Notes 620

Aero gas turbine engines have an exhaust system which passes the turbine discharge gases to
atmosphere at a velocity, and in the required direction, to provide the resultant thrust.

Turbo-jet engine

Velocity and pressure of the exhaust gases create the thrust. 

Turbo propeller engine 

Small amount of thrust is contributed by the exhaust gases, because most of the energy has been
absorbed by the turbine for driving the propeller.

The design of the exhaust system therefore, exerts a considerable influence on the performance of
the engine.

550ºC - 850ºC temperature of the gas entering the exhaust system according to the type of engine. 

1,500ºC or higher with the use of afterburning. 

EXHAUST SYSTEM

-located directly behind the turbine section.

-composed of several items, whose main purpose is to direct the flow of gases  rearward in such a
manner as to prevent turbulence and at the same time  impart a high final or exit velocity to the
gases. The components of the exhaust section  include the exhaust cone assembly, the exhaust  duct or
tailpipe, if required, and the exhaust nozzle or jet  nozzle.

CONE ASSEMBLY

collects the gases discharged from the turbine and gradually converts them  into a single jet. The collected
gases are delivered either directly, or via the tailpipe, to the jet nozzle.

TAILPIPE OR EXHAUST DUCT

The term "exhaust duct" is applied to the engine exhaust pipe, or tail pipe, which  connects the turbine outlet
to the jet nozzle of a non-afterburning engine. If the engine exhaust gases could be discharged directly into the
outside air in an exact axial direction at the turbine exit, an exhaust duct might not be necessary.  (This is not
practical.) A larger thrust can be obtained from the engine if the gases are discharged from the  aircraft at a
higher velocity than is permissible at the turbine outlet. Both to collect and straighten the gas flow as it comes
from the turbine. Increase the velocity of the gases before they are discharged from the exhaust 
nozzle.Increasing the velocity of the gases, increases their momentum and increases the  thrust produced.

EXHAUST NOZZLES

The rear opening of a turbine engine exhaust duct. The nozzle acts as an orifice, the size of which determines
the density and  velocity of the gases as they emerge from the engine. Basically the nozzles come in two
shapes. Convergent exhaust nozzle. Convergent-divergent exhaust nozzle
EXHAUST NOZZLES - CONVERGENT EXHAUST NOZZLE

On most aircraft where the velocity of the exhaust gas remains subsonic, a  convergent exhaust nozzle is used.
A convergent type nozzle increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of  the gas. Adjusting the area of
the exhaust nozzle changes both the engine  performance and the exhaust gas temperature. Some engines are
"trimmed" to their correct exhaust gas temperature by  altering the exhaust nozzle area. you can bend small
tabs to change the area.

In a convergent-  divergent nozzle, the  convergent section is  designed to handle the  gases while they remain 
subsonic, and to deliver  the gases to the throat of  the nozzle just as they  attain sonic velocity. The  divergent
section reduces  the pressure of the Mach 1  gas and further increases  its velocity to supersonic.

The propelling nozzle size is extremely important and must be designed to obtain the correct balance of; 
(Pressure,Temperature,Thrust)