Professional Documents
Culture Documents
140 Pdfsam KSSM 2019 DP DLP Biology Form 4 Part 2
140 Pdfsam KSSM 2019 DP DLP Biology Form 4 Part 2
CHAPTER
Support and
Movement in
Humans and
Animals
Do you KNOW…
How are the • What are the typ
of bones that form
es and characteris
the human
tics
264
14.3 M
echanism of Movement and
Locomotion
14.3.1 Explain the movement
mechanisms in:
• human forearm
• human leg (walking)
14.3.2 Describe briefly the locomotion
mechanisms in animals
265
Types of skeletons
Hydrostatic skeleton in
earthworms Exoskeleton in grasshoppers
Indicator:
skull
Axial skeleton
Appendicular
skeleton
clavicle
pectoral
girdle sternum
scapula
rib cage
ribs
humerus
vertebral column
ulna ilium
phalanges femur
patella
CHAPTER 14
lower limb
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
FIGURE 14.1 Human skeletal system phalanges
14.2.1 267
neural canal
spinous facet
Lumbar vertebrae (Figure 14.3) process
• The biggest and strongest
vertebrae
• Possess a short spinous neural
process canal transverse
• Possess a large centrum to process
bear the weight of the lower centrum
back of the body lumbar
vertebrae
FIGURE 14.3 Lumbar vertebrae
268 14.2.2
transverse transverse
spinous process
process foramen
odontoid process
neural canal FIGURE 14.6 Axial vertebra
facet
Based on the characteristics shown, can you compare and contrast the different vertebrae? What
are the differences between lumbar and thoracic vertebrae? What are the characteristics found on
cervical vertebrae but not found on other vertebrae?
cartilage
suture
cartilage disc
vertebra
suture
270 14.2.4
(Figure 14.12). For example, the knee joint allows the lower leg
to swing back and forth, similar to a hinge on a door. The hinge
joint can also be found at the elbow and phalanges of the fingers
and toes.
fibula
tibia
scapula tendon
biceps relaxes
tendon biceps contracts
triceps contracts
triceps radius
relaxes
humerus
ulna
elbow joint tendon
FIGURE 14.14 The action of the muscles results in the movement of the forearm
3 As the right leg leaves the ground, the body weight is now supported
by the left leg which is still on the ground. The quadriceps femoris
(extensor) contracts to straighten the leg.
4 The tibialis contracts to bring down the heel. As the right heel touches
the ground, body weight is shifted to the right leg. The whole sequence
is repeated by the left leg.
tibialis
• The fish vertebral column is flexible and can be moved from side to side by the contraction and
relaxation of myotome, W-shaped muscle segments.
• These antagonistic muscles act in opposite directions. This enables a fish to whip its tail. As the
myotome on the right contracts, the one on the left relaxes.
• The tail will be whipped to the right (Figure 14.17).
• On the contrary, when the right myotome contracts, the left relaxes and the tail is whipped to the left.
• Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation occur along the myotome.
• The action causes parts of the body to move from side to side, pushing water backwards and
sideways, and hence moving the fish forward.
• The fins are used to control a fish’s movement and direction.
myotome
(a) (b)
FIGURE 14.16 (a) Cross section and (b) longitudinal section of a fish
wings move up
sternum
wings move air pressure pectoralis
down provides minor contracts
upthrust and pulls the
pectoralis major wing up
contracts and pectoralis minor
relaxes pectoralis minor
pulls the wing relaxes
down
• When the pectoralis major contracts and the pectoralis minor relaxes, the wings
are pulled down.
• When the pectoralis minor contracts and the pectoralis major relaxes, the wings
are pulled up.
EARTHWORMS
The alternate contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal muscles result in
a wave of peristalsis along the body of the earthworm (Figure 14.19).
longitudinal muscle
circular muscle
CHAPTER 14
posterior anterior
4
chaetae
2 3
The chaetae at the
The chaetae at the The circular muscle at the anterior segment
posterior segment anterior segment contracts and anchor to the ground
anchor to the ground the longitudinal muscle relaxes; while the chaetae at
while the chaetae at the the earthworm becomes longer the posterior segment
anterior segment release and thinner. The anterior segment release their hold of the
their hold of the ground. (front end) extends forward. ground.
extensor exoskeleton
flexor
flexor
exoskeleton
1
At rest, the flexor on the hind leg FIGURE 14.21 The flexor and
contracts, pulling the leg towards extensor of the hind leg
the body. In this position, the hind
leg is folded into a Z shape and the
grasshopper is ready to jump/leap.
2
When the extensor
3
Subsequently, the
contracts, the hind
catapult-like ejection of
leg is straightened
the hind legs projects
backwards.
the grasshopper forward
and up into the air.
FIGURE 14.22 Locomotion of the grasshopper
276 14.3.2
OSTEOPOROSIS
CHAPTER 14
ARTHRITIS
SCOLIOSIS
Activity Zone
Work in a group and The backbone of a scoliosis patient is bent to the side, forming an ‘S’
gather information or ‘C’ shape when viewed from the back (Figure 14.25). Scoliosis may
on osteoporosis, be caused by a genetic factor or abnormal growth of the backbone
osteomalacia, rickets, during puberty development.
arthritis and scoliosis.
Conduct a scientific
study on treatments
that may help What is the appropriate treatment to help individuals who experience
individuals with health health issues related to the musculoskeletal system?
issues related to the
skeletal muscle.
The vertebral column of a The vertebral column of a
normal individual scoliosis patient
Activity Zone
vertebral column
Build a walking aid
for an individual with
FIGURE 14.25 Normal
issues of muscle injury
vertebral column and the
and joint pain.
vertebral column of a
scoliosis patient 14.4.1
278
Wear comfortable
attire and shoes
PROPER ATTIRE
Wear proper, comfortable and loose clothing so
as not to restrict blood circulation and affect the
musculoskeletal system. A suitable pair of shoes,
with low heels and cushion, provides support and
prevents injury to the vertebral column.
EXERCISE
Exercise strengthens the joint structure and Millennial Career
Kerjaya Milenia
increases the flexibility of muscles and ligaments. Orthopaedics is a specialised medical
Exercise also increases bone strength and bone field that focuses on the diagnosis, care
mineral deposits among adults, as well as prevents and treatment of the musculoskeletal
osteoporosis in the elderly. system. Doctors who specialise in this
field are called orthopaedic surgeons.
14.4.2 279
FIGURE 14.26 Effects as a result of incorrect body posture when using smartphones
280 14.4.2
Self Reflection
Have you mastered the following important concepts?
• The t ypes of skeleton in humans and animals
• Axial and appendicular skeletons
• Types of vertebrae in the vertebral column
CHAPTER 14
direction of movement
T segment
S segment
FIGURE 1
Explain the muscle action in segments T and S that enables the earthworm to move in the
direction shown.
4 Describe the meaning of good posture. Why must we always practise good posture while
doing any activity?
(e) Explain how all the parts labelled in Figure 3 react in the condition shown.
282
knee
FIGURE 4
Based on Figure 4, describe how muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments and joints enable the
above movement to happen.
9 Describe how the earthworm and fish skeletal systems are adapted for locomotion in their
respective habitats.
Enrichment
11 The long bones in mammals are not compact but hollow. Explain the advantages of hollow
bones.
12 Birds fly using wings. The wing movement allows birds to exert an upthrust. However, the
ability of birds to fly not only depends on its wings but also its support system. Explain how
the support system helps birds to fly.
13 The latest research in treating bone fracture includes the use of materials such as carbon
nanotube that serves as a scaffolding for bone tissue growth. If you are a scientist looking
for new material to treat damaged bones, what are the characteristics that the material
should have in order to replace broken bones?
CHAPTER 14
283