Challenges to Pakistan in 21st Century:

1. Security Challenges Of Pakistan :-

2. Defining “Security” The quality or state of being secure: such as •Freedom from threats •Freedom
from danger: SAFETY •Freedom from fear or anxiety • something that is secure or make its safe:
protection; defence •

3. National security:- • National security is a state or condition where our most cherished values and
beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well-being
as a nation and people are permanently protected and continuously enhanced. • Our national security
environment is infused with different important dimensions. Internal threats to our national security
make up the first dimension. The growing uncertainties that lie in the regional and global milieu make
up the second dimension of our national security environment, even as threat of external aggression
against our country remains in the remote horizon. No doubt for century’s national security has been
the basic and paramount concern of the nation states.

4. Internal Security Threats To Pakistan

5. Introduction: • Pakistan, ‘land of the pure’ was created as a separate homeland for the Muslims.
Since coming into existence as an independent state, Pakistan is facing internal and external threats. The
challenges of threats faced are, old as well as new.

6. Challenges to Pakistan’s Internal Security:- •Religious/Sectarianism •Ethnic •Refugees •Terrorism

•Crime •Poverty/Population •Inter-provincial disharmony •Water distribution

7. Religious: • Religious identity formed the genesis of the struggle for Pakistan, which in 1947 emerges
as the most populous Muslim state. Sectarianism: • Pakistan was faced less with the menace of
sectarian threats, as the only party which existed in the earlier days was the Jamaat-i-Islami led by Syed
Abul Alla Moudidi.

8. Ethnic: • Another danger is the problem of ethnic unrest. Punjab, with almost 60 percent of the
population, dominates almost all aspects of national life. Smaller ethnic groups, all of who have at one
time been actively dissident, resent this fact. Refugees: • Another cause for concern was the
involvement of the refugees in drug trafficking. They had free access to drugs like heroin that they
smuggled through the porous borders into Pakistan. This made all these drugs easily accessible to the
local society, which, resulted in increase of drug addiction.

9. Poverty/Population: • At the present the economic position of the country is not all that optimistic.
With the proposed growth rate, the problems of meeting the basic needs of the citizens will be difficult.
The average person living well below the poverty line will be further drawn into the turbulence of
economic deprivation and embedded further deep into poverty.
10. Terrorism: • It basically exists in two forms in Pakistan. The religious extremist groups, which have
been outlawed and have been involved in sectarian killings or violence fall in this category, whose prime
target is not foreign commercial targets but grudges against the government and the second one is
supported by external sponsorship. • Internally Pakistan should deal with curbing sectarianism as that is
posing a lot of terrorist threats to the security. With emphasis on controlling internal threats of
terrorism, external the threats should also not be ignored as they act as feeders to the internal threats.

11. Introduction: • A crime is wrongful conduct defined by law as being punishable by imprisonment, a
fine, or other penalty and an unlawful act punishable by a state. •Crimes In Pakistan

12. Types Of Crimes: There are many different types of crimes which are following: • Crimes Against
Persons • Crimes Against Morality • Organized Crime

13. 1.Crimes Against Persons: • Crimes against persons, also called personal crimes, personal include
murder, aggravated assault, rape, and robbery. 2.Crimes Against Morality: • Crimes against morality are
also called victimless crimes, because there is not any complainant, or victim. Prostitution, illegal
gambling, and illegal drug use are all examples of victimless crimes. 3.Organized Crimes: • Organized
crime is crime committed by structured groups typically involving the distribution of illegal goods and
services to others. Many people think of the Mafia when they think of organized crime, but the term can
refer to any group that exercises control over large illegal enterprises (such as the drug trade, illegal
gambling, prostitution, weapons smuggling, or money laundering).

14. Causes Of Crime In Pakistan: Leading causes of crime in Pakistan are following: Major causes of
crimes are illiteracy and unemployment. Lawlessness, fundamentalism, backwardness and double
standards prevailing in the society of crime. In the lesser civilized areas the people of Pakistan's are
suffering from extreme depths of poverty ,which is the foremost reason of crime. Frustration and
aggression in our youth due to less security and safety for their future. Contravene of rules and lack of
judiciary also gives birth to crime.

15. • Balochistan situation aside, there are other issues which make the inter- provincial and federal-
provincial irritants another major challenge to reckon • The issue of the centre-province relationship has
always been one of the most intractable questions of Pakistan politics • Pakistan’s smaller provinces
resent political exclusion and are unhappy with the inadequate sharing of power and resources within
the Country because of varying size, population, development and revenue generation capacity of the
provinces

16. Provincial Autonomy • The powers of the provinces may look impressive when one confines oneself
to the distribution of legislative powers, but when one examines the administrative and financial aspects
of the federal versus provincial authorities; dominance of the former is clearly manifested. • There has
always been an argument that more autonomy to provinces would be injurious to Pakistan’s integrity
and unity, but in fact, the question of centre-province relations has been masking the imperative for the
ruling élite to keep a restive Pakistan together. Sindhi Nationalism A deep seated antagonism against
Punjabis and Mohajirs. In fact Sindh stands polarized between Sindhis and Mohajirs. Sindhis control the
rural areas and smaller towns, while Mohajirs are predominant in the urban centers
17. Water Distribution • According to Indus Water Basin Treaty of 1960. Punjab was deprived of three
out of its five rivers. The Treaty, however, stipulates that River Indus Water would be equitably
distributed among the provinces • The present share of water is 40% each for Punjab and Sindh; 11% for
NWFP and 9% for Balochistan • With the passage of time none of the provinces is satisfied with its
present share, each province wants enhancement of its share

18. Dam Controversy • A project of national importance, KBD (Kala Bagh Dam) has become
controversial in Pakistani politics. • Given the opposition to KBD, the government has wisely backed
down on the project in favour of Bhasha Dam for the sake of national integration. • All the issues have
been technically negated by the experts, however, petty vested political interests have disallowed
consensus on this project of national importance. Political will has always been found lacking to move
forward on the project

19. External Security Threats To Pakistan

20. Introduction: • Security implies the absence of real or perceived threats whether originating from
internal turmoil, external sources, economic disparities and inequalities. • To effectively deal with such
threats, nations not only seek power (economic, political, and military) and take adequate measures
either toward them off or to minimize their perceived adverse impact, but efforts are also directed to
acquire more and more power as well as efforts are also made simultaneously to inculcate a sense of
security among the citizens. • The founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, once said
“The weak and defenseless, in this imperfect world, invite aggression from others.”

21. External Security: • Pakistan has been facing external threats to its independence and territorial
integrity right from its birth. • Sandwiched between India and Afghanistan, Pakistan’s security
perceptions have been largely influenced by its state of relationships with India and Afghanistan. More
specifically, the single largest source of security challenges has been with India. • Pakistan is confronted
with a three-threat scenario— The perennial threat from India, The threat from Afghanistan, The
threat emanating from a changing domestic situation. Threats from India and Afghanistan make a
formidable task for Pakistani security planners. The developments following 9/11 have further
complicated the situation.

22. Threats From India. • Since partition, the state of Kashmir, Siachin, Sir Creek, and water related
issues are also taking a huge chunk of antagonism between the two countries. Although the process of
Indo-Pak normalization was initiated in 2004, and for four years meetings of various agreed baskets
were regularly held, the Mumbai incident abruptly halted the process. The long delays in resuming the
useful dialogue adversely impacted the process of desired neighborly normalcy. However, the dialogue
has been recently resumed. It is the earnest hope of many South Asians that recently resumed dialogue
would maintain a desired level of consistency.

23. • Since Independence, India has proved to have been bitter enemy of Pakistan • This phenomenon
is crystal clear to every Pakistan that India is of Pakistan and even wants to remove her very existence
form the map of the world • Our nation has always got , whenever India aggressed against Pakistan
24. Security Threats From Afghanistan: • The second major source of external threat emanates from
the current developments in Afghanistan. The threat from Afghanistan did not acquire alarming
proportion until the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in December 1979. Since then, Pakistan Afghanistan
relations have experienced many vicissitudes. • Post 9/11 developments further complicated the
situation. There is no doubt that people of both Pakistan and Afghanistan have great regard for each
other, but the policies are made by the ruling groups. The powerful elements within the incumbent
Karazai cabinet are not just known to be extremely sympathetic to Pakistan’s eastern neighbor, but
appear to take some kind of pleasure in making Pakistan uncomfortable.

25. • It is true in strategic terms that in view of Afghanistan’s internal problems (including the ongoing
civil war) and the relative military inferiority, it cannot pose a serious threat to Pakistan’s security. But
the danger of possible fallout from Afghanistan’s political instability into the neighboring provinces of
Pakistan cannot be overlooked. • The provinces of Kyber-Paktoonkhawa, FATA (Federally Administered
Tribal Areas), and Baluchistan are extremely prone to such an eventuality, primarily because of the
existence of dissident elements. During his recent confirmation hearings for Secretary of Defense,
Senator Chuck Hagel remarked that India has over the years financed problems for Pakistan from
Afghanistan.

26. • Six issues have been impacting Pakistan-Afghanistan relations rather consistently since the
emergence of Pakistan as an independent country, and each of them has taken some toll on the Pak-
Afghan reservoir of goodwill. These issues include unbridled rumors regarding the Taliban’s linkages
with Pakistan and their periodic adventurism, the status of the Durand Line, Indo- Afghan relations, the
landlocked nature of Afghanistan, the presence of foreign forces (including American and NATO forces),
and the undesired critical speeches of the Afghan leaders unnecessarily vilifying Pakistan. Each of these
issues has been periodically making adverse contributions.

27. 9/11 Incident: • Soon after the tragic events of 9/11, the Americans invaded Afghanistan and further
messed up the already chaotic and complicated situation in Afghanistan. • If the Afghan mess is to be
sorted out, then both the Afghan and Americans need to do much more then what they have done so
far. The Afghans need to check and minimize corruption if they are unable to eliminate it altogether to
reduce fairly heavy dependency upon the drug barons, transform its drug based economy, accelerate
work on the developmental projects which could improve the job situation, introduce and undertake
effective measures in order to improve law and order situation, improve techniques of police training,
initiate and embark upon political approaches, expand and accelerate the training program for its army,
avoid undiplomatic and irresponsible speeches and statements, and cooperate with Pakistan in order to
jointly work towards the attainment of peace and stability in Afghanistan etc.

28. 9/11 Incident: • But as long as Pakistan is not focusing on its internal threats hard enough,
eliminating the external threats will not resolve the security challenges the country faces. While Pakistan
still has a good number of peace loving citizens residing in it, the increasing number of extremists in
mainstream Pakistani society is a source of concern. • While Pakistan does not face an imminent threat
to its existence from (increasing) extremism, it definitely is a worrying trend. If militants/terrorists are
the fuel that drives a machine, extremists are the machine themselves. Fuel eventually runs out with
time (as the state of war is not perennial), but the machine does not. As long as machine is still there, it
only needs some 'ignition' to be operational again. Extremism revitalizes militancy. The Pakistan military
is pounding the militants hard in their strongholds, but the LEAs & the courts are doing far less to tackle
the extremists (potential to-be-militants) in the rest of the country.

29. The future threats for Pakistan: • Direct military attacks and intervention into Pakistan to provoke
a confrontation between Pak army and Afghanistan based NATO forces. This has also begun. Drones,
Salala attack and now threats of attacks in North Waziristan. • US wants Pakistan to open war with
Afghan Taliban also. Pakistan already has its hands full in internal insurgencies and hence is resisting the
US pressure. While US is talking peace with Afghan Taliban and their allies, Pakistan is being forced to
wage a war against Haqqani, Hekmatyar and Mullah Umer. • Direct attacks on Pakistan army leadership
and on all strategic assets to decapitate Pakistan in a single strike and then launch a massive two prong
invasion under Af-pak and Cold start.

30. Conclusion: • Pakistan is having security challenges from regional, sub-regional entities and even
across regional players i.e. India, Afghanistan, Iran, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the US.
The turning point in the internal and external security threat was propelled by the event of 9/11, in
which Pakistan was asked either to be ‘us’ or with ‘the terrorists’ and thus Pakistan became an ally of
the US in her war against terrorism. This major shift in our foreign policy made friends opponents and
turns the table on Pakistan. Now Pakistan is a security deficit state. And now as the US is planning to
partially withdraw its forces from Afghanistan at the end of 2014 which is biggest challenge for
Pakistan’s security because the US’s presence in Afghanistan is interconnected with the stability and
national security of Pakistan. • Furthermore, India, a neighboring country with who we are always in a
state of war and enduring rivalry since the inception of Pakistan as its inception was not accepted by
them whole heartedly. The reason of this enduring rivalry is also seeded in the unresolved issue of
Kashmir which is the mother of all problems. Similarly the asymmetry in power capabilities, the Indian
hegemonic designs and the persisting sense of insecurity also add fuel to fire and in making the relation
cool and dry and the irresolution of different issues between these two.