LECTURE ZERO

PHY109 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS

 PHY109 – ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Text Books: ENGINEERING PHYSICS by HITENDRA K MALIK AND A K
SINGH, MCGRAW HILL EDUCATION, 1st Edition, (2009)

References:
ENGINEERING PHYSICS by B K PANDEY AND S CHATURVEDI,
CENGAGE LEARNING, 1st Edition, (2009).

ENGINEERING PHYSICS by D K BHATTACHARYA, POONAM TONDON

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS by HALLIDAY D., RESNICK R AND

WALKER J, WILEY, 9th Edition, (2011)
 What is Engineering Physics???
 Engineering physics is the study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics
and engineering.
 By focusing on the scientific methods, it seeks ways to apply, design, and develop new
solutions in engineering.
 Engineering physics provides a more thorough grounding in applied physics for some
specialized branches viz. optics, quantum mechanics, materials sciences, applied
electronics, nanotechnology, photonics etc.
 It is devoted to creating and optimizing engineering solutions through enhanced
understanding and integrated application of mathematical, scientific, statistical, and
engineering principles.
 Why Study Engineering Physics???

 Because it gives you a nice blend of Physics and Engineering,

which is not possible if you go only with either Physics or
Engineering.
 It prepares you to apply physics to tackle 21st century
engineering challenges, and to apply engineering to
address 21st century questions in physics.
 Industries that need people with very strong scientific
backgrounds consider the understanding in Engineering
Physics a big plus.
 Why Study Engineering Physics???
With knowledge in Engineering Physics

 You can work on the forefront ideas in technology and

science, in either industry or academia.
 Areas might include aerospace, biophysics, medical
physics, renewable energy (photovoltaics, battery
technology, fuel cells, ...), transportation, quantum
information science, semiconductors, or materials
development.
 Why Study Engineering Physics???
Career Path in Engineering Physics

 Careers could also include systems engineering, teaching,

medicine, law (especially intellectual property or patent
law), science writing, history of science, philosophy of
science, science policy, energy policy, government, or
management in technical fields.
 The preparation in engineering physics is a great for
almost any career, because they teach you how to analyze
complex problems and they give you a strong quantitative
background that can be applied in any technical field.
 How do I blend Physics and Engineering together???
Well, let’s begin our journey with some everyday life’s examples of applications of Physics in
making engineering work: Here comes the ‘Engineering Physics.’

Do you know how a ‘Ball point’ pen

work?

Gravity: As your pen moves across the paper and the ball
turns, the gravitational force on the ink pulls the ink down
onto the top of the ball where it is transferred onto the
paper.
 How do I blend Physics and Engineering together???
Do you love music? I bet you do. In fact many of you right now listening to
me using your head phone/ear-phone. Do you know how a head-phone or
an ear phone works?

Before answering the question, let me tell you how sound waves are
created. It is created by vibrating Air column and we use this technique in
all musical instruments to produce sound.

Now come back to our original question.

Diaphragm
(Plastic)

Copper Ring
(Voice Ring)
Please Note, It is attached to Permanent
the Diaphragm Magnet
Current through the wire from
your device reaches to the
copper ring. From the theory of
electromagnetism (we will learn
in this course), this makes the
copper ring an electromagnet.
This electromagnet changes it’s
polarity as current flows through
it. And it vibrates inside the
permanent magnet and thus the
diaphragm vibrates, attached to
it, producing sound wave.
How do I blend Physics and Engineering together???

How does a Mobile phone work?

When you talk over phone, your voice is picked up by

your phone’s microphone and then converts your voice
into a digital signal in the form of 0s and 1s with the help
of Mems (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) sensor and
ICs.

An antenna inside your phone converts this digital signal in

the form of radio wave, which is an EM wave and
transmits it. It also acts as an receiver of oncoming radio
waves too.
 A geographic area is divided into hexagonal cells and each
cell has it’s own cell tower and frequency range, at which it
operates. These cell towers are interconnected with each
other by fiber optic cable, globally and as well as regionally.
These optical fiber cables (We will learn in Unit-III) are laid
under the ground or under the ocean to provide national
and international connectivity.

The EM wave transmitted by your cell phone’s antenna is

picked up by the nearest cell tower and it converts these
signals into light pulses which again goes through some more
signal processing at the base of the tower. After the signal
processing, the light pulses are sent to the destination tower,
which de-converts light into EM wave.
 The destination tower
Destination tower transmits the signal and it
EM Wave could be picked up by the
carrying your antenna of your friend’s
Voice
cell phone, if he/she is in
the same tower region or
it can be rerouted to your
friend’s cell phone through
a mobile switching center
(MSC). Here the optical
fiber connection and
satellite comes in handy, if
your friend is in different
country or in another
PHYSICS: Transmission of EM wave, Modulation/De-modulation/ continents. But the basic
Principle of Optical fiber communication, Electromagnetism etc.
working is based on
transmission of EM waves.
 How do I blend Physics and Engineering together???
How does a CT scan work?

 Huge applications in healthcare industry, security industry etc.

 Can generate 2D and as well as 3D images of any object with it’s internal
structure.
 Can be used with X-Rays, Millimeter waves, THz waves, high energy
electrons beam etc.
 It is based on the principle of absorption/attenuation, reflection,
diffraction, scattering etc. of an EM wave.
 The radiation must be able to penetrate the material for the CT scanning.
 CT stands for computed tomography.
 Not all imaging techniques are CT, it is a special type of imaging technique
which uses some dedicated algorithm.
 A CT scan is an imaging technique that creates cross sectional images with the help of
computer processing, that’s why the name computed tomography (CT).
 A CT image is more detailed than conventional X-Ray images and can reveal bones and as
well as soft tissues.
 A Conventional X-Ray uses a fixed source that sends X-Ray in single direction and takes
the image. Here the detector, the source and the object all three remains fixed.

CT Images
Conventional X-Ray Image
 CT scan uses a motorized source and detector system that rotates around the
objects/patient while the source shoots up narrow beam of X-Ray towards the object to be
scanned. The detector is installed directly opposite to the source and the X-Ray passing
through the object is picked up by the detector and directly transmitted to the computer for
further processing. The computer calculates the absorption/attenuation of the beam and
reconstruct the image of any cross-section of the object, the X-Ray scanned through.

Please note, the detector-source system

rotates and as well as vertically scan
through the objects so that it can cover
the complete object and thus can
generate a 3D image. Image slices can be
viewed either in 2 D or stack together to
form the complete 3D image of the object.

X-Ray Detector CT Scan Procedure X-Ray Source

Did you have some fun with Engineering Physics? Did you able correlate
engineering Physics with your daily life with some exciting applications?
Remember, Physics is every where, you just need to find it. Let’s discuss
about the course contents of PHY 109. This course is divided into 6 major
units and I will guide you through this course briefly very soon.
 Total Credit 4
 Total number of lectures each week: 3 (1 Hour each)
 Total number of tutorial each week: 1 (1 hour)
 Tutorial will be dedicated for the understanding of the concept through numerical problems
solving.
 First 3 units will be taught before mid-term examination and the last 3 units will be taught after
the mid-term examinations.
 There will be total 3 CAs (Continuous Assessments) 30 marks each. Two question/answer based,
one before mid-term and another after mid-term. Best one of these two CAs will be considered
for final grading.
 The third one is compulsory, also known as, ‘Lab at Home’. You will be assigned one or two
topics and you will work on it at your convenient and turn it in at the end of the semester or
whenever you will be asked to.
 Course Assessment Model

Attendance 5
Continuous Assessment 30
Mid Term Exam 25
End Term Exam 40
Total 100 Marks
 Unit-I (Electromagnetic theory)
What you will learn:

Scalar and vectors fields.

Some vector Operations (Divergence, Gradient and Curl).
Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem.
Gauss’s Law in electrostatics.
 Poisson and Laplace equations and continuity equation.
Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction.
Amperes’ Law and it’s correction by Maxwell.
Maxwell electromagnetic equations.
 Unit-I (Electromagnetic theory)
Blending Physics and Engineering from this Unit:
You will be able to:
 Understand the behavior of electric field inside a dielectric media and thus importance of
capacitor as a charge storing device.
 Calculate electric field anywhere in space or inside any object easily by symmetry.
 Understand how an electric motor and an electric dynamo work.
 Understand how electromagnetic waves behave inside a material or in free space by using
Maxwell’s equations.
 Understand how battery works as a charge storing device and provides us with electricity
when in need.
 Unit-II (Lasers and Applications)
What you will learn:

Principle of Production of Laser.

Absorption and emission of Light.
Concept of spontaneous and stimulated emission.
Population Inversion and Resonant Cavity.
ND-YAG, He-Ne and semiconductor Laser.
Applications of Laser.
Holography and applications of hologram.
 Unit-II (Lasers and Applications)
Blending Physics and Engineering from this Unit:
You will be able to:

 Understand why not all materials can be used to produce LASER.

 Explain why different materials gives us LASER of different wavelengths.
 Understand why LASER is used widely in medical sciences.
 Understand why LASER is used to produce hologram.
 Understand why LASER could be a potential weapon for future warfare.
 Importance of LASER in various industry.
 Unit-III (Fiber Optics)
What you will learn:

Working Principle of Fiber Optics cable.

Numerical Aperture, Acceptance Angle, Relative Refractive index.
Different types of fiber and their importance.
V-number and it’s importance.
Different types of losses inside an optical fiber.
Applications of optical fiber.
 Unit-III (Fiber Optics)
Blending Physics and Engineering from this Unit:
You will be able to:

 Understand why copper wire has been almost replaced with fiber optics by modern day
telecommunication industry.
 Understand why there is almost negligible loss in power even if the signal travels
thousands of miles through fiber optic cable.
 Understand why fiber optic cable is more efficient in telecommunication compared to
conventional copper wire.
 Understand why different types of fiber optic cables are available in the market for
different purposes.
 Explain how a single fiber optic cable is capable of transmitting thousands of signals
without interfering with each other.
 Unit-IV (Quantum Mechanics)

What you will learn:

History of development of quantum mechanics and why it is needed.

 Black body radiation, Photo-electric effect, Atomic spectra.
 De-Broglie wave hypothesis, wave-particle duality, Heisenberg
Uncertainty principle and Birth of quantum mechanics.
 Concept of group and phase velocity and it’s importance.
 Concept of wave function and it’s significance. Four postulation of
quantum mechanics.
 Applications of Schrödinger equation: Particle in a box.
 Unit-IV (Quantum Mechanics)
Blending Physics and Engineering from this Unit:
You will be able to:

 Explain why electron can also be used as an imaging tools, not just light or an EM wave.
 Explain why electrons beam shows interference pattern.
 Explain why tiny atomic particles (electrons) have discrete energy levels and why it plays a
major role in semi-conductor industry.
 Understand some working principles of quantum computer.
 Explain many phenomena in atomic and sub-atomic world.
 Unit-V (Waves)
What you will learn:

Interference of Waves and resonance.

Infrasonic waves, sound waves and ultrasonic waves.
Production of Ultrasonic waves: a. Magnetostriction method and b.
Piezo-electric method.
Applications of ultrasonic waves: Ultrasonic transducers and it’s uses.
Detection of ultrasonic waves: a. Kund’s tube method. b. Sensitive
flame method. c. Piezo-electric detectors.
Absorption and dispersion of ultrasonic waves.
 Unit-V (Waves)
Blending Physics and Engineering from this Unit:
You will be able to:
 Explain how transmission of radio, telephone and TV signals are done.
 Understand why ultrasonic waves is preferred rather than EM wave in some areas of
healthcare industry for imaging purposes.
 Explain why ultrasonic waves is used in SONAR.
 Understand why ultrasonic wave preferred for NDT rather than high energy EM wave.
 Understand how fishermen use ultrasonic wave to determine the best fishing locations.
 Unit-VI (Solid State Physics)
What you will learn:
Free electron theory: a. Classical and b. Quantum
Diffusion and Drift current.
Fermi-Dirac distribution function and concept of Fermi energy level.
Band theory of solids: Formation of allowed and forbidden bands.
Concept of effective mass, concept of holes and it’s significance.
Conductor, semi-conductor and insulators. Different types of Semi-
conductor: Intrinsic and Extrinsic semi-conductor. Direct and Indirect
band gap semi-conductor.
Hall effect: Derivation of Hall Voltage and Hall coefficient.
 Unit-V (Waves)
Blending Physics and Engineering from this Unit:
You will be able to:
 Understand the working principle of LED lights and why it is preferred than normal
incandescent lights.
 Understand how a transistor work and how we use it in semi-conductor industry to
manufacture chips.
 How memory devices, like hard drive, SSD etc. work.
 Explain the importance of semi-conductor and basic difference between conductor and
semi-conductor and how we can use them for different purposes.
Thank you!