PT. SEJAHTERA SOP PT.

PLN (PERSERO)
MULIA KENCANA Pekerjaan Pembangunan Gardu Induk 150kV

METHOD APPLICATION
INDIVIDUAL AND FUNCTION TEST

1. Continuity & Function Test

Started from continuity test of circuit system to provided function of equipment all function
of equipment must be tested, in local position or remote position.
Continuity test also measure burden on circuit & condition of connection each circuit.
2. Transformer Test
Individual & Function test provide transformer condition by actual diagnostic & sampling
test according to manual instruction. The test result should as standardization & technical
data sheet.

2.1 Continuity Test Cable Control

Perform to ensure cable control connection of transformer refer to cable list
connection

2.2 Winding Resistance Test

This measurement is necessary to determine the transformer conductor losses RI 2 the
measurements should be done when the transformer is cold. It should be de-energized
for at least 3 hours. The temperature measurements should be done at different points
on the transformer and the average Tm should be calculated. The temperature
difference between the top and the bottom of the transformer should not exceed 5° C.

2.3 Ratio Test

The winding ratio between primary and secondary windings is measured for each
transformer leg, applying high voltage at the HV side and measuring on the LV side.
The ratio of these voltages, equalling the turns ratio, is calculated. Result are
compared with name-plate values and across phases. The exciting current is the
corresponding current flowing in the HV winding if the LV winding is open. Result
are compared with a reference measurement, or a measurement performed on a sister
transformer in three phase transformers, the two outer phases can also be compared.

2.4 Insulation Test

The measurements are perform on shutdown condition using a insulation tester
delivering voltages of 10000 V. The duration of the measurement is 60 second.
Provided insulation of winding & bushing condition.

2.5 Vector Group

By connection a volmeter, with zero central scale, successfully between LV terminals
a-b, b-c, c-a, read the direction of volmeter deviation at the connection of DC feeder
on the wiring. The compare the coupling schedule index with the values obtained in
comparison with the table extracted from EDF standard. The indicated polarities are
those who appear at the a, b, c, LV terminals when a correct DC Voltage is applied
between the HV terminals A & B ( terminal A connected to positive pole, terminal B
to the negative)

2.6 Tangent Delta

This test consist on measuring at the ambient temperature, the capacities, the dielectric
losses of the insulation and the insulation quality of the windings, to detect the

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possible internal faults of the transformer. The important dielectric losses show that
the transformer has an degradated insulation by the following factors:
 Over voltage
 Over heating
 Presence of moisture
 Mechanical forces

The measure is done with a portable capacitor bridge under a low single phase voltage,
of capacities and tangent by direct readings; (capacities in F, tangent in % and then
determination by calculation and tangent by direct of elementary capacities).

2.7 Sweep Frequency response analysis (SFRA)

Sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) has turned out to be a powerful and
sensitive method to evaluate the mechanical integrity of core, windings and clamping
structures within power transformers by measuring their electrical transfer functions
over a wide frequency range. This paper from Omicron Electronics summarizes
various aspects of the practical application of SFRA. After a short introduction of
SFRA basics, a survey of existing standards and guides on SFRA is given. The
different sources of reference data their significance are discussed using examples.
Uncertainties are shown and tips for dealing with them are presented. The coice of the
test types is disscussed for measurements without existing reference data. Information
about the handling of test data is mentioned. A summary of guidelines derived from a
large number of successful measurements is also given to put the reader in a position
to achieve a good degree of repeatability. Finally, the application of SFRA fo the
evaluation of transportation is described and an example for the successful detection
of shipment damage is provided.

2.8 Power factor

High Voltage is applied to the insulation to be tested, i.e. the bushing tip, and a low
loss reference capacitor is connected in parallel. The currents flowing through the
insulation and through the reference capacitor are measured and the time difference
between their zero crossings is determined. The loss angle δ is then calculated from
this time difference. The tangent of this angle is the dissipation factor. The cosine of
the angle between voltage and current is the power factor. Result are compared with
values given in IEEE C57.10.01 and IEC 60137, and can be compared with a base
measurement, another phase, or a sister transformer.

2.9 Oil Transformer Testing

 Insulation Oil Check

Take sample of oil transformer from lower part of tank, upper and OLTC, take to
oil tester till bubble disappeared, testing will be perform six (6) times. Result of
testing should be require IEC 60422 for transformer in voltage rating 72.5kV and
above, minimum value should be 60kV/2.5mm. if the result not match with
requirement the oil should be re-filtering and re-testing or check the oil tester.

 Water content
Water, in minute quantities, is harmful in power equipment because it is attracted
to the places of greatest electrical stress and this is where it is the most dangerous.
Water accelerates the deterioration of both the insulating oil and the paper

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insulation, liberating more water in the process (heat catalysed).

 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)

DGA is measurement level of hydrocarbon gas on oil transformers. The test should
be perform to avoid damage if transformer operated in abnormal condition such as
arcing, corona and over heat. Generated gas will be analyzed with gas extractor
and determine the number level of hydrogen, Nitrogen, oxygen, methane, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, ethane, ethylene, acetylene. This test refers to the
standard ASTM D 3613.

2.10 Signaling & Function Test

 Bucholz Relay
 Pressure Relief Device
 Sudden Pressure Relief Device
 Operating Fans
 Operating Pumps
 On Load Tap Charger (OLTC)
 Winding Temperature
 Oil Main Tank Temperature
 OLTC oil Temperature
 Conservator Oil Temperature

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MULIA KENCANA Pekerjaan Pembangunan Gardu Induk 150kV

3. Circuit Breaker
Testing & commissioning circuit breaker perform to make sure system and function ready
and refer to standard & technical data from factory.

3.1 Insulation Test

This test consist in measuring the insulation between electrical parts and the earth.
Insulation measurement of separate sections and to ensure that all intermediate
apparatuses are closed, then carry out a global measurement. With Injected 10000 Volt
DC between Primary and ground for 60 seconds.

3.2 Contact Resistance

To provide resistance value on contact material is not exceed standard requirement.
Consist to Inject successively a DC current of 100 A for each phase at level of
connections and measure the voltage drop on contact object.

3.3 Circuit Breaker Analyzer

Circuit breaker analyzer or timing breaker analyzer are test to provide performance all
mechanism and contact breaker function very well. The result will shown on graphic
and times of operation will provide how breaker function in close and open position.
The test conducted with 3 sequence operation for 2 coil there is open (o) position, closed
(c) position and close – open (co) position to provide reclose function. And for 1 coil
only close and open position. Simultaneous measurements within a single phase are
important in situations where a number of contacts are connected in series. Here, the
breaker becomes a voltage divider when it open a circuit. If the time differences are too
great, the voltage becomes too high across one contact, and the tolerance for most types
of breakers is less than 2 ms. The time tolerance for simultaneous measurements
between phases is greater for a 3-phase power transmission system running at 50Hz
since there is always 6.67 ms between zero-crossovers. Still, the time tolerance is
usually specified as less than 2 ms, even for such systems.

3.4 Earthing Resistance

A good substation grounding system is crucial to protect people from injury and damage
of equipment. International standards such as DIN VDE 0101/CENELEC HD637S1,
IEEE Std 80-2000 or IEEE Std 81-1983 give guidelines how to measure such
impedances. The current-voltage method as called in CENELEC HD637S1 or fall of
potential method as called in IEEE standards is a good solution to measure the ground
impedance of a substation. In an earthing system with several grounding rods it may be
of interest to measure the resistance of a single rod. To do so, disconnect the rod to be
measured from the earthing system, and feed current through the rod into the grounding
system. The voltage is measured directly at the current supply points.
4. Disconnecting Switch
Testing & commissioning Disconnecting Switch perform to make sure system and function
ready and refer to standard & technical data from factory. Operational & function test
support for interlocking system.

4.1 Insulation Test

This test consist in measuring the insulation between electrical parts and the earth.
Insulation measurement of seperate sections and to ensure that all intermediate
apparatuses are closed, then carry out a global measurement. With injected 10000 Volt
DC between Primary and ground for 60 seconds.

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MULIA KENCANA Pekerjaan Pembangunan Gardu Induk 150kV

4.2 Contact Resistance

To provide resistance value on contact material is not exceed standard requirement.
Consist to inject successively a DC current of 100 A for each phase at level of
connections and measure the voltage drop on contact object.

4.3 Open – Closing

For all disconnecting switch, the operating time from giving of the command to check
back indication on the control unit is measured with a stop watch during ON and OFF
operation. The operating time of high-speed earthing switches with spring-charge
mechanism is measured with a stop watch from switching command up to motor stop
when the springs is charged.

4.4 Earthing Resistance

A good substation grounding system is crucial to protect people from injury and damage
of equipment. International standards such as DIN VDE 0101/CENELEC HD637S1,
IEEE Std 80-2000 or IEEE Std 81-1983 give guidelines how to measure such
impedances. The current-voltage method as called in CENELEC HD637S1 or fall of
potential method as called in IEEE standards is a good solution to measure the ground
impedance of a substation. In a earthing system with several grounding rods it may be of
interest to measure the resistance of a single rod. To do so, disconnect the rod to be
measured from the earthing system, and feed current through the rod into the grounding
system. The voltage is measured directly at the current supply points.

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MULIA KENCANA Pekerjaan Pembangunan Gardu Induk 150kV

5. Current Transformer
Current transformer test usually called as current test analyzer for testing main function
current transformer as sensor for current indication.

5.1 Insulation Test

This test consist in measuring the insulation between electrical parts and the earth.
Insulation measurement of separate sections and to ensure that all intermediate
apparatuses are closed, then carry out a global measurement. With Injected 10000 Volt
DC between primary and ground also primary & secondary then for secondary to
ground inject with 1000V. All testing perform during 60 seconds.

5.2 CT Analyzer
To confirm the physical condition and electrical characteristics of current transformer
installed in the installation. Ensure the CT is connected to system properly in all respect
(primary and secondary). The CT Analyzer is intended to perform automatic testing and
calibration of low leakage flux current transformers (i.e., CTs with non-gapped cores) in
laboratories as well as on-site in utilities. Testing of CTs with grapped cores is also
possible with restricted accuracy. The following tests can be performed using the CT
Analyzer tools:
 Burden measurement
 Residual magnetism measurement of CTs
 CT winding resistance measurement
 CT excitation characteristic measurement according to IEC 60044-1, IEC 60044-6
(TPS, TPX, TPY, TPZ) and IEEE C57.13
 CT ratio measurement with consideration of a connected burden
 CT phase and polarity measurement
 Determination of accuracy limiting factor, instrument security factor, secondary time
constant, symmetrical short-circuit current factor, transient dimensioning factor,
remanence factor, knee point voltage/current, class, saturated inductance and non-
saturated inductance.
6. Surge Arrester

6.1 Insulation Test

This test consist in measuring the insulation between electrical parts and the earth.
Insulation measurement of separate sections and to ensure that all intermediate
apparatuses are closed, then carry out a global measurement. With Injected 10000 Volt
DC between primary and ground also primary & secondary then for secondary to
ground inject with 1000V. All testing perform during 60 seconds.

6.2 Function Test Surge Counter

Perform to make sure function of surge counter, with injected by LV capacitor bank.

6.3 Earthing Resistance

A good substation grounding system is crucial to protect people from injury and damage
of equipment. International standards such as DIN VDE 0101/CENELEC HD637S1,
IEEE Std 80-2000 or IEEE Std 81-1983 give guidelines how to measure such
impedances. The current-voltage method as called in CENELEC HD637S1 or fall of
potential method as called in IEEE standards is a good solution to measure the ground
impedance of a substation. In a earthing system with several grounding rods it may be of
interest to measure the resistance of a single rod. To do so, disconnect the rod to be

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MULIA KENCANA Pekerjaan Pembangunan Gardu Induk 150kV

measured from the earthing system, and feed current through the rod into the grounding
system. The voltage is measured directly at the current supply points.

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7. Capacitor (if Any)

7.1 Insulation Test

This test consist in measuring the insulation between electrical parts and the earth.
Insulation measurement of separate sections and to ensure that all intermediate
apparatuses are closed, then carry out a global measurement. With Injected 10000 Volt
DC between primary and ground testing perform during 60 seconds.

7.2 Tangent Delta for Capacitor Bank

This test consists on measuring at the ambient temperature, the capacities, the dielectric
losses of the insulation and the insulation quality of the windings, to detect the possible
internal faults of the transformer. The important dielectric losses show that the
transformer has an degradated insulation by the following factors:
 Over voltage
 Over heating
 Presence of moisture
 Mechanical forces
The measure is done with a portable capacitor bridge under a low single phase voltage,
of capacities and tangent by direct readings; (capacities in F, tangent in % and then
determination by calculation and tangent by direct of elementary capacities).

7.3 Over voltage Protection

Function in relay control & protection over voltage indication tested to assure reliability
system also accuracy of protection function.

7.4 Earthing Resistance

A good substation grounding system is crucial to protect people from injury and damage
of equipment. International standards such as DIN VDE 0101/CENELEC HD637S1,
IEEE Std 80-2000 or IEEE Std 81-1983 give guidelines how to measure such
impedances. The current-voltage method as called in CENELEC HD637S1 or fall of
potential method as called in IEEE standards is a good solution to measure the ground
impedance of a substation. In a earthing system with several grounding rods it may be of
interest to measure the resistance of a single rod. To do so, disconnect the rod to be
measured from the earthing system, and feed current through the rod into the grounding
system. The voltage is measured directly at the current supply points.
8. Relay Control & Protection
Standard protective devices and protection systems are exclusively numerically controlled
(with microprocessors). Electromechanical and electrostatic relays are no longer used in
new systems. Implementation of protection with microprocessors decouples devices and
functions; protection functions can be installed in various constellations in protective
devices. Attention is therefore devoted below to the fundamental protection functions.
Various protective devices can be used together in a coordinated manner, creating a
protectiom system which ensures protection even in complex situations.
Relays and protective devices have to meet the following specifications:

1. IEC 60255 Electrical relays

This standard covers a broad range of requirements but has to be complemented by the
following standards where applicable:
2. IEC 60068 Environmental testing

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3. IEC 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

4. IEC 60870 Tele control Equipment and Systems
5. IEC 61850 Communication Networks and System in Substations

Sequence function test in relay control & protection tested to assure reliability system also
accuracy of protection function:
1. Check Connection of Wiring
2. Check Availabity & ready back up power supply (inverter/UPS)
3. Signaling & function test
4. Interlocking Test
5. Back up protection Over current & time over current test
6. Main protection Test, e.g relay distance, differential or line differential
7. Over load protection test
8. Frequency test
9. Over and under voltage test
10. Metering test
11. Synchrocheck
12. Polarity
13. Tripping Characteristics

8.1 Rack In & Rack Out

Operate of racking in and racking out should be provided to ensure reliability &
operatiom well. To avoid break of mechanism system into rack this test must be monitor
by expert or vendor technician and operator should be follow manual instruction of MV
Switchgear.

8.2 Mechanical Interlock

1. The switching gate prevents switching straight from “CLOSED” to “EARTHED” or
from “EARTHED” to “CLOSED”, as the operating lever must be re-inserted in the
“OPEN” position.
2. Interlocks between the circuit-breaker and the three-position disconnector.
- Circuit-breaker in OPEN position : The three-position disconnector can be
closed and opened. The circuit-breaker is locked out.
- Circuit-breaker in CLOSED position : The three-position disconnector cannot be
operated.
3. The cable compartment covers can only be removed when the associated feeder is
earthed.
4. A closing lock-out (option) in the ring-main or circuit-breaker feeder prevents the
three-position disconnector/switch-disconnector from being switched to the
“CLOSED” position if the cable compartment cover is removed.
5. A de-earthing lock-out in the transformer panel (standard), the ring-main panel or
the circuit-breaker panel (option) prevents the three-position disconnector/switch
disconnector from being switched from “EARTHED” to “OPEN” if the cable
compartment cover is removed.
6. With stored-energy and circuit-breaker operating mechanisms, closing and opening
is not possible if the operating lever is inserted.
7. The locking device (option) of the switching gate can be padlocked in all three
switch positions. The locking device can be padlocked so that no closing or no
opening or no earthing is possible. The padlock can also be fitted in such a way that
none of the three switching operations can be performed.

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9. Telecomunication System

9.1 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

The equipment alarm and monitoring philosophy is to provide sufficient alarm
information to enable fault localization on replaceable unit level within a system. The
design of the equipment is such that no regular maintenance adjustment is necessary.
Maintenance actions (e.g. for fault location, configuration) can be performed via LCT or
TNMS interface locally or remotely.
Each transmission interface on the card has if possible user configurable loopbacks for
testing the traffic flow without external cabling or internal switching on the switching
fabric. Two kinds of configuration are possible: the outward loop back and the inward
loop back. While the outward port loops are supported on SDH as well as and PDH
cards, the inward loops are supported on PDH cards only.
The outward loop back (line loop back or external loop back) is the loop from the card
input (receive) port to the card output (transmit) port, i.e. the loop of incoming signal to
the NE, with the minimum allowable processing on the card (just after the physical
interface is the best solution).
This type of loop back can be done on all SDH traffic cards (SC and DC) and PDH
traffic cards (SC only). There is no port loop-back support on Ethernet cards or on PDH
cards plugged in a Microshelf. The outward loop-back loops the incoming signal back to
the interface port, i.e. the input traffic is connected to the output of the same interface
card.

9.2 Multiplexer
Multiplexer is a multi-service provisioning platform with add/drop, terminal and cross
connection (CC) functionality for universal installation at all network levels. All
applications can be implemented using one main shelf with four extension shelves.
Reconfiguration during operation is possible.
Multiplexer transports data signals and standard voice based traffic over one single
platform. For transporting data in the most economic way, the Multiplexer product line
combines technologies such as GFP, LCAS and Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) with the
reliability and robustness of SDH networks and a Quality of Service (QoS). Multiplexer
provides full cross-connectivity between all interfaces. The capacity of the switching
fabric is up to 160 x 160 VC-4 + 4032 x 4032 VC-12 equivalents. This applies to the
VC-4, VC-3 and VC-12 layer and to all CC types (unidirectional, bidirectional and
broadcast).
 Terminal Multiplexer (TMX)
 Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
 Local Cross-Connector (LXC)
In multi-service transport and aggregation/switching network applications. State-of-the-
art protection switching mechanism is supported to enable an optimum network with
very highest reliability possible-depending on the relevant network topology and the
requirements of the network operator. Multiplexer can be used in such configurations as
point-to-point connections or as feeder terminal for traffic aggregation to core networks.
Multiplexer implements the following HO/LO multiplexing and mapping methods:
 VC-4 containers are aligned (with frame offset information) with an AU-4,
according to ITU-T G.707. the AU-4 may further be mapped via AUG-1 into STM-
1, or further via AUG-4 into STM-4. STM-16 follows the same pattern.
 VC-3 containers are aligned (with frame offset information) with a TU-3, according
to ITU-T G.707. the TU-3 is further mapped via TUG-3 into VC-4.
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 VC-12 containers are aligned (with frame offset information) with a TU-12,
according to ITU-T G.707. the TU-12 is further mapped via TUG-2 and TUG-3 into
VC-4
Multiplexer support Ethernet frame mapping into SDH containers. So LAN traffic can
be transported over different SDH payload sizes (requires encapsulation by using an
appropriate protocol and mapping of the resulting frame into an SDH container).
For encapsulation, the GFP (GFP-F according to ITU-T G.7041) is used. The
encapsulted protocol frames can be mapped into different SDH containers using the
virtual concatenation technique. Ethernet Mapping into SDH Containers Multiplexer
supports a flexible mapping scheme:
 Ethernet mapping into HO virtually concatenated containers Encapsulated GFP-F
frames can be mapped into different HO container sizes providing a scalable
solution that can cover network applications with very different transport capacity
requirements. Mapping into VC-4, VC-4-Xv (x = 1 to 7) the GE interface cards
support this mapping function.
 Ethernet Mapping into LO virtually concatenated containers encapsulated GFP-F
frames can be mapped into different LO container sizes providing a scalable solution
that can cover network applications with very different transport capacity
requirements.
- VC3, VC-3-Xv (x = 1 to 3 for FE or x = 1 to 21 for GE)
- VC12, VC-12-Xv (x = 1 to 46)
 The virtual concatenation for VC-3 supports both FE and GE

9.3 Teleprotection System

Teleprotection signaling system is extremely versatile. For example, it can be used as a
common solution for analog and digital networks. At the same time, it’s ideal for
establishing substation-to-substation communication via IEC 61850. In the
teleprotection system two module can be connected via fibre optic cables (iSWT(A) and
iSWT (B)). The FOM modules are installed in the slots of the PU3f.

The PU3f in the external teleprotection is connected with the LAN interface and its
serial synchronous interface (SSI) via FOM to the powerLink. From the point of view of
the PowerLink the external teleprotection is considered like integrated, because the
internal LAN of the system is extended through the fibre optic connection.

The signal for digital line interface 1 are fed from PU3f via the SUB-D plug X1 to the
backplane of the device. For line interface digital 2, the pin assignment depends on the
interface used. The signals for digital line interface 2 are fed from the PU3f via the
SUB-D plug X2 to the back-plane of the device. The pin assignment depends on the
interface used. With the FOM it is possible to connect up to two external teleprotection
via optical fibre to the PowerLink PLC system (for each transmission direction one
fibre).

The FO Box is used for connecting the teleprotection via optical fibre with a PDH- or
SDH-Multiplexer. For each transmission direction a seperate fibre is necessary. The FO
Box contains the FOM module with the electrical/optical conversion, the interface to the
multiplexer and a power supply.

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10. Energizing Preparation

Before energizing ensure all equipment have been tested and prepared in clean condition.
All equipment should be perform final check by torque and visul check also final function
test on remote and local operation. Interlocking operation test between circuit breaker &
disconnecting switch recommended to perform to ensure operational sequence and avoid
wrong operation caused, it can be avoid hazard for operator (human) and damage possibility
for equipment.

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