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74 Pdfsam KSSM 2019 DP DLP Biology Form 4 Part 2
74 Pdfsam KSSM 2019 DP DLP Biology Form 4 Part 2
CHAPTER
Immunity in
Humans
Do you KNOW...
198
199
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SKIN
• It is the physical defence that prevents the entry of pathogens because it is tough and is difficult for
microorganisms to penetrate.
• The continuous shedding of dead cell layers on the skin surface makes it difficult for various types of
microorganism to grow.
• Acts as a chemical shield through the secretion of sebum. Oil and acid in the sebum prevent the
growth of various types of microorganisms.
• Sweat secreted by the skin contains lysozyme, a type of enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of
some bacteria.
11.1.2 201
1 towards
Phagocyte extends its pseudopodium
the bacterium and envelops the
bacteria
bacterium
2 Bacterial ingestion
forms phagosome
ICT 11.1
phagosome
Video: Phagocytosis lysosome
(Accessed on 21 August 2019)
phagocyte
3 Phagosome combines with
lysosome that secretes lysozyme
into the phagosome
phagolysosome
lysozyme
4 islysozyme
Bacterium in the phagosome
destroyed by the
bacterium decomposes
5 remains
Phagocyte expels the
of the digested
microorganism out of
the cell
antigen receptor
FIGURE 11.4 Inflammatory response
site
CHAPTER 11
If pathogens overcome the second line of defence, the third
line of defence will be activated. The third line of defence is the
immune response of the lymphocytes.
• The lymphocytes formed in the lymph nodes produce
antibodies.
• The actions of antibodies are specific. Each type of antibody lymphocyte
can only combine with a certain type of antigen (Figure 11.5).
• When a person is infected with pathogens, a large number of
lymphocytes will accumulate in the lymph nodes to destroy the
antigens and foreign particles. This will cause the lymph nodes to
swell.
• The lymph nodes also contain macrophages that destroy bacteria, dead
tissues and foreign particles through phagocytosis. FIGURE 11.5 The antigen
• Lymphocytes are divided into two types, T lymphocytes and molecule will combine
B lymphocytes. with the antigen receptor
• The T lymphocyte attacks cells infected by pathogens. T lymphocytes site found in the antibody
stimulate B lymphocytes to produce memory cells. molecule
• If the same pathogen attacks, the memory cells will be stimulated to
produce antibodies immediately.
11.1.2 203
AGGLUTINATION
antibody
NEUTRALISATION
antibody toxin
Antibodies bind with toxins produced by bacteria
and neutralise the toxin. precipitation of
antigen molecules
PRECIPITATION
Antibodies react with dissolved antigens antibody
to form an insoluble complex
(precipitate) that is easily destroyed
by phagocytes.
204 11.2.1
opsonin antibodies
combine with
antigens
LYSIS
Antibodies combine with antigens and
cause bacteria to be broken down and
nucleus decomposed.
CHAPTER 11
immunity means that the body receives antibodies from an external
source. Both of these types of immunities can be naturally or artificially
Our World of Biology
acquired.
The Ministry of
Health (MOH) IMMUNITY
recommends that
babies aged
2 to 3 months
be immunised
against diseases ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY
such as diphtheria, • Natural active immunity • Natural passive immunity
pertussis, tetanus, Acquired after an individual Acquired through breastfeeding
poliomyelitis
recovers from an infection and from the mother to the
and meningitis.
• Artificial active immunity foetus during pregnancy
Acquired when an individual is • Artificial passive immunity
given a vaccine injection Acquired through an antiserum
injection
205
11.3.1
Tetanus toxoid
suspension
Injected in
a horse
CHAPTER 11
PHOTOGRAPH 11.4 Babies gain natural The antitetanus
passive immunity from the mother’s milk from the horse
serum is
concentrated and
purified
11.3.1 207
Similarities
• Protects the body from infectious diseases
• Involves interaction between antibodies and antigens
Differences
Aspect Artificial Active Immunity Artificial Passive Immunity
Acquired Vaccine injection Antiserum injection
through
Immunity Immunity lasts for a long period of time Immunity is temporary and does not
period persist
When Vaccine injection is administered before Antibody injection is given in advance
injection is being infected if there is a high risk of infection or
given immediately after being infected by a
disease
Antibody Antibodies are produced by the Antibodies are obtained from
lymphocytes antiserums
The need to Must be given to boost the level of Is only given when the antibody level
give a second antibodies above the level of immunity as in the blood drops below the level of
injection a protection against the disease immunity and the patient is still infected
(booster by the disease
dose)
the immunity level refers
to the concentration of
antibody level in blood
antibodies that is sufficient antibody level in blood
(arbitrary units) to fight the disease (arbitrary units)
60 60
40 level of immunity 40 level of immunity
20 20
time time
0 2 4 6 8 (month) 0 (month)
2 4 6 8
FIGURE 11.8 The antibody level in the blood of a FIGURE 11.9 The antibody level in the blood of
person after the first and second vaccinations a person after the first and second antiserum
injections
208 11.3.2
CHAPTER 11
Millennial Career
Millennial Career
system of the individual is already weakened, the body can be easily
Immunologists infected by diseases. Finally, the immune system is paralysed and the
are specialists in patient will die from other infections.
allergy diseases
and diseases that
involve the immune HIV transmission
system.
HIV enters the body through the transfer of lymphocyte
body fluids such as blood and semen or
across the placenta. Women infected HIV
with HIV can transfer the virus to
the baby during pregnancy, birth or
breastfeeding.
1.2seit11.1
Activity ivitcA Conducting a research study on issues Research
related to the human immune system study
Materials
Medical magazines and the Internet
Procedure
1 Conduct a research study with a friend on:
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) • Allergy
2 Discuss your findings with friends from other groups and present the findings of each group.
210 11.4.1
Self Reflection
Have you mastered the following important concepts?
• Definition of immunity, antigen and antibodies
• The first, second and third lines of defence in a human body
• Antibody action on antigen
• Active and passive immunities
• Health issues related to human immunity
211
2 Explain how a mother who has HIV can infect a foetus in her womb.
3 (a) State the type of immunity a foetus receives from its mother.
(b) Explain how the placenta helps in the immune system of the foetus.
4 Figure 1 illustrates the changes in the antibody levels in the blood of individuals X and Y for a
specific period of time.
the antibody
the antibody level level the antibody
the antibody level level
in blood
in blood in blood
in blood
Individual
Individual X X Individual
Individual Y Y
FIGURE 1
(a) (i) What type of immunity did individuals X and Y acquire?
(ii) State the substance injected in individuals X and Y.
(iii) Explain the differences in the content of the substances you mentioned in (a)(ii).
(b) (i) On the graph curves of individuals X and Y, mark with an arrow, the time of the
second injection is given.
(ii) Why do individuals X and Y need a second injection?
(iii) Based on the graph curves for individuals X and Y, state two differences in the
immunity achieved by individuals X and Y.
212
6 (a) A newborn baby needs to receive immunisation based on the Immunisation Plan
recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
Explain why the immunisation programme is required.
(b) (i) Some vaccine injections require only one dose throughout the lifetime of an
individual. Explain why.
(ii) Sinti’s mother forgot to bring Sinti to the clinic for the third dosage of the hepatitis
vaccination. Explain the effects on Sinti’s immunity.
(iii) Aziman accidentally stepped on a rusty nail during a mountain climbing expedition.
Describe the type of injection that is suitable to be administered by the doctor.
Explain your answer.
(c) Explain how HIV can paralyse the immune system of a person infected by the virus.
Enrichment
7 Sometimes doctors prescribe antibiotics to treat some infectious diseases. Doctors will
advise taking all the antibiotics prescribed for the recommended period. Explain why it is
important to follow this step.
213