ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Age-related changes in human vocal tract

configurations and the effects on speakers’ vowel
formant frequencies: a pilot study
An Xue1, Jack Jiang2, Emily Lin2, Raymond Glassenberg2 and Peter B. Mueller3
1
Ohio University, Athens, OH, 2Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, 3Kent State University, Kent,
OH, USA
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Log Phon Vocol 1998; 24: 132–137

The study aims to: (i) make accurate measurements of age-related changes in female speakers’ vocal tract configurations
with acoustic reflection technique (ART); (ii) obtain acoustic information of vowel formant frequency changes as a function
of aging; and (iii) test the hypothesis that there are age-related vocal tract dimensional changes and concomitant decreases
in all the vowel formant frequencies as people age. Preliminary findings indicate that older female subjects tend to have a
more expanded pharyngeal lumen, but not longer vocal tract length, than their younger cohorts, and formant frequencies
would not unanimously decrease as a function of aging. The study highlights the importance of larger-scale measurements
of age-related vocal tract configuration changes and the necessity of developing new acoustic models that will delineate all
the concomitant formant frequency and other acoustic changes as people age.
Key words: acoustic reflection technique, aging, speech.
For personal use only.

(Ste6e) An Xue, Ph.D., School of Hearing & Speech Sciences, Ohio Uni6ersity, Lindley Hall 201, Athens, OH 45706, USA.
Tel: +1 740 5930171; Fax: +1 740 5930287; E-mail: xue@ohio.edu

INTRODUCTION lack of efficient investigative devices applicable in

Previous research dealing with age-related anatomi-
cal and physiological changes of speech mechanisms
mainly focuses on the following 4 systems: respira-
tory system (14, 15, 41), laryngeal system (10, 13,
17, 19–21, 23, 32, 33, 38), supraglottal system (1, 2,
5, 18, 24, 25, 28, 29, 39, 45) and nervous system
(22, 30, 31, 34). Many researchers also concentrate
on the acoustic and functional changes of the el-
derly speakers’ speech, and attempt to develop rea-
sonable predictions with regard to the effects of
anatomical and physiological changes on the speech
of the aged (3, 11, 16, 26, 35, 37, 43, 44).
Among the 4 systems mentioned above, senile
anatomical and physiological changes in the supra-
glottal system and the effects of these changes on
the speech of the aged may be the least studied.
Weismer & Liss (42) indicated that, to date, no
extant theories of speech production have addressed
aging effects, and ‘‘this is probably because of the
absence of relevant data especially on the supraglot-
tal articulatory function in the aged’’ (p. 221). This
slow progress may also be directly related to the
this particular area. For example, several studies
speculated on the senile vocal tract changes based
on their acoustic research findings. Linville and
Fisher (27), employing as subjects 75 women at
three age levels (25–35, 45–55, 70–80 years), in-
tended to compare acoustic data of phonatory sta-
bility and resonance features in women of different
ages. Resonance peaks (F1 and F2) were deter-
mined for both the normally phonated and whis-
pered vowel /ae/. Both formant measures showed a
progressive decrease in frequency from young adult-
hood to old age for the vowel, and there was ‘‘a
significant lowering of the frequency of the first for-
mant (F1) with advanced age’’ (p. 324). They sug-
gested that this decrease reflected either age-related
changes in vocal tract dimensions or the positioning
of speech structures. A decrease in vowel formant
frequencies with age was also reported by Endres et
al. (8), who speculated that these trends were due
to enlargement of the vocal tract with age. How-
ever, contradictory findings were also reported.
Rastatter and Jacques (36) found that for the el-

© 1999 Scandinavian University Press. ISSN 1401-5439 Log Phon Vocol 24


derly speakers the average F1 frequency levels for
the front and mid vowels were significantly higher
as compared to the younger subjects. They also ob-
served that for the back vowels (e.g. /a/) F1 fre-
quency levels were significantly lower and F2
frequency levels tended to be higher for the older
speakers. Based on these findings, they speculated
that articulatory positioning, and not alterations in
the dimensions of the pharynx, may be held ac-
countable for such differences. It is very important
to note that none of the above mentioned studies
had made any objective measurements of the di-
mensional changes of the vocal tracts in their sub-
jects (probably due to the limitations of the
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available measurement devices). Thus, they all failed
to make any valid and convincing correlation be-
tween their acoustic findings and their speculated
changes of human vocal tract as a function of ag-
ing. A logical solution to the contradictory specula-
tions of these previous studies is to make accurate
measurements of vocal tract dimensions of both
younger and older speakers, and to obtain the for-
mant frequency measurements from the same
speakers.
The development of the acoustic reflection tech-
For personal use only.
nique (ART), and its extensive applications in med-
ical research and treatment, has provided a
non-invasive, precise and practical means of mea-
suring the dimensions of human oral and pharyn-
geal lumina. ART was developed as a medical
diagnostic device used for the objective assessment
of the upper respiratory airway. It utilizes acoustic
reflected signals to provide graphical representations
of area–distance curve representing supra-glottal lu-
men. Its essential clinical and physiological applica-
tions include demonstration of: (i) structural and
functional abnormalities of the oral/pharyngeal lu-
mina and glottis; (ii) impact of tonsils on the upper
airway; (iii) risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea;
(iv) airway response to therapeutic intervention; (v)
screening indices for prediction of intubation fail-
ure; and (vi) site and degree of airway obstructions.
Current literature on the application of ART con-
sistently supports its reliability for accurately mea-
suring human oral/pharyngeal lumina (4, 6, 7, 9,
40).
This study aims to: (i) make accurate measure-
ments of age-related changes in female speakers’
vocal tract configurations with ART; (ii) obtain
acoustic information of vowel formant frequency
changes as a function of age; and (iii) test the hy-
potheses that there is no significant differences in
the dimensions of the female speakers’ vocal tract
as they age, and there is no significant difference in
the vowel formant frequencies as people age (8, 27).
Vocal tract 133
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Subjects
Two groups of female subjects were involved in the
study. The younger age group consisted of 10 sub-
jects (mean age = 40; range =33–48 years; SD =
4.93) and the older age group consisted of 12 subjects
(mean age= 56; range= 50–66 years; SD= 5.78). All
subjects were free of any language/speech or any oral
peripheral disorders at the time of the experiment.
The average height and weight for the younger group
were 164 cm (SD= 4.01) and 69.35 kg (SD= 13.48),
and for the older group were 163.98 cm (SD= 3.93)
and 83.92 kg (SD= 24.65). Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) showed that the 2 groups of subjects did
not differ significantly (at 0.05 significance level) in
terms of height and weight.
Data collection
The subjects were seated in a double-walled room to
perform the experimental task. The upper airway was
assessed using a prototype Acoustic Pharyngometer
two-microphone imaging system (E. Benson Hood
Laboratories, Pembroke, MA). The device consisted
of 2 microphones and 1 sound-generator mounted on
a 30-cm-long, 1.89-cm inner diameter wave tube, and
a microcomputer equipped with digital-to-analog and
analog-to-digital converters and software for data
processing (see Fig. 1). The instrument underwent a
self-calibration procedure prior to recording each
subject. During the actual recording, the proprietary
data acquisition algorithm collected 10 consecutive
incident-reflected wave combinations. A moving win-
dow maintained the 10 most recent curves in com-
puter memory.
Subjects inhaled room air by mouth via a respira-
tory mouthpiece without vocalizing through the wave
tube. Data were acquired with the neck held in
neutral position. Individual acoustic reflection data
files were first filtered manually to smooth artifacts
and eliminate divergent points caused by reduced
resolution at large distances. After data filtration, the
Fig. 1. Schematic of the acoustic pharyngometer 2-
microphone imaging system.
Log Phon Vocol 24
 134 A. Xue et al.
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cumulative upper airway volume was calculated as
the area under the airway area – distance curves using
Simpson’s one-third rule for numerical integration.
The measured area – distance curves (see Fig. 2) and
the resultant volume – distance relationships (see Fig.
3) were divided into two sections: an oral region
For personal use only.
extending from the incisors to the anterior margin of
the soft palate, and a pharyngeal region extending
from the soft palate to the glottis opening. The
demarcation of these two regions and their lengths
were evaluated individually for each curve obtained.
The level of the mouthpiece held by the incisors (zero
distance on Figs. 2 and 3) was readily identified as
the point at which the area was 1.8 cm2. The anterior
margin of the soft palate corresponded to the deflec-
tion point occurring at approximately 6 cm distance,
labelled b in Fig. 2. The level of the glottis was at the
local minimum in area f (Fig. 2) preceding the dis-
tinct subglottic area expansion (area g, Fig. 2). The
glottic landmark position, located approximately 16
cm from the incisors, has been well-established (12).
For acoustic recordings, the output of the micro-
phone amplifier was connected to the audio input of
a digital audio processor (SONY PCM-501ES). The
output of the processor was wired to the video input
of a video cassette recorder (Panasonic AG-6300MD)
and recorded onto a videotape (SONY VHS-60). For
signal retrieval, the video output of the video cassette
recorder was fed to the digital audio processor. The
audio output of the processor was connected to a
personal computer (AST Advantage Adventure
8090P) via a 12-bit A/D converter (National Instru-
ments AT-MIO-E-2). The investigators located the
target signal by listening to the acoustic signal from
the headphone output of the recorder. All subjects
Log Phon Vocol 24
Fig. 2. Characteristic
area–distance curves
measured for a subject.
Landmarks are: a, hard
palate; b, soft palate; c,
uvula; d, posterior
oropharynx; e,
hypopharynx; f, glottis; g,
subgottic expansion; O,
oral cavity; P, pharyngeal
vavity.
were instructed to produce sustained phonation of /a/
at their comfort levels of pitch and loudness for at
least 3 sec. A 1-sec long steady segment was ran-
domly selected from the middle portion of the sus-
tained vowel phonation and then digitized at a
sampling rate of 20 kHz. The digitized signals were
processed with an automated algorithm developed in
the Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory at the North-
western University Medical School. The program was
designed to perform a linear prediction coding (LPC)
analysis on the acoustic signals and to detect spectral
peaks from the LPC spectrum. The parameter set-
tings for the LPC analysis were: sampling rate =20
kHz; filter order=25; total data length= 16384 sam-
pling points; no pre-emphasis. The frequency and
amplitude of the first 3 formants were obtained.
RESULTS
Table 1 is the descriptive statistic summary of the
means, SDs, minimal and maximum values for length
of vocal tract (in cm), pharyngeal volume (in ml) and
the first 3 formant frequencies (in Hz) of the younger
and older subjects. ANOVA was applied to the 2 age
groups integrating the first 3 formant frequencies (in
Hz), length of vocal tract (in cm) and pharyngeal
volume (in ml) as the dependent variables. Descrip-
tive statistics showed that F1 (668.34 Hz) and F3
(2974.28 Hz) of the older group were lower than
those of the younger group (897.83 Hz and 3191.28
Hz, respectively). ANOVA results showed that F1 of
the older group was significantly lower (df= 1, 20;
F= 4.4; pB 0.05) than that of the younger group.
Results also showed that unlike F1 and F3, F2 of the
older group (1760.73 Hz) was 128.89 Hz higher than
 Vocal tract 135

Fig. 3. Characteristic
cumulative airway
volume–distance curves
Logoped Phoniatr Vocol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Connecticut on 10/29/14

for a subject. Volume

data correspond to area
data shown in Fig. 1.

that of their younger cohorts (1631.84 Hz) (see Fig.
4). But this difference was not statistically significant.
The 2 groups shared very similar total vocal tract
length (i.e. 18.15 cm for the younger group and 17.58
for the older group, with a group difference of 0.57
For personal use only.
cm). The older group tended to have larger pharyn-
geal volume (31.06 ml) than the younger group (27.12
ml), with a group difference of 3.94 ml. Neither of
these differences were statistically significant.
DISCUSSION

Table 1. Descripti6e statistic summary of the means, The current study is an innovative attempt at making
SDs, minimal and maximum 6alues for length of 6ocal objective measurements of age-related human vocal
tract (in cm), pharyngeal 6olume (in ml) and the first 3 tract configuration changes, and at discovering possi-
formants (in Hz) of the younger and older subjects ble correlations between such vocal tract configura-
tion changes and concomitant changes in vowel
Younger formant frequencies of the speakers. Preliminary find-
subjects Older subjects
ings of this pilot study indicate that age-related
Vocal tract length 18.15 17.58 changes in human vocal tract dimensions may be
mean (in cm) more complicated than the notion of progressive
SD 1.27 1.26 increases in the vocal tract length, as previous studies
Range 16.00–19.50 15.50–19.50 have assumed (18). It also suggests that the assump-
Pharyngeal volume 27.12 31.06 tion of consistent decrease in the vowel formant
mean (in ml) frequencies of the speakers as they age (27) may be
SD 5.56 8.35
Range 17.80–36.10 22.20–53.30
over-generalized, in that such a trend could vary
depending on the different vowels utilized for for-
Formant 1 mean 897.83 668.34 mant frequency measurements. Enlargement in the
(in Hz)
SD 136.76 323.10 configurations of the pharynx tend to occur as a
Range 585.94– 227.05–1109.62 function of aging. The resultant acoustic effects of
1086.43 such enlargement, as well as the assumed alterations
Formant 2 mean 1631.84 1760.76 and/or modifications in the articulatory positioning
(in Hz) of older speakers (36, 39), must await further studies
SD 590.88 1090.81 and investigations.
Range 1219.48– 726.32–4226.07 It is important to point out that the current pilot
3260.50
study is limited by the small number of subjects. In
Formant 3 mean 3191.28 2974.28 addition, only 1 vowel (i.e. the back vowel /a/) was
(in Hz) used to obtain formant frequency changes. The aver-
SD 715.03 1427.18
Range 2486.57– 1350.10– age age of both groups (40 years for the younger
5133.06 6640.63 group and 56 years for the older group) was only 16
years apart. In addition, this study only investigated

Log Phon Vocol 24

 136 A. Xue et al.
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Fig. 4. The first 3 formants of sustained /a/ productions from the younger and older subjects.
senile vocal tract and vowel formant frequency
changes of female speakers. Another investigation on
senile vocal tract changes of male speakers is being
carried out by the investigators. Future studies should
involve a larger number of subjects with even younger
For personal use only.
(e.g. 20–30 years) and older (e.g. 70 – 80 years) age
groups, in order to obtain more reliable normative
data on human vocal tract configuration changes. For
data on vowel formant frequency changes, all the
cardinal vowels should be used in order to substanti-
ate the role of articulatory modifications of speakers
from different age groups. Only then can new speech
models be developed that will fully account for all
age-related changes in human vocal tract configura-
tions and the concomitant changes in the formant
frequency levels of the speakers.
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SAMMANFATTNING
A, ldersrelaterade förändringar i den mänskliga
talapparatens olika inställningar och effekter på
6okalernas formantfrek6enser: en pilotstudie
Studiens syften är att (1) göra exakta mätningar av
åldersrelaterade förändringar i kvinnliga talares in-
sta9 llningar av talapparaten med hjälp av ART
(akustisk reflektionsteknik); (2) erhålla akustisk infor-
mation när det gäller förändringar av vokalformant-
frekvenser till följd av stigande ålder, och (3) testa
hypotesen att det existerar åldersrelaterade föränd-
ringar i talapparatens dimensioner resulterande i
sänkningar av alla vokalformantfrekvenser med sti-
gande ålder. Preliminära resultat tyder på att äldre
kvinnliga deltagare tenderar att ha ett vidare faryngealt
lumen, men inte längre talapparat än de yngre och att
formantfrekvenser inte entydigt sjunker med stigande
ålder. Studien pekar särskilt på vikten av mer omfat-
tande mätningar av åldersrelaterade förändringar av
talapparatens inställningar och nödvändigheten av att
utveckla nya akustiska modeller som beskriver
samtliga de akustiska förändringar som är en effekt av
mänskligt åldrande.
YHTEENVETO
Ikään liitty6ät ääni6äylän muutokset ja niiden
6aikutukset puhujan 6okaaliformanttien taajuuksiin.
Esitutkimus
Tutkimuksen päämäärät olivat: 1) tehdä tarkkoja eri
ikäisten naispuhujien ääniväylän suhteiden mittauksia
akustisten heijasteiden kartoituksella (ART), 2) selvit-
tää iänmukaisia formanttitaajuuksien muutoksia, 3)
testata hypoteesi, jonka mukaan ääniväylämuutoksiin
liittyy ikääntymisen myötä formanttitaajuuksien
lasku. Tutkimusten mukaan iäkkäämmillä naisilla on
laajempi nieluontelo, muttei pidempää ääniväylää kuin
nuoremmilla naisilla. Tämän esitutkimuksen perus-
teella on tarpeen jatkaa ääniväylän ikämuutosten
selvittämistä suuremmalla aineistolla ja kehittää uusia
akustisia malleja, jotka ottaisivat huomioon ikämuu-
tokset.
Log Phon Vocol 24