MARINERS’ POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES FOUNDATION

OF CANAMAN CAM. SUR INC.

Canaman, Camarines Sur, Philippines
REVIEWER:

Lesson 1: THE NORMAL RANDOM VARIABLE

A continuous probability distribution where most of the scores tend to be closer to the
mean.
Interpretation of Scores Using the Mean (μ) and Standard Deviation (σ)
 Scores above the mean:
μ + σ is the score one standard deviation above the mean
μ + 2σ is the score two standard deviations above the mean
μ + 3σ is the score three standard deviations above the mean
 Scores below the mean:
μ − σ is the score one standard deviation below the mean
μ − 2σ is the score two standard deviations below the mean
μ − 3σ is the score three standard deviations below the mean

LESSON 2: NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND STANDARD NORMAL VARIABLES

The normal probability distribution is a data distribution where the mean, median and
mode are approximately equal. The distribution is clustered closely around the center.
The following are the properties of a normal curve.
1. The mean, median and mode are equal in values and are plotted on a central point
along the horizontal axis.
2. The curves is bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean, which is represented by z
= 0. The curve is asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
3. The total area is equal to 1 or 100 %.
𝒙− µ
To determine the equivalent z-score of a raw score x, we use the formula z =

The area under the normal curve can be determined based on the standard score.
The rules are summarized as follows.
1. If the two z-scores are both positive or both negative, subtract the areas.
2. If the z-scores have different signs, add the two areas

3. If the required area is to the left of the positive z-score, add 0.5 or 50% to the area.
4. If the required area is to the right of the positive z-score, subtract the area from 0.5
or 50%.
5. If the required area is to the right of the negative z-score, add 0.5 or 50% to the area.
6. If the required area is to the left of the negative z-score, subtract the area from 0.5
or 50%.
 MARINERS’ POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES FOUNDATION
OF CANAMAN CAM. SUR INC.
Canaman, Camarines Sur, Philippines
LESSON 3: RANDOM SAMPLING
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
1. Lottery Sampling. Sampling technique where every member of the population

has an equal chance of being selected.

2. Systematic sampling. The selection of sample is done by picking every kth

element of the population.

3. Stratified random Sampling. The population is divide into strata (groups) based

on their homogeneity or commonalities.

4. Cluster Sampling or (area sampling). This techniques is frequently applied on

geographical basis when the population from which a sample is to be selected

includes heterogeneous groups.

Types of Non-random Sampling Techniques

1. Accidental Sampling. Only those whom the researcher meets by chance are

included in the sample when using this technique.

2. Quota Sampling. Includes a specified number of persons of certain types to be

taken as sample.

3. Convenience Sampling. Most convenient and fastest sampling technique that

make use of the telephone, mobile phone, or the internet.

4. Purposive Sampling. Used in very small sample size. For example, this can be

used if the subjects of the study are deans of certain universities or area manager

of certain institutions.

Slovin’s Formula
The sample size n is determined by the formula:
𝑁
n=
1+𝑁𝑒 2

where:
n – sample size
N – population size
e – margin of error