g ⃘ f) and

is read as “g circle of f”, is the new function resulted by performing f first then,
performing g on the result of f.

(g ⃘ f)(x0 = g [f(x)]

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For example, if we let f be the function defined by f(x) = x 2 and let g be the function defined
by g(x) = x+ 2, then the composition of g with f is written as (g ⃘ f) and is worked out as

(g ⃘ f)(x) = g[f(x)] = g(x2) = x2 + 2

We simply substitute the equivalent expression of f(x) for every x of g(x).

1 If f(x) = x2 – 2x and g(x) = 3x + 1, find

1. (g ⃘ f)(x) 2. (f ⃘ g)(x)

Solutions:
Example

1. (g ⃘ f)(x) = g[f(x)] = g(x2 – 2x)

= 3(x2 – 2x) + 1 = 3x2 – 6x + 1

2. (f ⃘ g)(x) = f[g(x)] = f(3x + 1) = (3x + 1)2 – 2(3x + 1)

= (9x2 + 6x + 1) – 6x -2 = 9x2 -1

2 Given: f(x) = 3x + 6 Find: g(x) ( inner function)

f[g(x)]= 3x – 6

Solutions:
Example

f(x) = 3x + 6

f[g(x)]= 3[g(x)] + 6

since f[g(x)]= 3x -6, then

3x – 6 = 3 [g(x)] + 6

3x – 6 – 6 = 3 [g(x)]

3x – 12 = 3 [g(x)]

3x – 12 = [g(x)]
3

[g(x)]= x - 4

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3 Given: g(x) = x + 2 Find: f(x) ( outer function)

f[g(x)]= 3x2 + 12x + 16

Solutions:
Example

To solve for f(x), first derive x in g(x) , then x = g(x) -2

Substitute the expression g(x) -2 for every x in f [g(x)]

f [g(x)] = 3x2 + 12x + 16

= 3[g(x) - 2]2 + 12[g(x) - 2] + 16

If we let g(x) as x, then

f(x) = 3(x-2)2 + 12 (x -2) + 16

f(x) = 3(x2 -4x + 4) + 12x – 8
f(x) = 3x2 – 12x + 12 + 12x – 8
f(x) = 3x2 + 4

1.2 Self Assessment Questions

SAQ

1. Find functions f and g so that h(x) = f[g(x)] and h(x) = (2x + 1)3

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PROBLEM SET No. 1

Test your skill.

1. Let f(x) = x2 – 4 and g(x) = 2x + 1. Evaluate the following:

a. (f + g)(5)
1
b. (fg)(2)

c. (f ⃘ g)(3)

2. Let f(x) = 3x + 5, g(x) = x3 + 2x and h(x) = -5x. Form the following composite functions.

d. ( f ⃘ g)(x)

e. (g ⃘ h) (x)

3. Find the indicated function.

f. Given f(x) = x + 6 and f[g(x)]= 3x + 6, find g(x).

3𝑥 + 6
g. Given g(x) = 3x + 5 and f[g(x)]= , find f(x).
3𝑥 + 5

3. Show your solution for each.

4
a. The volume V of a sphere with radius x is V = ᴫx3. Do the following:
3

i. Express the volume V of the balloon as a function of radius x.

ii. Use the function V(x) to determine the volume of the balloon when the radius is 5.

4. Graph the functions f(x) = 3x -2

5. Graph the piecewise function: fx = x + 2 if x ≤ -1

x if /x/ < 1
-x + 3 if x≥ 1

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Functions

PROBLEM SET No. 1

Name: ______________________________________________________________ Grade and Section: _________________________

Write your answers here.
Detached this Page

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 Chapter 1
SHS- General Mathematics
Functions

PROBLEM SET No. 1

Name: ______________________________________________________________ Grade and Section: _________________________

Write your answers here.
Detached this Page

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 Chapter 1
SHS- General Mathematics
Functions

SUMMARY

Functions and Relations

A relation is a set of inputs and outputs, often written as ordered pairs (input, output). We can also
represent a relation as a mapping diagram or graph.

A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all the first components of the ordered pairs is called
the domain of the relation and the set of all the second components is called the range.

A relation in which each number of the domain corresponds to exactly one member of the range is
called a FUNCTION.

RELATION FUNCTION

A RELATION is a rule that relates values A FUNCTION is a relation where each

from a set of values called the DOMAIN to a element in the domain is related to only
second set of values called the RANGE ONE value in the range by some rule.
A RELATION is a set of ordered pairs (x,y). A FUNCTION is a set of ordered pairs (x,y)
such that NO TWO ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-values.
The elements of the domain can be The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that applies imagined as input to a machine that applies
a rule to these inputs to generate one or a rule so that each input corresponds to
more outputs. only one output.

Vertical Line Test

Given a graph, we can use the vertical line test to determine whether it represents a function.
Note: A graph in the xy plane is a function if and only if no vertical line intersects the graph in
more than one point.

Function Notation
Functions are usually expressed in equation form. The equation form of a function is written
in a special notation. Think of a function as a machine which is programmed with a rule that defines
the relationship between the input and the output. Consequently, the machine accepts the member
of the domain which is the input and releases the member of the range which is the output.

In the figure below, the letter “f” is used to name the function. The input is represented by “x”
and the output by “f(x)”. The special notation f(x), read as “f of x” or “f at x”, represents the value of
the function at x.

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Functions

Functions in the form of equations use the f(x) notation. For example, f(x) = 4x + 25
describes the function f that takes an input x which is multiplied by 4 then add by 25.

Piecewise Function

Piece wise functions are functions defined by more than one sub-function where
each sub functions has a particular domain.

Functions are used to mathematically model real-life situations. These situations involve
one quantity depending on another quantity. Examples are the numbers of days worked in relation
to the salary earned; the area of the circle depends on its radius; and the interest of investment
affected by the rate.

Algebra of Functions

Operation on Functions

Functions are mostly defined by the four fundamental operations of algebra. For instance, the
function defined by h(x)= x + 5x may be regarded as the sum of f(x) = x2 and g(x0 = 5x.

Let f and g be functions with domains Df and Dg respectively, then

the sum (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) domain: Df ∩ Dg

the difference (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) domain: Df ∩ Dg
the product (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x) domain: Df ∩ Dg
f f(x)
the quotient g (x) = g(x) domain: Df ∩ Dg, g(x) ≠0

Composition of Functions

Let f and g be functions. The composition of functions g with f, denoted by (g ⃘ f) and

is read as “g circle of f”, is the new function resulted by performing f first then,
performing g on the result of f.

(g ⃘ f)(x0 = g [f(x)]

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Functions

FEEDBACK

As you go along this module, what lesson did you feel the most difficult for you? Try to list
them down and give time to consult your teacher for further discussion.

References:

Flores, Maricar, Gagani Ray Ferdinand and Ypanto Quennie. Worktext in General Mathematics for
Senior High School. C & E Publishing, 2016.

Oronce, Orlando. General Mathematics. Rex Bookstore. 2016.

General Mathematics by DEPEd.

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