Pharmaceutical

Microbiology

Virology
James&Rafael&D.&Basilio
Instructor
Virus
• Acellular,)non,living)miniscule)organism)
• Obligate)intracellular)parasite
• Usually)needs)an)electron)microscope)for)visualization)
(20,100)nanometer))
Distinctive)Features)of)Viruses:
1. Contain)a)single)type)of)nucleic)acid)(DNA)or)RNA)
2. Contain)a)protein)coat)(enclosed)by)lipids,)proteins)
&)CHO))that)surrounds)the)nucleic)acid
3. Multiplies)inside)living)cells)using)the)synthesizing)
machinery)of)the)cell
4. Causes)the)synthesis)of)specialized)structures)that)
can)transfer)the)viral)nucleic)acid)to)the)other)cells.
5. Symmetry:)Icosahedral)(20)sides))or)Helical))
Viral Structure
Virion&– completely,&mature,&infectious&viral&particle&composed&
of&nucleic&acid&genome&packaged&into&a&protein&coat&(capsid)& Classification&Based&on&Bacterial&Envelope
which&may&be&surrounded&by&a&membrane&(envelope)&
1. Naked&Viruses
1. Nucleic&acid&(Core) • Can&be&spread&easily;&stable
• DNA&or&RNA 2. Enveloped&Viruses
• Single&stranded/Double&stranded& • Spread&in&large&droplets,&secretions,&
• It&it&is&the&only&component&present&(virioid)& transplants
• (+)&sense&/(+)&strand&=&assume&functions&of&the&mRNA • Unstable&in&the&GIT&
• (I)&sense&– needs&activation&I>&enzyme:&RNA&
dependent&RNA&polymerase
2. Protein&Coat&(Capsid)
• Composed&of&subIunit&called&capsomeres&
• Responsible&for&viral&shape&determination
• Covered&by&an&envelope&(FA+CHON+CHO)&
3. Envelope&– may&contain&spikes&(attaches&to&the&host&
cell)&
• Acquired&through&budding&through&the&host&cell.&
• Protects&the&nucleic&acid&
• Acts&as&vehicle&of&transmission
General Morphology
• Capsids'– shown'using'electron'microscopy'and'X7ray'
crystallography
1. Helical'Viruses
• Resembles'long'rods'that'may'be'rigid'or'flexible'
(Ebola'Virus)
2. Polyhedral'Viruses
• Capsid'is'in'the'shape'of'icosahedron'(many7side'
viruses,'adenovirus)
3. Enveloped'Viruses
• Roughly'spherical'
• Enveloped'Helical'– spherical'or'polyhedral'viruses'
enclosed'by'an'enveloped
• Ex:'Influenza'Virus'(Enveloped'helical)'or'Simplex'
virus'(Enveloped'polyhedral)'
4. Complex'Viruses
• Complicated'structure'(Ex:'bacteriophage)'
Baltimore Classification
• Classification system that places viruses into one of seven
groups depending on a combination of their nucleic
acid (DNA or RNA), stranded=ness (single=stranded or
double=stranded), sense, and method of replication.
• sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand
of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the
strand and its complement in specifying a sequence
of amino acids.
• Example: DNA is positive=sense if an RNA version of the
same sequence is translated or translatable into protein,
negative=sense if not.
Virus Replication
1. Attachment
2. Penetration
• Naked:4Endocytosis
• Enveloped:4Fusion
3. Uncoating
4. Synthesis
5. Assembly
6. Release
• Naked:4Lysis
• Enveloped:4Budding
Atypical Unconventional Agents
• Viroids
• Contains+RNA+only+– does+not+code+for+any+proteins
• Have+only+been+shown+to+affect+plants
• Hepatitis+Delta+– closes+human+viroid+(it+is+only+acquired+if+already+with+Hepa B)
• Tobacco+Mosaic+Virus+– RNA+only;+well+studied.+
• Prions+
• Contains+protein+only+
• PrionGcaused+human+diseases:
• Kuru+– meningitis,+psychosis,+brain+liquefaction
• CreutzfeldtGJakob+Disease+– Bovine+Spongiform+brain+disease+(brain+shrinkage)
• GerstmannGSträusslerGScheinker Disease+– Mental+Deterioriation
Virus Classification Based on Viral Core
DNA$VIRUSES RNA$VIRUSES
• Viral$DNA$resembles$host$DNA$for$ • RNA$is$labile$and$transient
transcription$and$replication • Most$replicates$in$the$cytoplasm$
• DNA$is$not$transient$or$labile • Must$encode$an$RNAAdependent$RNA$
• Viral$genomes$remain$in$the$infected$cell polymerase$
• DNA$genomes$reside$in$nucleus • Genome$structure$determines$the$
• DNA$polymerase$requires$a$primer$to$ mechanism$of$transcription$and$
replicate$the$viral$genome replication
• Prone$to$mutation
• Usually$are$enveloped
1. Herpes 1. Paramyxo 7. Orthomyxo
2. Hepadna 2. Corona 8. Arena
3. Adeno 3. Retro 9. Reo
4. Papova 4. Birna 10. Picorna
5. Parvo 5. Calici 11. Toro
6. Pox 6. Toga 12. Flavi
13. Buna
Must Remember:
DNA$VIRUSES RNA$VIRUSES
Enveloped$/$Naked Enveloped
Except:(Picorna,(Rheo,(Calici (Naked)
Replicates$inside$the$Nucleus Replicates$in$the$cytoplasm$
Except:(POXVIRUSES((Cytoplasm) Except:(Retro,(Ortho,(Myxo (nucleus)
Icosahedral Helical
Except:(POXVIRUSES((brickEshaped) Except:(PRC,(Flavi,(Retro,(Toga
Double$stranded Single$stranded
Except:(Parvovirus((single(stranded) Except:(Reoviriade (double(stranded)(
 Clinical&Manifestations:
DNA Viruses "Warts
• Benign&hyperproliferation&of&the&keratinized&
NAKED&DNA&VIRUSES squamous&epithelium
HPVR1 Plantar&Warts
A. PAPOVAVIRIDAE
HPVR2,&4 Common&Warts Verruca&vulgaris
1. Papillomavirus&
HPVR6,&11 Genital&Warts Condyloma&acuminate
• Treatment:&
! Surgical&removal "Cervical&Cancer
! Liquid&N2 • Cervical&dysplasia&and&carcinoma
! Laser&Cauterization • HPVR16,&17
! Cytotoxic&agent&(Podophyllintrichloroacetic&acid)& • PAP&SMEAR

Prophylaxis:&HPV&Vaccine
! Cervarix®&
R HPVR16,&18
! Gardasil®
R HPVR16,&18,&6,&11
DNA Viruses
NAKED&DNA&VIRUSES
A. PAPOVAVIRIDAE
2.&Polyomaviridae (tumor)
! BK&Virus:
• cystitis&in&AIDS&patient
• Mild&febrile&reaction&in&children
! JC&Virus
• PML&(Progressive&Multifocal&
Leucoencephalopathy)
• Opportunistic&infection
• Attacks&white&matter&in&the&brain&
(memory&loss,&speech,&incoordination)
3.&Simian&Vacuolating&Virus&
• Does&not&infect&humans
• Endemic&to&monkeys
DNA Viruses NAKED&DNA&VIRUSES
C.&ADENOVIRIDAE
NAKED&DNA&VIRUSES
• Most&common&cause&of&colds&
B.&PARVOVIRIDAE • Respiratory&tract&infection
• Simplest&and&smallest&ss DNA&virus Clinical&Manifestations:
• Human&Parvovirus&B19& ! AGE
Clinical&Manifestation ! Sore&throat
1. Erythema&Infectiosum ! Rhinitis
• Also&known&as&“Fifth&Disease”& ! Sore&Eyes
• Slapped&cheek&appearance&in&children
• Arthritis&in&adults Viral&Respiratory&in&Children:&
1.&RSV
• Transient&aplastic&anemia&in&patients& 2.&Parainfluenza
w/&sickle&cell&disease 3.&Rhinovirus
• Prophylaxis:&Parvovirus&B19&vaccine 4.&Adenovirus&
DNA VIRUSES Hepa A
Family
Picorna
Transmission
Food:borne
Hepa B Hepadna
ENVELOPED(DNA(VIRUSES( Sexually(
Hepa C Flavi
A.(HEPADNAVIRIDAE( transmitted
Hepa D :
Hepatotropic(DNA(Viruses(::>(Hepatitis(! liver(inflammation
Hepa E Calici Food:borne
• Hepatitis(B(Virus((HBV)
• Also(known(as(Serum(Hepatitis(/(Bad(Hepa
• Virion:(present(in(all(body(fluids((Dane(Particle)( Hepatitis(D(Virus:
Delta(Agent
Disease(States:( Exists(as(co:infection(with(Hepa B
Results(in(a(more(severe(acute(disease(with(
1. Acute(Hepatitis increased(risk(of(fulminant(Hepatitis(&(Cirrhosis
2. Fulminant(Hepatitis: Hepatitis(A(and(E(Virus(
severe(acute(hepatitis(with(rapid(destruction(of(
the(liver Less(severe
Acute(Presentation(of(symptoms:
3. Chronic(Hepatitis:
Asymptomatic(carrier,(Chronic(persistent(
hepatitis,(Chronic(active(hepatitis,(Co:infection(
with(HDB(
DNA VIRUSES
ENVELOPED(DNA(VIRUSES(
A.(HEPADNAVIRIDAE(
Hepatitis(B(Virus((HBV)(

HBsAg((Hepa B(Surface(Antigen)( (+) Infected

AntiHBsAg (antibody(to(HBsAg)( (+) Immunity(against(Hepatitis(B
HBcAg (core(Antigen) (+) Hepa B(Infection
HBcAg IgM acute(infection New(Infection
HBcAg IgG chronic(infection Old(Infection
HBeAg (+) Marker(for(active(disease(and(a(highly(
(antigen(soluble(portion(of(core(antigen)( infectious(state.(
AntiHBeAg (L) Low(Infectious(State(
DNA VIRUSES
ENVELOPED(DNA(VIRUSES(
B.(POXVIRIDAE(
• Box3shaped(viruses((complex)
• Largest(virus(family
Smallpox
• Replicate(in(the(cytoplasm(because(
they(have(their(own(polymerase.(
1. Variola(Virus
• Smallpox(– 1st disease(to(be(
declared(eradicated(from(earth.
2. Vaccinia(Virus
• Localized(infection
• Used(in(smallpox(vaccine
Molluscum(Contagiosum(
! white'bumps'with'a'
central'dimple
 1. AlphaPHerpes((Herpes(Simplex(Group)
DNA VIRUSES
ENVELOPED(DNA(VIRUSES(
C.(HERPESVIRIDAE(
• Latent Stage
• During the primary infection, the virus migrate
up to the nerves to the sensory ganglia and
reside there (dormant). Then, it gets
reactivated upon exposure where the virus
migrates out to the peripheral skin via the
nerves to cause local destruction.
• Cytopathic Stage:
• HSV 1, 2, VZV
• Separation of the epithelium and causes
blisters (vesicles)
• Can cause enlargement of cells and it
controlled by cellPmediated immune response
(T cells can control infection)
• T cells – cellular immune response
• B cells – humoral immune response
!HSVP1(and(HSVP2((Herpes(Simplex(Virus)(
!HSV(– 1((=(lesions(of(the(upper(body(
=(herpes(labialis(/(cold(sore(/(fever(blister
Clinical(Manifestation(of(HSV(P1:(
" Gingovostomatitis /(Aphthous(Ulcer(
" Reactivation
" Herpetic(Keratitis(– most(common(cause(of(
corneal(blindness
" Encephalitis(– most(common(cause(of(viral(
encephalitis
!HSV(– 2(=(lesions(of(the(lower(body(# Genital(
Herpes
Clinical(Manifestations(of(HSVP2
" Genital(Herpes(
P STI
P vesicles(are(painful(with(burning(sensation(and(
itching(associated(with(urination
 1. Alpha(Herpes-(Herpes-Simplex-Group)
DNA VIRUSES • HSV(1-and-HSV(2-(Herpes-Simplex-Virus)-
• HSV-– 1--=-lesions-of-the-upper-body-
=-herpes-labialis-/-cold-sore-/-fever-blister
Clinical-Manifestation-of-HSV-(1:-
! Gingovostomatitis /-Aphthous-Ulcer-
! Reactivation
! Herpetic-Keratitis-– most-common-cause-of-
corneal-blindness
! Encephalitis-– most-common-cause-of-viral-
encephalitis
• HSV-– 2-=-lesions-of-the-lower-body-" Genital-
Herpes
Clinical-Manifestations-of-HSV(2
! Genital-Herpes-
( STI
( vesicles-are-painful-with-burning-sensation-and-
itching-associated-with-urination
DNA VIRUSES
ENVELOPED(DNA(VIRUSES(
C.(HERPESVIRIDAE(
2.(Beta6Herpes((Cytomegalovirus(Group)(
!Human(Cytomegalovirus((CMV)(
• Giant,(multinucleated(host(cell
Clinical(Manifestation:(
Retinitis(" blindness(and(mental(retardation
• 1st leading(cause(of(mental(retardation(in(
children
• Vertical(transmission(– can(cross(placenta(
• Microcephaly
• Hepatosplenomegaly
DNA VIRUSES
ENVELOPED(DNA(VIRUSES(
C.(HERPESVIRIDAE(
3.(Gamma(Herpes((Lymph(Proliferation(Group)
! EpsteinDBarr(Virus
• Kissing(Disease
• Infectious(Mononucleosis(
• Burkitt’s(Lymphoma
• Test:((PaulDBunnel Test(/(Monospot Test(
• Serum(+(+(Sheep(Blood(" Clumping(
• Heterophile(Ab(rxn with(Ag(I(sheep(
in(blood
!HSV(– 6(
Roseola(Infantum(/(Sixth(Disease(/
Infantum(Subitum
! HHV(8
• Kaposi(Sarcoma((immunocompromised)(
 RNA Viruses
• Most%properties%are%opposite%of%DNA
(+)%Standed (C)%Stranded
• Single%stranded
RNA%acts%as%mRNA Need%to%be%
• Helical%Symmetry converted%into%a%
• Replicates%in%the%cytoplasm% positive%strand
Picorna Rhabdo
• RNA%Virus%Exceptions:%
• Reovirus%– only%as%ds%RNA Corona Paramyxo
• Rhabdovirus%– not%spherical%(bulletCshape) Toga Orthomyxo
• Retrovirus%(HIV)%– and%Orthomyxovirus Calici Bunya
(Influenza)%– replicates%in%the%nucleus% Flavi Arena
• Naked%(Picorna,%Reo,%Calici) Retro Filo
• Icosahedral%all%are%naked%(+)
• Toga
• Flavi
Positive Stranded RNA Viruses
I. Picornaviridae
II. Togaviridae
III. Flaviviridae
IV. Caliciviridae
V. Coronaviridae
VI. Retroviridae
I. Picornaviridae
A.#ENTEROVIRUSES B.#RHINOVIRUSES
1. Poliovirus • More#than#100#serotypes
2. Coxsackie#A#Virus# • Transmission:#hand#to#hand#spread#of#
3. Coxsackie#B#Virus mucous#membrane#secretions.#
4. Echovirus • Most#common#cause#of#cough#and#colds.#
5. Hepatitis#A#Virus#
Polioviruses
• Transmission:*ingestion*of*food*or*water*
contaminated*with*poliovirus
• Clinical*Manifestations:
1. Mild*Febrile*Illness*– most*common*
form*(self@limiting)
2. Paralytic Poliomyelitis – virus
destroys the presynaptic motor
neurons in the anterior horn of the
spinal cord (central motor neuron
deficits) as well as the post@synaptic
neurons leaving the horn (peripheral
motor neuron deficits)
SALK*(Jonas*Salk) SABIN*(Albert*Sabin)
Flaccid Paralysis:
IPV OPV
Leg or arm paraplegia/quadriplegia !
painful muscle spasms ! asymmetric Contains*attenuated* Contains*formalin@killed*
muscle paralysis ! atrophy and loss of poliovirus virus
reflexes occur IM*admin Oral*admin
Coxsackie and Echovirus
Coxsackie*Virus DISEASE COXSACKIE*VIRUS ECHOVIRUS

• A*– attacks*the*skin,*mucous*membranes A B
Asymptomatic* YES YES YES
• B*– attacks*the*heart,*pancreas,*liver Infection
Echovirus* Respiratory* YES YES YES
• Enteric*cytopathic*human*orphan*virus Infection
• Cytopathogenic*viruses*that*mainly*infect* Rashes* YES YES YES
the*intestinal*tract** (Exanthem)
Aseptic*meningitis YES YES
Herpangina YES NO NO
Pleurodynia NO YES NO
Myocarditis*and* NO YES YES
Pericarditis
Hepatitis A Virus
• RHINOVIRIDAE
/ Rhinovirus*
• Transmission:*Fecal/Oral*Route / URTI
• Mild*condition*where*most*patients*
recover*fully.*

SEROLOGY*TEST*RESULTS
IgM*anti/HAV IgG*anti/HAV
Acute*Infection Yes No
Old*Infection No Yes
Incubation*or* No No
No*Infection
 II. TOGAVIRIDAE Congenital.Rubella.Syndrome:
“Bobo”.– mental.retardation,.microcephaly
A. Alpha'Viruses.– arthropod'borne. “Bulag”.' blind
(ARBOVIRUS). “Bingi”.' deaf
Vector:.Mosquito. “Butas ang.puso”.– CHD.(patent.ductus.arteriosus)
“Bugbog”.– petechial.patches
• Eastern.Equine.Encephalitis.Virus.(US)
• Western.Equine.Encephalitis.Virus.(US.and.Canada)
• Venezuela.Equine.Encephalitis.Virus.(Central.
America)
• Chikugunya Equine.Encephalitis.Virus.
B. Rubiviruses
Non'vector.transmitted,.spread.by.respiratory.
secretions.
can.cause.congenital.defects.
• Rubella.(German.Measles).“3'day.measles”.
• Generalized.maculopapular.rash.
• Prodrome:.Flu'like.symptoms.
III. Flaviviridae
• Most%are%arboviruses
• St.%Louis%Encephalitis
• Japanese%Encephalitis
• Russian%Encephalitis
1. Dengue%Virus%(4%serotypes)
• Breakbone Fever
• Transmission:%MosquitoGborne
• Female%Aedes aegypti%
• Day%biter%(6G8%am%4G6%pm)%
Dengue%Clinical%Manifestations:%
1. Dengue%Fever%
Very%high%fever,%severe%HA%and,%pain,%behind%the%
eyes.%Muscles%and%joint%aches.%N%&V%and%SKIN%
PETECHIAE%%
2. Dengue%Hemorrhagic%Fever
severe%form%of%dengue%fever
critical%monitoring%of%patients%after%3G5%days%post%
onset%of%dengue%fever%symptoms.%
BLEEDING,%THROMBOCYTOPENIA,%BLOOD%PLASMA%
LEAKAGE
(+)%– Hypotension%! DENGUE%SHOCK%SYNDROME%
Treatment:%Supportive%Care%
 ArthropodEborne#Flavivirus:
III. Flaviviridae • Dengue
• Zika
2.#ZIKA#VIRUS • Japanese#Encephalitis#Virus
• West#Nile#Virus
• Transmission:#Mosquito
• Vertically#Transmitted: NonEarthropodEborne#Flavivirus:
• Microcephaly • Hepatitis#C#Virus
• Brain#malformations Transmission:#Same#with#Hepa B#
• Birth#defects
• Clinical#Manifestations:
• Mild#form#of#Dengue
IV. Caliciviridae and V. Coronaviridae
• Noro$Virus
• Formerly$known$as$Norwalk$
Virus$
• Most$common$cause$of$
diarrhea$in$adults
in$children:$______________
• Hepatitis$E$Virus
• Enteric$hepatitis
• Transmission:$Fecal>Oral$
Transmission:$Hand$to$Hand$spread$of$
mucous$membranes$and$Respiratory$droplets
• Common$Colds
• #1$> Rhinovirus
• #2$– Adenovirus
• #3$– Coronovirus
• #4$– Orthomyxovirus
• #5$– Paramyxovirus$
• SARS>Cov
• COVID>19$
 • CD4%cells%in%normal%people:%2000
VI. Retroviridae • Px with%AIDS:%2004500

• Possesses%reverse%transcriptase%(RNA%! DNA) • Terminal:%1504200%

• RNA4dependent%DNA%polymerase%(RNA%" DNA)
1. Human%Immunodeficiency%Virus%(HIV)% Kaposi%Sarcoma
4 skin%tumor%in%HIV%patients
• Leads%to%AIDS
• Virus%attacks%CD4%T4helper%cells
HTLV41/Human%T%Cell%Leukemia%Virus%
• Diagnosis:%ELISA%(Enzyme4linked%Immunosorbent% 4 causes%Leukemia
Assay) 4 RNA%enveloped%
• Western%Blot%Technique%– confirmatory%test
• Southern%Blot%Technique%– used%to%identify%
unknown%microorganism%by%using%Nucleic%
Acid%Hybridization)
• Treatment:%HAART%(Highly%Active%Antiretroviral%
Therapy)%
Negative Stranded RNA Viruses
I. Rhabdoviridae
II. Filoviridae
III. Orthomyxoviridae
IV. Paramyxoviridae
I. Rhabdoviridae DEATH:#
A.#Rabies#Virus Respiratory#center#dysfunction#
• Bullet0shaped#viruses#with#spiked#enveloped – 100%#mortality
• Saliva#of#infected#animals#(bites#/#scratches)
• Hydrophobia,#excessive#saliva,#hyperacidity# Tx:#Human#Diploid#Cell#Vaccine
• Histopathological#finding:#Negri#Bodies# Rabies#Vaccine#
! Incubation#Period
Active:#Killed#Rabies#Vaccine
• Weeks#to#years#(can#be#dormant#even#to#14#years)#
! Prodrome#Period: Passive:#Rabies#Immunoglobulin
• Fever,#HA,#sore#throat,#fatigue,#nausea#and#painfully#
nerve#around#the#healed#wound#site.#
! Prodrome#Period:# B.#Vesiculovirus
• Hyperactivity#and#agitation#" confusion,#meningitis,# Vesicular#stomatitis#virus
seizures Horse#/#cattle#viruses#
! Classic#Brainstem#Encephalitis:
• Cranial#nerve#dysfunction#
• Painful#contractions#of#pharyngeal#muscles#with#
swallowing#liquids#“hydrophobia”#" inability#to#
swallow#own#saliva
II. Filoviridae
1. Marburg)Virus
2. Ebola)Virus)
• Severe)hemorrhagic)fever
• High)mortality)rate)
• Transmission:)contact)with)infected)
body)fluids,)contaminated)with)
medical)instruments,)and)close)contact)
with)sick)or)dead)patients)and)their)
body)fluids.)
• Manifestation:)2Cweek)incubation)
followed)by)fever,)HA,)myalgia,)
abdominal)pain,)diarrhea,)pharyngitis,)
hiccups,)cough)and)somnolence.)
3. Ebola)Reston)Virus
III. Orthomyxoviridae Mutations+of+Influenza:
1. Antigenic+Drift
1. Influenza+Virus • Minor+antigenic+changes
• Type+A:+humans,+&+mammals+or+birds+(pandemic)+ • Mutations+occurring+during+viral+
• Type+B:+humans+only+(epidemic)+ replication
• Type+C:+humans+only+(usually,+common+colds)+ 2. Antigenic+Shift
Hemagluttinin (HA):+16+types • Major+antigenic+changes
E attachment+to+host+Sialic+receptors+(RBCs+and+URT+
cell+membranes)+ • Complete+changes+in+HA+and+NA
E HA+binding+to+sialic+receptors+activates+fusion+of+the+ • Only+occurs+in+Type+A
host+cell+membrane+with+the+virion+membrane+!
adsorption+
*antibodies+against+HA+will+block+this+binding+and+
prevent+infection+ S/Sx:+High+Fever,+Muscle+Ache,+HA,+
Neuraminidase:+9+types Chills+and+Sweat,+Fatigue+and+
Eimportant+compound+of+mucin,+the+substance+ Weakness,+Sore+Throat+
covering+mucosal+epithelial+cells+(sialic+acid)+
Treatment:+AMANTADINE
H5N1+– bird+flu 3+human+influenza+viruses:+
H1N1+– swine+flu H1N1,+H2N2,+H3N3
IV. Paramyxoviridae
1. Parainfluenza-Virus
• Influenza1like-manifestation
• LRTI-and-URTI-
• Common-cold
• Colds,-Rhinitis,-Pharyngitis,-Sinus-congestion
• CROUP-– Parainfluenza-infection-of-larynx-
2. Respiratory-Synctial Virus
• Most-common-cause-of-viral-pneumonia-in-children-less-than-6-
months-old-
3. Mumps
• Infectious-Parotitis-
• Enlarged-jaw-tissues-arising-from-swollen-salivary-glands-(about-25%-
infected-males-develops-orchitis)-– testes-enlarge-and-stretches-the-
capsule-resulting-in-intense-pain-(1%-of-patient-becomes-sterile)
• Self1limiting
IV. Paramyxoviridae
4..Rubeola.Virus.
• English.measles./.Hard.Measles
• Transmission:.Inhalation.of.
respiratory.secretion./direct.
contact
• Clinical.Manifestation:.2.weeks.
incubation.period.before.rash.
appearance..
• Prodrome:.Conjunctivitis,.swelling.
of.the.eyelids,.photophobia,.high.
fever,.rhinitis,.malaise..
• Rash.– red,.flat.to.slightly.bumpy.
(maculopapular).spreads.from.
head.to.toe..
Koplik’s Spots
• Small,.red2based.lesions.with.
blue2white.centers.at.the.
buccal.mucosa.usually.
opposite.the.molar.appears.a.
day.or.before.the.rash..
Subsclerosing Panencephalitis
• Slow.form.of.encephalitis
• Whole.brain.is.inflamed
• Can.occur.years.after.the.
initial.result.of.measles
Rubeola.virus.can.cause.
abortion.and.premature.
delivery.
Bunyaviridae
• Bunyaviridae (Arbovirus)
Mosquito4borne:
• Californian9Encephalitis9Virus9
• Rift9Valley9Fever9Virus9(Phlebovirus)
Sandfly4borne:
• Sandfly fever9virus9
Non4arthropod9borne:
• Hantavirus9(Korean9Heme Fever)
• Nairovirus (Crimean9Congo9Heme Fever)9
 Reoviridae
• Respiratory+Enteric+Orphan+Virus+
• ROTAVIRUS+
• Viral+gastroenteritis+– leading+
cause+of+diarrhea+in+children+
Arenaviridae
• Lymphocytic+Choriomeningitis+Virus
• InfluenzaAlike+illness
• Often+associated+with+viral+
meningitis
• Lassa+Virus
• Lassa+Fever
• Fever,+sore+throat,+abdominal+
pain+with+vomiting,+hypotension
• Fatal+in+all+cases
Microscopy
Light Microscope
Compound(Light( Uses(visible(light(as(a(source(of(illumination
Microscope
Darkfield( Uses(a(device(to(scatter/block(light( To(examine(living(microorganisms(that(are(insible
Microscope from(the(illuminator in(brightfield(microscopy((or(an(ordinary(light(
microscope)
Phase(Contrast( Uses(a(special(condenser( To(facilitate(detailed(examination(of(the(internal(
Microscope containing(an(annular((ringBshape)( structure(of(living(organisms
diaphragm
Differential( Like(phaseBcontrast,(uses( To(provide(threeBdimensional(images
Interference( differences(in(refractive(indexes to(
Contrast(DIC)( produce(images.(
Microscopy
Fluorescence( Uses(an(ultraviolet(or(near( For(fluorescentBantibody(techniques(
Microscopy( ultraviolet(source(of(illumination.( (immunofluorescence)(
Brightfield( Uses(visible(light(as(a(source(of( To(observe(various(stained(specimens(&(to(count(
Microscope illumination microbes
Confocal(Microscope Uses(laser(light(to(illuminate(one(plane(of(specimen(at(a(time
Electron(Miscrope
a.(Transmission Uses(a(beam(of(electrons(instead(of(lights( To(examine(viruses(or(the(internal(ultra(
(*the(image(produced(is(2=dimensional structure(in(thin(sections(of(cells
b.(Scanning Same(with(TEM,(but(3=dimensional( To(study(surface(of(cells(and(viruses
Scanned(Probe
a.(Scanning(Tunneling Uses(a(thin(metal(probe(that(scans(a( Provide(very(detailed(views(of(
specimen molecules(inside(cells
b.(Atomic(Force Uses(a(metal(*(diamond(probe(gently(forced( Provide(images(of(biological(molecules(
down(along(the(surface(of(the(specimen.( in(nearly(atomic(detail(and(molecular(
processes
Antiviral Drugs
Antiviral Drugs
• Only%act%either%on%the%adsorption%or%the%nucleic%acid%synthesis%step
• MOA:%Inhibits%viral%enzyme%essential%for%DNA%synthesis%thereby%halting%viral%replication%
(antiretroviral)%
• VIRAL%LIFE%CYCLE:%
• Adsorption
• Penetration
• Uncoating%(to%release%NA)%I Amantadine.%Oseltamivir,%Rimantadine,%Zanamivir,%Lamivudine
• Nucleic%Acid%Synthesis%– AntiIherpes%drugs,%AntiIHIV
• Protein%Synthesis%– interferons%
• Assembly%
• Release%
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
NRTIS ZidovudineC– recommendedCforC
ABACAVIR ABC Ziagen ® theCmanagementCofCadultC
DIDANOSINE ddl Videx® patientsCwithCsymptomaticCHIVC
infectionCwhoChaveChistoryCofC
LAMIVUDINE 3TC Epivir®
confirmedCP.#carinii pneumonia
EMTRICITABINE FTC Emtriba®
ZALCITABINE ddC Hivid®
ZIDOVUDINE AZTC(azidothymidine) Retrovir®
STAVUDINE D4T Zerit®C
Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
NNRTI
Nevirapine Viramune®0
Delaviridine Rescriptor®
Efavirenz Sustiva®

Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Tenofovir

Fusion Inhibitors
Enfuvitide (Fuzeon®)
Drugs for Respiratory Synctial Virus
Ribavirin Approved-for-severe-lower-respiratory-infections-cause-by-RSV-only

Drugs for Herpetic Keratitis (Topical Agents)

TOPICAL
Idoxuridine Herplex®- Drugs for CMV
Trifluridine Viroptic®
Viraribin ViraAA® Ganciclovir Cytovene®

Anti-influenza Agents Foscarnet Foscavir®

Valganciclovir Valcyte®
Cidofovir Vistide®
Amantadine Symmetrel®
Rimantadine Flumadine® Amantadine:-MOA-A prevent-penetration-of-
Oseltamivir Tamiflu® the-intact-virus-into-the-host-cell
Zanamiviur Relenza®
Protease Inhibitors Drugs for Herpes
Systemic0Treatment
Saquinavir mesylate Invirase0® Acyclovir Zovirax®
Ritonavir Norvir® Valacyclovir Valtrex®
Indinavir Crixivan® Famciclovir Famvir®
Nelfinavir Viracept® Penciclovir
Amprenavir Agenerase® Docosanol Abreza®
Fosamprenavir Lexira®
Atazanavir Reyataz ®