4200 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO.
6, JUNE 2019
Communication
Study of Resonant Modes in Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna
Based on Radar Cross Section
Yong Mei Pan , Kwok Wa Leung , and Kai Lu
Abstract— The resonant modes of the rectangular dielectric resonator
antenna (DRA) are systematically investigated. Their resonance frequen-
cies are accurately determined by exploring the radar cross section (RCS)
characteristic of a DRA in free space. Also, the internal electric and
magnetic fields of the first few resonant modes are examined and the
mode classification of the rectangular DRA is discussed. It is found that
when the length (a) and width (b) of a rectangular DRA are unequal (i.e.,
a  = b), the modes can be generally divided into TE and HEM modes,
with no TM modes. It is also found that quasi-TM modes can exist only
when a = b.
Index Terms— Mode classification, radar cross section (RCS), rectan-
gular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA).
I. I NTRODUCTION
Over the past few decades, the dielectric resonator antenna (DRA)
has received extensive attention due to a number of advantages such
as its small size, low loss, high efficiency, and ease of excitation.
The rectangular DRA has 3-D parameters (length a, width b, and
height d), providing more degrees of freedom than for the hemispher-
ical and cylindrical counterparts [1]. Various wideband, circularly
polarized, high-gain, reconfigurable, and multifunctional rectangular
DRAs have been developed [1]–[7]. Thus far, however, studies on the
rectangular DRA have mainly focused on the broadside TE111 mode
that radiates like a magnetic dipole [2]–[4] or its higher order TEm11 ,
TE1n1 , and TE11l modes [5]–[7]. Little attention has been paid on
other modes with different characteristics [8], [9]. Therefore, it is of
great interest to carry out a comprehensive study on the modes of
the rectangular DRA, like mode studies on the hemispherical and
cylindrical DRAs [10]. The modes of the rectangular DRA have
been divided into two categories, namely, the TE and TM modes by
Okaya and Barash [11]. This mode classification has widely been
accepted by researchers [1], but the existence of TM modes has
been doubted by Mongia [2], [10] because such modes have not
been confirmed by experiment. To better understand the rectangular
DRA, a systematic investigation on its mode characteristics and
classification is conducted in this communication.
One common approach to analyze an isolated rectangular DRA is
the dielectric waveguide model (DWM) method [1]. This method can
Manuscript received October 4, 2018; revised February 19, 2019; accepted
March 3, 2019. Date of publication April 15, 2019; date of current version
May 31, 2019. This work was supported in part by the GRF Research
Project under Grant CityU 11217018, in part by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China under Grant 61871187, and in part by the Fundamental
Research Program of Shenzhen City under Grant JCYJ20170818094814530.
(Corresponding author: Kai Lu.)
Y. M. Pan is with the School of Electronic and Information Engineering,
South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
K. W. Leung is with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Depart-
ment of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
K. Lu is with Antenna Company, High Tech Campus, 5656 AE Eindhoven,
The Netherlands (e-mail: eelukai@gmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this communication are
available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2019.2911198
0018-926X © 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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estimate the resonance frequency of the DRA, but the error can be
over 10% depending on the aspect ratio and dielectric constant of
the DRA. Although rigorous numerical methods such as the method
of moments (MoM) [12] and the integral-equation approach [13]
can be used to accurately calculate the resonance frequency and
field, it is much more complicated to implement these numerical
methods.
Another approach to determine the resonance frequency and
Q-factor of a DRA is to measure its radar cross section (RCS) in
an anechoic chamber [14]. This method has a notable advantage
because it desirably eliminates the loading effect of the feed network,
being able to obtain the natural resonance frequency of the DRA. The
measured results have been found to be in good agreement with those
calculated using the rigorous numerical methods.
In this communication, ANSYS HFSS is used to simulate the RCS
of the rectangular DRA. Using this approach, it only needs to set
an incident plane wave as the excitation of the DRA, without the
need of using any extra feed networks or metallic cavities. Different
polarizations of the plane wave excitation are used to excite various
DRA modes. The first few resonant modes of the rectangular DRA
are identified by observing their near fields. It is found that when the
length (a) and width (b) of a rectangular DRA are unequal (a = b),
only TE and HEM modes can be excited and no TM modes can be
found. When a = b, the TE121 x and TE y modes will have the same
211
resonance frequency. The interaction of these two degenerate modes
will give rise to two distinct resonant modes whose fields are similar
to those of the TM01δ and HEM21δ modes of a cylindrical DRA. Our
simulated results are compared with the measured results available
in the literature and good agreement between them is found.
II. A NALYSIS
A. Accuracy of the RCS-Simulation Method
Before studying the rectangular DRA, the accuracy of the RCS-
simulation method is verified using a cylindrical DRA whose mea-
sured results are available [14]. The cylindrical DRA has a dielectric
constant of εr = 79.7, radius of ac = 5.145 mm, and height of
dc = 4.51 mm. Fig. 1 shows the HFSS simulation models.
As mentioned in [14], the polarization of the incident plane wave
should be consistent with that of the DRA mode to effectively excite

the mode. Therefore, the electric field E of the incident wave is made
perpendicular to the z-axis of the resonator to excite the TE01δ and
HEM12δ modes [Fig. 1(a)], and it is made parallel to the z-axis to
excite the HEM11δ , TM01δ , and HEM21δ modes [Fig. 1(b)]. Here, it is
worth mentioning that in the interface of HFSS, only the electric field
 
E and wavenumber k of the incident wave are required to be set,
as shown in Fig. 2. Therefore, just these two vectors are indicated in
the simulation models of the communication. However, it is notable

that the direction of magnetic field H is uniquely determined once
    
E and k have been set up since the three vectors E, H, and k
are mutually orthogonal. For example, in model 1 of Fig. 1(a),
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 6, JUNE 2019
 
Fig. 1. RCS-simulation models of the cylindrical DRA, in which E
 
denotes the electric field vector, while k denotes the wavenumber vector.
(a) Simulation model 1 for TE01δ and HEM12δ modes. (b) Simulation model 2
for HEM11δ , TM01δ , and HEM21δ modes.
 the resonance easier to observe. Similar to the above case, to excite
Fig. 2. Interface in HFSS for setting the electric field E and wavenumber
 
k of the incident wave. In this case, the electric field E is assigned along the
 of the incident wave should be in accordance with the direction of
x-axis, while the wavenumber k is assigned along the y-axis.
Fig. 3. Simulated RCS of cylindrical DRA as a function of frequency:
εr = 79.7, ac = 5.145 mm, and dc = 4.51 mm.
 
the electric field E and the wavenumber k of the incident wave are
assigned along the x-axis and y-axis, respectively, implying that the

magnetic field H is along the z-axis.
Fig. 3 shows the simulated normalized total RCS (NormRCSTotal)
as a function of frequency. Several peaks are observed and each
peak corresponds to a resonant mode. These modes are identified
by their near-field patterns and labeled in Fig. 3. Table I summarizes
the measured [14] and simulated resonance frequencies of the first
five modes, along with the errors of the simulation. With refer-
ence to Table I, the errors are less than 1%, confirming that the
RCS-simulation method can be used to characterize the resonant
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4201
Fig. 4. RCS-simulation model of the rectangular DRA, in which E denotes
the electric field vector, while k denotes the wavenumber vector. (a) E z − k y
excitation. (b) E y − k x excitation.
modes of an isolated DRA. The calculated results of the DWM
method [15] are also listed in Table I for comparison. It is found their
errors are generally much larger, as expected. Since the polarization
and incident angle of the exciting wave can be adjusted in HFSS,
all possible resonant modes of the DRA can be observed through a
proper RCS-simulation setup.
B. Resonant Modes of Rectangular DRA With a = b
A rectangular DRA is now simulated with HFSS. It has a length
of a = 12 mm, width of b = 9.305 mm, height of d = 4.6 mm, and
dielectric constant of εr = 38. A relatively high dielectric constant
of 38 is chosen here because it can give a higher Q-factor, making
the desired modes, the orientation of the electric or magnetic field
the strongest field component of the DRA. For example, to excite the
TEz211 mode, the E-field should be set along the y-axis, whereas the

H -field (wavenumber k ) can be set along either the x-axis (z -axis)
or the z-axis (x-axis). In order not to miss any DRA modes, various
excitation models are used. Fig. 4 shows two examples of simulation

models for the rectangular DRA. Again, only the electric field E

and wavenumber k of the incident wave are indicated. In Fig. 4(a),
 
E and k are assigned along the z-axis and y-axis, respectively. For
simplicity, this excitation is denoted as E z −k y . Using this convention,
the excitation in Fig. 4(b) is denoted as E y − k x .
Fig. 5 shows the simulated NormRCSTotal of the rectangular DRA
as a function of frequency for the excitations of E x − k y , E x − kz ,
E y − k x , E y − kz , E z − k x , and E z − k y . As similar to Fig. 3,
sharp peaks are observed here at some frequencies, with each peak
corresponding to a resonant mode. These modes can be identified
by checking the electric- and magnetic-field patterns. It was found
that the lowest order mode of the DRA is TEz111 mode, which is
reasonable because both a and b are larger than d [2]. It is interesting
to note from the figure that they are all TE p modes with E p ≈ 0
( p = x, y, or z). No TM modes can be observed from the figure.
The TEz211 mode (5.92 GHz) is arbitrarily taken for the illustration.
It is excited using the model in Fig. 4(b). Fig. 6 shows its simulated
E- and H -fields. It can be seen from Fig. 6(a) that the mode is
characterized by E z = 0 as expected. Also, E y has one extremum
along the z-axis, and therefore, the mode index l of TEmnl is given
by l = 1. From Fig. 6(a)–(c), it can be seen that the field variations
have two extrema along the x-axis and, therefore, the corresponding
mode index is m = 2. Finally, the field variation along the y-axis
has one extremum [Fig. 6(c)] and so the corresponding mode index
is n = 1. These explain how the mode indexes of the TEz211 mode
are determined.
4202 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 6, JUNE 2019

TABLE I
C OMPARISON OF THE M EASURED , S IMULATED , AND C ALCULATED R ESONANCE F REQUENCIES OF THE F IRST F IVE M ODES OF C YLINDRICAL DRA

Fig. 5. Simulated RCS of rectangular DRA as a function of frequency:

εr = 38, a = 12 mm, b = 9.305 mm, and d = 4.6 mm.

Although a DRA mode can be excited by using a suitable plane

wave source, the purity of the mode will be affected if the wave
source also excites a nearby resonant mode. For example, both the
E y − k x and E y − kz excitations can excite the TEz211 mode at
5.92 GHz but the mode excited by the former has much purer fields.
It is because the E y − k x excitation does not excite any other modes
in the vicinity of 5.92 GHz. In contrast, the E y − kz excitation can
excite the nearby TE111x mode at 6.22 GHz, which will inevitably
interfere with the TEz211 mode at 5.92 GHz.
To avoid missing any possible resonant mode, the more general
plane wave excitations of E x − k y z , E y − k x z , and E z − k x y Fig. 6. Simulated H -field and E-field of TEz211 mode inside the rectangular
have also been considered. Here, k y z refers to the wavenumber DRA at 5.92 GHz. (a) E-field at y = 0 plane. (b) H -field at y = 0 plane.
 (c) E-field at z = 0 plane.
k which is along the diagonal line of the yz plane and k x z , k x y
have similar meanings. Fig. 7 shows the corresponding RCS results.
With reference to Fig. 7, a new mode at 7.30 GHz is found in y x modes will become degenerate modes, which
the TEn11 and TE1n1
addition to the resonant modes in Fig. 5. Fig. 8 shows the near will be split into two new modes. This will be discussed in
fields of the new mode. As can be observed from Fig. 8, all of the Section II-C.
six field components are nonzero, indicating that it is a hybrid mode,
i.e., HEM mode. The modes beyond 8 GHz were also studied and
it was found that the modes are either TE or HEM modes, with no C. Resonant Modes of the Square DRA (a = b)
TM modes. A square DRA with a = b = 9.305 mm and d = 4.6 mm is
Other dimensions of the rectangular DRA were tested to investi- studied. Due to the symmetry of the structure, the E x − kz , E z − k y ,
gate the effect of the aspect ratio on the field distribution. It was and E x − k y RCS curves will overlap with the E y − kz , E z − k x ,
found that the mode purity also depends on the dimensions of and E y − k x RCS curves, respectively. For clarity, Fig. 9 shows
the DRA. A general conclusion can be drawn from our observa- the former curves only. As can be observed from Fig. 9, two new
y
tions that if a > nb (na < b), a relatively pure TEn11 mode modes denoted as Modes A and B are found in addition to the first
x
(TE1n1 mode) can be obtained. But if a is close to b, the fields three TE modes (identified by checking their near-field patterns).
y x
of TEn11 and TE1n1 modes will become less pure. When a = b, Figs. 10 and 11 show the near fields of Modes A and B, respectively.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 6, JUNE 2019
Fig. 7. Simulated RCS of rectangular DRA as a function of frequency:
εr = 38, a = 12 mm, b = 9.305 mm, and d = 4.6 mm.
Fig. 8. Simulated H -field and E-field of HEM mode inside rectangular
DRA at 7.30 GHz. (a) H -field at z = 0 plane. (b) H -field at y = 0 plane.
(c) E-field at z = 2.3 mm plane. (d) E-field at y = 0 plane.
It can be seen from Fig. 10 that the fields of Mode A are similar to
those of the TM01δ mode of a cylindrical DRA [8], [16]. For Mode B
(Fig. 11), the fields are very similar to those of the HEM21δ mode of
a cylindrical DRA [16]. However, as the nomenclature of the modes
in a rectangular DRA is quite different from that in a cylindrical
DRA (the mode indexes of rectangular DRA represent the field
variations in the x-, y-, and z- directions, respectively, in rectangular
coordinates, whereas the indexes of cylindrical DRA represent the
field variations in the azimuth φ, radial r , and axial z directions,
respectively, in cylindrical coordinates), it is not appropriate to use
the name of the mode (TM01δ and HEM21δ modes) in a cylindrical
DRA to represent the similar mode in a rectangular counterpart, and
hence, Modes A and B are used here.
Table II shows the resonance frequencies of the modes when the
length a of the DRA is varied. With reference to Table II, when
a = 6.305 mm and b = 9.305 mm, the TE121 x and TE y modes
211
can be found at 8.04 and 9.60 GHz, respectively. As a increases
to 7.805 mm, the resonance frequency of the TE121 x mode shifts
downward to 7.78 GHz and the fields were found to be somewhat
like those of Mode A in Fig. 10. Also, the resonance frequency
y
of the TE211 mode shifts downward to 8.58 GHz and the fields
become similar to those of Mode B in Fig. 11. Table II shows
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4203
Fig. 9. Simulated RCS of square DRA as a function of frequency: εr = 38,
a = b = 9.305 mm, and d = 4.6 mm.
Fig. 10. Simulated H-field and E-field of Mode A in rectangular DRA and
TM01δ mode in cylindrical DRA. (a) Mode A in rectangular DRA. (b) TM01δ
mode in cylindrical DRA.
how the modes are varied when a is further increased to 9.305,
10.805, and finally, 12.305 mm. As can be observed from Table II,
y
when a = 12.305 mm, Modes A and B become the TE211 and
x
TE121 modes, respectively. This evolution process shows that both
Modes A and B originate from the conventional TE121 x and TE y
211
modes. More specifically, they are the degenerated results of TE121 x
y
and TE211 modes. Similar conclusion has been mentioned in [9] but
limited to Mode A only. The sketches showing the degeneration of the
x and TE y modes into Modes A and B are further illustrated
TE121 211
in Fig. 12. It can be seen from Fig. 12(a) that when the electric
x and TE y modes are simultaneously along the
fields of the TE121 211
radial direction inward (or outward), the magnetic fields of the two
modes will connect into a loop shape when a = b, leading to Mode A
x mode is along
accordingly. However, if the electric field of the TE121
y
the radial direction inward, while the electric field of TE211 mode is
along the radial direction outward, or vice versa, the degeneration
of the two modes would be quite different, as shown in Fig. 12(b).
In this case, Mode B is obtained in the square DRA. Although both
Modes A and B are the degenerated results of the TE121 x and TE y
211
modes, the field distributions of the two modes are distinct due to
the different coupling effects. Consequently, it is reasonable that they
4204 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 6, JUNE 2019

TABLE II
M ODE E VOLUTION AS I NCREASING L ENGTH OF R ECTANGULAR DRA

Fig. 11. Simulated H-field and E-field of Mode B in rectangular DRA and HEM21δ mode in cylindrical DRA. (a) Mode B in rectangular DRA. (b) HEM21δ
mode in cylindrical DRA.

x y
Fig. 12. Sketches showing the degeneration of the TE121 and TE211 modes into (a) Mode A and (b) Mode B.

have different but close resonance frequencies, given by 7.50 and
8.02 GHz, respectively.
It is interesting to find that the modes of the square DRA can
correspond to the modes of an equivalent cylindrical DRA with the
same height and cross-sectional area. The corresponding modes not
only have similar field distributions but also have close resonance
frequencies. Table III compares the simulated resonance frequencies
of the first five modes in the cylindrical and square DRAs. It can be
seen from Table III that the results of their corresponding modes are
almost the same, with deviations less than 2.5%. For comparison, the
reported results of the cylindrical DRA [16] calculated by MoM [17]
are also listed in Table III. With reference to the table, the deviations
between f MoM and fRCS are less than 2%, verifying again the
accuracy of the RCS simulation method. The E x − k y z , E y − k x z ,

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 67, NO. 6, JUNE 2019
TABLE III
C OMPARISON OF C ALCULATED AND S IMULATED R ESONANCE F REQUENCIES OF F IRST F IVE M ODES OF C YLINDRICAL DRA (εr = 38,
ac = 5.25 mm, AND dc = 4.6 mm) AND R ECTANGULAR DRA (εr = 38, a = b = 9.305 mm, AND d = 4.6 mm)
and E z − k x y excitations were also used. It was found that the results
are similar to those of Fig. 7 and are, therefore, not shown here for
brevity.
D. Discussion
Based on the results as obtained above, it is found that the rectangu-
lar DRA (a = b) has two mode categories, namely, the TE and HEM
modes. Although the E p component of TE p modes ( p = x, y, or z) is
negligibly weak, it is not exactly zero and the TE modes are actually
HEM modes or can be regarded as quasi-TE modes. Also, no TM
modes can be found from a rectangular DRA except for the special
case of a = b (i.e., a square DRA). In this special case, a quasi TM
x and TE y
mode can be obtained due to the degeneration of the TE121 211
modes. (It should be mentioned that higher-order TM modes can be
obtained from higher-order degenerate TE modes, e.g., from TE12l x [7] Y. M. Pan, K. W. Leung, and K. M. Luk, “Design of the millimeter-
y wave rectangular dielectric resonator antenna using a higher-order
and TE21l modes). This is different from the general acceptance that
the modes of an arbitrary rectangular DRA can be divided into the
TE and TM modes. Our finding is consistent with that by Bladel [18];
confined modes that radiate like electric dipoles can only be supported
by dielectric bodies of revolution (e.g., spherical and cylindrical
DRAs). Obviously, a rectangular DRA with a = b is not a body
of revolution and, therefore, can support nonconfined modes only.
For a square DRA, it is highly symmetrical but is still not a standard
body of revolution. As a result, it can only support quasi-confined
TM modes.
III. C ONCLUSION
The simple but accurate RCS-simulation method has been used
to study the natural resonant modes of the rectangular DRA. It has
been found that the modes of a rectangular DR with a = b can be
generally divided into TE and HEM modes. It has been discussed
that the mode purity depends not only on the excitation scheme but
also on the aspect ratio of the DRA. For the special case of a = b
(i.e., square DRA), quasi-TM modes can also be excited in addition
to the TE and HEM modes. It has been found that the modes of a
square DRA correspond to those of a cylindrical DRA having the
same height and cross-sectional area. This communication provides
a new study on the resonant modes of the rectangular DRA and the
results should be useful for DRA researchers and engineers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the reviewers and associate editor
for their valuable comments.
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