Skeletal System

By Dr Vipan Goyal
Parts of the skeletal system:
Bones

Joints

Cartilage

Ligaments (bone to bone )

Tendon (bone to muscles)

 Axial Skeleton Upper Portion
• It consists of 80 bones along the central axis of
the human body
• It is composed of six parts: skull, ossicle, hyoid
bone, rib cage, sternum, and vertebral
• 29 bones present in skull. 8 protects the brain .
There are 14 bones which form the face. Six
ossicles and one hyoid bone.
• Ribs: 12 pairs/24 total
• 11th and 12th pair are called floating ribs as they
are not attached to bones.
 Appendicular Skeleton Diagram

• Composed of 126 bones in the

human body.
• Appendicular is an adjective derived
from the noun appendage.
• This means that these structures are
joined to something larger.
 Functions of bones
• Support of the body – Internal framework that supports the body and
cradles its soft organs.
• Protection of soft organs – Ex: skull – brain, rib cage – lungs and heart
• Storage of minerals and fats –
 fat is stored in the internal cavities of bone
 Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.
• Blood cell formation
 Hematopoiesis, occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones.
 BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY
• The skeleton has 206 bones. (during childhood- 300 bones) and
have 639 muscles.
• Two basic types of bone tissue :-
 Compact bone – Homogeneous
 Spongy bone – Small needle like pieces of bone.
• Many open spaces.
 Bone marrow
• Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue
which may be found within the
spongy or cancellous portions of
bones.
• In birds and mammals, bone
marrow is the primary site of new
blood cell production or
hematopoiesis.
• It is composed of hematopoietic
cells, marrow adipose tissue, and
supportive stromal cells.
 Types of bone cells
Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts

• Mature bone • Bone-forming • Bone-destroying

cells cells cells, breakdown
bone matrix for
remodeling and
release of
calcium
Bone fracture: A break in the bone
 Types of bone fractures

Closed (simple) fracture Open (compound) fracture

break that does not broken bone penetrates

penetrate the skin through the skin
 SKULL
• The brain is protected by the bones of the
skull and by a covering of three thin
membranes called meninges.
• The brain is also cushioned and protected
by cerebrospinal fluid.
• Two sets of bones are:
 Cranium
 Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures, skull is made
up by 29 bones. The only bone that can
move is Mandible.
 VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs.
• The spine has a normal curvature.
• Each vertebrae is given a name
according to its location.
• The human spinal column is made
up of 33 bones
 VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• 7 vertebrae in the cervical region, 12 in
the thoracic region, 5 in the lumbar
region, 5 in the sacral region and 4 in the
coccygeal region.
• After fusion they became 26.
• Formula C7 T12 L5 S5(1) C4 (1)
• First vertebral column is Atlas which is
connected with skull.
 Joints
• The study of Joints is called Arthrology
Classification of Joints
• According to the structural classification of joints, they are divided
into 3 types, namely:
1. Fibrous Joints/Fixed Joints
2. Cartilaginous Joints/Slightly Moveable Joints/Imperfect Joints
3. Synovial Joints/Freely Movable Joints/Perfect Joints
 Fibrous Joints/Fixed Joints
• Fixed joints, also called immovable joints, are found where bones
are not flexible.
• No movements occur.
• A prominent example of a fixed joint is the skull, which is made up
of a number of fused bones.
• Other examples include the upper jaw, rib cage, backbone, and
pelvic bone, etc.
Fibrous Joints/Fixed Joints
 Cartilaginous Joints/Slightly
Moveable Joints/Imperfect Joints
• Cartilaginous joints are partly movable joints comprising of
symphysis or synchondrosis joints.
• These joints occur only in those regions where the connection
between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage.
• Synchondrosis are temporary cartilaginous joints which are present
in young children and last until the end of their puberty.
• Examples include the pubic symphysis, spinal column and the
ribcage.
 Cartilaginous Joints/Slightly
Moveable Joints/Imperfect Joints
 Synovial Joints/Freely Movable
Joints/Perfect Joints
• The synovial joints are the most common type of joint because this
joint helps us to perform a wide range of motions such as walking,
running, typing and more. Synovial joints are flexible, movable, can
slide over one another, rotatable and so on.
• These joints are found in our shoulder joint, neck joint, knee joint,
wrist joint, etc. There are types of freely movable joint and are
mentioned below with the examples.
 Synovial Joints/Freely
Movable Joints/Perfect Joints

Ball and Socket Joints

Pivotal Joints

Hinge Joints

Saddle Joints

Gliding Joints
 Synovial Joints/Freely Movable
Joints/Perfect Joints
1. Ball and Socket Joints
 Here, one bone is hooked into the
hollow space of another bone. This
type of joint helps in rotatory
movement. An example ball and
socket joint are the shoulders.
2. Pivotal Joints
 In this type of joint, one bone has
tapped into the other in such a way
that full rotation is not possible.
This joint aid in sideways and back-
forth movement. An example of a
pivotal joint is the neck.
 Synovial Joints/Freely Movable
Joints/Perfect Joints
3. Hinge Joints
 Hinge joints are like door hinges,
where only back and forth movement
is possible. Example of hinge joints is
the ankle, elbows, and knee joints.
4. Saddle Joints
 Saddle joint is the biaxial joint that
allows the movement on two planes–
flexion/extension and
abduction/adduction. For example,
the thumb is the only bone in the
human body having a saddle joint.
 Synovial Joints/Freely Movable
Joints/Perfect Joints
5. Gliding Joints
 Gliding joints are a common type of
synovial joint. It is also known as a plane
or planar joint.
 This joint permit two or more round or
flat bones to move freely together
without any rubbing or crushing of
bones.
 This joint is mainly found in those
regions where the two bones meet and
glide on one another in any of the
directions.
 The lower leg to the ankle joint and the
forearm to wrist joint are the two main
examples of gliding joints.
Inflammatory Conditions with Joints
 Inflammatory Conditions with Joints
• Arthritis – Inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints.
• Osteoarthritis-
 Most common chronic arthritis
 Probably related to normal aging processes.
• Rheumatoid arthritis
 Autoimmune diseases- the immune system attacks the joints.
 Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
 Often leads to deformities.
 Inflammatory Conditions with Joints
• Gout arthritis
 Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid
crystals from the blood.
 Can usually be controlled with diet.
• Osteoporosis :
 Loss of bone density due to excessive absorption of Ca and
Phosphorous from the bone.
 Important Bones
• Knee- Patella
• Thigh- Femur (largest bone)
• Ankle- Tarsal
• Fingers- Phalanges
• Wrist- Carpals
• Upper arms- Humerus
• Palm- Meta carpal
• Bones in ear- Malleus, Incus, Stapes (smallest bone)
 Important Points
• Largest muscle : Gluteus maximus ( Buttock muscle)
• Bone forming cells are called Osteoblasts.
• Bone from Pectoral Girdle joined with forelimb is called
Humerus.
• Bone from Pelvic Girdle joined with hindlimb is called Femur.
 Facts
• Sternum is absent in Fishes.
• Massetters of Jaw is strongest muscle.
• Birds have spongy bones with air filled spaces are called Pneumatic bones.
• Rigor mortis is the state of body stiffening after death of individual.
• Thickest layer of skin is found in Sole.
• The hardest part of human body is Enamel.
• Keratin protein is present in skin.
• Bone found in the leg of human body is hollow.
• Hump of camel is made up of adipose tissue.
 Muscular System – Muscle Types
• Muscle is a specialized tissue of mesodermal origin.
• Mesodermal i.e. the middle layer of cells or tissues of an embryo,
or the parts derived from this (e.g. cartilage, muscles, and bone)
• About 40-50 per cent of the body weight of a human adult is
contributed by muscles.
• They have special properties like excitability, contractility,
extensibility and elasticity.
 Muscular System – Muscle Types
• Muscles have been classified using
different criteria, namely location,
appearance and nature of regulation
of their activities. Based on their
location, three types of muscles are:
1. Skeletal
2. Visceral [the internal organs in the
main cavities of the body]
3. Cardiac
 Skeletal Muscles
• Skeletal muscles are closely associated with the skeletal
components of the body. They have a striped
appearance under the microscope and hence are
called striated muscles.
• As their activities are under the voluntary control of
the nervous system, they are known as voluntary
muscles They are primarily involved in locomotory
actions and changes of body postures.
• Each organized skeletal muscle in our body is made of a
number of muscle bundles or fascicles held together
by a common connective tissue layer called fascia.
 Skeletal Muscles
• Each muscle bundle contains a number of
muscle fibres. Each muscle fibre is lined by
the plasma membrane
called sarcolemma enclosing the
sarcoplasm.
• The endoplasmic reticulum, i.e.,
sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle fibres
is the store house of calcium ions.
• A characteristic feature of the muscle fibre
is the presence of a large number of
parallelly arranged filaments in the
sarcoplasm called myofilaments or
myofibrils.
 Skeletal Muscles
• Each myofibril has alternate dark and light
bands on it. The striated appearance is due
to the distribution pattern of two
important proteins : Actin and Myosin.
• Actin and myosin are polymerized proteins
with contractility.
• A motor neuron carries signal to the
muscle fibre which generates an action
potential in it.
• This causes the release of Ca++ from
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
 Skeletal Muscles
• Ca++ activates actin which binds to the myosin
head to form a cross bridge.
• These cross bridges pull the actin filaments
causing them to slide over the myosin filaments
and thereby causing contraction.
• Ca++ are then returned to sarcoplasmic
reticulum which inactivate the actin. Cross
bridges are broken and the muscles relax.
• Muscles are classified as Red and White fibres
based primarily on the amount of red coloured
myoglobin pigment in them.
 Visceral Muscles
• Visceral muscles are located in the inner walls
of hollow visceral organs of the body like the
alimentary canal, reproductive tract, etc.
• They do not exhibit any striation and are
smooth in appearance. Hence, they are
called smooth muscles (non-striated muscle).
• Their activities are not under the voluntary
control of the nervous system and are
therefore known as involuntary muscles.
• They assist, for example, in the transportation
of food through the digestive tract and
gametes through the genital tract.
 Cardiac Muscles
• As the name suggests, Cardiac
muscles are the muscles of heart.
• Many cardiac muscle cells assemble
in a branching pattern to form a
cardiac muscle.
• Based on appearance, cardiac
muscles are striated.
• They are involuntary in nature as the
nervous system does not control
their activities directly.
Thank You