Final and Final Draft Main Body

Design of Low cost & efficient heat pump dryer
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE...........................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................1
1.2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION.....................................................................................................2
1.3. OBJECTIVE.............................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO..........................................................................................................................4
2.1. HEAT PUMP BASICS...............................................................................................................4
2.2. HEAT PUMP WORKING FLUIDS................................................................................................5
2.3. HEAT SOURCES FOR HEAT PUMP............................................................................................9
2.4. HOW A HEAT PUMP WORKS..................................................................................................14
2.5. COMMON TYPES OF HEAT PUMPS.........................................................................................14
2.6. TYPES OF DRYERS................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................19
3.1. DESIGN ANALYSIS THE HEAT EXCHANGER..........................................................................19
Design approach..................................................................................................................19
3.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE DESIGN...............................................................................................21
3.3. DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGER.............................................................................................24
3.4. DESIGN OF CONDENSER.......................................................................................................28
3.5. DESIGN OF EVAPORATOR.....................................................................................................31
3.6. PRESSURE DROP...................................................................................................................34
3.7. COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE..........................................................................................36
3.8. CAPILLARY TUBE (CTV).....................................................................................................39
3.9. FAN SELECTION...................................................................................................................42
3.10. TYPES OF MOTORS.............................................................................................................45
4.1. HEAT TRANSFER IN DRYING CHAMBER................................................................................47
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................51
APPENDIX.................................................................................................................................52
Reference.................................................................................................................................56
Final year project by Yeshiwas Gellaw, 2006/07 Mechanical engineering dep . 0

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Heat pumps aren't new. The concept of heat pumps was introduced in 1852. In 1927, the
first practical model was in use. Heat pumps were introduced to the American market in
the 1950s. Today millions are in use all across the country, successfully heating homes in
even the coldest climates.
Heat pumps are growing in popularity because higher energy costs and chances of future
fuel shortages have led homeowners to seek ways to reduce their heating and cooling
costs. The new generations of heat pumps available today are extremely reliable and cost
efficient.
Drying is an energy intensive operation. Conventionally; materials are dried either in the
field (sun drying) or using high temperature dryers (electric, gas fired, etc.). Successful
outdoor drying depends upon good weather and indeterminate weather can render a
product worthless. High temperature drying can damage the nutrient content and impart
an unpleasant smell to the dried product.

1.2. Problem identification
Cereal grains, fruits, vegetables, meat and marine products, flowers, spices and
medicinal herbs are among the products that are commercially dehydrated on a large
scale. Recent time the world use electric heater which is high energy consumption and
specially in third world for cereal grains they use direct solar energy which requires to
much time for drying .therefore to save energy and time its is better to use heat pump
dryer system.

1.3. Objective
This project is on design of low- cost and efficient heat pump dryer that full fill the
problem statement and also easy for maintenance and installation. This thermal device
may be used in drying agricultural products, food and agricultural sector or in air-
conditioning system depending on the application.

CHAPTER TWO
2.1. Heat Pump Basics
The heat pump is the only known process that recalculates environmental or waste heat
back into a heat production process, and therefore can dramatically reduce the demand
for fossil fuels as well as NOx, hydrocarbons, acid rain and CO 2-emissions. The heat
pump, which can be used for heating and cooling buildings as well as in many industrial
processes, offers the best prospects for attaining these goals in a wide variety of
appropriate applications.
Detailed studies have shown that electric- or gas-driven heat pumps would reduce
emissions of CO2 and other pollutants associated with space heating in Europe by
between 30 % and 50 %, depending upon the conditions of use.
The vast majority of heat pumps operate on the vapor compression cycle, which can
accommodate electric motor or gas engine drives. A growing minority of heat pumps
employ what is called the absorption cycle. They predominantly use gas as fuel and are
directly-fired. Many other methods exist, but are not yet widely applied.

2.2. Heat pump working fluids
Closed-cycle compression type heat pumps require a working fluid. Traditionally, the
most common working fluids for heat pumps have been:
CFC-12 Low- and medium temperature (max. 80°C);
CFC-114 High temperature (max. 120°C);
R-500 Medium temperature (max. 80°C);
R-502 Low-medium temperature (max. 55°C);
HCFC-22 Virtually all reversible and low-temperature heat pumps (max. 55°C)
Due to their chlorine content and chemical stability, CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) are
harmful to the global environment. They have both a high ozone depletion potential
(ODP) and a global warming potential (GWP). Environmental effects can also be
represented with the Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) concept to determine the
overall contribution of CFC alternatives to global warming. TEWI is the sum of the direct
contribution of greenhouse gases used to make or operate the systems and the indirect
contribution of the carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the energy required to run the
systems over their normal lifetime.
CFCs belong to the group of prohibited refrigerants. Due to their high ozone depletion
potential the manufacture of these refrigerants, and their use in new plants, is now banned
although they are still permitted in existing plants. However, only purified (recycled)
refrigerants from decommissioned and retrofitted plants are available. It is therefore
expected that these refrigerants will become more and more expensive, and at some point
will no longer be available. This group includes the following refrigerants: R-11, R-12,
R-13, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-500, R-502, and R-13B1.
As a general requirement, heat pumps using alternative working fluids should have at
least the same reliability and cost effectiveness as (H) CFC systems. Moreover, the
energy efficiency of the systems should be maintained or be even higher, in order to
make heat pumps an interesting energy-saving alternative. In addition to finding new and
environmentally acceptable working fluids, it is also important to modify or redesign the
heat pumps. Generally speaking, the energy efficiency of a heat pump system depends
more on the heat pump and system design than on the working fluid.

HCFCs
HCFC (hydro chlorofluorocarbons) working fluids also contain chlorine, but they have
much lower ODP (ozone depletion potential) than CFCs, typically 2-5% of CFC-12, due
to a lower atmospheric chemical stability. The GWP (global warming potential) is
typically 20% of that of CFC-12. H-CFCs are so-called transitional refrigerants. They
should only be used for retrofit applications. H-CFCs include R-22, R-401, R-402, R-
403, R-408 and R-409. Table 1 show the phase-out schedule of CFCs and HCFCs for
industrialized countries, which was agreed under the Montreal Protocol and its
amendments and adjustments. HCFCs should be phased out for industrialized countries
by the year 2020, and should be phased out entirely by 2040. The European Union has
adopted an accelerated phase-out schedule for these substances, which requires them to
be phased out by January 2015. Some countries in Europe (Sweden, Germany, Denmark,
Switzerland and Austria) also have an accelerated schedule and will phase out R-22 for
new systems between 1998 and 2002.
HFCs
HFCs (hydro fluorocarbons) can be considered long-term alternative refrigerants. This
means that they are chlorine-free refrigerants such as R-134a, R-152a, R-32, R-125and
R-507. Since they do not contribute to ozone depletion, these are long-term alternatives
to R-12, R-22 and R-502. However, they do still contribute to global warming. Special
attention must be given to the use of lubricants. Mineral oils are non-miscible with these
refrigerants. Normally only ester-based lubricant oils recommended by the refrigerant
manufacturer should be used. Mineral oil residues must be completely removed during
retrofitting.
Natural working fluids:

Natural working fluids are substances, naturally existing in the biosphere. They generally
have negligible global environmental drawbacks (zero or near-zero ODP and GWP).
They are therefore long-term alternatives to the CFCs. Examples of natural working
fluids are ammonia (NH3), hydrocarbons (e.g. propane), carbon dioxide (CO2), air and
water. Some of the natural working fluids are flammable or toxic. The safety implications

of using such fluids may require specific system design and suitable operating and
maintenance routines.
Ammonia (NH3) is in many countries the leading working fluid in medium and large
refrigeration and cold storage plants. Codes, regulations and legislation have been
developed mainly to deal with the toxic and to some extent, the flammable characteristics
of ammonia. Thermodynamically and economically ammonia is an excellent alternative
to CFCs and HCFC-22 in new heat pump equipment. It has so far only been used in large
heat pump systems, and high-pressure compressors have raised the maximum achievable
condensing temperature from 58°C to 78°C.
Ammonia can also be considered in small systems, the largest part of the heat pump
market. In small systems the safety aspects can be handled by using equipment with low
working fluid charge and measures such as indirect distribution systems (brine systems),
gas-tight rooms or casing, and fail-safe ventilation. Copper is not compatible with
ammonia so that all components must be made of steel. Ammonia is not yet used in high-
temperature industrial heat pumps because there are currently no suitable high-pressure
compressors available (40 bar maximum). If efficient high-pressure compressors are
developed, ammonia will be an excellent high-temperature working fluid.
Water is an excellent working fluid for high-temperature industrial heat pumps due to its
favorable thermodynamic properties and the fact that it is neither flammable nor toxic.
Water has mainly been used as a working fluid in open and semi-open MVR systems, but
there are also a few closed-cycle compression heat pumps with water as working fluid.
Typical operating temperatures are in the range from 80°C to 150°C. 300°C has been
achieved in a test plant in Japan, and there is a growing interest in utilizing water as a
working fluid, especially for high- temperature applications. The major disadvantage with
water as a working fluid is that the low volumetric heat capacity (kJ/m 3) of water. This
requires large and expensive compressors, especially at low temperatures.
CO2
It is a potentially strong refrigerant that is attracting growing attention from all over the
world. CO2 is non-toxic, non-flammable and is compatible to normal lubricants and
common construction materials. The volumetric refrigeration capacity is high and the
pressure ratio is greatly reduced. However, the theoretical COP of a conventional heat

pumping cycle with CO2 is rather poor, and effective application of this fluid depends on
the development of suitable methods to achieve competitively low power consumption
during operation near and above the critical point. CO2 products are still under
development, and research continues to improve systems and components. A prototype
heat pump water heater has already been developed in Norway. CO2 is now being used
as a secondary refrigerant in cascade systems for commercial refrigeration.


2.3. Heat sources for heat pump
The technical and economic performance of a heat pump is closely related to the
characteristics of the heat source. An ideal heat source for heat pumps in buildings has a
high and stable temperature during the heating season, is abundantly available, is not
corrosive or polluted, has favorable thermo physical properties, and its utilization
requires low investment and operational costs. In most cases, however, the availability of
the heat source is the key factor determining its use. The table on the right below presents
commonly used heat sources.
Ambient and exhaust air, soil and ground water are practical heat sources for small heat
pump systems, while sea/lake/river water, rock (geothermal) and waste water are used for
large heat pump systems.
Ambient air: is free and widely available, and it is the most common heat source for heat
pumps. Air-source heat pumps, however, achieve on average 10-30% lower seasonal
performance factor (SPF) than water-source heat pumps. This is mainly due to the rapid
fall in capacity and performance with decreasing outdoor temperature, the relatively high
temperature difference in the evaporator and the energy needed for defrosting the
evaporator and to operate the fans.
In mild and humid climates, frost will accumulate on the evaporator surface in the
temperature range 0-6°C, leading to reduced capacity and performance of the heat pump
system. Coil defrosting is achieved by reversing the heat pump cycle or by other, less
energy-efficient means. Energy consumption increases and the overall coefficient of
performance (COP) of the heat pump drops with increasing defrost frequency. Using
demand defrosts control rather than time control can significantly improve overall
efficiencies.
Exhaust (ventilation) air: is a common heat source for heat pumps in residential and
commercial buildings. The heat pump recovers heat from the ventilation air, and provides
water and/or space heating. Continuous operation of the ventilation system is required
during the heating season or throughout the year. Some units are also designed to utilize

both exhaust air and ambient air. For large buildings exhaust air heat pumps are often
used in combination with air-to-air heat recovery units.
Ground water: is available with stable temperatures (4-10°C) in many regions. Open or
closed systems are used to tap into this heat source. In open systems the ground water is
pumped up, cooled and then reinjected in a separate well or returned to surface water.
Open systems should be carefully designed to avoid problems such as freezing, corrosion
and fouling. Closed systems can either be direct expansion systems, with the working
fluid evaporating in underground heat exchanger pipes, or brine loop systems. Due to the
extra internal temperature difference, heat pump brine systems generally have a lower
performance, but are easier to maintain. A major disadvantage of ground water heat
pumps is the cost of installing the heat source. Additionally, local regulations may
impose severe constraints regarding interference with the water table and the possibility
of soil pollution.
Ground-source systems: are used for residential and commercial applications, and have
similar advantages as (ground) water-source systems, i.e. they have relatively high annual
temperatures. Heat is extracted from pipes laid horizontally or vertically in the soil
(horizontal/vertical ground coils), and both direct expansion and brine systems can be
used. The thermal capacity of the soil varies with the moisture content and the climatic
conditions. Due to the extraction of heat from the soil, the soil temperature will fall
during the heating season. In cold regions most of the energy is extracted as latent heat
when the soil freezes. However, in summer the sun will raise the ground temperature, and
complete temperature recovery may be possible.
Rock (geothermal heat): can be used in regions with no or negligible occurrence of
ground water. Typical borehole depth ranges from 100 to 200 meters. When large
thermal capacity is needed the drilled holes are inclined to reach a large rock volume.
This type of heat pump is always connected to a brine system with welded plastic pipes
extracting heat from the rock. Some rock-coupled systems in commercial buildings use
the rock for heat and cold storage. Because of the relatively high cost of the drilling
operation, rock is seldom economically attractive for domestic use.

River and lake water: is in principle a very good heat source, but has the major
disadvantage of low temperature in winter (close to 0°C). Great care has to be taken in
system design to avoid freezing of the evaporator.
Sea water: is an excellent heat source under certain conditions, and is mainly used for
medium-sized and large heat pump installations. At a depth of 25-50 meters, the sea
temperature is constant (5-8°C), and ice formation is generally no problem (freezing
point -1°C to -2°C). Both direct expansion systems and brine systems can be used. It is
important to use corrosion- resistant heat exchangers and pumps and to minimize organic
fouling in sea water pipelines, heat exchangers and evaporators, etc.
Waste water and effluent: are characterized by a relatively high and constant temperature
throughout the year. Examples of possible heat sources in this category are effluent from
sewers (treated and untreated sewage water), industrial effluent, and cooling water from
industrial processes or electricity generation, condenser heat from refrigeration plants.
The major constraints for use in residential and commercial buildings are, in general, the
distance to the user, and the variable availability of the waste heat flow. However, waste
water and effluent serve as an ideal heat source for industrial heat pumps to achieve
energy savings in industry. See table 2 on appendix for more details.
Applications
Industrial heat pumps are mainly used for:
o Space heating;
o Heating and cooling of process streams;
o Water heating for washing, sanitation and cleaning;
o Steam production;
o Drying
o Evaporation;
o Distillation;
.

When heat pumps are used in drying, evaporation and distillation processes, heat is
recycled within the process. For space heating, heating of process streams and steam
production, heat pumps utilize (waste) heat sources between 20ºC and 100ºC.
The most common waste heat streams in industry are cooling water, effluent, condensate,
moisture, and condenser heat from refrigeration plants. Because of the fluctuation in
waste heat supply, it can be necessary to use large storage tanks for accumulation to
ensure stable operation of the heat pump.
Space heating:
Heat pumps can utilize conventional heat sources for heating of greenhouses and
industrial buildings, or they can recover industrial waste heat that could not be used
directly, and provide a low- to medium temperature heat that can be utilized internally or
externally for space heating. Mainly electric closed-cycle compression heat pumps are
used.
Process water heating and cooling: Many industries need warm process water in the
temperature range from 40-90ºC, and often have a significant hot water demand in the
same temperature range for washing, sanitation and cleaning purposes. This can be met
by heat pumps. Heat pumps can also be a part of an integrated system that provides both
cooling and heating. Mainly electric closed-cycle compression heat pumps are installed,
but a few absorption heat pumps and heat transformers are also in use.
Steam production:
Industry consumes vast amounts of low-, medium- and high-pressure steam in the
temperature range from 100-200ºC. Steam is used directly in industrial processes, and for
heat distribution. Current high temperature heat pumps can produce steam up to 150ºC (a
heat pump prototype has achieved 300ºC). Both open and semi-open MVR systems,
closed-cycle compression heat pumps, cascade (combination) systems and a few heat
transformers are in operation.
Drying process:
Heat pumps are used extensively in industrial dehumidification and drying processes at
low and moderate temperatures (maximum 100ºC). The main applications are drying of

pulp and paper, various food products wood and lumber. Drying of temperature-sensitive
products is also interesting. Heat pump dryers generally have high performance (COP 5-
7), and often improve the quality of the dried products as compared with traditional
drying methods. Because the drying is executed in a closed system, odours from the
drying of food products etc. are reduced. Both closed-cycle compression heat pumps and
MVR systems are used.
Evaporation and distillation processes:

Evaporation and distillation are energy-intensive processes, and most heat pumps are
installed in these processes in the chemical and food industries. In evaporation processes
the residue is the main product, while the vapour (distillate) is the main product in
distillation processes. Most systems are open or semi-open MVRs, but closed-cycle
compression heat pumps are also applied. Small temperature lifts result in high
performance.

2.4. How a heat pump works
The heat pump serves as a heater by absorbing heat from outdoor air and pumping it
indoors. All air, even cold winter air, contains a certain amount of heat. As the outdoor
air passes over the outdoor coil, heat from that air is absorbed by the refrigerant contained
inside the coil. This absorption of heat changes the refrigerant from a low-temperature
liquid to a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor. The vapor then passes through a
compressor where it is compressed into a high pressure, high-temperature vapor. The hot
vapor then circulates into the indoor coil. As indoor air passes over the indoor coil, it
absorbs heat from the coil.
An "air-to-air" heat pump has two parts--and indoor unit with a coil and a blower that
pushes the warm or cool air through your house (like a standard furnace); and an outdoor
unit with another coil, fan and a compressor or pump (like a standard air conditioner).
Unlike the standard system, in which the furnace operates only in winter and the air
conditioner operates only in summer (using the furnace blower to move cool air), the heat
pump uses both indoor and outdoor units year-round.
2.5. Common types of heat pumps
A brief description of the most common types of heat pumps and their key operating
principles is provided below.
Closed-Cycle Mechanical Heat Pumps use mechanical compression of a working fluid to
achieve temperature lift. The working fluid is typically a common refrigerant. Most
common mechanical drives are suitable for heat-pump use; examples include electric
motors, steam turbines, combustion engines, and combustion turbines.
Open-Cycle Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC) Heat Pumps use a mechanical
compressor to increase the pressure of waste vapor. Typically used in evaporators, the
working fluid is water vapor. MVC heat pumps are considered to be open cycle because
the working fluid is a process stream. Most common mechanical drives are suitable for
heat-pump use; examples include electric motors, steam turbines, combustion engines,
and combustion turbines.

Open-Cycle Thermocompression Heat Pumps use energy in high-pressure motive steam

to increase the pressure of waste vapor using a jet-ejector device. Typically used in
evaporators, the working fluid is steam. As with the MVC Heat Pump,
Thermocompression heat pumps are open cycle.
Closed-Cycle Absorption Heat Pumps use a two-component working fluid and the
principles of boiling-point elevation and heat of absorption to achieve temperature lift
and to deliver heat at higher temperatures. The operating principle is the same as that
used in steam-heated absorption chillers that use a Lithium Bromide/water mixture as
their working fluid. Key features of absorption systems are that they can deliver a much
higher temperature lift than the other systems, their energy performance does not decline
steeply at higher temperature lift, and they can be customized for combined heating and
cooling applications. Four heat exchangers—an evaporator, condenser, generator, and
absorber—are found in a typical
Benefits of a Heat Pump System
Because a heat pump does not burn fuel, it is safer and cleaner to run than a gas powered
furnace.
A heat pump provides a more uniform temperature throughout a building. It does not
produce a sudden blast of hot air as traditional furnaces do each time they kick on.
In the heat mode, heat pumps do not dry out the air the way traditional heaters do. The
higher humidity maintained by heat pumps during cold weather provides healthier
environment.
Heat pumps are more efficient and cost less to run than electric furnaces.
Because heat pumps are used year round (for cooling as well as heating needs), they cost
less per hour of use (cost of purchase and installation divided by total number of hours
used per year) than do individual heating and cooling systems, which each sit idle for a
good part of the year.

Factors affecting heat pump performance

The performance of heat pumps is affected by a large number of factors. For heat pumps
in buildings these include:
 the climate - annual heating and cooling demand and maximum peak loads;
 the temperatures of the heat source and heat distribution system;
 The auxiliary energy consumption (pumps, fans, supplementary heat for bivalent
system etc.);
 the technical standard of the heat pump;
 the sizing of the heat pump in relation to the heat demand and the operating
characteristics of the heat pump;
 The heat pump control system.

2.6. Types of Dryers
Introduction
A range of technologies are used drying which include tray and tunnel dryers, spray,
roller drum and freeze dryers. With the exception of tray dryers none of these are
appropriate, in terms of cost and output, for use by small and medium enterprises.
In the early 1980's Practical Action recognized the need for small, controllable, powered
tray dryers capable of producing high quality products that could be constructed by
engineers in developing countries to a great extent from locally available materials. The
required basic development work was carried out and there are now tray dryers.
Major types of hot air dryers are designed as:
1. Bin-batch tray dryer
2. Continuous flow dryer
1. Bin-batch tray
The dryers consist of a cabinet containing trays which is connected to a source of air
heated by gas, diesel or biomass such as rice husk. The air temperature is usually
controlled by a thermostat which is normally set between 50 and 70OC. The air enters the
bottom of the chamber below the trays and then rises, through the trays of food being
dried, and exits from an opening in the top of the chamber.
The basic system of a bin dryer comprises of a fully perforated tray, fan and heater. In
this system, grain is loaded as a batch and remains stationary in the dryer throughout the
drying period. Advantages of bin-batch tray dryers are:
 simple, low cost chamber
 low labour costs - simply load and then unload
 Minimal supervision required.
 Possibility of obtaining variable batch sizes.
Disadvantages of bin-batch tray dryers are:
 Initial high cost normally including grain handling.

 Requirement of matching loading and unloading equipment.

 a tendency to over-dry the lower trays
2. Continuous flow dryers
In these systems, hot air is passed through a continuously flowing mass of grain. After
the hot air, cool air is blown through the grain. Because the grain passes the drying
column only once, grain is often not dried as uniformly as the recirculation batch dryers.
Advantages of continuous flow dryers are:
 Large quantities of grain can be dried without stopping.
Disadvantages of continuous flow dryers are:

 Initial high cost normally including grain handling.
 Requirement of careful management in order to obtain acceptable
uniform drying.
 Requirement of matching loading and unloading equipment.[7]

CHAPTER THREE
3.1. Design analysis the heat exchanger
Design approach
During normal heat exchanger operation surfaces are often subject to fouling by fluid
impurities rust formations or other between the fluid and the wall material .the
subsequent deposion of film or scale on the surface can increase greatly the resistance to
heat transfer between the fluids this effect treated by introducing an additional thermal
resistance, termed the fouling factor Rf .its value depend on the operating temperature ,
fluids velocity and the length of service of heat exchanger An essential and often the
most uncertainly part of any heat exchanger is determination of the over all heat transfer
coefficient .this coefficient is determined in terms of the total resistance to the heat
transfer the fluids. The wall conduction terms my often neglected since the wall of large
thermal conductivity is used. [1]
Length: 200-2500mm of condenser tubes, [8]
The heat transfer to or from bank (bundle) of tube in cross flow is relevant to numerous
industrial applications. Such as steam generation in boiler or air heating/cooling in the
coil of air conditioner. Typically one fluid (air) flows over the tubes while a second fluid
(refrigerant) at different temperature passes through the tubes .The tube rows of a bank
are ether staggered or aligned in the direction of flow In general heat transfer
enhancements is favored by more tortuous flow of staggered arrangement. The
configuration is characterized by the tube diameter do, transfer pitch St and longitudinal
pitch SL, measured between tube centers. See the configuration below on fig 1. [1]

Fig. 1
Among the working fluids of heat pump the three refrigerants these are R22, R404a and
R134a are have good COP. Researches on working refrigerants proved that R134a is the
most promised alternative to R22 for low temperature(less than 70oc condenser
temperature) applications. In add ion to this is confirmed by a 22% increase in the
coefficient of performance for R134a over R404a. [9] Based on this the selected
refrigerant for heat pump dryer is R134a.

3.2. Description of the design
Cereals and crops need to be dried at low temperatures (30 - 40oC) for product quality
optimization. This is an important consideration as they have a relatively high
commercial value. Low temperature drying of specialty crops reduces the risk of loss in
nutrient content and damage to physical properties. [10] .As we see in the above table I
select closed cycle mechanical which operation is (vapor compression cycle) .because the
absorption refrigeration systems are more expensive than the vapor compression
system .it is more complex and occupy more space .it is less efficient thus requiring much
larger cooling towers to reject the heat and the are more difficult to service since it is less
common. The heat pump operates according to a basic air conditioning cycle involving
four main components: the evaporator, the compressor, the condenser and the expansion
valve. The working fluid (refrigerant) at low pressure is vaporized in the evaporator by
heat drawn from air. The compressor raises the enthalpy of the working fluid of the heat
pump and discharges it as vapor at high-pressure. Heat is removed from the working fluid
and returned to the process air at the condenser. The working fluid is then throttled to the
low-pressure line (using an expansion valve) and enters the evaporator to complete the
cycle.
Since twenty five Kg of cereal/vegetable is given and the drying mechanism is by batch
at temperature of 40oC air this is to include the vegetables. [A] .See the recommended
moisture content and the required mass flow rate

Recommended Airflow for Drying process
Initial Moisture Content Minimum Airflow

(% wet basis) L/sec CFM
16 6.5 0.5
17 9.75 0.75
18 13 1.0
Source: Adapted from Wilcke, William F., Hellevang, Kenneth J. Wheat and Barley
Drying.
FS-5949-G0, 1992 University of Innesota, Extension Service.
According to this average moisture content will be
Initial moisture content=0.17*25

=4.25kg
Final moisture content=0.12*25
=3 kg
Hence total water to be evaporated by mass is=4.25-2.5=1.25 kg
To find the total latent heat require energy by the air is
To find the total latent heat require energy by the air is
Q=total mass of water *latent heat of evaporation at
Tav
Tav = (40+20)*0.5
= 30oc
Q=1.25Kg*2430.5kJ/Kg. = 3038.1253kJ
And then the heating load of the condenser [1]

For good heat transfer rate in the evaporator and condenser the refrigerant temperature in
the condenser & evaporator should be at least 5 to 10 difference between the refrigerant
and the medium (air) to be transferred heat. [3] The air is heated up to 40 oCTherefore the
condenser will be at saturation temperature of 50oc.

3.3. Design of heat exchanger
Piping materials and specification

Piping is made of many possible materials and the proper choice depends on service for
which the piping is intended .this service include
1. Properties of the fluid being carried
2. Temperature
3. Pressure
4. Exposure to oxidation or corrosion.
In addition to, cost and availability also affects choice of materials the wall thickness of
copper tubing is specified by a lettering system type K, L, M, and DWV. Type K has the
thickest wall and is used with high pressure. Type L has an intermediate thickness wall it
is usually adequate for hydraulic system piping. Type M is used for low pressure
plumbing .the out side diameter is the same for any size fore all the three types’ .the
inside diameter changes .the pressure drop will therefore be greatest for type K. Type
DWV is used in drainage. The decisions to choose between steel piping or copper tubing
for an installation is based primarily on cost. Copper is more expensive than steel but in
smaller size the labour cost for copper is often less, it is common to see larger installation
in steel and smaller ones in copper.
Copper tubing has two advantages that should be noted:
 The friction resistance is less than for steel resulting in the possibility of smaller
pumps and less power consumption .
 It is not subjected to oxidation and scaling to the same extent as steel [2]
Hence according to this selection of the pipe will copper tube (type L) and most heat
exchanger outer diameter is in range of 9.53mm to 25.4mm [introduction to heat tr.]
Then from piping diameter determination in any piping section the velocity do not less
than1.5 ft/sec according to this to be save we take 2ft/sec. [2]
m= …….. [3]
A= di2

0.00235=66*0.457* di2
=7.7mm then from standard diameter of copper .for
more details see table 5 on appendix.

Now finding ho for the bank of tube and the arrangement is staggered this is based on the
better enhancement of heat transfer (see the configuration on design approach)
Since to find air side convective heat transfer coefficient ho first we have to determine
the Reynolds number, Red. [1]
Red=
The above parameters are at average temperature [1]
[(SL) 2 + (St/2)2]1/2
= [(27.53) 2 + (24.53/2)2]1/2
=30.14mm
=0.397m/sec
=0.236 m/sec

Red=
=1461.8
Convective heat transfer coefficient, expressed as [5]
C=0.35 =0.35 =0.336
m=0.63
N u = 0.0.336(1461.8)0.63(0.708)1/3
= 29.53
=29.53
= =83.84 W/m2.K
And then recalling the governed equation for the convective heat transfer coefficient is
[1]
To find the internal convective heat transfer coefficient, hi i.e. for condensation of the
refrigerant hi .it is desirable to achieve a drop wise condensation in industrial applications
it is often difficult to maintain this condensation .for this reason and because the
convection coefficient for film condition are smaller than those for the drop wise case the
condenser calculation are often based on assumption of film condition. [1].

Therefore the convective heat transfer coefficient, hi, for film condensation [5]
=0.555 1/4
(
l= hfg + Cpl
At 50oC the refrigerant property is:

=1102.0Kg/m3, =66.18 Kg/m3,
And =157.7e-6Pa.sec
l= hfg + Cpl
=152.04+ *1.56(50-30)
=163.8KJ/Kg
=0.555 1/4
(70.4e-3)3/4
=1152.29W/m2K
1/Uo=

3.4. Design of condenser
The condenser is a heat exchanger that rejects heat from the system the energy gained in
the evaporator and the compressor. Atmospheric air or water is the two most convenient
heat sink to which heat is can be rejected. In the heat pump dryer the condenser rejects
heat to the air. It is termed as air cooled condensers .i.e. the refrigerant circulates through
a coil and air flows across the outside of the tubing. [2]
To design the condenser that is to determine area required to transfer the energy that
used to heat the air. To do this first lets see the temperature gradient in the entire length
of condenser.
See fig 2.
Fig.2
Fig2. Temperature gradient at the condenser
The heat transfer equation will be [1]
0.0117*1.005*(40-20) =m*0.667 (423.63-271.59)

m=0.00235Kg/sec

Now to find the required area can be determined by using NTU method [1]
NTU=
Minimum heat capacity in the condenser air is at minimum capacity [4]
= =11.76KJ/K
=0.6667
= 66.67%
For condensation process NTU can be expressed as:
NTU=
=0.17m2

=0.2m
0.475= 0.00953
=32
This can arrange 4 tubes in the flow direction; it should be a multiple of 2 in order to inlet
and out let in the same direction. And in the frontal area there are 8 tubes.
=24.53mm
=27.53mm
=0.2m
Depth=4*27.53=110mm
Height=8*24.53=196mm
=200mm

3.5. Design of evaporator
As we see in the condenser the evaporator temperature should be at leas 5oc to10oc less
than the heat source (ambient air) this is to ensure that there is a good heat transfer
enhancement in the heat exchanger. Again in heat pump system the heater should be
satisfied maximum heating load .since we do not know that the ambient air temperature
out let temperature and the working condition of evaporator hence we have to use NTU
method to know the evaporator temperature and pressure. NTU defines the effectiveness
( ) in ratio. And it is range of 0 and 1.now to find the operation condition of evaporator
we have to check its effectiveness is between 0 and 1. The refrigerant evaporates at
constant but the air drops its temperature. See fig 3 below
Fig 3 temperature gradient in evaporator
=
=
= (m*Cp)

According to this let =10oc
= m (hg@10oc-hf@50oc)
hg@10oc =252.915KJ/Kg
hf@50oc =121.465 KJ/Kg
=20oc
=0.00235 (252.915-121.465) =0.3KW

= * =0.0117*1.005*(20-10)
=0.117585KW
=2.55
Which is impossible is greater than 1 hence the temperature of refrigerant is should be

lower.
Let = 4oC
=( - hf@50oc) = (249.53-121.65) hg@4oc=249.53KJ/Kg
=127.58 KJ/Kg
=0.00235*127.58=0.299KW
=0.0117*1.005*(20-4)
=0.188136KW
= = =1. 59
Again >1 so again we have to reduce the temperature of refrigerant

Let =2oC
=( - hf@50oc) = (248.38-121.65) =126.915
Qactual = (0.00235*126.915) =0.198KW
Qmax imum =0.0117*1.005*(20-2) =0.211653
= = =92.9%

<1 So that we can take saturation temperature of evaporator is 2oC

Again NTU can be expressed as
NTU=
= =0.41m2
=0.0.41 m2
=27.388
The tubes are arranged in staggered configuration there are 4 tubes in direction of flow
and 8 tubes in frontal area.
Depth=4*27.53=110.12mm
Height=8*24.53=196.24mm
=500mm

3.6. Pressure drop
Pressure drop on refrigerant side

Experience shows that pressure loss in to phase flow are usually much higher than would
occur for either phase flowing along at mass rate. Any flow the total pressure along a
tube depends on three factors.
Pressure drop on refrigerant side

= *total equivalent length*correction factor
=0.001Psi/fet*0.656*0.91
=0.00597Psi
=0.00597*32=0.0191Psi
Changing to Pa
1Pa=2.086e-3
Then =39.5Pa
Piping fittings and valves also introduce loss in head .These loss a re usually allowed for
the use of resistances coefficient, K which is number of velocity heads loss because of the
valve fittings. Thus [2]
In fittings
Since the tubes are connected each other by elbow the are two types of elbow 45o and 90o
.in elbow 45o there is less pressure drop so the tubes are connected by elbow 45o .the
pressure drop for 45o elbow is expressed as[2]
= * 2
=4.6mm
∆P= =1000*4.6*9.81=80.3Pa
=16*45.126
=0.7221kPa
Pressure drop through valve in let & exit

Pipe entrance pipe exit
=1
=10.6mm.w
∆P=10.6*1*9.81=104.42Pa/valve
=2*104.42=360Pa
Pressure loss on evaporator
= *total equivalent length*correction factor
=0.0015*0.8528*1.25=0.00159Psi
There are 32 tubes
=0.0015*32Psi
=23.668Pa
Duo to bending
= * 2
=4.6mm
=23.668, There are 32 bends

=32*23.668=757.376KPa

3.7. Coefficient of performance
To estimate savings for a mechanical heat pump, we need to know how much energy we
will save, along with its value. We can determine the relationships between work input,
temperature lift, and heat output using a parameter known as the heat pump Co-efficient
of Performance ( ) Is defined as:
.
= /
Where the heat delivered by the heat pump and is the energy or work supplied
to the compressor. For an ideal, Carnot-cycle heat pump, the COP is related to the heat
delivery temperature and the temperature lift:
= /( – )
Where and are the temperatures, in degrees at which the heat pump delivers and
receives heat respectively (.i.e. Condenser and evaporator). The Carnot COP is defined
as:
= /( – )
=6.72
To determine the actual COP we have to know firs the work done by the compressor. It is
expressed interms of enthalpy change between condenser inlet and evaporator exit. See
below T-S diagram.

=∆h = (hg@T-hg@Tev)
The compression of compressor is isentropic process i.e.
sg@Tev=sg@T
sg@Tev=0.91795KJ/Kg.K
By interpolation the entropy at condenser inlet:

At 1.2MPa
Temperature Enthalpy(KJ/Kg) Entropy(KJ/Kg.K)
50 275.52 0.9164
50.42 276.02 0.9197
60 287.44 0.9527

At1.4MPa
Temperature Enthalpy(KJ/Kg) Entropy(KJ/Kg. K)
52.43 273.4 0.9003
56.97 279.22 0.91795
60 283.1 0.9297
Then the enthalpy at 1.3188MPawill be

Pressure Temperature Enthalpy(KJ/Kg)
1.2 50.4 276.02
1.3188 54 277.85
1.4 56.97 279.22
Then h2=277.85KJ/Kg
T2=54oc
Hence work done by compressor=h2-hg1= (277.85-248.38)
=29.47
Work input to compressor =m*∆h=0.00235*29.47=0.069KW

3.8. Capillary Tube (CTV)

The most common metering device is used for refrigeration systems is the simplest one,
the capillary tube. The easiest way to create a high and low pressure difference is to put a
restriction in the refrigerant flow path. The Capillary tube is such a restriction. It is a
copper tube 2 to 20 ft long with a inside diameter from 0.025 to 0.090 inches. The
refrigerant begins to evaporate as soon as it reaches the evaporator but it is carried into
the evaporator before it has completely evaporated [11]
The design of capillary tube is to find the length that reduces the temperature and
pressure of condenser to evaporator pressure and temperature. Since the capillary tube is
available in the above range of diameter and length. Take d=1mm [7]
Refrigerant property at entrance to capillary tube (point 1),

P1=1.3177MPa,
m3 /Kg
h1=hf1=271.63KJ/Kg
Pa.sec
Refrigerant property at exit to capillary tube (point 2)
P2=0.3145MPa hf2=202.68 KJ/Kg

m /Kg 3
2=0.0647 m3/Kg
Pa.sec Pa.sec
Hg2=399.84KJ/Kg
Now to determine the length L

From conservation of mass

=
V2=
h1=hf2+x (hg2-hf2)
h1=hf@50=271.63KJ/Kg
hf2=hf@2=202.68
h1=202.68+x ((399.84-202.68)
x=
2= 1+x ( 1)
2=0.00077+0.3497 (0.0647-0.00077) =0.02313
V2= = =42.3


3.9. Fan Selection

A fan is defined as a rotary, bladed machine maintaining a continuous of air. A fan has a
rotating impeller invariably carrying blades of some kind. These blades exert force on the
air and thereby maintaining the flow and raising the total pressure of the air. Most
commercial fan used in HVAC work may be placed in one of the two general types based
upon construction and air flow patterns.
These types are:
1. Centrifugal or radial flow fan and
2. Axial flow fan
Centrifugal fans have flow within the rotating wheel or rotor that is substantially radial to
the shaft, with the rotor operating in scroll type casing.
Axial flow fans have flow within the wheel that is substantially parallel to the shaft and
operate within cylindrical ring-type housing.
Whenever a system has a duct-work, centrifugal fan have to be used as the static pressure
drop is considerable.
But when there is no duct-work axial flow fans can be used. Nevertheless, in window –
type and packaged units simple drum-type centrifugal are used, where as most exhaust
fans are of the axial type, as they occupy less space, and can handle large volumes.
The centrifugal fans have the advantage of quite and efficient operation at high pressures.
Axial flow fans are suited for handling large air volumes and can be used where noise-
level considerations are not important.
The volume flow rate of air delivered and the pressure created by the fan are called
performance characteristics.
The choice of the best type of fan to be used for a given application depends on the fan
performance characteristics.
Propeller fans cannot create a high pressure, and are thus used where there is little or no
ductwork and also low in cost.
Centrifugal fans are the most commonly used type of fan in ducted air conditioning
system.

To select a fan it is necessary to know the capacity and total pressure requirement of the
system, nature of its load (variable or steady), and noise constraints must also be
considered.
It is usual for manufacturers to catalogue fan performance interms of fan static pressure
and it is customary to select fans on this basis, thus
Fan total pressure = System total pressure loss
= Fan static pressure + Fan velocity pressure
The assumption is often made that the fan velocity pressure is very nearly system
discharge velocity pressure. Since there is no ductwork, the pressure losses are that only
on the heating apparatus, filter, and the fan intake and fan outlet.
In the air heater there is generally as much interest in the pressure drop associated with
flow across a bank of tube. It may be expressed as [1]
∆P=NL*X ( v2)
PT= ST/do
=24.53/9.53
=2.57
X is determined based on the following parameters
And PL
PL=SL/do
=27.53/9.53
=2.899
= =0.889
X 1
f is read from the chart
f=0.46
∆P=8*1.2*2.362*0.46*0.5=26.734Pa
And the pressure losses in different apparatus are tabulated in the following table.

Item Pressure loss, Pa

1. Air intake or fan entry 1.23 to 24.5
2. Air washer 49.1 to 85.8
3. Air filter 49.1 to 98.0
4. Outlet 12.3 to 24.5
5. Miscellaneous, screens, 24.5 to 49.0
grills etc
Source: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning for Engineers
Prof. P.S. Dasai
Therefore;
Static pressure consists of pressure losses:
1. At intake or entry to the fan =12.865Pa
2. On the air heater = 26.73Pa
3. On the air filter = 73.55Pa
4. At the fan outlet = 18.4Pa
Then the static pressure is equal to Ps = 73.55+18.4+26.73+12.865=131.535Pa
Again in addion to this there is pressure loss in the drying chamber is determined
according to the depth .for 1ft depth the pressure drop is 0.05 in of water
Ploss=0.01*25.4*1000*9.81=9.81KPa
=0.132+9.81=9.942KPa
Po2-po1=9.81KPa
Po2=9.81+90=99.81KPa
There fore the system will be at 100KPa
Fan Air Power
The power output of a fan is expressed in terms of air power. It represents the power
output by the fan. It is the power required to move a given volume of air against a given
pressure. Based on total pressure, fan air powers is Fan total air power.
Total air power = Q*∆Ploss + Q* 2

* *0.5
Total air power = 0.0095*100KPa + 0.0095*(0.236) 2*0.5
=0. 95KW+0.0003KW
=0. 953KW
3.10. Types of motors

The drive for the fan and the compressor is done by electric motor .Industrial motors
come in a variety of basic types. These variations are suitable for many different
applications.
 AC motors
 DC motors
 Servomotors
 Stepper motors
 Brushless DC motors
 Brushless AC Servomotors
 Brushed DC Servomotors
 Linear motors
The most common and simple industrial motor is the three phase AC induction motor.
The AC motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor for applications .This is
due to the simple design of the motor. For this reason, AC motors are preferred in
industrial applications, commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can
be easily attached. Over 90% of all motors are AC induction motors. They are found in
air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners,
and many, many other applications.
Advantage of AC induction motor
 Simple in design
 Low cost
 Reliable operation
 Easily found replacement
 Variety of mounting styles
 Many environmental enclosures
Other common motors are DC motors they used for large horse power and they have the
following draw backs:
 Expensive to produce

 Can't reliably control at lowest speeds

 Physically larger
 High maintenance
 Dust

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1. Heat transfer in drying chamber
All dryers move air past the grain to evaporate moisture from the grain and carry the
water vapour away. Heat is added to this drying air to reduce its relative humidity,
thereby increasing its ability to pick up moisture. In the drying chamber the process is
adiabatic saturation process .this must be so, because there is no heat added to or
removed from the air water vapor mixture. This is an exchange of heat .the sensible heat
decreases and the latent heat increased by the same amount .a process in which there is
no change in total heat content is called an adiabatic process. Literatures said that the
relative humidity of air out from the drying chamber is between 70 and 90% take the
average that is 80%.See the process on psychometric chart below

= *
Pg=Psat@20oc=2.339KPa
= 0.5*2.339KPa
=0.0073Kg/Kg
Since in heater the air is under going in sensible heating in another word there is only
change in temperature but the humidity (w) ratio remains constant [6]
=w2
h2=CpT2+whg@40oc , hg@40oc is enthalpy of water at 40oc
=1.005*40+0.0073*2406.7Kg/kg
=57.77KJ/Kg
h2=h3
h3=Cp*T3+w3hg@T3
From the mass balance of water in the drying chamber
+ =ma3*w3
Where:
ma2= ma3 mas flow rate of air
= ma2 (w3- w2)
h3=CpT3+w3hg@T3
Let T3=25oC
Since h2=h3
57.77= CpT3+w3hg@T3
w3 =
=0.1596Kg/Kg
h3=1.005*25+0.01596*2547.2
=65.783 KJ/Kg

Since h3is greater than h2, the process is adiabatic saturation process they must be equal.
This shows that the temperature leaving the drying chamber is lower than 25oc.
Let T3=23oc
Pg@23oc=Pgsat=2.837KPa
w3 =
=0.01425Kg/Kg
h3=1.005*23+0.01425*hg@23oc , hg@23oc=2447.02KJ/Kg
h3=1.005*23+0.01425*2447.02
=57.98 KJ/Kg
h2≡ h3
T3=23oc
w3=0.0125Kg/Kg but the mass flow rate of air is 0.0117Kg/sec
Hence the change in moisture content of the air is
w = (w3-w2) = (0.01425-0.0073)
=0.00695Kg/Kg
Evaporation rate=0.00695*0.0117=0.0000813Kg/sec
=0.2927Kg/hr
Then the required time to evaporate the total mass of water from the cereal is:
Where:
Mass of water load
=evaporation enthalpy of water at average temperature
Energy released by air
t=the required time to evaporate the total mass of water load
Tav = (Ti+To)/2= (40+20)/2=30oc

hfg@30oc=2430.5KJ/Kg

=0.0117*1.005*(40-23) =0.19989KW
And also we can determine the time from the evaporation rate .i.e.
1hr=0.2927Kg
t =1.25Kg
t=
SMER= = =1.245Kg/KWhr
To compare the heat pump with the electric heater is that the electric heater should supply
energy generated by the heat pump. In electric heater the ratio of energy delivery to
energy input is one.
=0.24 (lb/hr)
=0.24(0.0117*2.2*3600)36oF
=92.64btu/hr
=0.235KW
this means the electric heater directly gains this energy from electric source but in heat
pump the energy consumption is work in put to compressor (0.069KW) .Hence heat
pump saves energy five times that of electric heater.

Conclusion and Recommendations
The principle of heat pump is like refrigeration cycle but the difference is that its
objective is to maintain a heated space at high temperature source .the energy sources for
heat pumps are ambient air ground water exhaust air etc. the ground source are more
complex and require easy access to larger body of water such as under ground water
hence the designed heat pump dryer energy source is ambient air termed as air-to-air
system. The heat pump dryer has to parts the air heater section and dryer chamber. In
heater the air under goes sensible heating process (humidity ratio remains constant) and
in drying chamber air is in adiabatic saturation process.
Our country Ethiopia has not yet dryer technology .it is good for the country; this
technology can be used for storing agricultural products for along period of time with out
damaging their nutrients of cereals and crop in addition to this it can be applied in
pharmatical products and in textile technology. Loading and unloading mechanism in
batch dryer is done in labor which takes time it is better replace it by continuous conveyer
system because it saves time for loading and unloading and also it can dry large amount
of cereals within the specific time.

Appendix
Tables
Guidelines for Selecting Heat-Pump Type table 1
TEMPERATUR HEAT SOURCE TYPE HEAT SINK TYPE SUGGESTED HEAT
E LIFT PUMP TYPE
<100oF -Sensible cooling of liquid -Sensible heating of 1.Closed cycle
or gas liquid or gas mechanical
-Boiling liquid 2.Absorption (with
lithium bromide /water as
working fluid)
-Partial condensation of -Sensible heating gas 1.Closed cycle
liquid from vapor stream or liquid mechanical
-Boiling liquid 2.Absorption (with
lithium bromide /water as
working fluid
-Condensing steam Evaporation of water 1.Open cycle mechanical
(single stage compressor)
2.Thermocompression
-Condensing vapor(steam Boiling liquid 1.Semi-open-cycle
or other) Sensible heating gas or mechanical( single stage
liquid compressor)
>100oF All heat source except All heat sinks except 1.Absorption(with high
steam steam working fluid)
2.Multistage mechanical
compression
Source: www. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable

Energyprovements in energy and environmental

Table 2: Commonly used heat sources
Heat source Temperature Range (°C)
Ambient air -10 – 20
Exhaust air 15 – 25
Ground water 4 – 10
Lake water 0 – 10
River water 0 – 10
Sea water 3–8
Rock 0–5
Ground 0 – 10
Waste water >10

and effluent

Shown in Table 3 can be sold without penalty, such values are often assumed to represent
safe levels.
Barley (feed) 14.8
Barley (malt) 13.5
Canola rape seed 10.0
Corn/maize 15.5
Domestic buckwheat 16.0
Domestic mustard seed 10.0
Fababeans 16.0
Flax 10.0
Lentils 14.0
Oats 13.5
Peas 16.0
Rye 14.0
Safflower 9.5
Soybean 14.0
Sunflower 9.5
Triticale 14.0
Wheat 14.5
Source: www. Cereal Grain Drying and Storage.mht
Table 4: Phase-out schedule for HCFCs and CFCs for developed countries.
Date Control Measure
1 January CFCs phased out (1)

1996 HCFCs frozen at 1989 levels of HCFC + 2.8% of 1989

consumption of CFCs (base level)
1 January HCFCs reduced by 35% below base levels

2004
1 January HCFCs reduced by 65%

2010
1 January HCFCs reduced by 90%

2015
1 January HCFCs phased out allowing for a service tail of up to 0.5% until
2020 2030 for existing refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment
Table 5
Internal
Outer diameter(mm) diameter(mm)
Type k Type L
9.53 7.75 8
12.7 10.21 10.92
15.88 13.59 13.84
19.05 16.56 16.92
22.23 18.92 19.94
28.58 25.27 16.04
34.93 31.62 22.13
41.28 37.62 38.23
Source: Wilbert F.Soccker, Jerald W.Jones refrigeration and Air conditioning 2nd
edition.


Reference
[1] Incropera, introduction to heat and mass transfer 3rd edition.
[2]Wilbert F.Soccker, Jerald W.Jones refrigeration and Air conditioning 2nd edition.
[3] Faye.Mc Quiston, Jerald D.Parker, Jeffey D.SptlerHeating, ventilating and air
conditioning
[4] Introduction to heat transfer
[5]Holman, heat transfer 8th edition
[6] Boles, thermodynamics engineering 4th edition
[7]Cereal Grain Drying and Storage.mht]
[8]http://tianda.en.alibaba.com/product/50053084/50239932/
Parts_and_Components_for_Household_Appliances/Heat_Exchanger.html]
[9]http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/iel3/4058/11980/00553797.pdf?
arnumber=553797
[10] Http: //homepage.usask.ca/~pka525/rightframe.htm].
[11][http://www.kfupm.edu.sa/me/Lab_Manual/Lab_Manual_431.pdf

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Design of Low cost & efficient heat pump dryer

Final year project by Yeshiwas Gellaw, 2006/07 Mechanical engineering dep . 0

Final year project by Yeshiwas Gellaw, 2006/07 Mechanical engineering dep . 1

1.2. Problem identification

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2.2. Heat pump working fluids

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Natural working fluids:

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2.3. Heat sources for heat pump

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Evaporation and distillation processes:

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2.4. How a heat pump works

2.5. Common types of heat pumps

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Open-Cycle Thermocompression Heat Pumps use energy in high-pressure motive steam

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Factors affecting heat pump performance

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2.6. Types of Dryers

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 Requirement of matching loading and unloading equipment.

2. Continuous flow dryers

Disadvantages of continuous flow dryers are:

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3.1. Design analysis the heat exchanger

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3.2. Description of the design

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Recommended Airflow for Drying process

Initial Moisture Content Minimum Airflow

According to this average moisture content will be

Initial moisture content=0.17*25

And then the heating load of the condenser [1]

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3.3. Design of heat exchanger

Piping materials and specification

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=7.7mm then from standard diameter of copper .for

more details see table 5 on appendix.

The above parameters are at average temperature [1]

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C=0.35 =0.35 =0.336

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At 50oC the refrigerant property is:

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3.4. Design of condenser

Fig2. Temperature gradient at the condenser

The heat transfer equation will be [1]

0.0117*1.005*(40-20) =m*0.667 (423.63-271.59)

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Minimum heat capacity in the condenser air is at minimum capacity [4]

0.01171.005(40-20) =m*0.667 (423.63-271.59)

Total air power = Q∆Ploss + Q 2