339
CATA FOR MY DEFBISE
\,\tith regord to th.e Rebellion
I
had no. knowiecige that a rebeliiori rvas
i:eing planned until the lst or 2nd July 1896 when Pio
Valenzuela canre to see me telling tne about an uprising.
I tcld him that it was absurd, etc. etc', and he replied tliat
the; couki :.0 lo::ger enCure the situ.ation. i advised him
to have patience, etc. etc. He added then that they had
sent him to me becau se tlr.ey pity mg liJe and that probably
they will impute it' to me. I replied that i would be
patient anrl that if they.did something to me, I would then
prove my itrnocenee. As to the rest, I added, "Dott't you
think of mt but of the coutttry which is going to suf[er."
AnC I agair: explained to hiin how absurd the movement
\r'as. This r.:as admitted by Pio Valenzueia aftelwards.
He did not teil me that they would use my name or mentiott
to me that I be leader or something like that.
Those who declared that I am the leader (rvhom I don't
know nor do i believe I have rnet them) should pl'escnt
some proof that i have accepted that leadership, or that I
had relations with them or with their associatiottl Either
they have made use of my name for their otvn enr.ls. or thcy
have been deceived by those men. Where is the leader rvhu
does not issue any order or any rule, who is not consulted at
I
all about so transcendentai a InovemL'nt. except at the
i
eleventh hour, and when' he gives his opinion against it
is not obeyed? S,nce lst July 1892, I have absolutely given
up politics. It is obviotrs that they have rvanted to use
my name in order to tio u'hat they please.
G", -. -" .ebellion.
3,38
Nay, when the uprising broke out, I was on board the
Castiilc, incohmunicado, and I oftered myself uncondi-
tionally to tlis Excellency (a thing I had never done before)
to suppress the rebellion. But this was a personal letter
and it was witnessed by Colonel Santal6. This cannot be
used rpithout the petmission of His Excellency.
I have always been opposed to rebellion because I was
troping Spain wouid give us soon liberties, as I told Pio
Vil"n uei", because I could see that in order to forestall
future events, a very close union between Spain and the
Filipirio people was necessary.
It is not trud that I carried on corresPondence with them;
where is one sirrgle letter of rnine? My eorrespondence all
werrt through the provincial military commander; and if
they have wriitsn me, it is easy for the letter to fall into
the hands of the government, as it happened to wtrrat
appears to have been written by Deodato Arellano and
louna in the judicial records. Deodato Arellano says that
he cannot find means to send me letters. Sending me
letters inside biscuit jars is curious; in Dapitan I had given
jars arrived
away those biscuits to the people. At times the
afeaay open; at times they were broken on the boat in
loading and unioading, It is true that a man came to me
but I placed him urlder the order of the goverilor who
sent hirrr to Manila.
Wlth regard. to tlu Ligo
It is true that I wrote the statutes :at the request of I$t'
Basa I and they lvere sent to Manila. The purposes -of thc
Ligo were union, encouragement of commerce' inilusEy'
,ri., b".nu,e I understood ancl I understanil that a people
..ino* have liberties withaut having first material pros'
periry; that to have'liberties without having food to 'eat
testdlng at Horrs Kong end lrlerrtl
'.Ida,i Ma: Basa, filipind:tx[attiatt
of Ilizal.

340
is to listen to speeches and to fast. I also believed that
if Spain systematically denied liberties to the Philip
pines, there would be insurrections and I have so written
it :down, deploring that such a thing might occur but
not hoping for it. 'Well now, many have interpreted my
phrase to hotse liberties as to houe independence, which dre
two difterent things' A people can be freq without being
inCependent, anC a people can be independent without
being free. I have always desired liberties for the Phil'
ippines and I have said so. Others who testify that I said
independence either have put the cart before the horse or
they lie. Now, th.at I have also believed that little by little
autonomy would come and finally independence is true.
Spain would abandon this country when she is convinced
that her future is in Morocco and that this costs her more
sacrifices than anything else, and she will abandon it even
when the Filipinos would like to stop her, as she had tried
to do several times in past centuries. This was the meaning
of what I said that it was necessary to be worthy, to be
united, so thar when the time came, we might not fall into
the hands of Japan, or of England; or of Germany'
The Ligc, for whose organization I\{r. Ambrosio Salvador'
was elected president, did not live, dying shortly after I
was deported to Dapitan. They have. testified thus; I
learned about it afterwards, but I already surmised it.
'$/hether others have revived it or. reorganized it, I
do:r't know nor do I have to be concerned uboutit. Neither
do I know who reorganized it nor do'I know what changes
they had made. From 'the abstract tr have learned that
they reorganized it nine or ten rnonths after it had died.
Irteither do I know the Kdtipttnon nor have I maintained
relations or corregpondence'with it. '-Let them show two
. c[raracters of mine in "proof of what they claim.
I cannot understand horv I could have convoked .the
rnu-*L..t *uho mit at the house of Ongjunco when I don't
341
knorv many of them nor do I know Mr. Ongjunco' To
convoke persons whom I don't know in the house of a
person whom I don't know either? [t's curious.'
Pedro Serrano and Timoteo PAez, without having been
invited by me, went to Malolos, Bulacan, to look for me,
when I rvent there bY train.
IlIa^ronry
It rs'not true that I had given orders to Pedro Serrano
to intrcduee Masonry in the Philippines. Serrano had a
higher degree than I had in Masonry; I did not reach above
the third degree, while Serrano had 30 or 33 degrees, and
this is proven by the letter that afterwards he sent me
when I was in Hong Kong, a letter attached to the records,
in which he appointed me Venetabie, like a great thing.
If I wele the chief, when does an officer permit himself to
raise the lank of a captain general? That ietter Proves
the falsity of the assertion.
Moreover', Serrano and I separated in Europe quite un-
friendly. I left Madrid in January or February 1891' and
since then I have given up writing and taking part in the
management of. La Solidaridod and I dropped Masonry. It
is also trntrue that I for"rnded the Hispe.no-Philippine Asso-
ciation; it rvas already in existencd long befole I went to
Madrid. The same is true with La Solidaridcd; this was
3
foundetl by Marcelo H. del Pilar and was ahvays headed
by him. What I founded in Madrid had no other object
br"rt to molalize the Filipinos, compel them to attend ttreir
classes, not to get'into debts, etc. And vrhen i rvished to
fiscalize the acts of Lo Solid aridad, Marcelo H. del Pilar
opposed rrre, fls confirmed by one ol the letters attached to
i La Solidaridod. the fgrtnightly orgen o[ the Filipino .reformists in Spain
was foundcd bv Craeiano. L6pez Jaena (1356-1890) at Barceloea in 1889
2pd rvas its first dilector. IIe rvas succeeded !y, Marcelo H. del Pilar
(1850-t396) and La Solidaridad moved.to Madrid. (Eputolorio, Rkolino,
iri, alJ.,'
 342
343
the records. This pl'oves that tire political side was never that Spain would then make concessions compatible with
unCer my directioir. Now, if they use my name for their the state of the country. I have said this in my writings.
purposes and in order to deceive the unurary, I could not Separatist ideas have existed in the Philippines for many
prevent it. years, In this century alone there occuned many uF
Among the declarations there are some that are in- risings: Those of Novaies, Cuesta, Apcilinario,{ in the iloi:os
famously false, like the one that rnentions the names of ali and Parigasir,an, of the regiment of the pampangos, of
those who attended the rr,eeting e'- the house of Ongjunco. Cavite a.nd again that of Pangasinan in 1884. I described
They mentioned names of persons who could not pos:ibly this revolutionary sentiment in a Madrid newspaper, El
have attended it. The presence cf Pedrc Serrano is unhue Progreso, in July 1884, calling the attention of the govern.
also, as well as that of Mois6s Salvador, of Timoteo P6ez
ment to its causes and its future. I have asked insistently
partly, ard of others. It would be very easy to prove their
for the freedom of the press and representatives
-0, as the
falsity.
means to forestall uprisings, as safety ur."p. valves. I
The poem Hi'mno a Talisoy is nir:e. I had boys of 12
was grertiy rnarked out among others because during the
to 14 i-'ears whotr I taught Spalish, arithn:etic, English, tirne that i was engaged in politics I played the part of
hor"ticulture, ct rpentrl', masonry, etc During plal'time I
free prcss and Philippine representatioe, and i can say
taught ther:r g.vmnastics, ferrcing, and 1,ur-ting with rifle that from 1884 to 1891,, the year I g_ave up writirlg, there
ihe older cnes, ihe verse which sa3's ffus1 th.eg will lcnow
occurreri neither a mutiny or attempts at it nor political
how to protect titeir farnilies aliuries tc the numerous in-
deportations
c,lrsrons of the Moros who went t-' Daprtan and made
In the Philippines there is nothing that happens that is
prisone;s. Many relatives of these boys had been killed
not imputed to me. \4lhile I was on board the Costillo, a
or captur:d by the l\[oros. Taiisay is the place wirere I nrmor spread that I had been seen in Cavite with a dyna-
Iived with therre boys' I had to support lor.'soine time the m:te bomb in the lrand and many believed it. The corn-
widow and children of an unfortunate man who was killed
mander of the Castilla told me about it, but this cannot be
b;' the Moros for not being able to use the rifle he had. used without first consulting Mr. Santal6 for he told me
This is officiallY known.
- What fauit have I that they make use of my name when
I could not know it or prevent it? Many also use the
name of God for their ends or their passions.
Let them show the statutcs of the Ligc and it rvilt be seen
that what I was pursuing were union, commercial and
industrial development, anti the like. That these things-
union and money-altcr ye,ars could prepare for a revolu-
tion, I don't have to deny; but they could also prevent all
revolutions, because people who live comfortably'and have
money do not go for adventures. Uloreover, I was sure
 344
nrised not to engage again in politics, I fulfilled my ward,
and I cut off forever my politicai relations. Ev6r'ything
is impute<i to me because I have meant more, but separatist
ideas are not mine; rather I am their eftect. Since i8B4
I have been informing the Government of the march of
opinion; I asked urgentl5l for sqme.concessions, like repre-
seirtation; I revealed the abuses that were being committed;
I i','as a safuty i'i:h'c. They'suppressed.me-in 1892 through
deportation, and the valve was closed. I'm like some
diseases, iitre smallpox. I'm the pustule through rvLich
the disease of the blood is manifested; remove the pustule
and, as the man in the street says, the smallpox goes inside
and kiiis the patient. Now the igncrant and stupiri physi-
cians beiieve that the pustule is the smailpox or is the
disease. This is what has happened. Just as one swallcrv
does not make summer, nelther can onc man make a
revolution. Today the predictions of Fi y Margall, Zon'illa,
and Salmeron do not rnake a revolution in spite cl the
fact that the Spanish peopie are more bellicose, more in-
,lomitable, more nerl/ous. I'm not mcre than any of these
great republicans, nor ciu I reach their ankies. Jesus
Christ, despite ihe fact that he had heen preaching against
the priests of his tirre with sovereign authority, accompeny-
ing his worlr with stupendous miracles, did not succeed to
make a revolution, except some forty years after his
death . . . and it was because his death gave an anureole to
his teaching. On the contrary, my companions and fellow
countrymen have attacked me as the records show, because
they conside.r me impractical and a dreamer. I like first
unity, the establishment of factories, industri,es, banla, and
the like. For this reason I'gave nroral and material support
to those who studied crafts and industries in Europe. I
myseU have spent ,rnuch time studying ceramics, leather-
tanning, malrufacture of cement, and, others. My dream
was my country's prosperity. I knew that through erms
345
itwas impossible to win liberties and less independence,
for other colonizing nations Iike England, Germany, and
others would not allow it. Japan would swallow r:s after-
wards. But with a prosperous and enlightened people,
liberties would not have to wait. I would like the Filipino
people to become worthy; noble, honorable, for a peopie
who makes itself despicable for its cowardice or vices
exposes itself to abuses and vexatioru. Man in generai
oppresses what he despises, and thic is what I used to say.
to those who complained to me: "If \pe were more worthy,
they would not do that to us." And tlis is my sor?ow
now, seeing how ignoble are those who, in order to accuse
me, do not hesitate to lie unashamedly.
I have never believed, nor can I believe, tbat these aspira_
tions of mine are crimina! in the eyes of the, Government.
They are the aspirations that my eminently Spa.,rish
tion, and as such patriotic, has evolved i., me, Since"au."-
child-
hood i have been educated among Spaniards, I have heen
nurtured with the great examples in the history- of Spain,
Greece, and Rome; later in Spain, my professors have all
been gleat thinkers, great patriots. Books, magazines,
examples, reason-all made me love the welfare of my
native land, as the Catalan loves the welfare of Cataiufra,
the Vascongado, the Gtilician, the Andalucian, Vizcaya,
Galicia, Andalucia, respectively, etc. So remote if was for
me to believe that I was doing wrong, that never did I like
to accept the protection of another nation. Twice I was
ofiered German nationality and onc'e English, and I never
accepted either. So confident I was in my right to aspire
to what I believe to be just that whenever I had ari
opportunity, I have come to the philippines. Mr. Jos6 .
Taviel de Andrade expressed to me his surprise upon seeing
me in the Philippines, the same did Gorernoi Ordas i
Avecilla. I replied that I saw no reason why. During the
seven months that tr was free in the philippines (Igg7-1ggg)'
-ttt.
I had caused no tumult whatsoever. oniy question
 346
, 347

I
rvould request the defender to please have the gen-
that occurred was an inquiry oI the Administration ol erosity of believing that I am not trying to deceive iim,
Finance which was answered in accordance with the lacts, for it would be despicable to deceive a man who is clevoting
contrary to what other persons desired.s his talent to defend the same deeeiver. I also request
hinr
A !c,ng time ago, July 188?, certa.in Japanese personages t,: come to see rne wherrever he has an opportunity to
esked rne why we did not rise up, saying that they would pass by the Fort or does not consider the trip
too.bother_
help us, etc., etc. I answered them that we were happy some and whenever he has a mo;:rent to spare, fcr I
still
with Spairr and we did not wish to pass from one hand to have many things to reveal to him.
anoth,er. that u'e were bound to Spain. in qite ol eoery- Thanking,you in advance and offering you my poor
thing, by three centuries, a common religion, and ties of services,.I am
afiection and gratitude, things we did not have with any
Your attentive and very afiectionate servant who
other nation. They replied that Japan had no interest kissses
rvhatsoever in the Philippines and she would help only for Your hand'6
racial re;rsons. I smildd and I proved to them through Jos6 Rrznr,
history that their ancestors did not think as they did. 6 Suyo otto, y dfmo. s. q. b. m.
This is absolutely true. Note: Written in his cell at Fort Santiago, 12 December
1gg6 for
l'his is my way of thinking. I chnnot deny that sorne- the use of his defense attorney.
times rebellious and punishable ideas have crossed my *:*+
imagination, especially when my family was being perse'
cuted, but afterwards reflection, the reality of facts, the
absurdity of the thought, made me recover my senses,
hecause I don't believe I'm stupid or foolish to want an
impossible and senseless thing.
Now, if I'm to be punished or condemned lor having
desired the unity of my fellow countr5rmen, the welfare
of my country, her material development, her equality as ,i

far as possibie to the provinces in Spain in order not to

be called colony, if this is punishable, condemn me.
For rebellion or as its accomplice, or for having believed
it to be possible or feasible, never: Not even one'day's
detention for this reason; it would be an unjust detehtion.
-.., ]

" Riza.l refers lo the report on the Calamba Estate, owned by the Do-
minicans, that he drafted in reply to.an inquiry of the linance adrninishation,
rvhen he u,as at Calamba from August 1887 to February 1888. It was
'signed by many citizens of Calamba. Later,he had it publishd as appendix
X in l\Iarcelo H. del.Pilar's La Sobercnic ltlorracal. See "Petition of the
To*'n of Calamba,".printed elsewhere in this voluma

' ] ,,..:,
 ADDITIONS TO MY DEFENSE 351

?hird."_They have abused cruelly

rny narne and at the
last moment they wanted to surprise
Mr. Jos6 Rizal y Alonso respectfully
not communicate with me beforehand 2
me. Why did they
request the Council to kindly consider the following cir- They might have
heard perhaps that I was, i[ not
cumstances: contented, resigned rvith
my place of residence, for I havo turned
down various
positions that many persons had
Firsf.--With respect to the rebellion: Since 6 July 1892 to me to get me ou,t
I have absolutely not taken up politics until 1 July of this of that place. Only in these last months,
as a result of
certain domestic affairs, ha ving had
year when, informed by Mr. Pio Valenzuela that an up- certain controversies
with a missionary priest,r I requested
rising was planned, I advised the opposite, trying to con- to be allowed.to go
vince him with reasons. Mr. Pfo Valenzuela separated
to Cuba as a volunteer: Mr- Pio Valenzuela
came to
advise me to put me in safety; for,
from me seemingly convinced, so much so that instead of according to him, it was
possible that they would com plicate
taking part iater in the rebellion, he presented himself me As I considered
myseif entirely innocent and I didn't
to tire authorities for forgiveness. know the how and
the rvherefore of the movement (besides
Second.-As a proof that I had no political relation with convinced Mr. Valenzuela), I took
I belie".ed I had
no precautions, except
any one and t}:at it was untrue what one said about having that when the Most Excellent Governor
General wrote me
sent me letters through my family was that they found it advising me of my departure for Cuba,
necessary to send me Mr. Pio Vaienzuela under an assumed
I embark,:d lmme-
diately, abandoning all my affairs. And
name, at great expense, when on the same boat were five
I couid liave gone
elsewhere or I could have simply
stayed on in Dapitan, for
.members of my family and two servants besides. If what the letter of His Exeellency was conditional.
they alleged were true, what need had Mr. Valenzuela to It said: ,,If
still persist in your pian to go to Cuba,
the
call the attention of anybody and incur great expense? When the movement started, f was
Moreover, tl:e mere fact that Mr. Valenzuela went to on board the
Castilla and I placed myself at His
Excellency,s service
inform me proved that I was not in correspondence with unconditionally 'Twelve or fourteen
days, iater I sailed for
them, for had I been I should know it, because to prepare Europe, and had I an uneasy conscience
an uprising was a very serious thing for them to conceal it
I would have tried
to slip away at any especially Singapore where I
lrom me. \{hen they took the step of sending Mr. Valen- went ashore and where other passengers
who had
zuela to me, it proved that they were aware that I didn't for the Peninsula remained. My conscibnce
' know, that is, that I had no correspondence with was
them. I expected to go to Cuba.
Another negative proof is that they cannot show any letter
of mine. Escritos
350

trot solem.nifer it
wriiings. Wliixr
the. ceremony;
 352
Fourth.-At Dapitan I had vessels and I was permitted to
go on exeursions along the coast and in the settlements,
*t i"ir lasted as long as I wished, sometimes a week. Had I
any intention to engage in politics, I could have sailed away
on the Moro vtntas that I knew at the settlements. Neither
would have I built rry little hospital nor bought lands nor
summtlned my family to live with me.
FiJth.-someone has said that I'm the chiefi $/hat kind
of a chief is that who is not consulted about the plans and is
only informed so that he may escape? What kind of a
chief is that who, when he says "No", they say "Yes"?
With respect to the Ligo:
Sirth.*It's true I drafted its by-laws and its
aims
were to stimulate commerce, inclustry, arts, etc' by means
of union. Witnesses: who are not inclined towards me,
rather who are against me, have confirmed that'
Seuenth.---The Liga didn't live nor was it established, Ior
after the first meeting, it didn't hold another again' It died
becarr.se I was banished days afterwards'
Eighth.-lt it was reorganized by other persons nine
months later, as they now say. I didn't know it'
Ninth.-Th e Ligo. was not an association with harmful
purpeses and that is-proven by the fact they had to abandon
it to otgarrize the Kotipunon, which perhaps was the one
that fulfitled their purposes. For the little that the Ligc
might have served for the rebel'lion they woulil not have
abandoned it. Instead they would have simply motlifieil it'
for, if, as someone alleges, I'm the &ief, out of consiileration
for'me and lor the prestige of my name, they would have
preserved the name Ligo. For having rejected it, name
and all, for creating the Kctipunan, clearly proves that
neither did they count on me ror diil the Ligc serve their
p*po.o, for another association is not formed when there
i" ot" already established.
:
353
Tenth.-With regarci to my letters, I beg the Coqncil, if
there are in them some acrimonious criticisms, to consider.
the times in which I wrote them. At that time they
I
had stripped us cf our'trvo houses, rvarehouses, lands, etc.
anC in additioir banished all rrv brothers-in-larv and rny
I
brother as a result of a litigation brought about by a ques-
I
tion cf the Depaltment of Financc-a Iitigation in rvhich
i
the larv was on our sidc, according to our larvyer 1\&,
Linares Rivas.
I
Lleuentlt.---That I have enriured rny deportation with
I
resignation not for the reason alleged, which rvas not accu-
i rate, but fol what I had already rvritten you. And., as to
my behavior duling the Iour years of my deportation, in-
I
quire from the politico-miirtary comrnanders of the District,
i
fl'om the people, and e.reir from the missionaiy priests them-
I
selves, despite my personal controversies with one of them.2
TwelJth.*All these facts and considerations destroy the
I
I
groundless accusations of those rvho have declared against
I
me and I irave asked the judge of ;rstruction to confront
me with my accusers. Is it possible that in one night alone
I
I
I could have brought aU the ft\ibustetismo to a meeting at
rvhich commerce, etc. was raken up, a meeting that didn't
I
go beyond ihere for it died afte::wards? If the few who
were present had taken my rvords seriously, they would
I
not have allowed the Liga to die. Did those rvho for-m part
of the Ligo that uight organize the Katiputtan? I donlt
believe so. Who went to Dapitan to talk s,ith me
I
sons entirely unknown to me. 1{hy did they not
I
sion a person known to me so that I
I
lr
confidence? Because those who knew
I
that I have given up politics, dr being aware of.
df thinking rVith regard' to rebellions,
a useless and likely unsuccessful step.
I hope to have demonsh.ated
that neither have I established
L
 3s4
THE PHIUPPINES A^S A SPAI'IISII COIONY
ticnary pirrposes nor have I taken part in others nor parti-
cipated in the rebellion but rather on the contrary I have Ite following ls arxEngtislr translation
oI a frapreat of g Rizal MS, wtthort
been opposed to it, as has been sltown with the publication title, apparcntly a fough draft for thc .

of a private conversation. tvo Dages, whose photostatic copy ir

before ru, bave maay corrcctioos b3r
hin, Ee idea here:treat€d i8,iali,
tqud ,n hfu published essay, "Eiliptpes
Josf itrzar, dentro de eicu a6os" (fte Ptriltppia*
e Century llence.)

ilear" tr'uotzrr oB Sarrhco i,

26'December 1896 colors, would be worth as much or more than the drearneri
of independence which, perhaps troubled by internal dis-
cords, rvould place the Metropolis in a favorable situation.
And let not some people say that because the country
and its inhabitants are hated, the latter would. pay in ex-
cess and in the same coin the insults and injuries they
have rcceived, that the feeling of afiection (for the Mother
Country) is already coinpietely dedd. Of course it shculd
be already dead if the Filipino people were not a young
people that forgets the harshest ofiense when it sees that
there had been no bad intention and if Machiavelli's keen
observation were not true: "La natura d'ournini e cosi
obligarsi per le beneficii che essi' fanno come per quelli
che essi ricevono." (For it is the nature of men to he
bound by the benefits they confer as much as by thoie

I
Nicolo lvlachiavelli, The Prince, tradated by W.K,
1920 edition, p. 87

"...1
MANTFESTO TO, SOIVIE FILIPINOS 349
also yritten (and my words have been repeated)
that
reforms, in order to be fruitful, mr:st corrre fi.om
aboae,
FsLLow CouNrnvrtrpN: that those that come from belota are shaky, irregular,
and
On my return from Spain i learned insecure. Nurtured in those ideas, I can,t but condemn
arid
that rny name had been used as a war cry among those in I do condemn that absurd, savage uprising, plotted behinti
arrned revolt. Ihe news was a painful surprise to me; but my back, that dishonors us Filipinos and discredits
those
believing i:hat everything was already over, I kept silent in who can intercede in our behalf. i abhor its
criminal
the face of an accomplished fact beyond repair. Now I per- methods and I reject any kind of participation
in it, deplor-
ceive rumors that disturbances' continue, ahd in case some ing with all the sorrow of my heart that the
unwary have
continue using my name in good or bad faith, in order to pre- allowed themselves to be deceived. Return then
to your
vent this abuse and undeceive the unwary, I hasten to atl- homes and may God forgive those who have
acted irr bad
dress to you these lines so that the truth may be known. faith.
Since the beginning, when I heard of what was being planneil,
I opposed it and fought it, and I demonstrated its absolute Josi Rrznr,
impossibility. fhis is the truth and those who heard me Real Funnz.e, os SairuAco
are living. I was convinced that tlle idea was highly absurd 75 December 1896
and what was worse, fatal. I did more. When later-, * ,1. rt
despite my counsels, the uprising broke out, I offered spon-
taneously, not only my services, but also my life, and even
my name so that they might use them in the way they deem
opportune in order to quench the rebellion; for, convinced
of the evils that it might bring, I considered myself h"ppy
if with any sacrifice, I could forestall so many needless mis-
fortunes. Ihis is also on record.
Fellow Countrymen: I have given proofs as one who
anost want Jibsrties for our country and I continue wantihg
them. But I put as a premise the education of the people
so that through education and work, they might have a
personality of their own and make themselves _worth{ of
them. In my writings I have recommended stu@livic
virtues, without which redemption is impossible. I have
348 I
.