Module Making

Nouns and Pronouns
Your partner in learning… Page 1

Life is a phase. It is a series of new beginnings. As you venture into
your high school year, you will begin another colourful and
meaningful chapter in your life. The high school is the start of your
journey toward a new and stronger you. You will experience the
adventure of discovering your true potential and the influence of
the people around you. Hopefully, that experience will create a
new and better you.
“The secret of getting somewhere in this world is to get started now.”

–Hugh Allen
Critical Viewing. Power lines such as these keep communications moving. Use two or three
nouns in a sentence to describe the picture.
Diagnostic Test
Directions: Write all answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Skill Check A. List the nouns from the following sentences. Label each one person, place, or, thing.
1. Many are reluctant to change, but we need to change in order to grow.
2. I tried to avoid changes, so I never really grew.
3. The journey to maturity is full of lessons.
4. No one really knows what lies ahead, for the future remains unknown.
5. Our parents and elders have always tried to remind us that life is beautiful but difficult.
6. Change is neither right nor wrong, but it is an inevitable part of life.
7. If you want to avoid changes in life, you had better stop living.
8. Everybody says that life in this world is a collection of joyous and painful memories.
9. Society is constantly evolving, so we must keep up and see the positive things brought about by
these changes.
10. You may choose to grow and change or remain safe and still.
Skill Check B. Copy the following phrases, and underline the nouns. Label each noun common or
proper. If the noun is collective or compound, label it so.
11. a family of computers
12. in the United States or Canada
13. to call a trouble-shooter for help
14. a team of specialists
15. Alexander Graham Bell and other inventors
Skill Check C. Identify the pronouns in the following sentences, and label each pronoun personal,
demonstrative, relative, interrogative, or definite.
16. Who took her class on computer technology?
17. Did your teacher tell you what year they built these calculators?
18. Does anyone know if it was in the 1930?
19. Suppose you are going to tell the story of Joseph and his brothers.
20. Jack said his father gave him a baseball.

1.1 Nouns
Nouns are naming words. Nouns help people identify what they are Subject: Communication
talking or thinking about.
---------------------------------------
KEY CONCEPT. A noun is the name of person, place, thing,
In this section, you will learn
or idea
how nouns are classified. The
Study the list of nouns in the chart. examples and exercises are
about the ways in which we
communicate.
People
farmer Alexander Graham Bell ----------------------------------------
Filipinos student
Places Subject Integration: Science
Antique waiting room and Social Studies
Theatre St. Augustine’s Academy
Things
(Living and Nonliving Things That You Can see)
flowers ballpoint pen
goldfish modem
elephant poem
(Ideas and Things that you cannot usually see)

success revolution
happiness fairness
anger health
Exercise 1. Identifying Nouns. Identify the nouns in each of the

following sentences. Explain why each word you have identified
functions as a noun.
1. The police chief said the victim was single, good-looking, and was
known to have an active night life.
2. The case is under investigation, but Reyes said it appeared the
motive was a personal grudge.
3. A lone a gunman shot dead the German-Italian food and
beverage executive of the Makati-Shangri-La hotel at 7am in the
city’s business district, police said.
Critical Viewing. This man
4. Mazza’s body was found slumped on the pavement past 7:30am
is able to communicate while on
by a pedestrian who reported the incident to a security guard.
a zip line. Explain how he does
5. Senior Superintendent Mark Reyes, Makati Police Chief,
this, using nouns for things you
identified the victim as Sergio Mazza, 38, who sustained at least
can and cannot see in your
three gunshot wounds to the head.
sentences.

1.1.1 The two main classes of nouns are proper noun and
common noun.
KEY CONCEPT. A proper noun is the name of a specific

person, place or thing. A proper noun may be made up of
one word or more than one word. Every important word in
a proper noun is capitalized.
EXAMPLES: This proper and common nouns

Lord of the Rings (movie) Of Mice and Men section directs the student to
(novel) capitalize the proper nouns in
A Love to Last (TV Program) J.K. Rowling (author) each sentence. A proper noun
names a special person, place,
KEY CONCEPT. A common noun is any member of a group thing or idea. This proper nouns
of persons, places or things. worksheet gives good practice
with finding the proper nouns
EXAMPLES:
in each sentence and
Common Noun Proper Noun
capitalizing them. Learning how
city Iloilo City
to capitalize proper nouns
river Sibalom River
correctly is an important skill to
school The School of Athens
master.
street Real Street
book Bridges to
Grammar and Style Tip
Communication
relative Aunt Jo Adding proper nouns will help
team Blue Eagles make your writing more
informative. Instead of writing
Exercise 2. Capitalize the proper nouns in each sentence below. “The telephone was invented in
Example A: I went to catholic school when i was young. Answer: I the 1800’s,” you might write,
went to Catholic school when I was young. “The telephone was invented by
Alexander Graham Bell in the
1. I live in the state of texas.
1800’s.”
____________________________________________________
----------------------------------------
2. Do you think that stan is your best friend?
Spelling Tip
____________________________________________________
3. I must say that sarah is a very smart student. If you’re not sure whether or
____________________________________________________ not a noun is proper and should
4. The dodgers are good baseball team. be capitalized, always check in a
____________________________________________________ dictionary
5. I live on lightview street.
____________________________________________________
6. asia is a very large continent.
____________________________________________________
7. I live in the united states of america.
____________________________________________________

1.1.2 Nouns are also grouped according to the kind of thing
they name: concrete or abstract.
KEY CONCEPT. A concrete noun names a thing that is

tangible (can be perceived by one or more of the senses).
Concrete nouns are either proper or common.
EXAMPLES:
countries, water, guitar, author, table
This is the concrete nouns
KEY CONCEPT. An abstract noun names an idea, quality, section. A Concrete Noun names
feeling, or condition, concept, theory; in other words, those a person, place or thing that can
that cannot be seen or touched. be perceived by one or more of
the senses. (sight, hearing, taste,
EXAMPLES:
touch, or smell) Concrete nouns
love, hate, excellence, poverty, illness
are tangible and can be felt. The
KEY CONCEPT. Sources of Abstract Nouns opposite of a concrete noun is
an abstract noun. Whereas a
Exercise 3. Identify the underlined word in each sentence as either concrete noun can be seen,
a concrete noun (C) or an abstract noun (A). touched and smelled, an
abstract noun cannot. Abstract
nouns are not tangible. They are
1. Despite the bad news, Mother still had hope that the nouns that express feeling and
house would be built. thought. It is important to learn
the differences between
2. Father had a new idea about how to raise money for concrete and abstract nouns.
the project.
3. He usually scratched his head when thinking about

something important.
4. He thought the townspeople might be interested in

a raffle.
5. If enough people wanted the prize, the raffle would

create great excitement.
6. Father decided to put up his horse for the raffle prize.
7. Many people in the town believed that luck was on

their side.

8. They bought scores of tickets, at ten dollars apiece.
9. When Mother saw the final sale totals, she felt great joy.
10. We had enough money to build the house, which became a source of pride for us.

Abstract Nouns from

Abstract Nouns from Concrete Nouns
Abstraction results when the suffix ism, ship, or try is added to the
concrete noun.
EXAMPLES:
hero - heroism president - presidency
friend - friendship dentist - dentistry
Abstract Nouns from Verbs

These abstract words are formed when the suffix ance, ment, or ion
is added to verb.
EXAMPLES:
annoy - annoyance enjoy - enjoyment
persevere - perseverance opine - opinion
Abstract Nouns from Descriptive Adjectives

When the adjective takes either the suffix ism, ness, ity. When the
final ant of an adjective is changed to ance and the final ate is
changed to acy
EXAMPLES:
good - goodness curious - curiosity
elegant - elegance intimate - intimacy
KEY CONCEPT. Count nouns are words that refer to things

that can be counted; they can be made plural mostly by the
addition of s to the words. However, some nouns form their
plural by following special rules.
EXAMPLES:
table - tables boy - boys
pen - pens car - cars
KEY CONCEPT. Mass nouns are words that name non-

countable things. They denote things that come in bulk. Critical Viewing. The first
They are generally considered singular in number. Units of postmaster general of the
measure may be used before them to show number or United States was Benjamin
quantity. Expressions such as a little, a lot of, much or some Franklin. Tell what else you
may also be used to indicate plurality. know about him, using
EXAMPLES: compound nouns in your
Singular Plural sentences.
a piece of chalk pieces of chalk
a cup of rice cups of rice

a flash of lightning flashes of lightning
Names of gases are also mass nouns (oxygen, helium, carbon dioxide)
Exercise 4. Tell whether the underlined noun is countable or

uncountable.
1. He used the computer to find more information.
2. She unfolded the towel on the sand.
3. There was too much furniture in the room.
4. A student sat down in her seat.
5. The radio was playing a beautiful song.
6. The teacher gave the students some advice. This is the collective nouns
7. Steven had to hang a picture on the wall. section. A collective noun is a
8. Sarah played the music for the class. word that refers to a group. A
9. The rice was steaming on a plate. collective noun is a collection of
10. She put the jelly bean into her mouth and things taken as a whole. For
chewed. example, a collective noun can
represent a group of people,
KEY CONCEPT. Collective nouns are names of groups or animals, or things. It is
clusters of persons, places or things taken as one. important how to identify and
write with collective nouns
EXAMPLES:
a group of ants – colony a group of dancers – troupe
a group of birds – flock, flight a group of chickens – brood ----------------------------------------
a group of fish – school a group of musicians – orchestra
a group stars – constellation a group of teachers – faculty This section will help students
a group of singers – choir a group of flowers – bouquet to enhance their study and
a group of office employees – staff understanding of compound
nouns, for beginner students or
KEY CONCEPT. Compound nouns are nouns made up of two
individuals who are struggling
or more words. Some compound nouns are written as one
word (basketball), some as two words (high school), and with the concept. First, though,
some as hyphenated words (sister-in-law).To form the plural learners must understand what
of compound nouns written as more than one word or a compound noun is. Further
hyphenated, make the most important part plural. Examples: complicating the matter is the
firefighters, mothers-in-law fact that not all compound
nouns are made exclusively
Exercise 5. Understanding Plural Compound Nouns. Write the
from nouns. Prepositions and
plural form of the compound noun in parentheses to complete each
sentence. adjectives also come into play.
1. Many (African American) published slave narratives during
the midnineteenth century.
2. (Milk shake) may also be called frappes, cabinets, or velvets,
depending on where you live.
3. The general brought several (aide-de-camp) with him to the
meeting.
4. Even the (runner-up) at the Olympics are noteworthy
athletes.

5. The bridal shower was arranged by Gwen’s two future (sister-in-law).
6. During the twentieth century, scientists made many medical (breakthrough).
7. Several of the factory owner’s (son-in-law) carried (walkie-talkie) so that they could stay in
close contact.
8. Mom was just one of the many winners of the (Woman-of-the-Year) contest.
9. (Chief-of-staff) for United States presidents have highly stressful jobs.
10. (Babysitter) may be expected to bathe children and put them to bed.
Identifying and Understanding Collective Nouns. Underline the collective noun in each of the
following sentences. Then complete each sentence by choosing the correct form of the verb in
parentheses.
1. The class (learns, learn) about World War I.
2. The army (plans, plan) an overland route.
3. Our fleet (arrives, arrive) at the coast today.
4. The company (expands, expand) because of the increase in sales last year.
5. The dance troupe (practices, practice) their solos in the studio.
6. The colony of rabbits (lives, live) under the front porch.
7. A gaggle of geese (flies, fly) across the bright blue sky.
8. The family (sits, sit) down on opposite sides of the bench.
9. The pride of lions (scatters, scatter) across the plain to attack their prey.
10. Each party (nominates, nominate) a candidate for president.

1.1.3 Nouns are also grouped into three cases. Their case tells
how nouns are related to the other words used with them.
KEY CONCEPT. Nouns are in the nominative case when

they are used as:
a. Subject of a verb
The lawmaker asked the body to approve a freeze on Nouns in the English language have
nuclear weapon. three cases: subjective, objective
His feet began to move at the sound of the drum. and possessive. The case of the
noun depends on how the noun
functions in the sentence. Is the
b. Predicate noun or predicate nominative. A predicate noun used as the main subject of
noun follows a form of the be verb (is, are, was, were, the sentence? Is the noun used to
been) and repeats or renames the subject. show possession of something
else? Is the noun in the sentence
The leader of the group is Jolly. receiving something from another
Julia is a friend who will be loyal at all times. object? Does the noun follow a
preposition? Answering the above
KEY CONCEPT. Nouns are in the objective case when they questions can help you determine
the type of nouns found in a
are used as: sentence.
a. Direct object Identify Noun Case Activity
Materials Needed: Post-Its and large easel paper
The human race needs peacemakers. or newsprint.
Preparation:
The foreign investors expressed their enthusiasm. Depending on the size of the class, the teacher will
need to prepare a large easel paper for each group.
On each paper write these sentences:
b. Indirect object 1. Fluffy meowed, chased a mouse and then found
the dog's toy.
The new officers promised the boys reforms. 2. Bobby kicked the ball in Mr. Wilson's yard.
3. Mother made cookies in Grandma's new oven.
The committee sent Maria her papers. 4. Lonnie took the football and ran to Grant's
house.
5. Jennifer gave Jodi a present.
Directions for Game:
c. Object of preposition Step 1 -- Divide students into groups or teams of
Our hope for peace is within the hearts of the common three or four students. It is best if a leader is
elected to help the group make quick decisions.
people. Step 2 -- Give each group an easel paper with the
five sentences and a stack of Post-Its.
The gift from Grandfather is for Aida. Step 3 -- The team will need to identify each
underlined noun as object, subject or possessive
with Post-Its. All teams have 60 seconds.
Step 4 -- When the 60 seconds is up, the teacher
KEY CONCEPT. Nouns are in the possessive case when can turn over the sheets that are correct. The
they show possession or ownership. teams that have the papers facing up have 60
more seconds to re-arrange the Post-Its to get
The winner’s lips curled into a smile as he delivered his them all correct.
Step 5 -- Do this in 60-second increments until all
speech. teams have the sentences correctly identified. The
teams that had the nouns labeled correctly can
I borrowed Bunny’s pen. make up five new sentences for other teams to
identify using the first set as a model.
1.1.4 Nouns can be classified according to gender or sex. For fun, the team that completes the task first can
masculine (male) - father, brother, men, bull, rooster win candy and/or help the teacher tell the other
teams if they have any wrong each time they
feminine (female) - mother, sister, aunt, women complete the task.
neuter (without sex) - tree, cabinet, table

indefinite (male or female)

1.1.5 Section Review
GRAMMAR EXERCISES 6-12
Exercise 6. Identifying Nouns. Identify the 10. In the United States, about one of
nouns in each of the following sentences. every 250 Americans had telephone
Explain why each word that you identified by the year 1894.
functions as a noun.
1. Alexander Graham Bell invented the
telephone. Exercise 8. Supplying Nouns. In the
2. His invention was patented in 1876. following sentences, fill in the missing word
3. This invention was able to transmit a with the kind of noun requested.
voice over wires. 1. (Proper noun) in vented the (common
4. Before the telephone, people could noun).
only transmit clicks, using telegraphs. 2. A television transmission is called a
5. Bell then founded the Bell Telephone
(common noun)
Company.
3. Because we have (compound noun),
Exercise 7. Classifying Nouns. Write the we are able to watch more than 60
collective, compound, or proper noun in each channels.
of the following sentences. Label each type of 4. Before the (common noun), people
noun. had to listen to the radio for news.
1. In 1895, a system was built that 5. My favorite baseball (collective noun)
enabled a group to send and receive is the (proper noun).
signals through the air.
2. This system of sending electrical Exercise 9. Writing Sentences With Noun.
signals was called radio by its Use each of the following kinds of nouns in a
audience. sentence.
3. A crowd in New York hard the first 1. common noun that names a place
broadcast in 1906. 2. proper noun that names a person
4. Philo T. Farnsworth was the first 3. collective noun
American inventor to use television 4. hyphenated compound noun
technology. 5. noun that names an idea
5. The first regularly scheduled program
was broadcast on July 1, 1941 in New Exercise 10. Find It in Your Reading.
York City. Examine a newspaper or magazine article to
6. Eventually, department stores began find examples of common and proper nouns.
to carry these new appliances.
7. Thanks to teams of experts, radio Exercise 11. Find It in Your Writing. Review
technology improved rapidly. a piece of your own writing to find at least
8. Today, radio stations offer two examples of collective and compound
communities many choices. nouns.
9. How would Americans had follow
football without radio and Exercise 12. Writing Application. Write ten
televisions? sentences of your own to describe your use of
a type of technology. Include at least ten
common nouns and four proper nouns in
your description.

1.2 Pronouns
Theme: Computers
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. They are generally
use when it would not make sense to repeat a noun over and over ---------------------------------------
again. Imagine, for example, that you are writing about Aunt Jenny.
In this section, you will learn
If you were using only nouns, you might write the following about pronouns. The examples
sentence: and exercises are about the
WITH NOUNS: history and uses of computers.
Aunt Jenny was late because Aunt Jenny had waited ----------------------------------------
Basic Principle: A pronoun
for Aunt Jenny’s computer technician. usually refers to something
Cross-Curricular Connection:
earlier
Science andinSocial the Studies text
WITH PRONOUNS: (its antecedent) and must agree
Aunt Jenny was late because she had waited for her in number — singular/plural —
computer technician. with the thing to which it refers.
KEY CONCEPT. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of

a noun or of a group of words acting as a noun.
EXAMPLE: My father opened his files first.
A pronoun can also take the place of a noun used in an earlier

sentence.
EXAMPLE: My father opened his e-mail first. He couldn’t wait

any longer.
A pronoun may take the place of an entire group of words.
EXAMPLE: Trying to make the team is hard work. It takes hours

of practice every day.
Critical Viewing. What

pronouns would you use to take
the place of nouns in describing
this photograph?
1.2.1 Agreement of Pronoun and Its Antecedent

A pronoun is closely related to the noun it replaces. The noun that
the pronoun replaces has a special name. It is called the antecedent.
KEY CONCEPT. An antecedent is the noun (or group of

words acting as a noun) for which a pronoun stands.
The Latin prefix ante- means “before”, and most antecedents do
come before the pronouns that take their place. In the preceding
examples, father and trying to make the team are antecedents of
their pronouns.
EXAMPLES:
My father opened his mail first. He couldn’t wait any
longer.
Trying to make the team is hard work. It takes hours
of practice every day.
Sometimes an antecedent will come after the pronoun.

EXAMPLE:
Although he was known as an expert software
developer, Darryl enjoyed selling computers.
Occasionally, a pronoun will have no definite antecedent.

EXAMPLES:
Who will represent the class?
Everything was lost in the flood.
In these examples, the pronouns who and everything do not stand
for any specific person or thing.
Exercise 13. Recognizing Antecedents. In each of the numbered
items below, a pronoun is underlined. Write the antecedent for each
pronoun on your paper.
EXAMPLE: People use their computers for all kinds of work.
ANSWER: People
1. The earliest computers were used to calculate numbers.
They were used in the 1890’s to total the US Census.
2. International Business Machines Company (IBM) was
founded in 1924. The electromechanical calculator was its
invention.
3. The first general-purpose computer in America was called
the Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).
It was completed in 1945.
4. One of its inventors was John P. Eckert. He and John W.
Mauchly later built the first computer for commercial use.
5. The explosion of word-processing technology occurred in
the 1970’s. It gave us the ability to compose documents on
computers.
1.2.2 Kinds of Pronoun

KEY CONCEPT. Personal Pronoun – indicates whether the person is speaking, is spoken to,
or is spoken of.
a. Fist-personal pronouns, such as I, my, we, and our, are used by the person or people
speaking to refer to himself, herself, or themselves.
EXAMPLE: I waited for my computer to boot up.
b. Second-personal pronouns, such as you and your, are used to speak directly to another
person or to other people.
EXAMPLE: Shiela, you left your computer on.
c. Third person pronouns have many forms. There are separate masculine pronouns (he,
him, his) and feminine pronouns (she, her, hers) for people and neuter pronouns (it, its)
for things. Third-person pronouns refer to someone or something that may not even be
present.
EXAMPLE: I haven’t seen my grandfather in a year. He will arrive from Florida tomorrow.
Number, Person, and Case of Personal Pronouns
Singular/Plural Exercise 14. Supplying
Nominative Possessive Case Objective
Personal Pronouns. Copy
Case Case
1st person I/we my, mine/our, ours me/us the sentences below, filling
nd
2 person you your, yours You 1. Most computer
rd
3 person he/they his/their, theirs him/them 2. Karen,
she/they her, hers/their, theirs her/them 3. Mark got service
it/they its/their, theirs it/them 4. Used Local
5. Jan just installed a Local Area Network (LAN) on computer system.

KEY CONCEPT. Demonstrative Pronoun – identifies or
points out a noun without naming it. It can come before or
after its antecedent.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Singular Plural
this that these those
EXAMPLES: This is the book I chose.
Those are my new friends.
Of all my stamps, these are the most valuable.
Exercise 15. Recognizing Demonstrative Pronouns. For the

numbered items below, write each demonstrative pronoun and give
its antecedent.
EXAMPLE: That is not the network I would have chosen.
ANSWER: That (network)
1. Our home computer has a large memory. This helps it

operate faster.
2. Today’s computers have developed rapidly since the 1970’s.
These represent the latest technology.
3. We can use computers for graphic design. That is some
people’s favorite use of the computer.
4. One can also send electronic mail; most people call this e-
mail.
5. My mom made her airline reservations on our computer.
That is something my grandmother could never do.
Critical Viewing. Use two

demonstrative pronouns in a
sentence to describe what the
woman in the photograph is
doing.

KEY CONCEPT. Relative Pronoun – relates one part of a
sentence to a word in another part of the sentence.
Specifically, the relative pronoun indicates that a dependent
clause describes a noun in the independent clauses. (The
underlined word is the noun, the relative pronoun and the
dependent clause are in italics).
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
that which who whom whose
EXAMPLES: The book which I read last night taught me to use my
computer.
The teacher who taught me success principles is
Madam Percy.
The following chart gives examples of relative pronouns connecting

subordinate clauses to independent clauses.
Independent Clauses Subordinate Clauses
Here is the book that Betsy lost.
Dino bought our old house, which needs many repairs.
She is a singer who has an unusual range.
Is this the man whom you saw earlier today?
She is the one Whose house has a fire alarm.
Exercise 16. Supplying Relative Pronouns. On your paper, write

the appropriate relative pronoun for each sentence below.
EXAMPLE: Anyone can type can use a computer.
ANSWER: who
1. Communication technology is one thing is usually

changing.
2. It has influenced everyone needs to
communicate with someone else.
3. All societies have had people tried to improve
communication.
4. Writing, was one of the first forms of communication
technology, paved the way for many other developments.
5. The last century saw many people lives changed
after the invention of radio and television.

KEY CONCEPT. Interrogative Pronoun – asks a question
who, whom, which, why, where, what, when and how.
EXAMPLES: What do you know about computer?
Where do you live?
Exercise 17. Recognizing Interrogative Pronouns. Write the

interrogative pronoun in each of the following sentences.
1. What did the first computer look like?
2. Do you know which of these software programs you use
most often?
3. He asked, “Who is the computer expert here?”
4. To whom did you speak about your computer?
5. Who knows the best kind of computer for word processing?
6. Who can help me purchase a computer?
7. One computer is making a strange sound. Whose is it?
8. What happened? Which one is making the noise?
9. Of these keys, which one will make it stop?
10. What did I do wrong?
KEY CONCEPT. Reflexive Pronoun – reflects on the subject

or refers to it. A reflexive pronoun can act as a direct object
or indirect object of the verb, object of the preposition or a
predicate nominative.
EXAMPLES: I love myself. (direct object of love)
I smile at myself in the mirror. (object of preposition at)
I give myself a break. (indirect object of give)
I am truly myself every time. (predicate nominative)
Exercise 18. Recognizing Reflexive Pronouns. Write the correct

reflexive pronoun in each of the following sentences.
1. Every morning I wash and clean my teeth.
2. Jane is a baby, she is too small to eat by .
3. Peter is very lazy. He always copies his friend´s homework and never
does it by .
4. The children can decorate the Christmas tree by
.
5. Julie is always looking at in the mirror.
6. If you can´t do this exercise by , ask the teacher for
help.
7. The cat cleans with its tongue.
8. Don´t help us, Dad! I and Jim can paint the car all by .
9. You are five years old, Danny. You have to comb your hair by now.
10. Hi, Martin! Hi, Rebeca! Please, come in and make at
home.

KEY CONCEPT. Indefinite Pronoun – refers to people, places,
or things, often without specifying which ones.
Notice that a few indefinite pronouns can be either singular

or plural, depending upon their use in the sentence.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Singular or
Singular Plural
Plural
another much
anybody neither
anyone nobody All
both
anything no one any
few
each nothing more
many
either one most
others
everybody other none
several
everyone somebody some
everything someone
little something
WITHOUT ANTECEDENTS: Anyone can learn to operate a

computer.
WITH ANTECEDNTS: All of the students learned to operate
a computer.
Exercise 19. Recognizing Indefinite Pronouns. Write the

indefinite pronouns(s) in the sentences below.
EXAMPLE: Only a few of my relatives have ever used a

computer.
ANSWER: few
1. Everyone agrees that new technologies provide new

opportunities.
2. Many do their banking, shopping, and research at home on
their computers.
3. Some believe this is a much more convenient way to conduct
their business.
4. Almost everyone uses a credit card made available through
technology.
5. Others go to the grocery store, where technology – a scanner
– will tally their purchases.

Exercise 20. Recognizing Antecedents. On 3. The person to whom you are speaking
your paper, write the antecedent for each may be a good listener.
underlined pronoun. 4. He or she is the one who is on the
1. Electronic communication is
other side of this conversation.
continually expanding. We use it daily.
2. Humans have a complex system of 5. There were two people. To which one
language. It is sometimes confusing. were you speaking?
3. We use language every day because it
conveys our ideas and emotions. Exercise 23. Supplying Indefinite
4. Individuals as well as entire cultures Pronouns.
have their own unique languages. 1. Were it not for discovering
5. The Latin language, for instance, is no
electricity, much of today’s
longer spoken, but it is still written.
communication might never have
Exercise 21. Identifying Personal taken place.
Pronouns. Identify the personal pronoun(s) 2. Of the most revolutionary
in each of the following sentences. devices was the telegraph.
1. Not only do languages have a spoken 3. Before 1861, expected to
form, they also have a written form. send signals of any kind across the
2. Our teacher told us that the oldest country.
written languages are more than 4. After 1861, saw telegraph
5,000 years old. lines constructed along railway lines.
3. She also said that they began in the 5. Not thinks about the
form of drawings. telegraph anymore, but at one time it
4. The earliest pictures, she told us, were seemed like a miracle to .
found in France.
5. I know the drawings represented the Exercise 24. Find It in Your Reading.
lives of people and what was Reread a favorite a short story or poem.
happening to them at that time. Identify at least five personal or indefinite
pronouns.
Exercise 22. Recognizing Personal,
Demonstrative, Relative, Indefinite, and Exercise 25. Find It in Your Writing. Look
Interrogative Pronouns. Write the personal, through your portfolio. Find an example of a
demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and demonstrative, relative, or interrogative
interrogative pronouns in the following pronoun.
sentences. Label each type.
1. Those paintings in France are more Exercise 12. Writing Application. Write a
than 30,000 years old. dialogue in which two people discuss their
2. These are the symbols representing friends. Use pronouns in the conversation,
words. and underline each one.

Verbs

Life is a journey. It is a continuing learning experience. Your
present is a product of your past in the same way that your future
is shaped by your present. As you live life, you learn significant
lessons; you acquire wisdom; and you reach for your dreams. Now
is the time to look back at the past, to live the present, and to
anticipate the future. Hopefully, this process will help you
appreciate what has become of YOU.
“You’d better live your best and act your best and think your best
today, for today is the sure preparation for tomorrow and all the
other tomorrows that follow.” –Harriet Martineau
Critical Viewing. This illustration shows a group of friends having a dinner as they celebrate
the gift of unity among them. What verbs would you use to describe the action in this image?
Diagnostic Test
Skill Check A. Write the verb or verb phrase that appears in each sentence below, and label it
intransitive or transitive.
1. In 1861, the Northern states (the Union) and the Southern states (the Confederacy) prepared
themselves for a civil war.
2. This “War for Southern Independence” lasted more than four years.
3. The Civil War left devastating effects on America.
4. The war took more than 600,000 lives.
5. The war eliminated the possibility of secession from the Union by the Southern states.
Skill Check B. Write the following sentences. Underline the linking verb in each, and draw a
double-headed arrow connecting the words linked by the verb.
6. Slavery was a major issue leading to the Civil War.
7. Slavery had been illegal in the North.
8. However, in the South, slave labor was an important part of the economy.
9. Slavery in newly acquired western lands also became an issue between North and South.
10. It would be a bloody four-year.
Skill Check C. Write the verb(s) or verb phrase(s) from each sentence below, and label each one
action or linking.
11. Each side – North and South – grew increasingly hostile.
12. Disagreement over the various issues grew into full-fledged war.
13. To the South, the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 seemed a threat.
14. To many in the South, President-elect Lincoln appeared unsympathetic to their interests.
15. As war seemed likely, both the North and the South looked for ways to win.

2.1 Kinds of Verbs
Theme: Civil War
A verb is a word that expresses action or state of being.
---------------------------------------
KEY CONCEPT. Action verbs – express either physical or
mental activity. Words like go, come, tell, sing, dance are In this section, you will learn
action verbs. Some action verbs express action that cannot about action verbs and the
be seen. difference between transitive
Examples are believe, think, concentrate, estimate and and intransitive action verbs.
consider. The examples and exercises are
about the United States Civil
Exercise 1. Identifying Action Verbs. Identify the action verb in War.
each of the following sentences.
EXAMPLE: Most people consider slavery the chief cause of the ----------------------------------------
Civil War. Subject Integration: Social
ANSWER: consider Studies
1. We study the Civil War in history class.
2. Many call in the War Between the States.
3. Indeed, the war split our nation apart.
4. The main issues concerned slavery and the economy.
5. Some people thought the issues unresolved.
There are two (2) general classes of action verbs:

A verb is intransitive when the action it expresses is directed
toward a person or thing named in the sentence. The action passes
from the doer (subject) to the receiver of the action (objects-direct,
indirect)
Direct object – receives the action directly from the subject.
EXAMPLE: Sandy opened the window with great difficulty.
(direct object – window)
Indirect object – receives the action of a transitive verb, indirectly
and it does not have an object.
The indirect object names the person (or thing) to whom (or to
what) or for whom (or for what) something is done.
EXAMPLE: The war began.
The bus raced through the traffic light.
Exercise 1. Recognizing Transitive and Intransitive Verbs. Copy

the following sentences. Underline each action verb and identify
whether it is a transitive or an intransitive verb. For transitive verb,
Critical Viewing. The
draw an arrow from the verb to its object. For intransitive, explain
painting shows the American
why the verb is intransitive.
Civil War. Write a brief caption
1. Differing opinions drove the North and South apart.
for the painting using action
2. The North and the South fought a war.
verbs.
3. The North and South grew further apart.
4. The North and South prepared for war.
5. The election of Abraham Lincoln angered the South.

KEY CONCEPT. Linking verbs – do not express action.
Instead it connects a subject with a word that describes or
Theme: Civil War
identifies it.
---------------------------------------
EXAMPLES: He is a general for the North.
The winners were Tony and I. In this section, you will learn
He looks tired from all the fighting. about the linking verbs and the
difference between linking
The verb be is the most commonly used linking verb. verbs and action verbs. The
THE FORMS OF BE examples and exercises are
Am can be have been about the United States Civil
are could be has been War.
is may be had been
was might be could have been ----------------------------------------
were must be may have been Subject Integration: Social
am being shall be might have been Studies
are being should be must have been
is being will be shall have been
was being would be should have been
were being will have been
would have been
Any verb ending in be or been is a form of the be verb.
In addition to the verb be, a number of other verbs can be used as

linking verbs. These verbs often set up the same relationship between
words as the linking verb be does. The words that follow the verbs
identify or describe the words that precede the verbs.
OTHER LINKING VERB
appear feel look seem sound taste
become grow remain smell stay turn
EXAMPLES: He became a general in the Northern Army.

Everything smells damp and musty.
He looks very dirty from all the fighting.
Exercise 2. Identifying Linking Verbs. Copy each of the following

sentences onto your paper. Underline the linking verb in each. Then,
draw a double headed arrow connecting the words that are linked
by the verb.
1. Many events are responsible for the Civil War.
2. The other states were “slave” or “free” by choice
3. The goal of the North looked impossible.
4. It was a solution to keep balance in the Senate.
5. The Confederacy stayed focused on its goal of independence.

KEY CONCEPT. Auxiliary or helping verbs – help to form
some of the tenses, the mood and the voice of the main verb. Theme: Civil War
In the following examples, the helping verbs are italicized.
Notice how they help to change the meaning of opened. ---------------------------------------
EXAMPLES: has opened In this section, you will learn
will have opened about helping verbs and how
could have been opened
they are used in verb phrases.
is being opened
The examples and exercises are
Forms of the verb be are often used as helping verbs. about the history of flight by
SOME FORMS OF BE USED AS HELPING VERBS humans.
Helping Verbs Verbs
----------------------------------------
is opening
was being trained Subject Integration: Social
should be written Studies
had been sent
might have been played
Some other verbs can be used as helping verbs.

OTHER HELPING VERBS
do have shall can
does has should could
did had will may
would might
must
Many different verb phrases can be formed using one or more of these
helping verbs. The chart below shows just a few.
VERB PHRASES
Helping Verbs Verbs
does find
had gone
should see
will have talked
might have told
Exercise 3. Identifying Helping Verbs. For each sentence below, identify the
helping verb(s) and the main verb.
EXAMPLE: More people should have been encouraged to study flight.
ANSWER: should have been (helping verbs)
encouraged (main verb)
1. During the eighteenth century, few people applied themselves to
the study of flight.
2. Flapping-wing machines had been studied by Leonardo da Vinci
during the fifteenth century.
3. Three important devices were being invented in Europe.
4. These early inventions might have been an inspiration to da Vinci.
5. By 1809, Sir George Cayley had begun to develop the concept of
the modern airplane.

Exercise 4. Identifying Action Verbs. On 4. Confederates suffered in Union
your paper, write the action verb in each camps such as Camp Douglas.
sentence below. 5. Enormous death rates resulted from
1. On July 1, 1863, Union and
ill treatment, sanitation problems,
Confederate armies stumbled onto
each other near Gettysburg, and malnutrition.
Pennsylvania.
2. The forces quickly began a fierce Exercise 7. Revising Sentences with
battle. Transitive Verbs. Revise the following
3. Union troops held a position on a sentences by adding an object to each
Cemetery Hill for two days. sentence, making the intransitive verbs
4. Dramatic action occurred on the third
transitive.
day of battle.
5. General Pickett of the Confederate 1. The soldier fired.
Army charged the Union forces. 2. Both armies suffered.
3. The officer shouted.
Exercise 5. Recognizing Transitive Action 4. The cannonball destroyed.
Verbs. Rewrite the following sentences. 5. After the war, people rebuilt.
Underline each transitive verb, and draw an
arrow from the verb to its object. Exercise 8. Find It in Your Reading. Write
1. During the Civil War, armies used the down the verbs that are used in these lines
railroads for the first time in a large from Ray Bradbury’s “The Drummer Boy of
conflict. Shiloh.” Then, label each one transitive or
2. Railroads quickly transported intransitive.
thousands of soldiers and tons of
supplies. …He swallowed. He wiped his eyes. He
3. The North had almost twice as many cleared his throat. He settled himself.
railroad lines as the South.
4. The telegraph also brought many Exercise 9. Find It in Your Writing. Look
advantages to the combatants. over the draft of one of your recent papers,
5. Generals could coordinate military identify five sentences using verb phrases. On
movements on the battle fronts. a separate sheet of paper, revise each verb or
verb phrase to express your thoughts more
Exercise 6. Recognizing Intransitive Action precisely.
Verbs. Write the intransitive action verb used
in each sentence below. Be prepared to Exercise 10. Writing Application. Write a
explain why the verb is intransitive. brief narrative telling what happened on a
1. In the Civil War, almost all exchanges trip you took in an airplane, a train, a boat, a
of prisoners stopped in 1864. bus, or a car. Choose verbs that make the
2. People argued in the North and South event clear. Then, underline each of your verb
about the treatment of prisoners. phrases.
3. Union prisoners suffered in
Confederate camps such as the one as
Andersonville.

Adjectives
and
Adverbs

Life is a never-ending search for truth. As you travel through life,
you will ask many questions. Your knowledge and experience will
be your tools to help you find the answers to such questions and
to arrive at truths. Hopefully, at some point, you will realize that
the answer is in you.
“Some people see things as they are and say, ‘Why?’ I dream things
that never were and say, ‘Why not?’” –Robert F. Kennedy
Critical Viewing. Write three additional adjectives to describe this famous Paoay Church,
Ilocos Norte.
Diagnostic Test
Skill Check A. Write the underlined adjective on your paper, and the label each one adjective,
proper adjective, noun used as an adjective, or compound adjective. Next to each adjective, write the
noun it modifies.
1. The Supreme Court is an important American institution.
2. Article III of the United States Constitution sets definite provisions for the establishment of
the Supreme Court.
3. The United States Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and eight associate justices.
4. The nine-member bench has been constant in size since 1869.
5. The bench began with six justices in 1789.
Skill Check B. On your paper, write the article that will correctly complete each of the following
sentences.
1. (definite) United States government is controlled by a written constitution with rules that
guide government leaders.
2. (definite) judicial system makes sure those rules are interpreted and followed correctly.
3. The courts are (indefinite) part of the judicial system used to interpret the laws.
4. Cases generally reach the Supreme Court either from (indefinite) lower federal court or
from a state supreme court.
5. The Supreme Court usually takes cases from (indefinite) appeal of a lower court.
Skill Check C. Write each underlined word, and label it possessive adjective, demonstrative adjective,
interrogative adjective, or indefinite adjective. Then, write the noun each adjective modifies. If the
word is not used as an adjective, write pronoun.
1. When can the defendant appeal this court case to a higher court?
2. Whose court case needs to be appealed?
3. We count on our courts to interpret the law.
4. How many court cases are like that?
5. Few court cases are involved with these proceedings.

3.1 Adjectives
Theme: Justice System
Adjectives add description and other kinds of information to two
other parts of speech. ---------------------------------------
KEY CONCEPT. An adjective is used to describe a noun or a In this section, you will learn
pronoun. how adjectives modify the
meaning of nouns and
Here are some examples of adjectives used with nouns: serious pronouns. The examples and
judges, sleek jets, violet eyes, tall, majestic oaks. exercises are about courts and
Adjective with Nouns and Pronouns. To modify means to “change the American justice system.
slightly.” Adjectives are modifiers because they slightly change the ----------------------------------------
meaning of nouns and pronouns. Adjectives modify meaning by
adding information that answers one of four questions: What kind? Subject Integration: Social
Which one? How many? How much? In the following chart, notice Studies
how adjectives answer these questions.
What Kind?
brick house white paper
Which One?
that judge each answer
How Many?
one daffodil several roses
How Much?
no time enough raisins
An adjective usually comes before the noun it modifies, as so all the

adjectives in the chart. Sometimes, however, adjectives come after the
nouns they modify.
EXAMPLE: The legal system, serious and complex, fascinated her.
Predicates adjectives and adjectives that modify pronouns usually come

after linking verbs. Sometimes, however, adjectives may come before
pronouns.
EXAMPLES: The judge seemed kind and understanding.
She was quiet and thoughtful.
Tall and elegant, she walked into the room.
Exercise 1. Recognizing Adjectives and the Words They
Modify. Copy each of the following sentences onto your paper. Critical Viewing. Compare
Draw an arrow from each underlined adjective to the noun or the Pan-ay Church, Capiz with
pronoun it modifies. the Paoay Church in the
1. Providing legal counsel for poor people is called legal aid. previous page. Use four
2. It is available in civil and criminal cases. adjectives in your comparison.
3. Different types of legal aid in civil cases exist in other countries.
4. In 1965, civil legal aid to poor people increased substantially.
5. The government assumes responsibility for the legal aid of
criminal defendants.

3.1.1 Kinds of Adjectives
KEY CONCEPT. Articles – the three commonly used
adjectives – the, a, and an. These three words are adjectives
because they come before nouns and answer the question
Which one? Because of the way it modifies nouns, the is
called the definite article.
The, the definite article, refers to a specific person, place, or thing.

EXAMPLES: the court the attorney the broken law
A and an, the indefinite articles, refer to any one of a class of

people, place, or thing. Critical Viewing. Identify
EXAMPLES: a court an attorney a broken law three objects n the picture – one
that can be introduced by the,
A is used before consonant sounds. An is used before vowel sounds. one by a, and one by an.
Notice that you choose between a and an according to sound. The h,
a consonant, may sound like either a consonant or vowel. O and u
are vowels, but they may sometimes sound like consonants.
EXAMPLES: a hero an honor a university
an understanding a one-act play
an open door
Exercise 2. Distinguishing Between Definite and Indefinite

Articles. On your paper, write the article that will correctly
complete each of the following sentences. The word in parentheses
tells you what kind of article.
1. The right to legal representation is (definite) basis of our
legal tradition.
2. (indefinite) honest lawyer does not profit from (definite)
outcome of a case if it is contrary to the client’s interests
3. (indefinite) lawyer’s primary responsibility toward
(indefinite) client may conflict with certain ethical
principles.
4. (definite) majority of lawyers believe the conflict must be
resolved in favor of the client in most cases.
5. In (indefinite) criminal case, for example, a lawyer may have
to choose between losing (definite) case or knowingly
allowing the client to commit perjury in testifying.

KEY CONCEPT. Nouns Used as Adjectives – when a noun is
used as an adjective, it comes before another noun and
answers the question What kind? or Which one?
Nouns: court, morning
Adjectives: a court date, a morning appointment Grammar and Style Tip
Exercise 3. Identifying Nouns Used as Adjectives. Each of the Sometimes two or more adjectives
following sentences contains one noun used as an adjective. Write of equal importance are used to
the modifying noun on your paper, and next to it write the noun it describe a noun. These should be
modifies. separated with commas. A
EXAMPLE: The states, not Congress, make state laws. compound adjective, however, is not
ANSWER: state (laws) written with commas and may
1. Congress makes public laws. Critical
sometimes Viewing.
require Lawyers
a hyphen.
2. Both houses of Congress are concerned with protecting of England wear white wigs
citizen rights. such as this. What proper
3. Often, business begins after a roll call of all members. adjective would you use to
4. Although the two houses of Congress meet separately, they describe a lawyer from
sometimes meet in joint sessions. England?
5. Sometimes, government business in Congress may be
broadcast to the public on radio or television.
KEY CONCEPT. A Proper Adjective is (1) a proper noun used

as an adjective or (2) an adjective formed from a proper
noun. When a proper noun is used as an adjective, its form
does not change.
Proper Nouns Used as Proper Adjectives

Arizona Arizona desert (What kind of desert?)
Tuesday Tuesday morning (Which morning?)
Churchill Churchill memorial (Which memorial)
Proper Nouns Proper Adjectives Formed from Proper

Nouns
Elizabeth Elizabethan literature (What kind of
literature?)
Boston Bostonian architecture(What kind of
architecture?)
KEY CONCEPT. Compound Adjective – is made up of more
than one word. Most compound adjectives are written as
hyphenated words. Sometimes, however, they are written as
combined words if you are uncertain about which way to
write a compound adjective, consul a dictionary for the
correct spelling.
Hyphenated: one-sided opinion so-called expert
Combined: heartbreaking news nearsighted witness

Exercise 5. Recognizing Compound Adjectives. Find the
compound adjective in each sentence and write it on your paper.
Next to the compound adjective, write the noun it modifies.
EXAMPLE: A member of Congress should be well qualified for
his or her job.
ANSWER: well qualified (member) Spelling Tip
1. The House of Representatives is the larger governmental The interrogative pronoun whose is
body in our two-chambered Congress. one word. The word who’s is a
2. Members of the House of Representatives serve two-year contraction formed from the two
terms, and the entire membership stands for reelection words who and is.
every second year.
3. Population-based seats in the House are used to assure fair
representation for all citizens.
4. The day-to-day activities of the House of Representatives
can be seen on cable television.
5. You may notice outspoken representatives arguing about
some issues.
KEY CONCEPT. Pronouns Used as Adjectives –a pronoun is

used as an adjective if it modifies a noun.
Four kinds of pronouns are sometimes used as adjectives. They are
personal, demonstrative, interrogative, and indefinite pronouns.
a. Possessive Adjectives – the following personal pronouns are
often called personal adjectives: my, your, his, its, our, and
their. Because they have antecedents, they are considered to
be pronouns. They are also adjectives, because they answer
the question Which one?
EXAMPLE: The President is preparing his state-of-the-

union message.
This example shows that his is an adjective modifying the

noun message. His is also a pronoun because it has an
antecedent, President.
b. Demonstrative Adjectives – the four demonstrative

pronouns—this, that, these, and those—can be used as
demonstrative adjectives.
PRONOUN: I saw this.
ADJECTIVE: I’ll vote on this issue.
PRONOUN: I want those.
ADJECTIVE: Count those ballots.
c. Interrogative Adjectives – three interrogative pronouns—

which, what, and whose—can be used as interrogative
adjectives.

PRONOUN: What did he want?
ADJECTIVE: What sentence did he give?
PRONOUN: Whose is that?
ADJECTIVE: Whose courtroom is that?
d. Indefinite Adjectives – a number of indefinite pronouns—both, few, many, each, most, and
all, among others—can also be used as indefinite adjectives.
PRONOUN: I bought one of each.
ADJECTIVE: Each judge writes an opinion.
PRONOUN: I don’t want any.
ADJECTIVE: I don’t want any help.
Exercise 6. Recognizing Pronouns Used as Adjectives. Find the pronouns used as adjective in
each sentence and write it on your paper. Next to it, label it if it is possessive, demonstrative,
interrogative, or indefinite, and write the noun it modifies.
1. As First Lady, the President’s wife also has a responsibility to her country.
2. Each Supreme Court justice may serve for life.
3. Chief Executive: This is the one title of the President.
4. What would cause the impeachment of a judge?
5. Many are the basis of new laws.
6. What are the powers of the Supreme Court justices?
7. Very few judicial questions are not resolved.
8. The President appointed that ambassador.
9. We as a nation count on our President to uphold the Constitution.
10. You may notice outspoken representatives arguing about some issues.

Exercise 7. Recognizing and Classifying 6. Courts also provide much-needed
Adjectives and the Words They Modify. protection from illegal actions.
Copy each sentence onto your paper. Draw an 7. In 1848, David Dudley Field worked
arrow pointing from each underlined on the New York cod of civil
adjective to the noun it modifies. Indicate procedure.
whether each underlined word is (a) an 8. His work influenced the development
adjective, (b) a proper adjective, (c) a of our modern judicial system.
compound adjective, (d) a possessive adjective, 9. Sometimes courts resolve disputes of
or (e) a noun used as an adjective. great political and social significance.
1. A court is a government agency. 10. American, Canadian, and English
2. It makes decisions in legal disputes. governments abide by common law.
3. The disputes are often serious.
4. Defense attorneys offer legal advice. Exercise 8. Using Definite and Indefinite
5. Our court system is based on English Articles. On your paper, write the article or
common law.

articles that correctly complete each of the 6. What
following sentences. 7. That Theme: Life in the Wetlands
1. A dispute before a court may be called 8. Which
action. 9. Is ---------------------------------------
2. civil case involves possible 10. The In this section, you will learn
violation of person’s judge how adjectives modify the
rights. meaning of nouns and
3. broken contract suit is Exercise 10. pronouns. The examples and
example of a civil case. Find It in exercises are about courts and
4. criminal case involves alleged Your the American justice system.
violations of public laws. Reading. In
----------------------------------------
5. Crimes are seen as threat At Howard
to whole society. there was a Subject Integration: Science
law professor,
Charles
Exercise 9. Revising Sentences With Hamilton
Demonstrative, Interrogative, and
Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns. Exercise 11.
Identify whether each underlined word in the Find It in
following sentences is being used as a Your
pronoun or an adjective. Writing. Look
1. The Supreme Court made that
decision. Exercise 12.
2. Whose case was in court today? Writing
3. The defendant denied he took those. Application.
4. All felt he was guilty. Imagine that
5. Any defendant can waive the right to you are a
a jury trial.
3.2 Adverbs
Adverbs modify three different parts of speech—a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb. To recognize adverbs, you need to
KEY CONCEPT. Adverbs Modifying Verb – it will answer one

of four questions about the verb: Where? When? In what Critical Viewing. Use
adverbs in sentences to
Where?
describe plants, water and ther
drove down stay nearby
atmosphere in the Bakhawan-
is here jump away
When? Eco Park in Kalibo, Aklan.
report later come tomorrow
will leave soon appeared suddenly
In What Way?

cautiously approached walk quietly
smiled happily tell unwillingly
To What Extent?
nearly won had almost left
hardly counted scarcely escaped
Exercise 13. Recognizing How Adverbs Modify Verbs. Write the

underlined adverb and the verb it modifies on your paper. Then,
identify the question the verb answers about the verb.
EXAMPLE: Animals in the wetlands interact somewhat.
ANSWER: somewhat (interact; To what extent?)
1. Wetlands primarily are caused by water saturating an area.
2. Often, these wetlands result from ground water coming to
the surface.
3. Ground water moves slowly through the soil and
accumulates near the surface.
4. The water table will then rise.
5. If the water table in an area reaches the surface, wetlands
develop there.
KEY CONCEPT. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives – when an

adverb modifies an adjective, it answers the question To
what extent?
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES

almost right not sad unusually rich
Exercise 14. Recognizing How Adverbs Modify Adjectives. On

your paper, write the adverb from each sentence. After each adverb,
write the adjective it modifies.
EXAMPLE: Marshes can be very peaceful.
ANSWER: very (peaceful)
1. A marsh is somewhat similar to a swamp.
2. A marsh has a meadow plants and mostly grassy vegetation.
3. Marshes are usually treeless and shrubless.
Critical Viewing. Use at
4. They tend to have mostly soft-stemmed plants.
least four adverbs in sentences
5. In a marsh, plants are surrounded by nearly still water.
describing how this alligator
moves, looks, or feeds.
KEY CONCEPT. Adverbs Modifying Other Adverb – when
adverbs modify other adverbs, they again answer the
question To what extent?

ADVERBS MODIFYING ADVERBS
traveled less slowly move very cautiously
lost too easily lived almost happily
Exercise 15. Recognizing Adverbs That Modify Other Adverbs. In each sentence, find an adverb
that modifies another adverb by answering the question To what extent? Write this adverb,
followed by the adverb it modifies.
1. Other aquatic insects are nearly permanently bound to the water.
2. The raccoon and beaver are hardly ever seen in dry areas of the forest.
3. Many species of amphibians most certainly live in wetlands.
4. Wetland animal life is rather highly diverse and includes many aquatic insects.
5. Some aquatic insects spend only their very early stages of life in the water.
KEY CONCEPT. Adverbs or Adjective? – some words can be either adverb or adjectives. An
adverb always modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adjective modifies a
noun or a pronoun.
ADVERB MODIFYING VERB: He drove fast.
ADJECTIVE MODIFYING NOUN: he is a fast driver.
Although many adverbs end in –ly, not all words ending in –ly are adverbs. Some adjectives are
formed by adding –ly to nouns.
Nouns Adjectives With –ly Endings
a beautiful home a homely animal
an elder in the church an elderly man
his true love lovely flowers

Exercise 16. Recognizing Adverbs and the 8. Clams, shrimp, and worms jointly
Words They Modify. On your paper, write created a burrow system in this
the adverbs in the sentences below. Then, swamp.
identify the question each answers and the 9. The small creatures often hide within
word each modifies. these muddy tunnels.
1. This marsh is mostly filled with 10. Fishermen nearly always search for
plants. these areas.
2. Many snails make their home there.
3. The waterlily is very commonly found Exercise 17. Distinguishing Between
in the wetlands. Adverbs and Adjectives. On your paper,
4. It is characterized by large, nearly label the underlined word in each sentence
circular leaves.
adverb or adjective.
5. Its wide, floating leaves are normally
known as lily pads. 1. Raccoons take nightly trips for
6. Its rather bright flowers can be white, food.
yellow, pink, scarlet, blue, or purple. 2. They can move very fast.
7. The pleasantly fragrant flowers 3. They are not the only night
attract insects. prowlers.
4. Raccoons come out in the daytime
only if they are not feeling well.

5. The raccoon came too late to find 4. They can be identified by their bands
food. of color.
5. If you see one, move cautiously.
Exercise 18. Revising With Adverbs. On
your paper, revise the following paragraph by Exercise 20. Find It in Your Reading.
adding adverbs. Identify two adverbs in this sentence from
The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is the “Saving the Wetlands.” Tell what words they
largest poisonous snake in the United States. modify.
Eastern diamondbacks can grow as long as I finally came clean, but we had to throw my
eight feet, with the average length being two sneakers away.
to six feet. Like other rattle snakes, they make
a buzzing sound with the rattles on their tails Exercise 21. Find It in Your Writing. Look
when they feel threatened. They live in the through your portfolio for sentences that
southeastern Unites States and eat rabbits, describe how someone did something. Circle
rodents, and birds. any adverbs you used.
Exercise 19. Revising Sentences by Adding Exercise 21. Writing Application. Imagine
Adverbs. Add an adverb to modify the that you have put together a photo essay from
underlined word. Identify the part of speech your visit to a swamp. Write captions for
of the underlined word. several photos, making sure to include
1. Coral snakes are beautiful. adverbs.
2. Coral snakes are also precious.
3. They live in the southern United
States

References
Carroll, Joyce Armstrong, et al., (2009). Writing and Grammar. Jurong, Singapore: Pearson
Education South Asia Pte. Ltd.
Murray, Andrew V. (2010). High School Subjects for Self-Study. Quezon City, Philippines: Success
Unlimited Enterprises
Sedilla, Carleen S., et al., (2014). Skill Builders for English Proficiency. Quezon City, Philippines:
Phoenix Publishing House
Gray, J. (2017, September 20). The National Museum of American History.

http://americanhistory.si.edu/museum/welcome
(2017, October 1). Englishlinx.com. http://englishlinx.com/nouns/


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Nouns and Pronouns

Your partner in learning… Page 1

“The secret of getting somewhere in this world is to get started now.”

Your partner in learning… Page 2

(Ideas and Things that you cannot usually see)

Exercise 1. Identifying Nouns. Identify the nouns in each of the

Your partner in learning… Page 3

KEY CONCEPT. A proper noun is the name of a specific

EXAMPLES: This proper and common nouns

Your partner in learning… Page 4

KEY CONCEPT. A concrete noun names a thing that is

3. He usually scratched his head when thinking about

4. He thought the townspeople might be interested in

5. If enough people wanted the prize, the raffle would

6. Father decided to put up his horse for the raffle prize.

7. Many people in the town believed that luck was on

Your partner in learning… Page 5

Your partner in learning… Page 6

Your partner in learning… Page 7

Abstract Nouns from Verbs

Abstract Nouns from Descriptive Adjectives

KEY CONCEPT. Count nouns are words that refer to things

KEY CONCEPT. Mass nouns are words that name non-

Your partner in learning… Page 8

Exercise 4. Tell whether the underlined noun is countable or

Your partner in learning… Page 9

Your partner in learning… Page 10

KEY CONCEPT. Nouns are in the nominative case when

neuter (without sex) - tree, cabinet, table

Your partner in learning… Page 11

Your partner in learning… Page 12

KEY CONCEPT. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of

A pronoun can also take the place of a noun used in an earlier

EXAMPLE: My father opened his e-mail first. He couldn’t wait

A pronoun may take the place of an entire group of words.

EXAMPLE: Trying to make the team is hard work. It takes hours

Critical Viewing. What

1.2.1 Agreement of Pronoun and Its Antecedent

Your partner in learning… Page 13

KEY CONCEPT. An antecedent is the noun (or group of

Sometimes an antecedent will come after the pronoun.

Occasionally, a pronoun will have no definite antecedent.

Your partner in learning… Page 14

Your partner in learning… Page 15

Exercise 15. Recognizing Demonstrative Pronouns. For the

1. Our home computer has a large memory. This helps it

Critical Viewing. Use two

Your partner in learning… Page 16

The following chart gives examples of relative pronouns connecting

Exercise 16. Supplying Relative Pronouns. On your paper, write

1. Communication technology is one thing is usually

Your partner in learning… Page 17

Exercise 17. Recognizing Interrogative Pronouns. Write the

KEY CONCEPT. Reflexive Pronoun – reflects on the subject

Exercise 18. Recognizing Reflexive Pronouns. Write the correct

Your partner in learning… Page 18

Notice that a few indefinite pronouns can be either singular

WITHOUT ANTECEDENTS: Anyone can learn to operate a

Exercise 19. Recognizing Indefinite Pronouns. Write the

EXAMPLE: Only a few of my relatives have ever used a

1. Everyone agrees that new technologies provide new

Your partner in learning… Page 19