A PROJECT REPORT ON

Multi Directional Dumping Trailer

Team ID: 98629

Submitted by

1. Jonathan George 170050119507

2. Atif Khan 170050119512

3. Pulkit Khandelwal 170050119513

4. Sarthak Khatri 170050119514

In fulfilment of the requirements of

the course work for Semester VIII

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Babaria institute of technology, Varnama,

Vadodara, 391240 Gujarat, India.

1
 Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad
CERTIFICATE

Date: 6/11/2020

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Multi Directional Dumping

Trailer” has been carried out by

Name Enrolment No.

1. Jonathan George 170050119507

2. Khan Atif 170050119512

3. Khandelwal Pulkit 170050119513

4. Sarthak Khatri 170050119514

Under my guidance in fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering

in Mechanical (8th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad during the academic year 2021-22

Prof. Khodidas Sodavadia Prof. Pritesh Mankad

Project Guide Incharge Head of Department
Mechanical Engineering

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible

without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like

to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.

With immense pleasure we express my deep and sincere gratitude, regards and

thanks to my project guide Prof. Khodidas Sodavadia for his excellent guidance,

invaluable suggestions and continuous encouragement at all the stages of my project

work. His wide knowledge and logical way of thinking have been of great value for us. As

a guide he has a great influence on us, both as a person and as a professional.

We wish to express our warm and sincere thanks to Prof. Pritesh Mankad

(Incharge Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering, BITS) for his support & the

facilities provided by him in college.

At last, we cannot forget our family members supporting us spiritually throughout

our life and our friends without whom it was really not possible for us to do this

dissertation. Finally, thank you to Bits Institute of Technology and all the other people

who have supported us during the course of this work.

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 DECLARATION

We hereby certify that we are the sole author of this project and that neither any

part of this thesis nor the whole of project has been submitted for a degree to any other

university or institution.

We certify that, to the best of our knowledge, our project does not infringe upon

anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary right and ideas, techniques, quotation, or

any other material from the work of other people included in our project, published pr

otherwise are fully acknowledged in accordance with standard referencing practices.

We declare that this is a true copy of our project, including any final revision, as

approved by our project review committee.

Date: 18/05/2021

Place: - VADODARA

Jonathan George 170050119507

Atif Khan 170050119512

Pulkit Khandelwal 170050119513

Sarthak Khatri 170050119514

4
 ABSTRACT
A dumper is a vehicle used for carrying loose and bulk material often on
construction sites. In places where the roads are small and there is very less space
dumping of material becomes difficult. The aim of our project is to solve this
problem and reduce the time and energy required for dumping. The main idea of
this projects is to present an improved and efficient version of dump load trailer,
providing three side of unloading condition compare to one side in tradition dump
trailer. We have used a tipping mechanism to solve this problem. With the help of
tipping mechanism, we are now able to dump the material in any direction hence
increasing the feasibility. The main components of our project are hydraulic
cylinder, three-way tipper mechanism, axles, dump body and a hydraulic system.

Keywords: Dumper, 3 Directional, Vehicle, Bulk material, Off-road construction,

Hydraulic, Chassis, Steering.

5
 INDEX
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 09

1.1 INTRODUCTION 09
1.2 OBJECTIVE 11

1.2 ADVANTAGES 11

1.3 DISADVANTAGES 11

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 11

2.1 UNIVERSAL MORDERN TRAILER 12

2.2 THREE AXIS TRAILER 13

CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE 14

3.1 WORK PLAN AND METHODOLOGY 14

3.2 METHODOLOGY 14

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION 14

3.2.2 RESEARCH 14

3.2.3 FLOW CHART 15

3.2.4 PROJECT OUTLINE 16

3.2.10 WORKING 16

3.2.6 HOW A TYPICAL TIPPER TRUCKS WORKS? 17

3.2.7 HYDRAULIC CYLINDER 17

3.2.8 HINGE JOINT 17

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3.2.9 THREE WAY TIPPER MECHANISM 18

3.2.5 AXLES 19

3.2.11 DUMP BODY 19

3.2.12 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 20

3.2.13 DANGERS 21

CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF PARTS 23

4.1 DESIGN OF PLATFORM 23

4.2 DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER 23

4.3 DESIGN OF CYLINDER 26

4.4 DESIGN OF PISTON ROD 26

4.5 CALCULATION FOR FORWARD AND BACKWARD STROKE 27

4.6 CAD MODEL 28

4.7 ASSEMBLY 29

CHAPTER 5: CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING 30

CHAPTER 6: ENGINEERING CANVAS 33

6.1 AEIOU CANVAS 33

6.2 EMPATHY CANVAS 34

6.3 IDEATION CANVAS 35

6.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS 36

6.5 BMC CANVAS 37

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CHAPTER 7: FUTURE MODIFICATION 38

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION 39

CHAPTER 9: BIBLIOGRAPHY OR REFERENCES 40

8
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
A Hydraulic trolley called as Dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material,
often on building sites. Hydraulic trolley is distinguished from dump trucks by
configuration: a Hydraulic trolley is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip
in front of the driver, while a dump truck has its cab in front of the load. The skip can tip
to dump the load; this is where the name "Hydraulic trolley " comes from. They are
normally diesel powered. A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a site tractor.
Hydraulic trolley with rubber tracks is used in special circumstances and are popular in
some countries.

Fig.1.1Hydraulic Trailer

Early Hydraulic trolley had a payload of about a ton and were 2-wheel drive, driving on
the front axle and steered at the back wheels. The single cylinder diesel engine
(sometimes made by Lister) was started by hand cranking. The steering wheel turned the
back wheels, not front. Having neither electrics nor hydraulic there was not much to go
wrong. The skip was secured by a catch by the driver's feet. When the catch is released,

9
the skip tips under the weight of its contents at pivot points below, and after being
emptied is raised by hand.

Modern Hydraulic trolley have payloads of up to 10 tonnes (11 short tons; 9.8 long tons)
and usually steer by articulating at the middle of the chassis (pivot steering). They have
multi-cylinder diesel engines, some turbocharged, electric start and hydraulic for tipping
and steering and are more expensive to make and operate. An A-frame known as a ROPS
(Roll-Over Protection) frame may be fitted over the seat to protect the driver if the
Hydraulic trolley rolls over. Some Hydraulic trolley have FOPS (Falling Object
Protection) as well. Lifting skips are available for discharging above ground level. In the
1990s Hydraulic trolley with swivel skips, which could be rotated to tip sideways,
became popular, especially for working in narrow sites such as road works. Hydraulic
trolley is the most common cause of accidents involving construction plant. A Hydraulic
trolley is an integral part of any construction work and hence its role is important for
completion of any constructional site. One of the problems are cited with Hydraulic
trolley in the time and energy for setting the huge Hydraulic trolley in the proper direction
to dump the material it in carrying and hence the need of the project work riser which is
about 3 way dropping Hydraulic trolley which can dump the material in any direction
except the frontal one without moving the truck in any direction.

A dump truck (or, UK, Hydraulic trolley truck) is a truck used for transporting loose
material (such as sand, gravel, or dirt) for construction. A typical dump truck is equipped
with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged at the rear, the front of which can be
lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on the ground behind the truck at the site of
delivery. In the UK and Australia, the term applies to off-road construction plant only,
and the road vehicle is known as a tipper, tipper lorry (UK) or tip truck (AU).

The very first version of a dump truck used to haul and dump material was nothing more
than a simple dump body style cart drawn by horses. It would have consisted of a two-
wheeled cart hinged to the axle with the centre of gravity, when loaded, just behind the
axle. The loaded front body was hooked, and when unlatched, would dump. These carts
were used in open mines and pulled by horses along a railway track. After 1900, a four-
wheeled horse-drawn flatbed wagon with a rectangular body lifted with a hand hoist in
the front was employed. In the book, 500 Years of Earthmoving, Heinz-Herbert Cohrs
cites that before the first dump trucks appeared, excavated materials were being removed
and hauled by locomotives and trolleys known as box tip wagons, dump bodies, and

10
scoop tippers.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The aim of this project is to increase the flexibility of a traditional dumper trailer by
installing such a mechanism which provides more than one unloading directional which
ultimately results in a machine that is more effective in restricted spaced area and reduces
human efforts and time.

1.3 ADVANTAGES:

1. Increased moving ability: Thus, it does not become tiresome to perform the job.

2. Can be used in very compact places: Where the reversing & turning of vehicle is
difficult.

3. Can accommodate into pass on dam site working:

4. Helps save time & energy.

1.4 DISADVANTAGES:

1. Increased complexity: As it requires complex mechanism for getting desired output.

2. Cost increases: As more will be the complications to perform the operation, more will
be the cost encountered with it.

3. Maintenance increases: More parts in working leads to more maintenance.

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CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Universal Modern Trailer by Prof. R.S. Ambade, Shubham D. Navghare,
Bhushan S. Kamatkar.

In this paper we see that the fabrication work or the infrastructural work demands
efficient and user-friendly machinery which will lead to more and more use of modern
three axis pneumatic trailer. Trailer has lots of applications in today’s world. In industrial
and domestic considerations, trailer can haul a variety of products including gravel,
potatoes, grain, sand, compost, heavy rocks, etc. In this paper the fabrication of three axis
pneumatic advance trailer and used 3-way trailer mechanisms, which will help the trailer
to unload in 3 directions. The trailer will unload the material in only one single direction.
These are rectified to unload the trailer in all three sides very easily. Now the mainly
concentrated on this difficulty, and hence a suitable arrangement has been designed. Such
that the vehicles can be unloaded from the trailer in three axes without application of any
impact force. The automobile engine drive is coupled to the compressor engine, so that it
stores the compressed air when the vehicle running. This compressed air is used to
activate the pneumatic cylinder, when the valve is activated.

It is mainly based on rotation of tipper trolley and divided in two parts Rotation and
Dumping. For rotation of tipper, we used worm and gear mechanism. Worm is directly
coupled with electric motor which is at horizontal position. On the lower side of dumper,
the spur gears are meshed with worm wheel and the axis of rotation of spur gear is
vertical, which is directly attached to tipper trolley. The power supply is provided to the
electric motor by using Double Pole Double Throw switch to complete the circuit of

12
battery and motor. As a motor start rotating the worm is also rotated at same speed and
spur gear which is connected to worm wheel. The vertical shaft which is connected
directly to the centre of tipper trolley, when worm complete its 1 rotation then 1 teeth of
worm gear moves forward. Spur gear is having 40 teeth on its profile. When 10 teeth of
spur gear are moved forward then trolley gets rotated by 900 from its initial position in 20
second. The rotating direction of trolley is changed or reversed by Double Pole Double
Throw switch. When the trolley completes its required angle then material is dumped
with the help of pneumatic cylinder. The compressed air is supplied by air compressor to
cylinder.

Conclusion:

This project work has provided an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our
limited knowledge. It helped gain a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning,
purchasing, assembling and machining while doing this project work. The project work is
a good solution to bridge the gates between institution and industries.

The main idea of the paper is to modified the design of dump load body in such a way to
avoid the sticking and formation of mould during loading and unloading instead of
conventional rectangular box the design is made to be curved bottom sections and front
end and gradually flatten at rear end. the structure is called half pipe dump body as its
design similar to a half-cut pipe. Dump loads, especially some adhesive dump loads such
as asphalt or damp sand, are less likely to adhere to the raised end when dumping,
compared to a conventional rectangular dump body. a front portion having a first curved
portion having a first radius of at least 20% of the first width and a second sidewall with a
second curved portion having a second radius of at least 20% of the first width, a flat
portion of the floor extending at least 85% of the second width. The side portion are made
by bending a sheet metal and then welded with the floor. From top view it looks like a
trapezium shape structure. Half pipe design has found wide acceptance because of its
strength, capacity, simplicity of manufacture and lightweight that they provide compare
to rectangular box design.

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2. Three Axis Trailer: by Yavatmal Hitesh M Jaisingpure, Yavatmal Akshay P Gawande

One of the problems is cited with dumper in the time & energy for operating the huge
dumper in the proper direction to dump the material carrying in it hence the need of
project work riser was is about Multidirectional dropping dumpers which dump the
material in any direction with moving trolley in any direction. With rise of chances in
technology, it is become essential to find a viable alternative to 3-way dumper system.

In this paper, the motor and microcontrollers are used to activate/deactivate the rotation of
shaft and lead screw. The motor is “ON‟ at the time of emergency; rotated the lead screw
and bevel gear shaft. Nut and links arrangement mounted on the lead screw is also
activated and unloading action is carry out. Some other devices such as microcontroller
and switch arrangement are also use to control the required motioned rpm of lead screw.
The switch and microcontroller arrangement are fixed in near of the driving persons in the
four-wheeler. The switch was ON at the time of emergency, the motor was activated. The
RPM of lead screw before its rpm of motor is control by microcontroller. When we are
used motor instead of manual work then power for the motor is providing form the
battery.

Conclusion:

The main idea of this paper is to provide a mechanism which is improved version of older
mechanism. The structure is made of combination of a lateral spaced longitudinal
stationary frame members, a dump frame including a pair of laterally spaced longitudinal
track members pivotally connected to said stationary frame members a pair of pivot

14
connection and connectors an extensible lift cylinder. A further aspect of the invention is
the formation of the rigid lifting frame or arm 4 as a wide unit for lateral stability to
reduce twisting during operation under heavy loading. a simple retraction of the rod will
swing the lifting frame to a comparatively upright and somewhat rearward lay inclined
position, while simultaneously raising the dump box frame to a steeply inclined dumping
position of at least 60° above the horizontal. It has improved the previous design by
making it light weight, simplified design, and reduced cost.

CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

3.1 METHODOLOGY

3.1.1. Introduction
The methodology is a process for implementation and developing the project. The
goal and the successfulness of the project is depending on how the plans is conduct to
achieve the result. Methodology is to describe each step to accomplish the sequence of
the flow work from the beginning until the result is obtained and success. All the results
obtain were evaluated and improved till the best result came out and to be taken. This
implementation would be and getting the worst result where try and error is happening
here. Where any ideal decision may reconsider and repeating to satisfy the best result.

3.1.2. Research
In research section, there are consist of three element input that can be used to
conduct the project research. Where method to conduct for each one of element is
different.
Research through the website is the best alternative in which much information
can be found and collected. In addition, information regarding the competition date and
venue last well-known also can be tell. There are a number of books where related with
research objectives and can be used as a guide for completing the report and the
fabrication process. Also, for validity, the journals are related can also be downloaded and

15
taken as a reference report. There are many websites that excess supply further
information in respect of project problems and how to overcome some of the problems
can be found.

3.1.3. Flow Chart

16
 Fig.3.1

3.1.4. Project Outline

Phase to process developing and fabricating. Discuss about the theories review,
calculation, project specifications and etc. In order to achieve all this, the following
methods are to be followed closely during the execution of the project to achieve the

17
objective.
i. Understand the objective of the project and search for the best result to solve
the problem statement.
ii. Study the literature review and analyse what implementation can be made to this
project. All information gathered together from the various sources such as
common internet website sources, journals, books, written articles, paper, blogs,
video site and any medium and resources.
iii. Study and analyse all information and data gathered from various sources and
related to with objective of the project. Classify and to understand the project
requirement.
iv. Experimentation and simulation where certain experiments are needed to be done
in order to collect and to take note the data and record for improvement.
v. Generate conceptual design and concept selection where meet the characteristic
require and final conceptual design is obtained.
vi. Phase to detail design process where concept will be enhanced and optimized if
there is disability and problems to produce the final design.
vii. Fabrication and implementations is happed here where it will be developed and
brought to life from the detail design drawing that have chosen.
viii. Next step is to test run whether the prototype can work properly and meet the
objective. Thus, the problem found will be analyse and need to be rework.
ix. The last process is product realization and verification where it will be sent to
presented and enter the competition whether the product achieve the goals of the
project.

3.1.5 Working

The project being complicated was decide to be developed on a small-scale model that
should be constructed using light weight material and should be hydraulically operated
using plastic piston and cylinder arrangement. Also, this hydraulic piston and cylinder
arrangement was decided to be motor driven to make the same automatic. These motor
run using a battery and are controlled using a remote control that is attached with the base
model using wires / FRC cable and these after controlled by operator. A conventional
dump truck is mounted on a truck chassis and has an open dump box hydraulically

18
operated and hinged at the rear of the truck usually by one or more hydraulic rams that
raise the dump box to unload contents at a delivery site. These hydraulic rams are either
front loaded or mounted in the underbody and are driven from a gear box power take-off.
Hydraulic rams mounted in the underbody provide the capability of the dump body to tip
the dump box on a three-way basis, either to the left or right side or to the rear.

3.1.6 HOW A TYPICAL TIPPER TRUCKS WORKS?

The tipping mechanism is the heart of a three-way tipper construction truck. Tipping
mechanisms work basically on the following:

3.1.7 HYDRAULIC CYLINDER:

A hydraulic cylinder is placed below the body of truck longitudinally at one end of the
truck, and the piston end of the hydraulic cylinder is connected by the means of a
universal coupling to the chassis of truck. In the forward stroke of the cylinder, it pushes
the truck body upward thus gives necessary lift for tipping dumping. So, in the forward
stroke of the cylinder, the truck is unloaded. In the return stroke of the cylinder the body
of the truck comes to its original position.

Fig.3.2

3.1.8 HINGE JOINT:

The other bottom end of the body of the truck is connected by a hinged joint with the
chassis. So, when the hydraulic cylinder pushes the body in its forward stroke the entire

19
body gets tilted about the axis of the hinged joint and the material gets unloaded and by
the return stroke of the hydraulic cylinder body comes and seat to its original position
with respect to the hinged axis.

But in this type of tipper can unload materials only at the backside of the tipper. 3-way
tipper can overcome this problem, as it can unload material on three sides.

Fig.3.3

3.1.9 THREE WAY TIPPER MECHANISM:

As already mentioned, a three-way tipper can unload materials in all three sides. To
control the sides of tipping there needs to be required one more hydraulic cylinder apart
from the main hydraulic cylinder.

Fig.3.4

Also, we require special types of hinge joints in this case.

20
Please refer to the attached picture of a 3-way tipper arrangement. The main hydraulic
cylinder is placed at four corners of the chassis (structure). Each of the four corners of the
body is connected by a cross joint with the hydraulic cylinder. The cross joint allows the
joining members to tilt with respect to two perpendicular axes. Now, if you consider the
side of cylinder 3 & 4 is rear of the vehicle, then by operating cylinder no.1 & 2 will
cause rear tipping, operating cylinder 2 & 4 will cause left side tipping, and operating
cylinder 1 & 3 will cause right side tipping. Automation of tipping will be possible by
using a power pack with plc control or some similar kind of automation devices.

3.1.10 AXLES:

Fig.3.5

Single axle dump trucks are the smallest sized dump truck on the market, tandem axle are
standard sized, and the tri axle or multi axle dump truck is currently the largest dump
truck available that requires a special permit to be operated and is dependent of
State/Provincial laws. We used stud as an axle. we have used 4 bolts as an axle.

3.1.11 DUMP BODY:

All dump trucks despite the number of axles can be fitted with different box lengths. The
truck ‘s dump bed or body is measured in terms of its payload capacity in cubic yards in
two different ways.

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 Fig.3.6

The first capacity related to the material

filled level with the top of the sideboards called
water level‖ and the other for piled up material in
yards called ―heaped.

Loads are sold based on volume because the

weight of material hauled changes with
moisture content. Sand exposed to rain for
example, will weigh more than dry sand. Dump beds come in various configurations with
each type from four-wheelers for two to three tons payload to large, heavy-duty
articulated and drawbar outfits grossing 50- to 60-ton payload capacities. Each type of
dump truck will be used for different types of construction or mining tasks based on its
configurations.

3.1.12 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM:

The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very simple. Force that is applied at one

point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid.

22
 Fig.3.7

The fluid is almost always an oil of some sort. The force is almost always multiplied in
the process. The picture below shows the simplest possible hydraulic system. In this
drawing, two pistons (red) fit into two glass cylinders filled with oil (light blue) and
connected to one another with an oil-filled pipe. If you apply a downward force to one
piston (the left one in this drawing), then the force is transmitted to the second piston
through the oil in the pipe. Since oil is incompressible, the efficiency is very good --
almost all of the applied force appears at the second piston. The great thing about
hydraulic systems is that the pipe connecting the two cylinders can be any length and
shape, allowing it to snake through all sorts of things separating the two pistons. The pipe
can also fork, so that one master cylinder can drive more than one slave cylinder if
desired.

The neat thing about hydraulic systems is that it is very easy to add force multiplication
(or division) to the system. If you have read How a Block and Tackle Works or How
Gears Work, then you know that trading force for distance is very common in mechanical
systems. In a hydraulic system, all you do is change the size of one piston and cylinder
relative to the other.

3.1.13 DANGERS:

1) Collisions:

23
Dump trucks are normally built for some amount of off-road or construction site driving;
as the driver is protected by the chassis and height of the driver's seat, bumpers are either
placed high or omitted for added ground clearance. The disadvantage is that in a collision
with a standard car, the entire motor section or luggage compartment goes under the
truck. Thus, the passengers in the car could be more severely injured than would be
common in a collision with another car.

2) Tipping:

Another safety consideration is the levelling of the truck before unloading. If the truck is
not parked on relatively horizontal ground, the sudden change of weight and balance due
to lifting of the skip and dumping of the material can cause the truck to slide, or even—in
some light dump trucks—to turn over.

3) Back-up accidents:

Because of their size and the difficulty of maintaining visual contact with on-foot
workers, dump trucks in car parks can be a threat, especially when backing up.[8] Mirrors
and back-up alarms provide some level of protection, and having a spotter working with
the driver also decreases back-up injuries and fatalities.

CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF PARTS, CALCULATIONS

AND ASSEMBLY DETAILS

24
4.1. Design of platform:

Material using for platform as steel which is having capacity of carrying 50-100kg load.
We will be using 900*600mm and 2mm thick steel sheet for our project.

Fig.4.1

4.2. Hydraulic Cylinder

Stresses in a Thin Cylindrical Shell due to an Internal Pressure

The analysis of stresses induced in a thin cylindrical shell are made on the following

assumptions:

1. The effect of curvature of the cylinder wall is neglected.

2. The tensile stresses are uniformly distributed over the section of the walls.

3. The effect of the restraining action of the heads at the end of the pressure vessel is
neglected.

When a thin cylindrical shell is subjected to an internal pressure, it is likely to fail in the
following

two ways:

25
1. It may fail along the longitudinal section (i.e., circumferentially) splitting the cylinder
into two troughs.

2. It may fail across the transverse section (i.e., longitudinally) splitting the cylinder into
two cylindrical shells.

Circumferential or Hoop Stress

Consider a thin cylindrical shell subjected to an internal pressure as shown in fig.

(a) and (b). A tensile stress acting in a direction tangential to the circumference is called
circumferential or hoop stress. In other words, it is a tensile stress on *longitudinal
section (or on the cylindrical walls).

Fig.4.2

Let p = Intensity of internal pressure,

d = Internal diameter of the cylindrical shell,

l = Length of the cylindrical shell,

t = Thickness of the cylindrical shell, and

σt1 = Circumferential or hoop stress for the material of the

cylindrical shell.

We know that the total force acting on a longitudinal section (i.e. along the diameter X-X)
of the shell

= Intensity of pressure × Projected area = p × d × l

= σt1 × 2t × l

from above questions

26
 p×d
σt1 × 2t × l = p × d × l t=
2 σt 1

Longitudinal Stress

Consider a closed thin cylindrical shell subjected to an internal pressure as shown in Fig.
7.3 (a) and (b). A tensile stress acting in the direction of the axis is called longitudinal
stress. In other words, it is a tensile stress acting on the *transverse or circumferential
section Y-Y (or on the ends of the

vessel).

Fig.4.3

In this case, the total force acting on the transverse section (i.e. along Y-Y)

= Intensity of pressure × Cross-sectional area

If ηc is the efficiency of the circumferential joint then

p×d
t=
4 σ t 2 ×ηc

for our project we need to lift 100kg load.

so we will design hydraulic cylinder which can lift 100kg (981 N) .

so finally, we will design cylinder 0.0981KN.

Considering,

27
Load = 981 N

We are assuming the hydraulic cylinder 30 mm bore operates at a maximum pressure of

20 N/mm2. The piston rod is connected to the load and the cylinder to the frame through
hinged joints.

The allowable tensile stress for cast steel cylinder and end cover is 80 MPa and for piston
rod is 60 MPa.

4.3 Design of cylinder:

D=outer diameter

we know that thickness of cylinder

r∗ √σ + p
t= −1
√σ +p
15∗√80+20
t= −1
√ 80−20
t=4.36 mm 5 mm

so, outer diameter = D = d+2t = 30 +(2*5) = 40 mm

4.4 Design of piston rod

let DP = Diameter of piston rod

we know that force acting on the piston

π 2
F = ∗d ∗p
4

π 2
F = ∗30 ∗20
4

F =14137.16 N

We also know that force acting on the piston is

π 2
F = ∗d ∗σ
4

π 2
14137.16 = ∗D p ∗60
4

DP = 17.32 mm

28
4.5 Calculation for forward and backward stroke

• Operating pressure of the compressor = 10 Bar

• Rated Power of the DC Motor = 30 𝑊

 Force exerted by the cylinder rod

In forward stroke

𝐹f = 𝑃 ∗ 𝐴 = 10 ∗ 105 ∗ .25 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 0.0322 =804.247N

In backward stroke

𝐹b = 𝑃 ∗ 𝐴 = 10 ∗ 105 ∗ .25𝜋𝜋 ∗ (0.0322 −. 00322) = 796.205N

 Torque produced by the motor Power Developed = 2∗𝜋∗𝑛∗𝑇 60,

⇒ T = 18∗60 2∗𝜋𝜋∗30 T = 5.72N

 Calculation of weight to be dump (𝐹c)

𝐹v = 𝐹f ∗ Cos∅ = 804.24 ∗ Cos69.72 = 278.75𝑁

𝐹h = 𝐹f ∗ Sin∅ = 804.24 ∗ Sin69.72 = 750.34𝑁𝑁

 Torque balance equation

𝐹v ∗ 𝑑 = 𝐹c ∗ 𝑏

278.75 ∗ 180 = 𝐹c ∗ 215

𝐹c = 233.372𝑁

𝐹c = 23.789𝐾g

Where, P=Compressor Operating Pressure [Pa]

A=Area of Piston[𝑚𝑚2]

𝐹F=Force exerted by the piston during forward stroke[N]

𝐹B =Force exerted by the piston during backward stroke[N]

n=Speed of DC Motor[rpm]

T= Torque developed by the DC motor[N-m]

𝐹V=Vertical Component of the Piston force[N]

𝐹H =Horizontal Component of the Piston Force[N]

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𝜃 =Inclination of the Piston with respect to the Vertical [Degree]

4.6 CAD MODEL

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4.7 Assembly:

Fig.4.4 Fig.4.5

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 Fig.4.6. Fig.4.7.

CHAPTER 5. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

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Here platform is connected using a Universal coupling that forms the hydraulic piston and
cylinder arrangement. Hydraulic fluid in this piston and cylinder arrangement that is
pushed and pulled using a head screw arrangement. That is made to run to a flow using
gearbox and motor. For the proper guide ways and guide slides are used for the same
thing.

Figure 5.1 Right Side Dumping Action

This assembly is made in three numbers as there are three number of hydraulic cylinders
that operated the trolley this power cylinder and piston arrangement is fitted in front of
the trolley that is situated at the back of the chassis member.

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 Figure 5.2 Left Side Dumping Action
These motors are connected to via hose pipe with cylinder and hose pipe with directional
valve. The figure shows dumping with the help of tipper mechanism to the left side.

CHAPTER 6: FUTURE MODIFICATION

The project work can be modified further more on following basis: - 1. Dual stage
cylinders can be used. 2. Oil pump can be used instead of powered cylinder. 3. Capacity
can be increased. 4. For wheel steering can be adopted for more movement ability as the
world is progressing at faster rate, we meet mover and mover huge construction which
head to be dig big and big amount of the earth and thus more efficiently working
equipment’s are to be required and hence the three-way dropping Hydraulic trolley may
be used more than the two way or one way. India is progressing at higher rate and hence
infrastructural development is on its high that’s why efficient and working equipment that
are time as well as required at larger scale also we have very low road space in areas like
Kashmir working to be efficient, also in dam site these 3-way dropping Hydraulic trolley
is required so the Indian context of view of the project work. Hence the future of this
project work seems promising.

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION
Overall, by adding the tipping mechanism to a dumping trailer we can increase the
movement of any traditional dumper. By adding the tipping mechanism in our project
which is based on universal coupling we can now unload the trailer in left and right
direction too. This will help in reducing physical effort and time at the sites where space

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is restricted. Flexibility achieved by this can help trailer unload material without moving
the whole setup.

CHAPTER 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY OR REFERENCES

[1] A. C. Rasmussen invented “Tractor-Trailer Dumping Vehicle” Patent Number:

US2165507, July 11, 1939.

[2] Jacob N. Gust, West Farso N.Dak invented “Trailer with continuous conveyor belt”
Patent Number US5102285, April 7, 1992

[3] Simon Ariech, Geneva, Switzerland invented “Belt conveyor” Patent Number
US4058204, Nov. 15, 1977.

[4] Thomas R. Brown, Randal L. Zerbe, Patrick C. O’Brien, James K. Bertsch invented
“Conveyor Mechanism” Patent Number: US5934862, Aug. 10, 1999.

[5] Philip J. Sweet, Buck C. Hamlet David L. Sweet invented “Cargo Box” Patent
Number: US4068769, Jan. 17, 1978.

[6] Leonard J. Eisenman invented “Bulk Bed” Patent Number: US4055265, Oct.25, 1977.

[7] W. Scott Kalm, Morteza M. Langroodi, Keith Corrigan invented “Modular Power
Roller Conveyor” Patent Number: US5582286, Dec.10, 1996.

[8] Hans Vom Stein, Dieter Specht invented “Roller Conveyor” Patent Number:
US3729088, Apr. 24, 1973

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[9] Robert K. Vogt, Martin A. He1t invented “Roller Conveyor with Friction Roll Drive”
Patent Number: US4473149, Sept. 25, 1984.

[10] http://www.worlifts.co.uk/choosing-the-righthydraulic- jacks-and-lifting-

cylinders-.asp

[11] V. B. Bhandari- “Design of Machine Element” ISBN-13: 978-0-07-068179-8 (2011)

pp.330-331; 544-562.

[12] Kalaikhathir Achchagam –“Data Book of Engineers” (2007), PSG College of

Technology, Coimbatore, India pp. 4.1-4.38; 7.71-7.78.

CHAPTER 9 APPENDIX
9.1 Periodic Progress Report

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9.2 BMC CANVAS

The Business Model Canvas helps in building a business model for any project to get a
detailed insight about various prospects like Value Propositions, Customer Relationships,
Customer Segments, Channels etc. It helps to identify key elements of any business and
how they relate with each other.

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9.3 PDE

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