11

Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1
Formation of Heavy Elements
in the Universe

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING-INSTRUCTION KIT

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY

Physical Science
Contextualized Learning-Instruction Kit (CLIK)
First Quarter - Module 1: Formation of Heavy Elements in the Universe
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Schools Division of Puerto Princesa City

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Vanessa Anne A. Gabay
Content Editor: Geraldine B. Dangan (Palawan NS)
Jane G. Favila (Puerto Princesa City NSHS)
Language Editor: Hazel Joyce A. Aquino (Palawan NS)
Reviewer: Minnie Maisie C. Salanga (San Miguel NHS)
Rolando Taha, EdD EPS-Science
Proofreaders: Antonieta Curioso - Miguel (Puerto Princesa City NSHS)
Brandon C. Manglapus (Palawan NS)
Illustrators: John Lemuel J. Noche (Palawan NS)
Ronell N. Seracarpio (Palawan NS)
Layout Artists: Myla N. Gabinete (Palawan NS)
John Lemuel J. Noche (Palawan NS)
Peter Paul P. Paalan (Palawan NS)
Management Team:
Servillano A. Arzaga, CESO V, SDS
Mabel F. Musa, PhD, OIC-ASDS
Cyril C. Serador, PhD, CID Chief
Ronald S. Brillantes, EPS-LRMS Manager
Rolando A. Taha, Ed.D., EPS-Science
Eva Joyce C. Presto, PDO II
Rhea Ann A. Navilla, Librarian II
External Evaluator: Lovina Alolod – Hamora, PhD, College of Education,
Western Philippines University
A.
Division of Puerto Princesa City-Learning Resource Management Section (LRMS)
Sta. Monica Heights, Bgy Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City
Tel. Phone no.(048) 434 9438
Email Adress: puertoprincesa@deped.gov.ph
 11
Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1
Formation of Heavy Elements
in the Universe

This module was collaboratively developed and reviewed by

educators and program supervisors from public schools of the Division of
Puerto Princesa City. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations
to the Department of Education, Division of Puerto Princesa City at
puertoprincesa@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

 Introductory Message

For the Teachers:

This learning material is designed to help learners enrich their learning
experiences by answering activities that are meaningful to their lives which can be
done by themselves. A variety of enjoyable tasks are presented.
Activities are provided as formative assessments to check the learner’s
understanding of the lesson. Given the range of learning activities in this package,
teachers are encouraged to freely adapt them to suit their school contexts and
learners’ needs, interests, and abilities.

For the Learner:

This Learning Resource “Formation of Heavy Elements in the Universe” is

developed for you to enjoy while learning. There are various activities and check-up
tests you need to take.
Take note of the instructions as you journey through this module to have a solid
understanding of what you are expected to accomplish. Carefully read and follow the
instructions to hit what you are expected to do.
Answer keys are provided which you can refer to when checking your answers.
Record your score at the Learner’s Progress Chart and inform your teacher on your
development.
Feel free to use this material and if progress is not evident, you can make use
of it again until the desired passing mark is achieved.

As you read through this module, you will notice the following icons. They will
help you find your way around the module more quickly.

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need
competencies you are expected to learn in the
to Know module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check

what you already know about the lesson to
take.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the

current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity, or a situation.
 What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic.

What I Have This includes questions or blank

Learned sentences/paragraphs to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity that will help

you transfer your new knowledge or skill in
real-life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level

of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional In this portion, another activity will be given to

Activities you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

Just remember, this module is not intended to replace textbooks and other
existing learning resources but rather to provide an additional alternative that is
contextualized and resilient to education systems that address the challenges of the
current pandemic.

-The Development Team

 This module is packed with notes and essential information covering everything
you need to know about the formation of heavy elements in the universe as from the
start of the existence of life.

There are warm-up and exam-style practice questions for every part to give you an
idea of how well you have already grasped the lesson. This also contains topic- based
questions for focused skills to test your understanding of the concepts of the lessons
under the Most Essential Learning Competencies.

Content
I. How the Elements found in Universe were Formed

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding the formation of
the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar evolution

Most Essential Learning Competency

➢ give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements
during star formation and evolution (S11/12PS-IIIa-1)

This module will provide you a better understanding of the connection of stars and
the elements. It is here to help you understand the formation of heavy elements in the
universe. As exciting as it could be as we go back from the start where universe begins.

By the end of this module, you should be able to cover the following lessons:

• Lesson 1 - Explain stellar nucleosynthesis and differentiate heavy

elements formed in each stages of star cycle

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• explain stellar nucleosynthesis;

• describe the different stages of life cycle of stars;
• cite the different heavy elements formed in each stages of star cycle
• give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star
formation and evolution.

1
 How much
do you already
know?
z

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following describes stellar nucleosynthesis?
A. It is the formation of elements during a supernova explosion.
B. It is the formation of light elements such as hydrogen and helium.
B. It is the process by which elements are produced in gas clouds.
D. It is the process by which elements are formed within stars.

2. What are the two elements created at the beginning of the universe?
A. carbon and hydrogen
B. hydrogen and helium
C. nitrogen and and carbon
D. oxygen and helium

3. Which among the four listed elements is the most abundant element in the universe?
A. carbon
B. helium
C.hydrogen
D.nitrogen

4. How many helium nuclie are involved in the triple alpha process?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

5. What is the term referred to the process when there is a fusion of proton
turning to neutron via beta-plus decay?
a. CNO
b. proton-proton chain
c. triple-alpha process
d. r-process

6. What do you call the second most abundant element in the universe?
A. carbon
B. helium
C. magnesium
D. silicon

2
7. What force pulls matter together to form regions when formation of a star starts with
the dense regions of molecular clouds?
A. electromagnetic force
B. gravitational force
C. magnetic force
D. nuclear force

8. What did the big bang theory formed during the beginning of the universe?
A. the bigbang bang nuecleosyntheis formed the light elements (H, He, and Li)
B. the bigbang formed the heavier elements (C and Be)
C. the bigbang nucleosynthesis did not form any elements
D. the bigbang nucleosynthesis does not exist at all

9. What happens when most of the hydrogen in the core is fused into helium in the
stellar core?
A. Hydrogen fusion stops, and the pressure in the core decreases.
B. Hydrogen fusion continues, and the pressure in the core increases.
C. Gravity squeezes the star until helium and hydrogen burning occur.
D. Nuclear energy increases until carbon and helium burning occur

10. Which of the following are TRUE about the formation of elements lighter than iron
in the core of the stars?
I. When the elements combine, they release energy which can fuel the nuclear fusion
reactions in the star.
II. When the elements combine, they produce a nucleus with a mass lower than the
sum of their masses.
III. When there is an input of energy from nuclear fission reactions in the star, the
elements are formed.
IV. When the elements combine, they produce a nucleus with a mass greater than the
sum of their masses.

A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. III and IV

11. Which of the following is NOT true about the cosmic stages through which specific
groups of elemnt were formed?
A. the bigbang nucleosyntheis formed the light elements (H, He, and Li).
B. stellar formation and evolution formed ther elements from Be to Fe.
C. stellar explosion, or supernova, formed the elements heavier the Fe.
D. stellar evolution formed no elements at all

12. When does a massive star enter the stage of becoming a supernova?
A. when the star has used up all its hydrogen fuel
B. when the chromium fusion stops
C. when the silicon fusion stops
D. when the star has burned all its oxygen

3
13. Which of the following reactions is not a part of the alpha ladder?

12Mg + 2He →
𝐴. 24 4 28
14Si C. 36
18Ar + 42He → 40
20Ca

𝐵. 31
15P + 42He → 35
17Cl D. 44 4
22Ti + 2He → 48
24Cr

14. Which of the following processes is likely to generate the heaviest element?
A. bigbang nucleosyntheis
B. CNO cycle
C. triple- alpha process
D. r-process

15. Which of the following reaction best represent the burning of carbon in the stars?
A. 424𝐻𝑒 + 126𝐶 16 0
8𝑂 + 0 𝑌
B. 424𝐻𝑒 16 0
8𝑂 + 0𝑌
4 12
C. 24𝐻𝑒 + 6𝐶
D. 126𝐶 + 00𝑌

4
 Lesson
Formation of Heavy
1 Elements in the Universe

Have you ever looked up into the night sky and wondered just how many stars there
are in space? For billion of years, the universe has been forming different types of
elements during star formation and evolution. Can we really count the stars? This
question has attracted the curiosity of Astronomer, Philosopher and common person
through out ages. According to the European Space Agency (ESA), they have
estimated that there are 1022 to 1024 stars in the Universe. This is a rough estimate
alone and what you are looking at is just a very tiny portion of the universe. What we
are seeing is just a tiny bit of pieces of the stars and the galaxies around us.

Source: "Starry Starry Night" by Stanley Zimny (Thank You for 51 Million views) is licensed
under CC BY-NC 2.0

Figure 1. Star at Night

Perharps, one night when you are looking at the sky, a lot of questions are in your mind.
Where did the stars came from? How were they formed? What fuel them to shine
amidst the darknest of the sky? How do they produce their own energy? What keeps
the star burning? As we go along observing the sky, we realize that stars are amazing
part of heavenly bodies that for every birth and death of a star there will be a story of
how elements are formed.

5
INSTRUCTIONS: Below are the topic involved in Formation of Light Element (Bigbang
Theory). Complete the statement by filling in the blanks with word/s from the box.
1. The _______________ was not an explosion in space, as the theory's name might
suggest. Instead, it was the appearance of space everywhere in the universe,
researchers have said.

2. According to the theory, the universe was born as a very ______, very
________,________ in space .

3. The universe was ___________, and as it expanded, it got cooler and less dense.

4. After inflation, the universe continued to grow, but at a slower rate. As space
expanded, the universe cooled, and _________ formed.

5. The ___________ were created within the first three minutes of the universe's
formation.

6. For the first 380,000 years after the Big Bang, however, the ________ heat from the
universe's creation made it essentially too hot for light to shine.

7. The _________ crashed together with enough force to break up into a dense,
opaque plasma of protons, neutrons and electrons that scattered light like fog.

8. Once the universe was created by the Big Bang, the only abundant elements present
were____________ (h) and _________(he).

9. As the cloud of of cosmic dust and gases from the Big Bang cooled, stars formed,
and these then grouped together to form __________.

10. Once matter recombined which means lighter elements combined to other lighter
elements, forming another element which is heavier, gravity and other forces brought
matter together and eventually form a ____________.

hot molecules matter intense atoms

gas bigbang single point inflation

expanding dense Light chemical elements

hydrogen helium galaxies star

6
Stellar Nucleosynthesis

The word “stellar” means star, and the formation of elements in the center of the
star is called stellar nucleosynthesis. Carl Sagan said that “We are made of star stuff.”
What did he mean by that? If we understand how some important heavy elements
were formed same as stars, that maybe a clue.

DIRECTIONS: Label the sequence of star life cycle. Use the hints/clues found in the
table below this diagram.

Average Star Massive Star

7
Hints/ Clues

Average Star

1. The star is unable to generate heat when it runs out of hydrogen in its core
leading to its contraction and expansion. It cools down and glows red. The
Helium fused into Carbon. The star is now RED GIANT
2. Red giant star becomes exhausted of nuclear fuel, the outer material is
blown off into space leaving the inert Carbon. The remnant is known as
WHITE DWARF.
3. Giant cloud of gas and dust known as NEBULA.
4. It is formed from nebula due to the gravity that pulled Hydrogen gas
together until it spins faster and faster and becomes ignited. A
PROTOSTAR rises.
5. MAIN SEQUENCE STAR starts to form when nuclear fusion occurs at the
core of the star, it begins to contract, glow and become stable. Hydrogen is
converted into Helium.
6. This is said to be the remain of the white dwarf that cooled down and no
longer emits light and heat. The hypothetical BLACK DWARF.

Massive star

7. It is believed that a NEUTRON STAR is formed from supernova explosion.

This is also the smallest star
8. Explosion of star or SUPERNOVA releases large amount of energy. Because
of that, elements are dispersed into the space.
9. BLACK HOLE is a region in space where gravity is too strong that no matter
can escape from it.
10. A more massive main sequence star evolves, cools and expands faster than
low mass star and will turn into RED SUPER GIANT star, the largest known
star. Carbon fusion still occurs, and Oxygen formed.

Were you able to label all the stages of star? Review the hints/clues in the
previous activity. You will notice that following the sequence will reveal what happens
in each stage of star.

To understand further, answer the following questions below.

1. What element from space is pulled by gravity and turn into a protostar?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. What will happen if a low massive main sequence star runs out of
hydrogen fuel?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 3. How are heavy elements such as Carbon, Oxygen and Neon formed
during star formation?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. Why is it impossible for any matter such as light and radiation to escape
from a black hole?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5. Why do you think massive star has shorter life span than average star?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Heavy elements were formed only billions of years later, after the formation of stars
200 billion years after big bang. The density inside a star is great enough to sustain
fusion for the extended time periods required to synthesize heavy elements. Stars are
hot and dense enough to burn hydrogen-1(¹H) to helium-4 (4He). The formation of
heavy elements by fusion of lighter nuclei in the interior of stars is called Stellar
nucleosynthesis. But let us first discuss how light elements are formed to paved way
on how heavy elements existed.

Among the proposed explanations on how the universe began, the Big Bang
Theory is the one currently accepted, theoretically. It describes that the universe started
with a singularity defined simply as a point where all matter, time, space, laws of the
universe and reality itself are condensed—ultimately inflating (not exploding) since
approximately 14 billion years ago until now, according to NASA (National Aeronautics
and Space Administration).

Elements heavier than beryllium are formed through stellar nucleosynthesis. Stellar
nucleosynthesis is the process by which elements are formed within stars. The
abundances of these elements change as the stars evolve.

Evolution of Stars

The star formation theory proposes that stars form due to the collapse of the dense
regions of a molecular cloud. As the cloud collapses, the fragments contract to form a
stellar core called protostar. Due to strong gravitational force, the protostar contracts
and its temperature increases. When the core temperature reaches about 10 million K,
nuclear reactions begin. The reactions release positrons and neutrinos which increase
pressure and stop the contraction. When the contraction stops, the gravitational
equilibrium is reached, and the protostar has become a main sequence star.

9
 Source: Evolved star fusion shells.svg" by User:Rursus is
licensed under CC BY 2.5

Figure 2. Elements forms during Star Fusion

In the core of a main sequence star, hydrogen is fused into helium via the proton-
proton chain. When most of the hydrogen in the core is fused into helium, fusion stops,
and the pressure in the core decreases. Gravity squeezes the star to a point that helium
and hydrogen burning occur. Helium is converted to carbon in the core while hydrogen
is converted to helium in the shell surrounding the core. The star has become a red
giant.

Learn about it!

When most of the helium in the core has been converted to carbon, then the rate
of fusion decreases. Gravity again squeezes the star. In a low-mass star (with mass
less than twice the Sun’s mass), there is not enough mass for a carbon fusion to occur.
The star’s fuel is depleted, and over time, the outer material of the star is blown off into
space. The only thing that remains is the hot and inert carbon core. The star becomes
a white dwarf.

However, the fate of a massive star is different. A massive star has enough mass
such that temperature and pressure increase to a point where carbon fusion can
occur. The star goes through a series of stages where heavier elements are fused in
the core and in the shells around the core. The element oxygen is formed from
carbon fusion; neon from oxygen fusion; magnesium from neon fusion: silicon from
magnesium fusion; and iron from silicon fusion. The star becomes a multiple-shell red
giant.

10
 Source: "A Star Explodes, Turns Inside-Out (NASA, Chandra, Spitzer, 03/29/12)" by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center is licensed
under CC BY-NC 2.0

Figure 3. Star Explosion

Learn about it!

The fusion of elements continues until iron is formed by silicon fusion. Elements
lighter than iron can be fused because when two of these elements combine, they
produce a nucleus with a mass lower than the sum of their masses. The missing mass
is released as energy. Therefore, the fusion of elements lighter than iron releases
energy. However, this does not happen to iron nuclei. Rather than releasing energy,
the fusion of two iron nuclei requires an input of energy. Therefore, elements lighter
than and including iron can be produced in a massive star, but no elements heavier
than iron are produced.

When the core can no longer produce energy to resist gravity, the star is doomed.
Gravity squeezes the core until the star explodes and releases a large amount of
energy. The star explosion is called a supernova.

Source: "Supernova N49 (NASA, Chandra, 11/29/2006)" by NASA's

Marshall Space Flight Center is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Figure 4. Supernova
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 Pieces of Evidence

The discovery of the interstellar medium of gas and dust during the early part of the
20th century provided a crucial piece of evidence to support the star formation theory.
Other pieces of evidence come from the study of different stages of formation
happening in different areas in space and piecing them together to form a clearer
picture.

Energy in the form of Infrared Radiation (IR) is detected from different stages of
star formation. For instance, astronomers measure the IR released by a protostar and
compare it to the IR from a nearby area with zero extinction. Extinction in astronomy
means the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by gases and dust
particles between an emitting astronomical object and an observer. The IR
measurements are then used to approximate the energy, temperature, and pressure in
the protostar.

Activity 1. Match the terms in column A with its description in Column B

A B

________1. Alpha ladder process a. There is faster rate of capturing

neutron before it undergoes
radioactive decay
b. Nuclear fusion that happens in red
________2. Big bang nucleosynthesis super giant star and creates more
heavy elements until Iron.
c. Happens when there is a slow rate
________3. CNO cycle of capturing neutron while there is
a faster rate of radioactive decay
d. Process wherein light elements
such as Helium and Hydrogen
________4. Neutron capture form.
e. This is how three Helium-4 is
converted into Carbon in red giant
star
________5. Proton- proton chain
f. A process where elements heavier
than Iron are formed.
g. Nuclear fusion reaction where
________6. R- process Hydrogen is converted to Helium
h. Addition of neutron to form heavier
_________7. S- process nuclei
i. Process by which elements are
created within the star
j.12 This happens in massive star
________8. Stellar Nucleosynthesis which convert Hydrogen into
Helium.
Activity 2. Essay

Give your thoughts on how we, being made of stardust makes us cosmic (part of the
universe) and yet helps us realize that we are not the center of the universe.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

Stellar Formation

Source: "File:Star life cycles red dwarf en.svg" by cmglee, NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

Figure 5. Life Cycle of a Star

Activity 3. Essay

What are the stages of the star? How did a star form? (Recall your earth and life
science lecture.

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Challenge Yourself!

Instruction: Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence.

It all starts with 1. ____________, cloud of gas and dust particle in outer space.
Due to the force of gravity, the 2. ____________ gas is pulled together and eventually
became a protostar. Nebular fusion occurs at the center of the protostar and becomes
stable. During this time, hydrogen is converted into 3. _____________ forming main
sequence star. The size of the star can be average or massive. A massive main
sequence star that runs out of hydrogen fuel will begin to expand and cool down. This
is 4. ________________, the biggest star in the universe. The red super giant
continues to fuse with heavy elements and stops when 5. ___________ is converted
in the core of the star. At this point, red super giant will become a supernova after
hundreds of years.

Instructions: You will write a story which relates the events of your life from past,
present and future to the life cycle of a star. Use also those elements which could
symbolize something or anything in your story. (Use another sheet of paper for this
task).

__________________________________________

______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
14
__________________________________________________________
______________________________
 How much have you improved? Check your
improvement index on Answer Key.

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which among the 4 is the most abundant element in the universe?
A. carbon
B. helium
C.hydrogen
D.nitrogen

2. What do you call the second most abundant element in the universe?
A. carbon
B. helium
C. magnesium
D. silicon

3. What did the big bangtheory formed during the beginning of the universe?
A. the bigbang bang nuecleosyntheis formed the light elements (H, He, and Li)
B. the bigbang formed the the heavier elements (C and Be)
C. the bigbang nucleosynthesis did not form any elements
D. the bigbang nucleosynthesis does not exist at all

4. Which of the following describes stellar nucleosynthesis?

A. It is the formation of elements during a supernova explosion.
B. It is the formation of light elements such as hydrogen and helium.
B. It is the process by which elements are produced in gas clouds.
D. It is the process by which elements are formed within stars.

5. What force pulls matter together to form regions when formation of a star starts with
the dense regions of molecular clouds?
A. electromagnetic force
B. gravitational force
C. magnetic force
D. nuclear force

6. What did the big bangtheory formed during the beginning of the universe?
A. the bigbang bang nuecleosyntheis formed the light elements (H, He, and Li)
B. the bigbang formed the the heavier elements (C and Be)
C. the bigbang nucleosynthesis did not form any elements
D. the bigbang nucleosynthesis does not exist at all

15
7. Which of the following is NOT true about the cosmic stages through which specific
groups of elemnt were formed?
A. the bigbang nucleosyntheis formed the light elements (H, He, and Li).
B. stellar formation and evolution formed ther elements from Be to Fe.
C. stellar explosion, or supernova, formed the elements heavier the Fe.
D. stellar evolution formed no elements at all

8. What happens when most of the hydrogen in the core is fused into helium in the
stellar core?
A. Hydrogen fusion stops, and the pressure in the core decreases.
B. Hydrogen fusion continues, and the pressure in the core increases.
C. Gravity squeezes the star until helium and hydrogen burning occur.
D. Nuclear energy increases until carbon and helium burning occur

9. Which of the following are TRUE about the formation of elements lighter than iron in
the core of the stars?
I. When the elements combine, they release energy which can fuel the nuclear fusion
reactions in the star.
II. When the elements combine, they produce a nucleus with a mass lower than the
sum of their masses.
III. When there is an input of energy from nuclear fission reactions in the star, the
elements are formed.
IV. When the elements combine, they produce a nucleus with a mass greater than the
sum of their masses.

A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. III and IV

10. Which of the following is NOT true about the cosmic stages through which specific
groups of elemnt were formed?
A. the bigbang nucleosyntheis formed the light elements (H, He, and Li).
B. stellar formation and evolution formed ther elements from Be to Fe.
C. stellar explosion, or supernova, formed the elements heavier the Fe.
D. stellar evolution formed no elements at all

11. When does a massive star enter the stage of becoming a supernova?
A. when the star has used up all its hydrogen fuel
B. when the chromium fusion stops
C. when the silicon fusion stops
D. when the star has burned all its oxygen

12. Which of the following reactions is not a part of the alpha ladder?

12Mg + 2He →
𝐴. 24 4 28
14Si C. 36
18Ar + 42He → 40
20Ca

15P + 2He →
𝐵. 31 4 35
17Cl D. 44 4
22Ti + 2He → 48
24Cr

16
13. Which of the following reaction best represent the burning of carbon in the stars?
A. 424𝐻𝑒 + 126𝐶 16 0
8 𝑂 + 0𝑌
B. 424𝐻𝑒 16 0
8𝑂 + 0𝑌
4 12
C. 24𝐻𝑒 + 6𝐶
D. 126𝐶 + 00𝑌

14. Which of the following processes is likely to generate the heaviest element?
A. bigbang nucleosyntheis
B. CNO cycle
C. triple- alpha process
D. r-process

15. What are the two elements created at the beginning of the universe?
A. carbon and hydrogen
B. hydrogen and helium
C. nitrogen and and carbon
D. oxygen and helium

Venn Diagram - Compare and Contrast

17
 18
Activity 1.3 Activity 1.2
Name of 1 2 3 1. Symbol =Ga
isotopes No. of protons = A=31
With # of p, n 4 5 6 No. Neutrons = 37 and 39
Isotope 7 8 9 Mass number = Z = 68 =70
68 70
Atomic Symbol 31 𝐺𝑎 & 31 𝐺𝑎
notation
Or, other way 10 11 12
2. How many neutrons does the
isotope of copper with mass
number Z = 65 have? Solution:
Activity 1.1
Element Symbol Atomic Atomic Notation
Mass No.
1. Iron
2. Bromine
3. Lead
4. Chlorine
5. Lithium
What’s New What’s In Assessment
1. Nebula 1. Bigbang 1. B
2. Protostar 2. Hot, dense, 2. B
3. Main sequence single point 3. C
star 3. Expanding 4. D
4. Red super giant 4. Matter 5. B
5. Supernova 5. Light 6. B
chemical 7. B
6. Black hole
element 8. A
7. Neutron star 6. Intense 9. B
8. Red giant 7. Atoms 10. B
9. White dwarf 8. Hydrogen, 11. D
10. Black dwarf helium 12. A
9. Galaxy 13. D
10. star 14. D
15. A
 19
What I Have Learned What’s More
1. Nebula 1. B
2. Hydrogen 4. 2. D
3. 5. 3. J
Helium
6. 4. H
4. Red super giant 7. 5. G
5. Iron 8. 6. A
7. C
8. I
9. F
10. E
 References

1. Book

Bayo-ang, Roly B., Coronacion Maria Lourdes G., Jorda, Annamae T., and Anna
Jamille Restubog. “Formation of the Elements in the Universe.” Physical
Sciene for Senior High School. Philippines: Educational Resources
Corporation,2016.

2. Website

“Imagine the Universe.” National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Accessed Date August 2, 2020.
https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/lifecycles/LC_main_p2.html

The Elements: Forged in Stars. Pbs learningmedia, Accessed Date August 5,

2020 https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.eiu.fusion/the-
elements-forged-in-stars/

Hubbles Law and the Big Bang. Toogood,O, Date of Accessed August
15,20202 http://www.alevelphysicsnotes.com/astrophysics/big_bang.html#

Red Super Giant Star. Cain, F. (2009, February 5), Date Accessed August 5,
2020 https://www.universetoday.com/

Cantor, K. (n.d). Asrtonomy Portfolio. Retrived from

https://sites.google.com/a/wnesu.com/astronomy-portfolio-kenny-cantor/big-
bang-theory

Wiess, A. (2006). “Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Cooking up the first Light

Elements”. Retrieved from https://www.einstein-online.info/en/spotlight/bbn/
Strassler, M. (2013, March 4). What Holds Nuclei Together?. Retrived from
https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/the-
structure-of-matter/the-nuclei-of-atoms-at-the-heart-of-matter/what-holds-
nuclei-together/

Esiegel. (2014, February 28). Burn Baby Burn!

https://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2014/02/28/ask-ethan-26-burn-
baby-burn

20
 Canoy, W.Z. ( 2019, November 10). We Are all Made of Star Stuff. Retrieved
from https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/lesson-2-we-are-all-
made-of-star-stuff-formation-of-the-heavy-elements/3024639240885614/

How to Make an Element.” n.d. PBS LearningMedia. Accessed Augut 5, 2020.

https://bit.ly/2yhBDci.

Photo Credits

Stanley Zimny, Starry Staryy Night,

https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/photos/ed5358cb-46c2-4b9d-ba30-
0ad03ce07236 Creative Commons Attibution NonCommercial 2.0 Generic
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Star Explode,
https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/0b5e1136-218a-481d-b385-
518757ccbbd4 Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 2.0 Generic
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Supernova N49, Creative Commons
Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic
Cmglee. Star Life Cycle and Dwarf,
https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/5a2077e2-777e-4478-9c33-
56371073893c Creative Commons ShareAlike 4.0 International

21
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