Chapter 1

1.22
A recent study showed that women who lived near a freeway had an
unusually high rate of rheumatoid arthritis. Sarah said, “They should
move away from freeways.” Is there a fallacy in Sarah’s reasoning?
Explain.
Yes, because statistic doesn’t mean everything so it cannot be associated
to causes.
And even if there were proof to support cause and effect, it is not
appropriate to link a small group to everyone.
1.25
A research study showed that 7 percent of “A” students smoke, while
nearly 50 percent of “D” students do.
(a) List in rank order six factors that you think affect grades. Is smoking
on your list
(b) If smoking is not a likely cause of poor grades, can you suggest
reasons why these results were observed?
(c) Assuming these statistics are correct, would “D” students who give up
smoking improve their grades?
Why or why not
(a) Attendance, hardworking, intelligence, passion, lecturers, leisure
activities.
(b) Because student “D” probably has poor decision making in their life
and smoking is just one of those things. On the other hand, students who
doesn’t smoke might make wiser decisions in their life.
(c) No, because there are no specific causes for their low grade so giving
up on smoking is not enough.
Chapter 2
2.46
The General Accounting Office conducted random testing of retail
gasoline pumps in Michigan, Missouri, Oregon, and Tennessee. The
study concluded that 49 percent of gasoline pumps nationwide are
mislabeled by more than one-half of an octane point. What kind of
sampling technique was most likely to have been used in this study?
Cluster sampling because the data was collected from different
geographical locations
2.57
Households can sign up for a telemarketing “no-call list.”
How might households who sign up differ from those who don’t?
What biases might this create for telemarketers promoting (a) financial
planning services, (b) carpet cleaning services, and (c) vacation travel
packages?
- Households who sign up to the no-call list will never be called by
sellers. They will not be disturbed by sellers. However, other people who
do not sign up for this list may be annoyed by some calls.
- There might be 2 biases that can happen: nonresponse bias, coverage
error. Education and income could affect who uses the no-call list.

(a) The financial planning services:

Non-response bias may happen because households who sign up for a
telemarketing “no-call list “ might have different financial situations,
views of the survey . Besides, these people are also a segment of the
target population so that if they do not take the survey means that the
sample will not represent the population, which can cause an under
coverage bias.

(b) The carpet cleaning services:

There remains some reason like: the price is high, customers have just
used other services,… that result in nonresponse bias. Moreover,
coverage error might occur due to the fact that these people are also a
segment of the target population and if they do not take the survey means
that the sample will not represent the population.

(c) The vacation travel packages:

Each person has different requirements for their travelling. Rich people
often travel more than poor people so that poor people may not have
demand. This reason results in nonresponse bias. Furthermore, some of
the people who are contacted to do the survey lead to coverage error due
to lack of segments of the target population.

Chapter 3
3.31

According to the scatter plot above, there is no relationship between

students’ high school GPA and college GPA.
Each set of (x,y) is random and has no correlation
3.33
According to the scatter plot above, there is a strong and positive
relationship between salary and the number of volumes in library. There
is only set of (x,y) that has no correlation.
Chapter 4
4.65
(a)

Mean= AVERAGE(A1:A28) = 26.71428571

Median= MEDIAN(A1:A28)= 14.5

Mode= MODE.SNGL (A1:A28)= 11

Midrange=
(MIN(A1:A28)+MAX(A1:A28))/2= 124.5
(b)
Q1 = (7+8)/2 = 7.5
Q2 = (14+15)/2 = 14.5
Q3 = (20+21)/2 = 20.5
MIDHINGE = (Q1+Q3)/2 = (7.5+14.5)/2 = 14

(c) We can’t use geometric mean for this data since geometric mean
requires inputs greater than 0, but some of the values entered are 0.

(DATA IN EXCEL- EXERCISE 4.65)

4.73
4.73 b
Calculate the skewness with n = 74

( )
n
n Xi−x 3
Skewness = ∑ S = 1.0573 >0
(n−1)(n−2) i=1

 This distribution is right-skewed

4.73c
MEAN = AVERAGE(D1:D74) = 19.78378378
STANDARD DEVIATION = STDEV(D1:D74) = 8.092394993
4.73d
There is a possible outlier at 49. Because from 8 to 37, the distance
between two numbers next to each other is 1 but from 37 to 49 the
distance is changed from 1 to 12.
Chapter 5
5.77
a
The license plate is made up of six characters: three letters from a total of
26 letters (A-Z) and three digits from a total of ten digits (0-9)
Each letter position has 26 different options, while each digit position has
10 different options.
Any of the 26 letters can be mixed with any of the 26 other letters, and
any of the 26 other letters can be combined with any of the 26 other
letters. As a result, there are a total of 263 three-letter combinations.
Similarly, the ten digits can be combined in a total of 103 ways.
Because each of the three-letter combinations can be combined with any
of the three-number combinations, there are a total of 263 x 103 =
17,576,000 possible combinations. Hence, a total of 17,576,000 different
license plates can be issued.
B.
Each plate can take 10 digits + 26 letters = 36 different values (options).
Thus, a total of 366 = 2,176,782,336 unique plates are possible.
C. There are some restrictions. For example, only letters in some
positions and only numbers in others, or plates couldn't be duplicated in
different states. The letters O and I resemble the digits 1 and 0 fairly
closely.
d.
If ever they decide to have a system that allows unique license plates in
the U.S. or the world, there would need to be an increase in the number of
digits. This number plate system, therefore, allows more than enough
unique license plates. If a six-character mix already allows for more than
2 billion unique license plates (described in (b)), then a more character
mixture possibly has the potential to allow every vehicle in the world to
have a different license plate.
E.
Since the letters O and I are not permitted, there are 24 possible letters
left, so there is a total of 243 three-letter combinations.
The ten digitals will remain for the total of 103 combinations
Hence, there are a total of 243 x 103 = 13,824,000 different license plates
can be issued.
5.94
(a)
(i) P(S) = number of smokers = 320 = 0.32
number of all male 1000
(ii) P(W)= number of white male = 850 = 0.85
number of all male 1000
(iii) P(S | W) = number of male smokers = 290 = 29 ≈0,341
number of all male 850 85
*With S|W here represents the number of white smokers
(iv) P(S|B) = number of smokers = 30 = 0.2
number of black males 150
*With S|B here is the number of black smokers
(v) P(S and W) = number of smoker = 290 = 0.29
number of all male 1000
(vi) P(N and B) = number of non−smokers = 120 = 0.12
number of all male 1000

(b) If events A and B are independent, then

P (A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B)
P(W). P(S) =0.85 ×0.32=0.272 ≠ P(W ∩ S) =0.29
→ So they are independent

(c) No it does not. This research was made totally from the maker point
of view so it does
not reflect any of my experience .

(d) The public health officials are fascinated by this type of date because
they might target or design different products for different races.

5.98
From the given information, a biometric devices using fingerprints
erroneously refuses to admit 1 in 1000 authorized persons from
containing classified information.
And given 95% persons, who seek are authorized. Among authorized
access, 1 is refused in 1000 persons and among unauthorized access, 1 is
admitted in 1000000 persons.
So, the required probability is:

1
0.95 ×
1000
P(Authorize persons | Refused admission ) = 1 999,999
0.95× +0.05 ×
1000 1,000,000
= 0.018646