10

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Illustrating Mutually Exclusive
Events and Solving Problems
Involving Probability
Mathematics – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Illustrating Mutually Exclusive Events and Solving Problems
Involving Probability
First Edition, 2021

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 10

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Illustrating Mutually Exclusive
Events and Solvng Problems
Involving Probability
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

Shopping has immensely changed due to pandemic nowadays. Online shopping is

the most convenient and safest way of buying some stuffs that we need or want.
Some of these online outlets are Lazada, Shoppee, Shein, Amazon, Zalora and online
official stores of branded product. In the Philippines, the competing online shops are
Lazada and Shoppee in particular. There are some shoppers that intend to buy in
Lazada or Shoppe, while some are both. The first scenario is considered as mutually
exclusive buyers because they patronized a specific store, while the second is not
mutually exclusive buyers because they like to shop in both stores. The chances of
buying are not also the same.

The given scenario is a simple example of the importance of studying the probability
of mutually exclusive event or not in solving real-life problems or in making
conclusions and wise decisions.

In this lesson, you will learn to:

1. find the probability of (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵). (M10SP-IIIg-h-1),

2. illustrate mutually exclusive events (M10SP-IIIi-1), and
3. solve problems involving probability. (M10SP-IIIi-1)

What I Know

Direction: Find out how much you already know about the lesson in this module.
Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. If set 𝐴 = {4,6,8,10} and set 𝐵 = { 4, 8,12,16,20} what is (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)?

a. {4,6,8,10,12,16,20}
b. {6,10,12,20}
c. {4,6,8,10,4,8,12,16,20}
d. {4,8}

2. Using the same given in number 1, what is (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)?

a. {4,6,8,10,12,16,20}
b. {6,10,12,20}
c. {4,6,8,10,4,8,12,16,20}
d. {4,8}

1
 3. From a bag containing 8 blue balls, 7 brown balls, and 5 red balls, 1 ball is
drawn. What is the probability that is either brown or red?
3 2 1 2
a. b. c. d.
5 3 5 5

4. A die is rolled once. What is the probability of getting an odd number or a 3?

3 2 1 2
a. b. c. d.
5 3 5 5

5. A glass jar contains 8 red candies, 7 yellow candies and 15 white candies. One
candy is taken at random, what is the probability of choosing a red candy or
a white candy?
8 23 7 22
a. b. c. d.
30 30 30 30

Instruction: After finishing the test, you may check your answers. (Refer to the key
answer.)

If you got 100% of the answers correctly, you did great! You may decide to skip this
module. However, you might learn a few more things along the way if you’ll choose
to continue studying this module.

If you scored below 100%, it is alright. This only means that this module is for you.
It will help you solve real-life problems involving probability of mutually and non-
mutually exclusive events and make wise conclusions/decisions.

If you are ready, you may now proceed to the next part to begin the lesson.

Notes to the Teacher

This module prepares the student on how to solve problems
involving probability of mutually and non-mutually exclusive
events.

2
 Lesson Solving Problems Involving

1 Probability Mutually and Non-

Mutually Exclusive Events

In this module, we will discuss about solving problems involving probability of

mutually and non-mutually exclusive events.

We will discover more of this as we answer and understand all the activities.

What’s In

Identify the following. Choose the correct answer in the box.

Probability Events Experiments

Union of events Intersection of events Outcomes
Sample Space Venn diagram

1. It refers to the likelihood for something to happen.

2. These are activities with observable results like tossing coins and rolling dice.
3. A set of possible outcomes resulting from a particular experiment.
4. A set that contains all the elements that is in both events.
5. A set that contains all the elements that is in at least one of the two events.

Notes to the Teacher

This module intends to help learners recall the concepts about
probability which will be needed in solving problems involving
probability of mutually and non-mutually exclusive events.

3
 What’s New

Communicating with your friends or relatives in any parts of the globe is much easier
now because of the different social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram,
Twitter, and the like. Each of them offers different ways in connecting and informing
each other’s status. Using your Facebook account, analyze how many friends do you
have and choose one from your friends. Then, write how many mutual friends both
of you have and how many are not.

What is It

Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events

Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot happen at the same time, or they
cannot occur together.
For instance, in a situation selecting an even number or an odd number. The first
event is selecting an even number and the second event is selecting an odd number.
The two events are mutually exclusive events because there is no number that is
even at the same time odd.

For better understanding, Venn diagram illustrates the said situation.

Even Odd
Number Number

The probability of mutually exclusive events is the sum of their probabilities.

Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events

The probability of mutually exclusive events 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) is equal to the sum of the
probability of event 𝐴, 𝑃(𝐴) and the probability of event 𝐵, 𝑃(𝐵). In symbols,

Read as “The probability of A or B equals the probability of

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩)
A plus the probability of B”

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Example 1:
A die is rolled once. What is the probability of getting an odd number
or a 4?

Solution:
Let 𝐴 = event of getting an odd number
𝐵 = event of getting a 4

The two events, 𝐴 and 𝐵, are mutually exclusive events because there is no odd
number at the same time it is a 4.

The Venn diagram shows that the two circles are separated to each other because
there are no common elements.

𝐴 𝐵

Given:
𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 𝑛(𝑆) = 6 Note:
𝐴 = {1, 3, 5} 𝑛(𝐴) = 3 𝒏 is the number of
𝐵 = {4} 𝑛(𝐵) = 1 elements in a set

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) The formula of Mutually Exclusive Events

𝑛(𝐴) 𝑛(𝐵)
= + The probability of A and B
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆)
3 1
= + Substitute the given
6 6
4 𝟐
= 𝑜𝑟 Add and simplify
6 𝟑

Therefore, the probability of getting an odd number or a when a die is rolled

2
once is .
3

5
Example 2:
A card is drawn at random from a deck of 52 playing cards.
Find the probability that the card drawn is a jack or a queen?

Solution:
Let 𝐴 = event of getting a jack
𝐵 = event of getting a queen

The two events, 𝐴 and 𝐵, are mutually exclusive events because there is no card that
is a jack at the same time it is a queen.
Given:
𝑆 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑛(𝑆) = 52
𝐴= 𝑛(𝐴) = 4

𝐵= 𝑛(𝐵) = 4

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) The formula of Mutually Exclusive Events

𝑛(𝐴) 𝑛(𝐵)
= + The probability of A and B
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆)
4 4
= + Substitute the given
52 52
8 𝟐
= 𝑜𝑟 Add and simplify
52 𝟏𝟑

2
Therefore, the probability of getting a jack or a queen in a deck of 52 cards is .
13

Note: For those who are not familiar with playing cards, there are 4 suits: clubs,
diamonds, hearts, and spades. In each suit there is 1 ace, 9 number cards (numbers
2-10), and 3 face cards (jack, queen, and king).

6
Example 3:
Ybrys went to 7-Eleven to buy drinks. She chooses from 8 different brands of juice
drinks, 6 different brands of carbonated drinks, and 2 different brands of chocolate
drinks. What is the probability that the chosen drink is a juice or a chocolate?

Solution:
Let 𝐴 = event of getting a juice drink
𝐵 = event of getting a chocolate drink

The two events, 𝐴 and 𝐵, are mutually exclusive events because there is no drink
that is juice at the same time it is a chocolate.

Given:
𝑆 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑛(𝑆) = 16
𝐴 = 8 𝑗𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑛(𝐴) = 8
𝐵 = 2 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑛(𝐵) = 2
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) The formula of Mutually Exclusive Events
𝑛(𝐴) 𝑛(𝐵)
= + The probability of A and B
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆)
8 2
= + Substitute the given
16 16
10 𝟓
= 𝑜𝑟 Add and simplify
16 𝟖
5
Therefore, the probability of Ybrys getting juice or chocolate drink is .
8

Probability of Non-Mutually Exclusive or Inclusive Events

Two events are non-mutually exclusive or inclusive events if they can occur at the
same time.

Drawing a heart or a king card from a deck of cards is an example of non-mutually

exclusive events because there is a card that is a black card at the same time it is a
face card.

If two events, A and B, are not mutually exclusive, then they share outcomes in
common. The overlap of the two sets is their intersection, that is, A ∩ B. Again, we
are interested in the event A or B, so we must count the elements in A ∪ B. If we
simply added the number of elements in A to the number of elements in B, then we
would be counting the elements in the overlap twice – once in A and once in B. So,
to get the total, we must subtract the number of elements in A ∩ B.

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

7
 Probability of Non-Mutually Exclusive or Inclusive Events
The probability of events 𝐴 or event 𝐵 that is non-mutually exclusive is equal to
the probability of event 𝐴 plus the probability of event 𝐵 minus the probability of
their intersection. In symbols,
𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

Example 4:
If a card is drawn from an ordinary deck of cards, find the probability of getting a
heart or a king card.
Solution:
Let 𝐴 = event of getting a heart card
𝐵 = event of getting a king card

The two events, 𝐴 and 𝐵, are non-mutually exclusive events because there is a heart
card at the same time it is a king card.

Given:
𝑆 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑛(𝑆) = 52
𝐴 = {13 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔} 𝑛(𝐴) = 13
𝐵 = {4 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠} 𝑛(𝐵) = 4
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠} 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) The formula of Non-Mutually Exclusive Events

𝑛(𝐴) 𝑛(𝐵) 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= + − The probability of A and B minus the
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆) intersection
13 4 1
= + − Substitute the given
52 52 52
16 𝟒
= 𝑜𝑟 Add and simplify
52 𝟏𝟑

Therefore, the probability of getting a heart card or a king when a card is drawn from
4
a deck of 52 cards is .
13

Example 5:
A bowl contains 8 chips numbered from 1 to 8. If a chip is drawn randomly from the
bowl, what is the probability that a number chosen is divisible by 4 or an even
number?
Solution:
Let 𝐴 = event that the number is divisible by 4
𝐵 = event that the number is even

The two events, 𝐴 and 𝐵, are non-mutually exclusive events because there is a
number which is divisible by 4 at the same time is an even number.

8
 Given:
𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} 𝑛(𝑆) = 8 Note:
𝐴 = {4, 8} 𝑛(𝐴) = 2 𝒏 is the number of
𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8} 𝑛(𝐵) = 4 elements in a set
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {4, 8} 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 2

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) The formula of Non-Mutually Exclusive Events

𝑛(𝐴) 𝑛(𝐵) 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= + − The probability of A and B minus the
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑆) intersection
2 4 2
= + − Substitute the given
8 8 8
4 𝟏
= 𝑜𝑟 Add and simplify
8 𝟐

Therefore, the probability of getting a chip which is divisible by 4 or is an even

1
number is .
2

Can you now solve problems involving mutually and non-mutually exclusive events?
Let us determine how much you understood from the given discussion by answering
the activities that follow.

What’s More

Consider each problem below. Determine whether the events are mutually exclusive
or not mutually exclusive. Find the probability.

1. Gabrielle has 25 blue chips, 15 black chips and 20 green chips. What is the
probability that he randomly selects a blue or a green chip?

2. Of 46 students in the section Aquamarine, 10 of them are in the honor roll, 8

are members of the volleyball team and 5 are in the honor roll and are also
members of the volleyball team. What is the probability that a randomly
selected student is on the honor roll or is a member of the volleyball team?

3. A motorcycle license plate has 2 letters and 3 numbers. What is the probability
that a motorcycle has a license plate containing a double letter or an even
number?

4. Khaley likes to wear colored blouses. She has 18 blouses in the closet. Four
of these are yellow, five are in different shades of red and the rest are of
different colors. What is the probability that she will wear a yellow or a red
blouse?

9
 What I Have Learned

Fill in the box to complete the statement.

1. Two events that have no outcome in common are said to be

exclusive.

2. Two events which share common outcomes are said to be

exclusive.

3. If A and B are non-mutually exclusive then, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) =

4. If A and B are mutually exclusive then, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) =

5. The intersection of events 𝐴 and 𝐵 is written as

What I Can Do

Solve the following problems.

1. A jar contains 8 red balls numbered 1 to 8 and 6 blue balls numbered 1 to 6.

A ball is drawn at random from the jar. Find the probability that the ball is:
a. red or even-numbered.
b. blue or odd-numbered.

2. One marble is drawn from a bag containing 4 blue, 3 white and 6 yellow
marbles. Find the probability that is either blue or yellow.

3. If a fair die is rolled, what is the probability that the number rolled is greater
than 2 or even?

4. A card is drawn at random from a 52- deck of cards. Find the probability
of getting:
a. a King or a Queen
b. a heart or a diamond
c. a black card or a Jack
d. a spade or an ace
e. a diamond or a king

10
 Assessment

Read carefully each question and identify the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer on your activity sheet.

1. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting an

ace or a face card?
4 12 4 12
a. b. c. d.
13 52 12 13

2. In a class of 46 students, 20 prefer English, 10 prefer Math, 16 prefer Filipino,

5 prefer English and Math and 8 prefer Math and Filipino. What is the
probability that the student prefers Math or English?
25 20 10 30
a. b. c. d.
46 46 46 46

3. In a group of 40 teenagers, 15 have Instagram account, 20 have Facebook

account and 5 have both accounts. One teenager is randomly selected. What
is the probability that the selected teenager has Instagram or Facebook
account?
1 2 3 4
a. b. c. d.
4 4 4 4

4. A pair of dice is rolled. What is the probability of getting a total of 6 or 8?

5 2 3 4
a. b. c. 18 d. 18
18 18

5. In a deck of cards, what is the probability of getting a black or a face card?

3
a.
52
8
b.
13
15
c.
26
4
d.
13

6. The probabilities of three teams A, B, and C winning a Mobile Legend

1 1 1
competition are , , and respectively. What is the probability that A or B
3 5 9
will win?
8
a.
45
1
b.
15
8
c.
15
3
d.
5

11
7. A fruit shake stand offers different combination of fruits such as carrots and
apple; lemon and cucumber; orange and apple; pineapple and apple,
guyabano and apple; and orange and lemon. What is the probability that the
chosen combination contains apple or an orange?
a. 1
1
b.
2
2
c.
3
4
d.
5

8. Which of the following describes mutually exclusive event?

a. Getting an odd or a number less than 4 in rolling a die
b. Drawing an ace or a heart in a deck of cards
c. Getting an even number or a number less than 6 in rolling a die
d. Getting a head or a tail in tossing a coin

9. Which of the following describes a not mutually exclusive event?

a. Getting an odd or an even number in rolling a die
b. Getting a head or a tail in tossing a coin
c. Drawing an ace or a heart in a deck of cards
d. Getting a red or a yellow marble in a jar

10. Chico’s soccer ball shooting records indicate that for any frame, the probability
that he will score in a three point is 55%, a one-point shoot is 30%, and
neither,15%. What is the probability that Chico will score either in a three-
point shoot or in a one-point shoot?
a. 75% b. 85% c. 50% d. 70%

12
 Additional Activities

Answer the following questions based on the given illustration below.

R O M T
B

1 9 12 8 1

The Venn diagram shows 31 students who chose different modalities of learning
during the pandemic: O for online learning; M for modular instructions; R for radio;
T for television; and B for blended learning (Online and Modular).

A. From the illustration identify if the following are mutually exclusive events or
not. Draw if they are mutually exclusive events, and if they are
NOT mutually exclusive events.
a. O or M
b. B or O
c. B or M
d. R or T
e. O or T

B. What is the probability that the student chooses

a. Modular Instruction only?
b. Online or modular?
c. Radio or Television?
d. Online Learning only?
e. Television only?

13
 14
Additional Activities Assessment
A. B. 1. a
8 2. a
1. 1. 31 3. c
5 4. a
2. 2. 31 5. b
2 6. c
3. 3. 31 7. a
9 8. d
4. 4.
31 9. c
1 10. d
5. 5. 31
What I Can Do What I Have Learned What’s More
5 1. Mutually 3
1. a. 1. 4
7
1 2. Non-Mutually 13
b. 2. 46
2
3. 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃 (𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
10 1
2. 3. 52
13 4. 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃 (𝐵)
5 1
3. 5. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 4. 2
6
2
4. a. 13
1
b. 2
7
c. 13
4
d. 13
What’s New What’s In What I Know
1. c
Student’s answer may vary
1. Probability
2. d
2. Experiment
3. a
3. Events
4. c
4. Sample Space
5. Union of Events
5. b
Answer Key
References

Books

Callanta, Melvin M. et. al. 2015. Learner’s Module in Mathematics 10, Rex Bookstore
Inc.

Orines, Fernando B. et. al. 2015. Next Century Mathematics 10. Quezon City.
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Oronce, Orlando, and Marilyn Mendoza. 2015. E-MATH 10. Manila, Philippines. Rex
Bookstore Inc.

Parreño, Elizabeth B., and Jimenez, Ronel O. 2006. Basic Statistics Worktext.
Quezon City, Philippines. C & E Publishing Inc.

Villareal, Abelardo A. et. al. 2020. Mathematics for Grade 10: A Spiral Approach.
Cubao, Quezon City. Education Resources Corporation.

Images

https://www.google.com/images

15
16
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph