ntshz; ,LbghUs;

gl;lag;gog;g[
Kjy; gUtk;
ntshz;ikapy; g{r;rp nkyhz;ik
bjhFg;ghrphpah;fs;
Kidtu;. v. Rkjp Kidtu;.kh. fy;ahzRe;juk;
,izg ;nguhrpupau; (g{r;rpapay;) nguhrphpah; (g{r;rpapay;)

Kidth;. f. b$auhzp Kidth;.if. g[tnd!;thp

nguhrphpah; (g{r;rpapay;) nguhrphpah; (g{r;rpapay;)

Kidth;. m. Rfe;jp Kidtu;. eh. Kj;Jf;fpU#;zd;

cjtp nguhrphpah; (g{r;rpapay;) nguhrpupau; (g{r;rpapay;)

Kidtu;. e. rhj;ijah
nguhrpupau; kw;Wk; jiytu; ( g{r;rpapay; Jiw)

gjpg;ghrphpah;;fs;
Kidth;.K. Mde;jd;/ ,af;Feh]
jpwe;jbtsp kw;Wk; bjhiyJ}uf ;fy;tp ,af;ffk;

Kidth;.f. bry;tuhR Kidth;. bg. mdpjh

nguhrphpah] (jkpH;) nguhrphpah] (E}w;g[Gtpay;)

jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;

jpwe;jbtsp kw;Wk; bjhiyJ}uf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;
nfhak]g[j;J}h; - 641 003
2019
E}y; : ntshz;ikapy; g{r;rpnkyhz;ik

gjpg;g[ : 2019

gjpg;g[hpik : ,af;Feh;

jpwe;jbtsp kw;Wk; bjhiyJ}uf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;

jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf; fHfk;

nfhak;g[j;J}h; - 641 003

btspapLgth; : Kidth; K. Mde;jd;

,af;Feh;

jpwe;jbtsp kw;Wk; bjhiyJ}uf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;

jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;

nfhak;gj
[ ;J}h; - 641 003
 Certificate course on Agri – Inputs
Syllabus for Agricultural Entomology
bghUslf;fk;
t.vz; jiyg;g[ gf;f vz;

tphpt[iu(3 h)
8. Pest and Disease Control in Agriculture
(ntshz;ikapy; g{r;rp kw;Wk; neha; nkyhz;ik)
g{r;rpfs; mjd; nrj';fs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik cj;jpfs; - fz;nzhl;lk;
1. ntshz;ikapy; g{r;rpf;fl;Lg;ghl;od; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;- g{r;rpfspd; tiffs; 1
- jP';F bra;a[k; g{r;rpfs;/ ed;ik bra;a[k; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk;
kfue;jr;nrh;f;iff;F cjt[k; g{r;rpfs;
2. gaph;fSf;F g{r;rpfspdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;gpd; tiffs; 10
3. xU';fpize;j g{r;rp nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; ntshz;ik R{Hypapay; rhh;e;j 16
g{r;rp nkyhz;ik–mwpKfk;
,urhadk; my;yhj gpw nkyhz;ik cj;jpfs;
4. g{r;rpf;fz;fhzpg;g[ kw;Wk; Kd;dwptpg;g[ 25
5. cHtpay;/ ,aw;gpay; Kiw g{r;rp nkyhz;ik 30
6. ve;jputpay/; g{r;rpfspd; Fzhjprpa';fs; \ykhf g{r;rp nkyhz;ik 33
7. jhtu g{r;rpf;bfhy]ypfs; kw;Wk; ,urhad g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp \ykhf g{r;rp 37
nkyhz;ik
8. xU';fpize;j g{r;rp nkyhz;ikapy; caphpay; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; caphpay; 39
g{r;rp nkyhz;ikf; fhuzpfs; fz;lwpjy;/ cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tay;fspy;
btspapLk; Kiwfs;
ntshz; gaph;fspy; g{r;rp nkyhz;ik
9. jhdpa';fisj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs; 52
10. gaWtifg; gapu;fisj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs; 74
11. vz;bza; tpj;Jg;gapu;fisj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik 79
Kiwfs;
12. gUj;jpiaj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs; 89
13. fUk;igj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs; 101
njhl;lf;fiyg; gaph;fspy; g{r;rp nkyhz;ik
14. kh kw;Wk; vYkpr;iriaj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs; 109
15. rg;nghl;lh kw;Wk; bfha;ahitj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik 117
Kiwfs;
16. thiH/ gg;ghsp kw;Wk; jpuhl;iriaj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - 122
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
17. gyh/ bey;yp kw;Wk; Mg;gpisj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik 131
Kiwfs;
18. jf;fhsp kw;Wk; fj;jhpiaj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik 134
Kiwfs;
19. btz;il kw;Wk; kpsfhiaj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik 139
Kiwfs;
20. Kl;ilnfh!; kw;Wk; fhspg;gpstiuj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - 144
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
21. g{rzp tifr; brofisj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs;; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs; 148
22. KU';if kw;Wk; fPiu tiffisj; jhf;Fk;; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik 151
Kiwfs;
23. kuts;spiaj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs; 153
24. nful;/ gPl;+l; kw;Wk; Ks;s';fpiaj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - 156
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
25. bt';fhak; kw;Wk; g{z;ilj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik 157
Kiwfs;
26. k";rs; kw;Wk; ,";rpiaj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs; 158
27. fUntg;gpiy kw;Wk; bfhj;jky;ypiaj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - 159
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
28. kpsF kw;Wk; Ke;jphpiaj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;; 160
29. bjd;id kw;Wk; vz;bza; gidiaj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - 163
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;;
30. njapiy kw;Wk; fhg;gpiaj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik 170
Kiwfs;;
31. \ypif kw;Wk; g{f;fisj; jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs; 174
nrkpg;g[ jhdpa';fisjhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; my;yhj fhuzpfs]
32. nrkpg;g[ jhdpa';fisjhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nkyhz;ik 178
Kiwfs;
33. gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk; rpye;jpfs;/ vypfs;/ ej;ijfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; 185
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp tiffs;
34. g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; tifg;ghL/ mtw;wpd; bray; jpwd; 191
35. g[jpa jiyKiw g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; 196
36. g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp cUt mikg;gf
[ s;/ g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp fyd;fs; kw;Wk;; 198
jfty;fs;
g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp cgnahfpg;g[ nkyhz;ik
37. gyjug;gl;l g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypj; bjspg;ghd;fSf;F cfe;j bjspf;Fk; jputk; 201
xU';fikj;jy;/ bjspg;ghdpd; bjspg;g[ jpwd; Fwpj;j fzf;fPL
38. Rw;Wr;R{HYf;F g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfshy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;g[fs; 203
39. g{r;rpbfhy;ypfspd; ,iza[k; gz;g[fs; 205
g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfspd; Kiwahdcgnahfk;
40. g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfspd; v";rpa e";R/ v";rpa e";rpidmfw;Wk; Kiwfs; 210
41. g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; - Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;/ Kd;bdr;rhpf;if 212
eltof;iffs;
42. g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp fyd;fis Kiwahf ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; gad;ghl;ow;Fgpd; 214
mfw;Wk; Kiwfs;
43. g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp gad;ghl;od; \yk; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;g[fs;;/ jw;fhg;g[ Kiwfs;/ 216
cilfs;/ g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp e";R ghjpg;g[fs; kw;Wk; KjYjtp Kiwfs;
10. Acts, Rules and Regulation related to Agricultural Inputs
(ntshz; ,LbghUs;fs; Fwpj;j rl;l';fs; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs;)
44. g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfspd; rl;lk; kw;Wk; jufl;Lg;ghL 220
45. gjpt[ Kiwfs; kw;Wk; gaph] bjhw;Wj] jilf]fhg;g[ 222
46. kj;jpa g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp thhpaj;jpd; \yk; jil bra;ag;gl;l kw;Wk; 225
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs;
47. gaph; bjhw;W jil ghJfhg;g[ 227
bray;tpsf;fk; (3 h)
48. g{r;rp nkyhz;ikapy; g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp gad;ghl;ow;fhd cgfuz';fs; 229
kw;Wk; bghwpfs;
1. ntshz;ikapy; g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghl;od; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;- g{r;rpfspd; tiffs; - jP';F bra;a[k; g{r;rpfs;/
ed;ik bra;a[k; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; kfue;jr; nrh;f;iff;F cjt[k; g{r;rpfs;

cyfpy; rhFgo bra;ag;gLk; midj;Jg; gaph;fspd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpapy; mjpf mstpy;
bghUshjhu nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; Toait g{r;rpfns. g{r;rpfs; rhFgo bra;a[k; gaph;fis kl;Lkpd;wp/
nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffspy; cs;s jhdpa';fisa[k; mjpf mstpy; nrjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. gaph; cw;gj;jpapy;
g{r;rpfshy;/ rhFgo bra;ag;gLk; tay;fspy; 30 rjKk;/ nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffspy; 10 rjKk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

jP';Faphp/ g{r;rp/ g{r;rpapay; (Pest, Insect, Entomology)

rhFgo bra;ag;gLk; taypy; gaph;fisj; jhf;fp/ bghUshjhu hPjpahf mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;
midj;J caphpd';fSf;Fk; jP';Faphpfs; (Pests) vd;W bgah;. g{r;rpapay; tifg; ghl;oy; fqf;fhypfs;
bjhFjpapy; ml';Fk; KJbfYk;gw;w tFg;igr; rhh;e;j MW fhy;fs; cs;s caphpdk; g{r;rp (Insect) vd;W
miHf;fg;gLk;. g{r;rpfisg; gw;wp gof;Fk; mwptpaYf;F g{r;rpapay; (Entomology) vd;W bgah;.

g{r;rpapd; clyikg;g[ (Morphology of Insect)

jiy : Kf;fpa gFjpahd jiy rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jpy; Tl;Lf; fz;fs;/ czh; ,iHfs; kw;Wk; tha;
ghf';fs; cs;sd.
khh;g:[ ,J jiyia tpl rw;W bghpjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jpy; \d;W n$ho fhy;fs;/ ,uz;L n$ho
,wf;iffs; ,Uf;Fk;.
tapW : ,J bghpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J brhpkhd kz;lyk; kw;Wk; ,dg;bgUf;f cWg;g[fisf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;.

g{r;rpapd;; thH;f;ifr; RHw;;rp (Life cycle of Insect)

g{r;rpapd;; thH;f;ifr; RHw;rpapy; ,Utpj cUkhw;w';fs; eilbgWfpd;wd.

1. KG cUkhw;wk;; (Complete Metamorphosis)

xU jha;g;g{r;rp ,Lk; Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; g[Gf;fs; gyKiw njhYhp;j:J tsu;r;rp
mile;J Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk; gpd; Tl;Lg;g[G gUtj;jpy; gykhWjy;fis mile;J jhia xj;j
tsu;r;rp mile;j g{r;rpahf btsptUk;;. ,j;jifa khw;wj;jpw;F KG cUkhw;wk; ;vd;W bgau;;.
Kl;il – g[G - Tl;Lg;g[G - g{r;rp (c .k;) tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp, tz;L, <, njdp.
(Egg – larva - pupa - adult)

2. Fiw cUkhw;wk;; (Incomplete Metamorphosis)

jha;g;g{r;rp ,Lk; Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; F";Rfs;; jhia xj;j njhw;wj;jpy; ,wf;iffs;
tsu;r;rpailahky; ,Uf;Fk; gpd;g[ ,wf;iffs; tsu;r;rp mile;j g{r;rpahf khWk.; xUrpy khw;w';fs;
kl;Lnk eilbgWtjhy;; Fiw cUkhw;wk;; vd;W bgau;;.
Kl;il – epk;g; - g{r;rp (c .k;) btl;Lf;fpsp, fiuahd,: ehtha;g{r;rp;;.
(Egg – nymph - adult)

1
 ntshz;ikapy] g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghl;od; Kf;fpaj;Jtk]
g{r;rpfspd] jhf;Fjy; bghUshjhu nrj epiyia mila[k; nghJ/ jFe;j fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis
filg;gpof;f ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epiyapy; mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; jtwpdhy;/ mtw;wpd; bgUf;fKk;/
mtw;why; Vw;glf;Toa nrjKk; nkYk; mjpfhpj;J/ bghUshjhu hPjpahf e#;lk; Vw;gLk;.
g[{r;rpfspd; tifghL
(Classification of Insects)

tif - ,d;brf;lh
cs;tif

vblhpnfhl;lh blhpnfhl;lh
(m) (m)
vbkl;lnghyh bkl;lnghyh
thpir

 ijrD}uh gphpt[

vf;nrhblhpnfhl;lh vd;nlhblhpnfhl;lh
(m) (m)
bQl;onuhbkl;lnghyh nQhnyhbkl;lnghyh
cl;gphpt[ thpir

 epa[{uhg;ouh
ghuhbkl;lnghyh bQkpbkl;lnghyh  byg;gplhg;ouh
 og;ouh
thpir thpir  iQbkdhg;ouh
 nfhypahg;ouh
 of;onahg;ouh  ir@gdhg;ouh
 Xnlhndl;lh
 Mh;j;njhg;ouh
 @gh!:kplh
 blh;khg;ouh
 Inrhg;ouh
 mndhg[~uh
 bQkpg;ouh
 ijrdhg;ouh

2
g{r;rpfs; gaph;fspy; njhd;Wtij mog;gilahff; bfhz;L/ Kiwna vgpblkpf; kw;Wk; vz;lkpf; vd
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

vgpblkpf; (Epidemic)

rhFgo bra;ag;gLk; gaph;fspy; VnjDk; xU gUtj;jpy; jpObud kpf mjpf mstpy; njhd;wp
mjpf nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; g{r;rpfs; vgpblkpf; g{r;rpfs; vdg;gLk;.

(c.k;) bey; - g[ifahd;/ epyf;fliy – rptg;g[f; fk;gspg;g[G

vz;blkpf; (Endemic)

rhFgo bra;ag;gLk; gaph;fspy; vy;yhf; fhy';fspYk; njhd;wp Fiwe;j mst[ nrjj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jk; g{r;rpfs; vz;blkpf; g{r;rpfs; vdg;gLk;.

(c.k;) bey; - ,iy RUl;Lg;g[G/ epyf;fliy - ,iyr;RUs; g{r;rp

3
 g{r;rpfspd; bghUshjhu tifghL
(Economic classification of insects)
g{r;rpfs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j g{r;rpfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,y;yhj g{r;rpfs;

jP';F tpistpf;Fk ; g{r;rpfs; cgnahfKs;s g{r;rpfs;

1. gaphplg;gLk; gaph;fs;/ brofs;/ ku';fs; 1. neuoahf kdpjDf;F cgnahfKs;s

nghd;witfisj; jhf;fp nrjk; bghUl;fis bfhLf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs;
tpistpf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; (i) gl;L E}y;
2. nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fs; kw;Wk; (ii) njd; kw;Wk; njdP bkGF
tpisbghUl;fs;/ tPl;Lr; rhkhd;fs; (iii) muf;F
nghd;wtw;iw jhf;fp nrjk;
tpistpf;Fk; g{r;rpfs;
3. kdpjd;/ fhy;eilfs;/ gwitfs; 2. kdpjDf;F cgnahfg;glf;Toa
nghd;witfisj; jhf;fp jP';F bghUl;fis mspf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs;
tpistpf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; (i) rhag; bghUl;fs;
4. jhtu';fSf;Fk;/ kdpjDf;Fk;/ (ii) czt[
fhy;eilfSf;Fk;/ gwitfs; (iii) kUj;Jtg; bghUl;fs;
nghd;witfSf;Fk;/ neha;fisg;
(iv) RHiyfs;
gug;g[k; g{r;rpfs;
(v) ,ju bghUl;fs;

3. ed;ik bra;a[k; g{r;rpfs;

(i) jP';F tpistpf;Fk; g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J
cz;qk; Cqz;zpfs;
(ii) jP';F tpistpf;Fk; g{r;rpfisj ;jhf;fp
mHpf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpfs;
(iii) kfue;jr; nrh;f;iff;F cjt[k; g{r;rpfs;
(iv) fisr; brofis mHpf;Fk; g{r;rpfs;
(v) mwptpay; Muha;r;rpfSf;F gad;gLk;
g{r;rpfs;
(vi) mHFg; bghUl;fshft[k;/ bghGJ
nghf;Ff;Fk; gad;gLk; g{r;rpfs;
(vii) njhl;l ntiy bra;J Jg;g[ut[ bra;a[k;
g{r;rpfs;
(viii) kz; tsj;ij nkk;gLj;Jk; g{r;rpfs;

4
I. jP';F tpistpf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; (Injurious insects)
,t;t[yfpy; g{r;rpfs; 500 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;nj fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;W
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; kdpjndh cyfpy; 5 yl;rk; tUl';fSf;F Kd;g[ njhd;wpdhd;. Mfnt
g{r;rpfspd; cyfpy;jhd; kdpjd; ,ilapy; g[Fe;J/ g{r;rpfSf;Fg; nghl;oahf thH;f;if elj;Jfpd;whd;.
kdpjd; mtDf;Fj; njitahd czt[/ cil/ j';Fk; ,lk; kw;Wk; ,ju njitfSf;fhfg; gaphpLk;
jhtu';fs; kw;Wk; tpy';Ffisna/ g{r;rpfSk; rhh;e;J thH;fpd;wd. kdpjDf;Fk;/ g{r;rpfSf;Fk; xnu
rkaj;jpy; xnu tpjkhd bghUl;fs; njitg;gLk;bghGJ mitfspd; ,ilna xU nghuhl;lk;
Muk;gkhfpwJ. g{r;rpfs; mtw;wpd; njitisg; g{h;j;jp bra;a jhtu';fisa[k;/ tpy';Ffisa[k; jhf;fp
gytpjkhd nfLfis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,jw;F khwhf kdpjd; g{r;rpfis mtDila vjphpfshff;
fUjp/ mtw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; nrj';fisj; jtph;f;f mtw;iw gy tHpfspy; mHpf;f Kad;W tUfpwhd;.
Mdhy; ,e;jg; nghuhl;lk; xU Kot[ bgw Koahj nghuhl;lkhfnt bjhlh;e;J tUfpwJ.
g{r;rpfs; nehpilahfg; gaph;fisj; jhf;fp gy tpjkhd nrj';fis cz;lhf;fp/ gaphpd;
tsh;r;rpia jil bra;tjd; \yk;/ tpisr;riyg; ghjpg;gnjhL/ nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fisa[k; tpisg;
bghUl;fisa[k; jhf;fp mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. fhLfspy; tsuf;Toa gy tif ku';fisa[k;/
brofisa[k; mndf g{r;rpfs; jhf;fp nrjk; cz;Lgz;qfpd;wd. kdpjd; gHf;fg;gLj;jp/
tsh;f;ff;Toa fhy;eilfisa[k;/ gwit ,d';fisa[k; Tl g{r;rpfs; jhf;FtnjhL/ gy tpjkhd
neha;fisa[k; njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. kdpjDf;F rpy g{r;rpfs; nehpilahf jP';F bra;tnjhL gy
neha;fisa[k; gug;g[fpd;wd.

cgnahfKs;s g{r;rpfs; (Beneficial Insects)

mndf g{r;rpfs; kdpjDf;Fk;/ mtd; njitfisg; g{h;j;jp bra;tjw;bfd;W gaphpLk; gaph;fs;
fhLfspYs;s kuk;/ bro/ bfhofs;/ tsh;fFk; fhy; eilfs;/ tpisbghUl;fs; nghd; wtw;wpw;F gy
tpj';fspy; nfL tpistpj;jhYk;/ vy;yhg; g{r;rpfSk; nfL tpistpg;gjpy;iy. rpy g{r;rpfs; ed;ik
bra;af;Toaitfshft[k; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy ,d';fisr; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs; neuoahft[k;/ ntW rpy
,d';fisr;nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs; kiwKfkhft[k; kdpjDf;F ed;ik bra;fpd;wd. ,J nghd;w g{r;rpfs;
cgnahfKs;s g{r;rpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

neuoahf kdpjDf;F cgnahfKs;s bghUl;fisf; bfhLf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs; (Productive Insects)

neuoahf kdpjDf;F cgnahfKs;s bghUl;fisf; bfhLf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfspy; njd; kw;Wk;
njdP bkGiff; bfhLf;ff;Toa njdPf;fs;/ gl;L E}iyf; bfhLf;ff;Toa gl;Lg;g{r;rpfs;. muf;if
bfhLf;ff;Toa muf;Fg; g{r;rpfs; nghd;wit Kf;fpakhdit.
kdpjDf;F cgnahfg;glf;Toa bghUl;fis mspf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs;
(i) rhag; bghUl;fis cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; g{r;rpfs::
fhh;ikd; rptg;g[ fhf;fpdpay; rhak;/ lhf;onyhgpa!; fhf;f!; (Dactylopius coccus) kw;Wk;
lhf;onyhgpa!; blhbkd;nlhr!; (D. tomentosus) Mfpa fhf;fpdpay; (Cochineal) g{r;rpfspypUe;J

5
fpilf;fpwJ. ,e;j rhag; bghUl;fs; cyu itf;fg;gl;l fhf;fpdpay; g{r;rpfspypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ.
fhf;fpdpay; \yg;bghUspy; 10 rjk; fhh;kpdpf; mkpyk; (Carminic acid) cs;sJ. ,e;j mkpyk;
Fof;ff;Toa gy tif ghd';fs;/ nff;/ ,dpg;g[g; gjhh;j;j';fs; nghd;wtw;wpw;F epwj;ij mspf;ft[k;/
fk;gs E}y;/ gl;L E}y;/ njhy; nghd;wtw;wpf;F rhak; Vw;wt[k;/ rpy mHF rhjdg; bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; rpy
kUe;Jfs; jahpf;ft[k; cgnahfg;gLfpwJ.
(ii) czthf cgnahfg;gLk; g{r;rpfs;
rpytifg]g{r;rpfs; kdpjDf;F czthfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. btl;Lf;fpspfs;/ gps;isg; g{r;rpfs;/
rpy; tz;Lfs;/ bghpa vWk;g[fs;/ rpy ePh; thH; ehtha;g; g{r;rpfspd; Kl;ilfs;/ rpy tz;Lfspd;
g[Gf;fs;/ rpy me;Jg; g{r;rpfspd; g[Gf;fs;/ njdPf;fs; kw;Wk; rpy Fstpfspd; g[Gf;fs; kw;Wk;
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fs;/ fiuahd;fs; nghd;wit kdpjDf;F czthfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
mndf tpjkhd g{r;rpfs; gwitfs;/ kPd;fs;/ rpy tpy';Ffs;/ rpye;jpfs; nghd;witfSf;F
czthfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
(iii) kUj;Jtg; bghUl;fis mspf;Fk; g{r;rpfs;
<f;fspd; g[Gf;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; my;yd;lha;d; (Allantoin) vd;Dk; bghUs; ehs;gl;l/
MHkhd g[z;fisf; Fzg;gLj;j cjt[fpwJ. rpy tif bfhg;g[s tz;LfspypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
fhd;jhhpod; (Cantharidin) vd;Dk; bghUs; rpWePh; rk;ge;jkhd rpy neha;fisf; Fzkhf;ft[k;/ brhwp/
eikr;ry; nghd;w neha;fisf; Fzkhf;ft[k; gad;gLfpd;wd. njdPf;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; Vg;gp!;
(Apis) vd;Dk; bghUs; bjhz;il milg;ghd; (Diphtheria) kw;Wk; rpy rpWePh; rk;ge;jkhd neha;fisa[k;
Fzg;gLj;jf;ToaJ. njdPf;fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk; njdP tp#k; (Bee venom) gy tpjkhd thjf;
nfhshWfisf; Fzg;gLj;jf;ToaJ.
(iv) fHiyfs; cz;L gz;qk; g{r;rpfs;
rpy g{r;rpfs;/ brofspd; jpRf;fSf;Fs; Kl;ilapLk; nghJ/ me;j gFjpfspy; fHiyfs;
njhd;Wk;. ,J nghd;w fHiyfspypUe;J rpy kUj;Jtg; bghUl;fSk;/ ntW rpy cgnahfKs;s
bghUl;fSk; fpilf;fpd;wd. njf;F kuj;jpy; cz;lhFk; myg;ngh fHiyapypUe;J (Alappo galls) rpy
caph;r;rj;Jfs; ml';fpa kUe;J fpilf;fpwJ. myg;ngh fHiy kw;Wk; ntW rpy brofspy; cz;lhFk;
fHiyfspypUe;J kpf mjpf mstpy; lhdpf; mkpyk; (Tannic acid) fpilf;fpwJ. ,e;jg; bghUs; gy
tpjkhd rhag; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;ft[k;. mr;rpLk; ik/ jiy Kof;Fg; g{rf;Toa rhak; nghd;wit
jahhpf;ft[k; cgnahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(v) ntW bghUl;fis mspf;Fk; g{r;rpfs;. rpy bghpa tz;Lfspd; mHfpa/ gsg;gsg;ghd vypl;uh
vd;Dk; Kd; ,wf;iffs; my';fhug; bghUs;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
kdpjDf;F ed;ik bra;a[k; g{r;rpfs;
(i) gaph;fisj; jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toa Cqz;zpfs; kw;Wk; xl;Lz;zpfs;
,it gaph;fisj; jhf;ff;Toa mndf g{r;rpfisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait. Cqz;zpfs;
g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J/ cldoahf mtw;iwf; bfhd;W cz;L tpLk;. xl;Lz;zpfs; g{r;rpfspd; VjhtJ

6
XU Fwpg;gpl;l tsh;r;rpg;gUtj;jpy; mtw;wpd; nky; Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk;
,sk;g[Gf;fs; Cz;tH';fpiaj; jhf;fp mjd; clypYs;s jpRf;fs; nghd;w bghUl;fis cz;L/ KG
tsh;r;rpaile;J/ gpd;dh; mjd; clypd; cl;g[wj;jpnyh my;yJ btspapnyh Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwp gpd;dh;
KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpahf btsptUk;. Mfnt xl;Lz;zpfs; Cz;tH';fpia cldoahff;
bfhy;yhky; bkJthf gog;goahf bfhy;Yk;.
gaphplg;gLk; gy gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfis/ xl;Lz;zpfs; kw;Wk; Cqz;zpfisg;
gad;gLj;jp fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiw caphpay; Kiw g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLfpwJ.
xl;Lz;zpfs; kw;Wk; Cqz;zpfisg; gw;wpa tpgu';fs; caphpay; Kiw g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghl;od;
fPH; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(ii) kfue;jr; nrh;f;iff;F cjt[k; g{r;rpfs;.
cah; kl;lj;jpYs;s jhtu';fspy; tpijfs; cz;lhtjw;F kfue;jr; nrh;f;if mtrpak;.
bgUk;ghYk; kfue;jr; nrh;f;iff;F cjt[tJ fhw;Wk;/ g{r;rpfSkhFk;. ntW brofspypUe;J tUk;
kfue;jg; bghofspd; \yk; mjpf mstpy; may; kfue;jr; nrh;f;if bra;af;Toa gHtifr; brofs;/
fha;fwpg; gaph;fs;/ my';fhur; brofs;/ gUj;jp/ g[ifapiy nghd;w gaph;fspy; kfue;jr; nrh;f;if gy
tpjkhd g{r;rpfspdhy; eilbgWfpwJ. Mfnt ,J nghd;w jhtu';fspy; g{r;rpfisf; ftuf;Toa
tifapy; mHfpa njhw;wk;/ epwk;/ kzk; nghd;w Fz';fisf; bfhz;l g{f;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nkYk;
,e;jg; g{f;fspy; g{r;rpfs; cz;qtjw;nfw;w bef;lhh; vdg;gLk; njd; nghd;w ,dpg;ghd jputKk;
fhzg;gLk;. g{f;fspd; R{y; Koa[k;/ kfue;jg; bghoa[k; xl;lf;Toa jd;ikiaa[k; bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
g{r;rpfs; mHfpa g{f;fshy; ftug;gl;L/ mtw;wpYs;s njid eho tUk; nghJ/ kfue;jg;
bghoahdJ mtw;wpd; clk;gpd; nky; goe;jpUe;J/ gpd;dh; mit ntW g{f;fSf;Fr; bry;Yk; nghJ
kfue;jg;bgho me;jg; g{f;fspd; R{y;Koapd; nky; tpGe;J kfue;jr; nrh;f;if eilbgWfpwJ.
kfue;jr; nrh;f;iff;F cjt[k; Kf;fpakhd g{r;rpfs; gy tif njdPf;fs; kw]Wk] fUtz;Lfs;
(Bumble bees) nghd;witfshFk;. Fstpfs;/ gy tif <f;fs;/ tz;Lfs;/ gy tif tz;zj;Jg;
g{r;rpfs;/ rpy me;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ fUg;g[ vWk;g[fs;/ ,iyg;ngd;fs; nghd;witfSk; Xust[ kfue;j
nrh;f;iff;F cjtf;Toait.
njdPf;fs; bgUkstpy; kfue;jg;bghoiar; nrfhpj;J/ mtw;wpd; czt[f;fhff; TLfSf;F
vLj;Jr; brd;whYk;/ mit kfue;jr; nrh;f;iff;F cjtf;Toa kpfr; rpwe;j g{r;rpfshf bray;gLfpd;wd.
xU njd; Tl;oYs;s xt;bthU njdPa[k; xt;bthU Kiw btspna bry;Yk; nghJ/ Rkhh; 100 g{f;fis
ehor; bry;yf;ToaJ. ,t;thW xt;bthU njdPa[k;/ xU Mz;oy; 4 kpy;ypad; Kiwfs; njd; kw;Wk;
kfue;jg; bghoia nrfhpf;f btspna g{f;fis ehor;bry;Yk;. Mg;gps;/ vYkpr;ir tifr; brofs;/
jpuhl;ir/ gg;ghsp/ thiH nghd;w gHr;brofs;; btz;il/ fj;jhp/ jf;fhsp/ g{rzp tifr; brofs;
nghd;w fha;fwpg; gaph;fs;;; gUj;jp/ g[ifapiy nghd;w gzg;gaph]fs; ; bjd;id/ gid nghd;w ku';fs;
nghd;wtw;wpy; njdPf;fs; \ynk bgUkst[ may; kfue;j nrh;f;if eilbgWfpwJ. fLF tifg;
gaph;fspy; <f;fs; kw;Wk; Fstpfs; \yKk; my';fhur; brofspy; tz;Lfs;/ tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/
me;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ vWk;g[fs; nghd;witfspd; \yKk; kfue;jr; nrh;f;if eilbgWfpwJ.

7
(iii) fisr; brofisj; jhf;fp mHpf;Fk; g{r;rpfs;
mndf g{r;rpfs; gaphplg;gLk; brofisj; jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpg;gJ nghd;nw njitaw;w
fisr; brofisa[k; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait. rg;ghj;jp fs;spr;bro (Prickly pear) –Xg;gd;#pahit
lhf;onyhgpa!; blhbkd;nlhr!; (Dactylopius tomentosus) vd;Dk; kht[g;g{r;rp jhf;fp
mHpf;ff;ToaJ. bkf;rpf;nfh ehl;oypUe;J fs;spr;broia mHpg]gjw;bfd;W 1925-k; Mz;L
,g;g{r;rpahdJ bjd;dpe;jpaht[f;F jUtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;g{r;rp gaphplg;gLk; ntW gaph;fisj;
jhf;Ftjpy;iy.
kiyg;gpunjr';fspy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk; yhd;lhdh (Lantana) vd;Dk; fisr; broia
Mh;j;jPrpah ,d;rpf;dp!; (Orthezia insignis) vd;Dk; fhf;rpbdy;ypl; tz;Lfs; jhf;fp
mHpf;ff;Toait. Mdhy; ,e;jg; g{r;rpahdJ ntW rpy gaphplg;gLk; gaph;fisa[k; jhf;ff;ToaJ.
(iv) mwptpay; Muha;r;rpfSf;Fg; gad;gLk; g{r;rpfs;
gy;ntW ,urhad kw;Wk; ntW bjhHpw; rhiyfspypUe;J ePh; epiyfSf;F te;J nrUk; fHpt[
ePhpdhy; khRgLj;jg;gLk; ePhpYs;s er;Rj;jd;ikiaf; fz;lwpa rpy g{r;rpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
caphpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; gy;ntW gz;gpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Muha;r;rpfSf;fhf rpy g{r;rpfs; mjpf
mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. gz;gpay; rk;ge;jkhd Muha;r;rpfSf;fhf Lnuhnrh@gpyh
bkyndhfh!;lh; (Drosophila melanogaster) vd;Dk; < mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfp;wJ.
czt[g;bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Muha;r;rpfSf;F fug;ghd; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk;
nrkpg;g[ jhdpa';fisj; jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. gy;ntW g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfspy;
er;Rj;jd;ik/ kpr;rer;Rj;jd;ik nghd;wtw;iw fz;lwpa bfhRf;fspd; g[Gf;fs;/ Lnuhnrh@gpyh <f;fs;
nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
(v) mHFg; bghUl;fshf kw;Wk; bghGJ nghf;Ff;Fg; gad;gLk; g{r;rpfs;
rpy g{r;rpfs;/ gy;ntW g{f;fs; kw;Wk; gwitfistpl kpf mHfhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa
mHF gy tHpfspy; md;whl thH;f;ifapy; gpujpgypf;fr; bra;a cjt[fpwJ. Xtpah;fs;/ fl;llf;
fiy"h;fs; tPLfspd; cl;g[wj;ij my';fhpg;gth;fs; nghd;wth;fs; g{r;rpfspd; mHfpa epwf;
fyitfs; kw;Wk; mikg;g[fis/ mth;fspd; gilg;g[fspy; gpujpgypf;fr; bra;fpwhh;fs;. rpy tif
tz;Lfspd; clypypUe;J mHfpa fGj;J mzpfs; bra;ag;gLfpd;wd. rpy bghpa tz;Lfspd; mHfpa
Kd; ,wf;iffs; my';fhug; bghUl;fshf gad;gLfpd;wd.
(vi) njhl;o ntiy bra;J/ Jg;gut[ bra;a[k; g{r;rpfs;
mndf g{r;rpfs; kz;zpy; te;J nrUk; koe;j/ mGff;Toa jhtu kw;Wk; tpy';fpd';fspd;
cly; nghd;w bghUl;fis cz;L mtw;iw rpjWtpj;J/ Rfhjhuj;Jf;F ed;ik bra;fpd;wd. ,e;j
tifspy; fiuahd;fs;/ gy tif <f;fspd; g[Gf;fs;/ gy;ntW tz;LfSk; mtw;wpd; g[Gf;fSk; Kf;fpa
g';F tfpf;fpd;wd.
(vii) kz; tsj;ij nkk;gLj;Jk; g{r;rpfs;
gy g{r;rpfs; mtw;wpd; thH;ehspy; xU tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;ij my;yJ xd;Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l
tsh;r;rpg; gUt';fspy; kz;zpDs; my;yJ kz;zpdhy; fl;oa Ru';fk; nghd;w TLfspy;

8
fHpf;ff;Toait. kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; g{r;rpfspy; Kf;fpakhdit rpy ,d';fisr; nrh;e;j vWk;g[fs;/
<f;fs;/ Fstpfs;/ tz;Lfs;/ <f;fspd; g[Gf;fs;/ btl;Lg;g[Gf;fs;/ gps;isg;g{r;rpfs;/ me;Jg;g{r;rpfspd;
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fs; nghd;wit. ,tw;wpy; bgUk;ghyhdit kz;zpy; Rkhh; 15 br.kP. MHk; tiuapy;
fhzg;gLk.; vWk;g[fs;/ fiuahd;fs;/ Fstpfs;/ nghd;wit kz;zpy; TL fl;Lk;nghJ my;yJ
kz;izj; njhz;Lk; nghJ/ kz; Jfs;fs; g[ul;lg;gl;L/ rpjWtpf;fg;gLtjhy;/ kz;zpy; fhw;nwhl;lk;
mjpfkhfpwJ. moapYs;s kz; nky; gug;g[f;Ff; bfhz;L tug;gLfpwJ. kz; thH; g{r;rpfspd; ckpH; ePh;/
mtw;wpypUe;J frpa[k; bghUl;fs;/ mtw;wpd; fHpt[g;bghUl;fs;/ mit koe;j gpd;dh; mtw;wpd; cly;fs;
nghd;wit kz;qld; fye;J/ kz;zpd; tsk; nkk;gLfpwJ.

9
 2. gaph;fSf;F g{r;rpfspdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;gpd; tiffs]
g{r;rpfshy; jhf;fg;glhj jhtu';fs; vJt[nk ,y;iy vdyhk;. g{r;rpfs; mtw;wpd; czt[j;
njitiag ; g{h;j;jp bra;a jhtu';fisj; jhf;Ffpd;wd. jhtu';fspd; nth;fs;/ jz;L/ gl;il/ fpisfs;/
,iyfs/; g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ g{f;fs;/ fha;fs;/ gH';fs; nghd;w vy;yhg; ghf';fSk; g{r;rpfshy; jhf;fg;gl;L/
nrjg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjypdhy; Vw;gLk; nrj';fSk;/ mjdhy; njhd;Wk;
mwpFwpfSk;/ g{r;rpfspd; tha;g;ghf';fisg; bghWj;J ntWgLk;.

neuoahf jhtu';fisj; jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpj;jy;

1. foj;J bkd;W cz;qk; g{r;rpfspdhy; Vw;gLk; nrj';fs;
,t;tifiar; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs;/ brofspd; btspapypUe;J bfhz;nl/ broapd; ghf';fisf;
foj;J/ miuj;J/ bkd;W cz;zf;Toait. mtw;wpw;Ff; foj;J/ bkd;W cz;zf;Toa tha;g;ghf';fs;
fhzg;gLk;. mit njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd mwpFwpfs;
(i) brofspd; tsUk; Edpf;FUj;Jg; ghf';fisf; foj;J Jz;oj;J cz;qtjhy; brofspd;
tsh;r;rp jilgLk;.
(c-k;) jpuhl;ir jz;L btl;Lk; tz;L (Stem Girdler). !;bjdpah!; fpupnrlu; (Sthenias
grisator)
(ii) ,iyfspd; gFjpia foj;J cz;qjy; my;yJ brofspYs;s ,iyfs; vy;yhtw;iwa[nk
cz;LtpLjy;
(c-k;) Mkzf;F fhtog;g[G/ epyf;fliy rptg;g[ fk;gspg;g[G/ khkuj;J ej;ijg; g[G/ g[nuhOdpah g[G
(iii) ,iyfspd; tpspk;g[g;gFjpfis xG';fw;w totpy; btl;o cz;LtpLjy;
(c-k;) bey; jj;Jf;fpsp –iQnuhfpis@g!; gdpahd; (Heiroglyphus banian)
KU';if/ fj;jhp/ gUj;jp nghd;w gahpfisj; jhf;Fk; rhk;gy; tz;Lfs; (Ash weevils) –
kpy;nyhrpu!; ,d';fs; (Myllocerus sp.)
(iv) ,iyfspy; rpwpa tl;l tot Jthu';fis cz;Lgz;zp/ jpRf;fis cz;qjy;
(ck;) Ks;s';fp/ rzg;ig nghd;w gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk; jl;il tz;Lfs;/ rptg;g[ g{rzp tz;L
(v) ,iyfspd; nky; gug;gpYs;s jpRf;fis Ruz;o cz;qjy;
(c-k;) fj;jhp/ ghfy; nghd;w gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk; vg;gpyf;dh tz;LfSk; mtw;wpd; g[Gf;fSk;
Kl;ilf;nfh!; kw;Wk; g{f;nfh!; gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk; lakz;l; KJF me;Jg; g{r;rpapd; (Diamond
back moth) g[Gf;fs;
(vi) ,iyfspy; bghpa mstpyhd xG';fw;w totKs;s Jthu';fis cz;Lgz;zp/
jpRf;fis cz;qjy;
(c-k;) Kl;ilf;nfh!; fhtog;g[G –oiuf;nfhg[~rpah ie (Trichoplusia ni)
(vii) ,iyfisr; RUl;o mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;L jpRf;fisf; foj;J cz;qjy;
(c-k;) gUj;jp ,iyr; RUl;Lg;g[G –irbyg;lh blnuhnfl;lh

10
 kh ,iyr;RUl;Lk; \f;F tz;L
(vii) brofs; kw;Wk; ku';fspd; gl;ilia mhpj;J cz;qk;/ ,g;g[Gf;fs; gl;ilia mhpf;Fk;
nghJ tUk; J}s;/ fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; nghd;wtw;iw gl;L nghd;w ,iHfspdhy; ,izj;J ePzl Ru';fk;
nghd;w TLfis mikj;J/ mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl gl;ilia mhpj;J cz;qk;.
(c-k;) fUntg;gpiy KU';if nghd;w ku';fisj; jhf;Fk; gl;ilg;g[G - ,d;lh;ngyh
bll;nuhdp!; (Indarbela tetraonis)
(ix) Kisj;J tUk; ,sk; brofspd; jz;il Jz;oj;J cz;qjy;
(c-k;) gUj;jp ,sk; brofisj; jhf;Fk; jiu tz;Lfs; - ml;lhf;nlhfh!;lh; @gpdpl;ok!;
(Attactogaster finitimus)
(x) g{ bkhf;Ffisa[k;/ g{f;fisa[k; foj;J cz;qjy;
(c-k;) Jtiu/ rzg;ig nghd;w gaph;fspd; g{ bkhf;Ffisa[k;/ g{f;fisa[k; jhf;Fk; bfhg;g[s
tz;Lfs; (Blister beetles)/ nuh$h g{ bkhf;Ffisa[k;/ ,jH;fisa[k; jhf;Fk; g{ btl;L tz;L –
Mf;rpbrnlhdpah bth;rpfyh; (Oxycetonia versicolor)
(xi) fjph; fhk;g[fis mhpj;J/ Jz;oj;jy;.
(c-k;) nrhsk;/ nfH;tuF nghd;w gaph;fspd; kzpfisj; jhf;Fk; gUj;jp mbkhpf;fd; fha;g;g[G

2. Fj;jp/ rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfshy; Vw;gLk; nrj';fs;

Fj;jp/ rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfSk; btspapypUe;J bfhz;nl/ Fj;jp cwp";Rk; tha;g;ghf';fspdhy;/
g[wj;njhiyj; Jisj;J cl;jpRf;fspypUe;J rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;qk;/ ,J nghd;W rhW cwp";rg;gLk;
nghJ/ rpy Fwpg;gpl;l mwpFwpfs; njhd;Wk;.
gy rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs; rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;qk;nghJ ckpH; ePiu jpRf;FSf;Fs;
brYj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;j ckpH; ePhpy; fye;jpUf;Fk; rpy er;Rg; bghUl;fs; jpRf;fspy; nkYk; mjpf nrjk;
tpistpf;ff;TLk;. mit njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd mwpFwpfs;
(i) bgUk;ghyhd rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs; brofspd; ,iyg;gFjpiaj; jhf;Fk;. mRtzpfs;
,iyfisj; jhf;Fk; nghJ ,iyfs; Kjypy; gRik epwj;ij ,He;J k";rs; epwkhfp gpd;dh; fUfp
koe;JtpLk;.
(c-k;) bkhr;ir/ epyf;fliy/ fpishprpoah nghd;w brofisj; jhf;Fk; mRtzp –V@gp!;
fpuhf;rpnthuh (Aphis craccivora)/ nuh$h ngd;fs.
(ii) rhW cwp";rg;gl;l gFjpfspy; ,sk; k";rs; epwg;g[s;spfs; my;yJ gilfs; njhd;Wk;.
(c-k;) Mkzf;F bts;is <; bjd;id brjps; g{r;rp
(iii) rhW cwp";rg;gl;l ,iyfspd; btspg;gug;g[ bts;spiag; nghd;w epwj;jpy; my;yJ btz;ik
epwkhf khwptpLk;. ,iyg;ngd;fs; rpy gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk; nghJ/ g[wj;njhypd; moapYs;s
jpRf;fspypUe;J rhW cwp";rg;gLtjhy; ,t;tpj epwkhw;wk; njhd;WfpwJ.
(c-k;) bt';fhak; kw;Wk; epyf;fliy ,iyg;ngd;fs;

11
 (iv) jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfspd; Edpg;gFjp/ RUz;L/ fhpe;J tpLk;.
(c-k;) bey; ,iyg;ngd;
(v) ,iyfspy; gGg;g[ epw fhpe;j gFjpfs; njhd;Wjy;/ jj;Jg; g{r;rpfs; rpy gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk;
nghJ/ jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; gGg;g[ epw/ fhpe;jJ nghd;w gFjpfshfj; njhd;Wk;. ,iyfspd;
tpspk;g[fspypUe;J ,g;gGg;g[ epw gFjp njhd;Wk;. ,J jj;Jg;g{r;rp vhpg;g[ (Hopper burn) vdg;gLfpwJ.
(c-k;) bey; g[ifahd;: gUj;jp jj;Jg;g{r;rp
(vi) jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs;/ Fwpg;ghf FUj;Jghf';fs; kw;Wk; jsph; ,iyfspy; RUf;f';fs;/
bespt[fs; nghd;w mwpFwpfs; njhd;Wk;. rpy mRtzpfs;/ ,iyg;ngd;fs;/ jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs; Mfpait
jhf;Fk; nghJ ,J nghd;w khw;w';fs; njhd;Wk;
(c-k;) kpsfha; ,iyg;ngd;
(vii) ,iyg;ghf';fspy; gy tpj cUkhw;w';fs; kw]Wk] Edpf;fpisfs; Fj;jhf g[jh; nghy; khWjy;
nghd;w mwpFwpfs] njhd;Wjy;.
(c-k;) nkf]nfhbdy]ypfhf]f!] kht[g;g{r;rp
(viii) g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ g{f;fs;/ gp";Rf; fha;fs; nghd;wit cjph;e;J tpLjy;/ rpy brjps; g{r;rpfs;/
kht[g;g{r;rpfs; nghd;wit jhf;Fk; nghJ ,J nghd;w mwpFwpfs; cz;lhFk;.
(c-k;) Mg;gps;/ brjps; g{r;rp/ nuh$h brjps; g{r;rp gy gHtifr; brofisj; jhf;Fk; kht[g;
g{r;rpfs;.
(ix) gH';fs; mjpf mstpy; cjph;jy;.
(c-k;) vYkpr;ir tifr; brofspd; gH';fspy; rhW cwp";Rk; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; - xj;hP!; ,d';fs;
(Othreis sp.)

3. cl;jpRf;fis cz;qk; g{r;rpfspdhy; Vw;gLk; nrj';fs;

cl;jpRf;fis cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;/ brofspy; jpRf;fspy; cl;g[wj;jpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L jpRf;fis
foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. g{r;rpapd; btt;ntW tsh;r;rpg; gUt';fspy;/ xU gUtnkh my;yJ
thH;f;if KGtJnkh mit jpRf;fspd; cs;nsna ,Ue;J nrjk; cz;Lgz;qk;. bgz; g{r;rpfs;/
mtw;wpd; Kl;ilapLk; cWg;g[ \yk; Kl;ilfis brofspd; jpRf;fspDs; brhUfptpLk; my;yJ
gaph;ghf';fspd; nky; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; g[Gf;fs; btspj;jpRf;fisj; Jisj;Jf;
bfhz;L/ cl;brd;W/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L tsUk;. ,t;tifiaj; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs; jz;L
Jisg;ghd;fs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ fha;fs;/ gH';fs;/ bfhl;ilfs;/ tpijfs; nghd;wtw;iwj; Jisf;Fk;
g[Gf;fs; kw;Wk; tz;Lfs;/ ,iyfisf; Fila[k; g[Gf;fs;/ fHiyfs; njhw;Wtpf;Fk; g[Gf;fs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
(i) jz;L Jisg;ghd;fs; : g[Gf;fs; jz;Lg;gFjp my;yJ FUj;Jg; gFjpiaj; Jisj;Jf;
bfhz;L/ KGtJkhf jpRf;fSf;Fl;brd;W/ cl;jpRf;fisf; foj;J cz;qk;.
(c-k;) gUj;jp g[s;spf;fha;g; g[Gf;fs;/ fj;jhp jz;L Jisg;ghd; nghd;wit brofspd; FUj;Jg;
gFjpiaj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W/ cl;jpRf;fisf; foj;J cz;gjhy; FUj;J tho/ koe;JtpLfpwJ. bey;

12
jz;L Jisg;ghd;/ nrhsk;/ nfH;tuF jz;L Jisg;ghd; nghd;wit jz;ilj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W/
cl;jpRf;fisf; foj;J cz;L/ nrjg;gLj;Jtjhy;/ eLf;FUj;J mGfp/ koe;JtpLfpwJ. ,J FUj;jHpt[
(Dead heart) mwpFwp vdg;gLfpwJ. bjd;id fhz;lhkpUf tz;Lk;/ tphptilahj FUj;J ,iyapd;
mog;ghfj;ijj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpwJ.
(ii) jz;L my;yhj ghf';fisJisf;Fk; g[Gf;fs; kw;Wk; tz;Lfs;: g{ bkhf;Fg; g[Gf;fs; (Bud
worms)/ g{ bkhf;Ffisj; Jisj;J/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L/ nrjg;gLj;Jtjhy; bkhf;Ffs; cjph;e;J tpLk;.
(c-k;) KU';if/ ky;yp bkhf;Fg;g[Gf;fs;/ gUj;jp fha;g;g[Gf;fs;/ fj;jhp fha; Jisg;ghd;/
Mkzf;F fha; Jisg;ghd;/ mtiu fha; Jisg;ghd; nghd;witfs; fha;fisa[k;/ tpijfsia[k;
Jisj;J nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. kh';bfhl;il tz;L/ bfhl;ilapDs; ,Uf;Fk; gUg;ig cz;L
nrjg;gLj;Jk;.
(iii) ,iy Fila[k; g[Gf;fs; (Leaf miners): ,sk; gUtr; rpwpa g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisf; File;J/
,uz;L g[wj;njhYf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s cl;jpRf;fisj; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;.
(c-k;) vYkpr;ir tifr; brofs;/ kh/ Ke;jphp/ g[';fk; nghd;wtw;wpd; ,iyfisf; Fila[k;
g[Gf;fs;
(iv) bfhg;g[s';fs; kw;Wk; fHiyfs; cz;L gz;qk; g{r;rpfs]: rpy g{r;rpfs; mtw;wpd; KG
tsh;r;rpaile;j gUtj;jpy; my;yJ ,sk; gUtj;jpy; brofspd; btt;ntW ghf';fisj; jhf;Fk; nghJ
fHiyfs; nghd;w xG';fw;w totpyhd tPf;f';fs; kw;Wk; cUkhw;w';fs; njhd;Wk;. ,J nghd;w
fHiyfs; g{r;rpfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[k;/ mtw;wpw;F ntz;oa czita[k; bfhLf;fpwJ. fHiyfspDs;
brofshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; rhW/ fHiyfspDs; thGk; g{r;rpfSf;F czthfpwJ. gaph;g; ghf';fspy;
fHiyfs; njhd;Wtjhy; brofspd; tsh;r;rp ghjpf;fg;gLtnjhL/ gH';fs;/ tpijfs;/ nghd;wit
cz;lhtJk; jilglf;TLk;. rprpnlhikapnl/ V@gponl/ rpy;yponl/ mY}nuhonl nghd;w
FLk;g';fisr; nrh;e;j rpy g{r;rpfSk;/ ijrndhg;ouh thpiriar; nrh;e;j rpy g{r;rpfs; fHiyfisj;
njhw;Wtpf;ff;Toait.
(c-k;) bey; gapiu Midf;bfhk;gd; </ jhf;Fk; nghJ FUj;J ,iyapd; ,iy ciw Midf;
bfhk;igg; nghd;w ePskhd fHiyahf khWfpwJ. gy g{r;rpfs; ,iyfspy; bfhg;g[s';fisg; nghd;w
fHiyfisj; njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. rprpnlhikapona FLk;gj;ijr; nrh;e;j yhrpnahg;ouh @ghy;nfl;lh
(Lasioptera falcata) vd;Dk; <f;fspd; g[Gf;fs;ghfw;fha; broapd; jz;oy; fHiyfis
njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. gUj;jp jz;L Td; tz;L –bgk;bguy!; m@gpdp!; (Pempherulus affinis) jz;Lg;
gFjpfspy; fHiyfs; cz;L gz;zf;Toait. nrhsk; fHiy < - fd;nlhpdpah brhh;fpnfhyh
(Contarinia sorghicola)vd;Dk; <apd; g[Gf;fs; nrhsk; fjph;fspy; fHiyfis njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. vs;
fha; <apd; g[Gf;fs; - m!;nghd;oypah brnrkp (Asphondylia sesami)/ fhapy; fHiyfis
cz;Lgz;qk; .
4. kz;qf;foapy; thGk; g{r;rpfspdhy; Vw;gLk; nrj';fs;
kz;zpy; thGk; rpy g{r;rpfs;/ jhtu';fspd; nth;g;gFjpfis foj;J my;yJ Jisj;J
jpRf;fis cz;L my;yJ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L/ my;yJ fHiyfs; cz;L gz;zp nrjk;

13
tpistpf;fpd;wd. bgUk;ghyhd kz;zpy; thGk; g{r;rpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l jhtu';fis kl;Lnk
jhf;ff;Toait. bgUk;ghYk; g[Gg;gUtk; khj;jpunk nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; mtw;wpd; vy;yh tsh;r;rpg;
gUt';fSk; kz;zpy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. jhf;fg;gl;l gaph;fspy; tsh;r;rp Fd;Wjy;/ epwkhw;wk;
miljy;/ thLjy; nghd;w bghJthd mwpFwpfs; bjd;gLk;.
(c-k;) yh';fplhh;r!; bgy;fhbkd;rp!; (Longitarsus belgaumensis) vd;Dk; jl;il tz;od;
g[Gf;fs;/ rzg;ig broapd; ntiuj; Jisj;J cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. nfH;tuF nth;
mRtzp –bll;uhD}uh ief;hpmg;lhkpdhyp!;/ nth;fspypUe;J rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;Fk;. vhpnahnrhkh yhdpb$uh (Eriosoma lanigera) vd;Dk; fk;gsp mRtzpapd; ,sk;
g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; Mg;gps; broapd; nth;fspypUe;J rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;gnjhL/ nth;fspy;
fHiyfisa[k; Kor;Rfisa[k; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. njhhpkpah xg;gh;Fbyy;yh (Phthorimaea operculella)
vd;Dk; me;Jg;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; cUisf; fpH';ifj;Jisj;J cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjgg;Lj;Jk;
a{nghbuy;ypah !;lhyp vd;Dk; ,ah;tpf; g{r;rp epyf;fliyiaj; Jisj;J cs;spUf;Fk; gUg;ig cz;L
nrjk; gz;qk;.

5. nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fs; kw;Wk; tpisbghUl;fSf;F Vw;gLk; nrj';fs;

nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fs;/ tpijfs;/ tpis bghUl;fs;/ czt[g; gz;l';fs; nghd;witfSk;/
g{r;rpfspdhy; jhf;fg;gl;L nrjg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fs; kw;Wk; tpis bghUl;fs;
mWtilf;F Kd;ngh my;yJ mWtilf;Fg; gpd;ngh jhf;fg;glf;TLk;.
(c-k;) rh;f;fiu ts;spf;fpH';F Td; tz;L/ cUisf;fpH';F me;Jg;g{r;rp nghd;wtw;wpd;
jhf;Fjy; mWtilf;F Kd;ng taypy; njhd;wp/ nrkpj;J itf;Fk; nghJ bjhlUk;. gaW tz;L/
mhprpg;g[G/ rptg;g[ kht[ tz;L nghd;wit nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fs; kw;Wk; kht[ nghd;w bghUl;fis
nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffspy; jhf;Fk;. fug;ghd; g{r;rpfs;/ <f;fs; nghd;w g{r;rpfSk; czt[g; bghUl;fSf;Ff;
nfL tpistpf;Fk.;

kiwKfkhfj; jP';F tpistpj;jy;

(i) mWtilapd; nghJ Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fs;: rpy g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLk;nghJ/ gaph; mWtilapd; nghJ rpy rpf;fy;fs; Vw;glf;TLk;.
(c-k;) mRtzp mjpfk; jhf;fpa bkhr;ir/ mtiu/ Kl;ilf;nfh!; nghd;w gaph;fis mWtil
bra;tJ kpft[k; fodk;. mnj nghy; gUj;jp fha;g[Gf;fs; mjpfk; jhf;fpa fha;fspypUe;J/ gUj;jp
mWtil bra;tJk; kpft[k; fodk;.
(ii) tpis bghUl;fspd; juk; Fiwjy;: g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjyhy; tpisbghUl;fspd; juKk;/
FzKk; ghjpf;fg;gLtnjhL/ tpw;gidapd; nghJk; gy gpur;ridfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
(c-k;) ngd;fs; jhf;fpa Vyf;fhapd; juKk;/ FzKk; btFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tz;Lfs;
Jisj;j rh;f;fiu ts;spf; fpH';F/ fha; Jisg;ghd;fs; Jisj;j fj;jhp/ jf;fhsp nghd;w fha;fwpfs;/

14
mRtzp jhf;fpa mtiu/ fhtog;g[G Jisj;j Kl;ilf;nfh!; nghd;wtw;wpd; juk; FiwtnjhL/
mtw;iw tpw;gid bra;at[k; Kotjpy;iy.
(iii) kdpjd;/ fhy;eilfs;/ gwitfs; nghd;wtw;iwj; jhf;fp jP';F tpistpj;jy;: bfhR/ \l;ilg;
g{r;rp/ ngd; nghd;wit kdpjdpd; ,uj;jj;ij Fj;jp cwp";rp jP';F tpistpg;gnjhL/ rpy neha;fisa[k;
gug;gf;Toait/ ,uj;jk; cwp";rk; <f;fs;/ cz;zpfs; nghd;wit fhy;;eilfSf;F jP';F
tpistpf;ff;Toait. bjs;Sg;g{r;rpfs; nghd;w g{r;rpfs; gwitfspd; ,uj;jj;ij cwp";rp jP';F
cz;Lgz;qfpd;wd.
(iv) neha;fisg; gug;g[jy;: g{r;rpfs;/ Ez;fpUkpfs;/ g{rz';fs; kw;Wk; er;Raphpfs; nghd;wtw;why;
njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; gy neha;fis gug;gf;Toait.
(c-k;) bey; J';nuh/ gaW tifg;gaph;fspd; njky; neha;fs;/ thiH Kof;bfhj;J neha;/ bjd;id
FUj;jGfy; neha; nghd;w gy neha;fs; g{r;rpfshy; gug;gg;gLfpd;wd. gy er;Raphp kw;Wk;
ikf;nfhgpsh!;kh neha;fs; g{r;rpfshy; kl;Lnk gug;gg;glf;Toait.

ntW tHpfspy; jP';F tpistpj;jy;

(i) Kl;ilapLk;nghJ fha';fs; Vw;gLj;Jjy;: rpy ,d';fisr; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs; Kl;ilapLk;
nghJ/ gaph;g; ghf';fspy; fha';fs; Vw;gLj;jp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.
(c-k;) rpy tz;Lfs; (Cicadas) Kl;ilapLk; nghJ/ ku';fspd; fpisfisg; gpse;J/ mjDs;
Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. ,jdhy; fpisfs; fha;e;J/ koe;Jtplf;TLk;. kh jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ bey; gr;irj;
jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ bey; g[ifahd;. kh';bfhl;il tz;Lfs; nghd;witfSk; Kl;ilapLk; nghJ
gaph;g;ghf';fspy; rpwpa fha';fs; Vw;gLj;jp nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait.
(ii) gaph; ghf';fis TL fl;l cgnahfpj;jy;: rpy ,d';fisr;nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs; neuoahf
gapiuj; jhf;fp czthff; bfhs;skhypUe;J/ gaph;g;ghf';fis TL fl;l cgnahfg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
(c-k;) ,iy btl;Lk; < (Leaf cutter bee) –bkfhrpy;yp Md;e;ju; hrpdh (Megachile anthracina)/
nuh$h/ mtiu Mfpa brofspypUe;J tl;l totpy; ,iyj;Jz;Lfis btl;o/ vLj;Jr; brd;W TLfl;l
gad;gLj;JfpwJ. kh/ bfha;ah nghd;w ku';fspy; fhzg;gLk;. rptg;g[ vWk;g[fs;/ rpy ,iyfis xd;whf
,izj;J/ bgl;o nghd;w TL fl;o mjDs; thGk;.
(iii) jP';F tpistpf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfis xU broapypUe;J ntW brofSf;F gug;g[jy;:
vWk;g[fs; kw;Wk; ntW rpy g{r;rpfs; gaph;fSf;F neuoahfj; jP';F tpistpf;fhky; ,Ue;jhYk;/
mRtzp/ kht[g;g{r;rp nghd;wtw;iw xU broapypUe;J ntW brofSf;F gug;gf;Toait.
(c-k;) vWk;g[fs;/ mRtzpfs; nghd;w g{r;rpfSf;F ghJfhtyhf ,Ue;J/ mRtzpfs;
btspapLk; njd; nghd;w jputj;ij czthff; bfhz;L/ xd;Wf; bfhd;W Mjuthf thH;fif
elj;Jfpd;wd. rpy g{r;rp gPilfs; ntW rpy g{r;rpfspd; fhy;fs; kw;Wk; cly; ghf';fspy; xl;of;
bfhz;Lk; gug;gg;gLfpd;wd.

15
 3. xU';fpize;j g{r;rp nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; ntshz;ik R{Hypapay; rhh;e;j g{r;rp nkyhz;ik –
mwpKfk;
g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghl;od; njit
g{r;rpfspd] jhf;Fjy; bghUshjhu nrj epiyia vl;Lk; nghJ/ jFe;j fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis
filg;gpof;f ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epiyapy; mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;j jtwpdhy;/ mtw;wpd; bgUf;fKk;/
mtw;why; Vw;glf;Toa nrjKk; nkYk; mjpfhpj;J/ bghUshjhu hPjpahf ,Hg;g[ Vw;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;od; njitia ,uz;L tpj';fshff; bfhs;syhk;
(i) tpisr;riy mjpf gl;rj;Jf;F cah;j;JtJ (Yield Maximisation): ,e;j Kiwapy; cs;s xnu
Fwpf;nfhs; tpisr;riy mjpfhpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gnjahFk;. g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;ow;fhd bryitg; gw;wp
fUj;jpy; bfhs;tjpy;iy. ehl;od; eyida[k;/ kf;fspd; eyida[k; fUj;jpy; bfhz;L/ tpisr;riyg;
bgUf;Fk; Fwpf;nfhSld; kl;Lnk g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis nkw;bfhs;tjhFk;. ,e;j Kiwapy;
g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghl;ow;fhd brytpd; mst[/ mjpfg;goahff; fpilf;ff;Toa tpisr;rypd; \yk; fpilf;Fk;
yhgj;ij tpl bgUk;ghYk; mjpfkhfnt ,Uf;Fk;.
(ii) bryt[ / yhg tpfpjj;ijg; bghUj;J (Cost/ beneifit ratio basis):,e;j Kiwapy; g{r;rpf;
fl;Lg;ghl;od; Fwpf;nfhs; tpisr;riy mjpfhpj;J/ mjd; \yk; yhgk; bgWtjhFk;. g{r;rpf;
fl;Lg;ghl;ow;bfd bra;a[k; bryt[/ mjpfg;goahff; fpilf;Fk; tpisr;rypd; \yk;tUk; yhgj;jpw;F
,izahfnth my;yJ Fiwthfnth ,Uf;Fk;. ,k;Kiwapy; g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjy; bghUshjhu nrj
epiyia vl;oa gpd;dnu g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,J njitahdnghJ
kl;Lnk g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis nkw;bfhs;tJ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. (Need based pest
control).

g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; (Pest control)

g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kjy; goahf mitfspd; thH;f;if rhpjk;/ mtw;iwf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;nfw;w tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;/ mit gy;fpg; bgUFtjw;fhd fhuz';fs; nghd;wtw;iw
bjhpe;J bfhs;tJ kpft[k; mtrpak;. g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ g{r;rpfspd; thHf;ifia neuoahfnth
my;yJ kiwKfkhfnth fodg;gLj;jp/ mit thHKoahky; bra;J mtw;iwf; bfhy;tJ kw;Wk; mit
gy;fpg; bgUfhjthW jLg;gjw;F filg;gpof;ff;Toa vy;yh Kiwfisa[k; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J ,aw;if Kiw
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; braw]if Kiw fl;Lg;ghL vd;W ,Utifg;gLk;.

g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
I. ,aw;if Kiw g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
1. fhy epiyfs;
2. ,aw;if mikg;g[
3. ,aw;if vjphpfs;

16
II. braw;if Kiw g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
1. g{r;rpfs; njhd;Wk; Kd;dnu vLf;ff;Toa Kiwfs;
(i) tay; kw;Wk; bro Rfhjhuk;
(ii) jFe;j cHtpay; Kiwfs;
(iii) g{r;rp jhf;fhj ,uf';fisg; gaphpLjy;
(iv) ,ju Kiwfs;
2. g{r;rpfs; njhd;wpa gpd;dh;/ neuoahff; fl;Lg;gLj;jk; Kiwfs;
(i) cHtpay; Kiwfs;
(ii) vspa fUtpfis cgnahfpj;jy;; kw;Wk; rpy bra;Kiwfisf; filg;gpoj;jy;
(iii) ,aw;if rf;jpia cgnahfpj;jy;
(iv) murpay; rl;l';fisg; gpunahfpj;jy;
(v) caphpay; Kiwfs;
(vi) ,urhad g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis cgnahfpj;jy;
(vii) ,ju etPd Kiwfs;
(viii) xU';fpize;j fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;

III. g{r;rpfs; njhd;Wk; Kd;dnu vLf;ff;Toa Kiwfs; (Prophylactic methods)

,e;j Kiwfs; tUlhtUlk; my;yJ gUtj;jpw;Fg; gUtk; bjhlh;e;J njhd;wf;Toa g{r;rp
gPilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Vw;wit.
(i) tay; kw;Wk; bro Rfhjhuk; (Field and plant sanitation)
fisr; brofis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp/ tay; btspfisa[k;/ Rw;Wg;g[w';fisa[k;/ Rj;jkhfg; guhkhpj;jy;/
g{r;rp jhf;fpa brofis my;yJ broapd; gFjpfis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;jy; nghd;w Kiwfisf;
filg;gpog;gjd; \yk; g{r;rpfs;/ mJnghd;w brofspypUe;J/ Kjd;ikg; gaphpy; njhd;Wtijj;
jtph;f;fyhk;. tay; tug;g[fspYk;/ Rw;Wg;g[w';fspYk; fhzg;gLk; gy tifg;g[w;fis mfw;Wtjhy; bey;
gapiu R{iug;g{r;rpapd; jhf;FjypypUe;J ghJfhf;fyhk;. vYkpr;ir tifr; brofspd; fha;e;J nghd
fpisfis btl;o mHpg;gjhy;/ brofisj; jz;L Jisg;ghd; jhf;fhjthW ghJfhf;fyhk;.
(ii) jFe;j cHtpay; Kiwfs; (Proper cultural methods)
g{r;rp jhf;Fjy; ,y;yhj ey;y tpijfs; kw;Wk; tpijg;bghUl;fis tpijg;gjw;F
cgnahfg;gLj;Jtjhy;/ tpij \yk; gutf;Toa gUj;jp fha;g;g[Gf;fs;/ fUk;g[ brjps; g{r;rp kw;Wk;
kht[g;g{r;rpfs;/ rh;f;fiu ts;spf;fpH';F tz;L/ thiH fpH';F tz;L nghd;witfspd; jhf;Fjiyj;
jtph;f;fyhk;. bey; tpijfis 50-55° br.fp. tiuapyhd btg;g ePhpy; bjhlh;e;J 15 epkpl';fs;
rpfpr;iff;F cl;gLj;Jtjhy;/ tpijfspDs; fhzg;gLk; E}w;g[Gf;fis mHpf;fyhk;. mWtilf;Fg;
gpd;dh; epyj;ij cGtjd; \yk; fl;ilg;gaphpy; bgUff;Toa bey;/ nrhsk; nghd;w gaph;fspd; jz;L

17
Jisg;ghd;fis mHpf;fKoa[k;. Kd;djhfnt Kjph;r;rpailaf;Toa ,uf';fisg; gaphpLtjd;\yk;/
mjpf mst[ g{r;rp jhf;FjypypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;s KofpwJ.
(iii) g{r;rp jhf;fhj ,uf';fisg; gahpLjy; (Growing pest resistant varieties)
rpy gaph; ,uf';fis g{r;rp gPilfs; mjpfk; jhf;Ftjpy;iy my;yJ gaph;fspy; mjpf nrjk;
tpistpg;gjpy;iy. mit g{r;rpfSf;F vjph;g;g[j;jpwd; bfhz;l ,uf';fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. ,J nghd;w
brofSf;F g{r;rp jhf;Fjiyr; rkhspf;ff;Toa rpy bgsjPf kw;Wk; tpidapay; Fz';fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy ,uf';fisr; nrh;e;j brofspy;/ g{r;rpfs; tpUk;gj;jfhj rpy er;Rg;bghUl;fs;
fhzg;glf;TLk;. ,J nghd;w ,uf';fis g{r;rpfs; jhf;Ftjpy;iy. ,e;jf;Fzk; vjph; caphpj;jd;ik
(Antibiosis) vdg;gLfpwJ. rpy ,uf';fisr; nrh;e;j brofspy; g{r;rpfs; tpUk;gj;jf;f juk;/ epwk;/
thriz/ Rit nghd;wit ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ brofspy; mjpff; fodkhd nky; njhy;
my;yJ mjpf nuhk';fs; nghd;wit fhzg;glyhk;. ,J nghd;w ,uf';fis g{r;rpfs; tpUk;g[tjpy;iy.
,e;jf; Fzk; tpUk;gj;jfhjit (Non-preferrence) vdg;gLfpwJ. ntW rpy ,uf';fisr; nrh;e;j
brofis g{r;rpfs; jhf;fp/ nrjk; tpistpj;jhYk;/ mit g{r;rp jhf;Fjiyj; jh';fp/ g[jpajhf gf;fj
J}h;fis/ fpisfis my;yJ nth;fisj; njhw;Wtpj;J tsuf;Toait. ,J g{r;rp jhf;Fjiyj; jh';fp
tsuf;Toa Fzk; (Tolerance) vdg;gLfpwJ.
(iv) ,ju Kiwfs; (Other prophylactic methods)
1) gaph;fis g{r;rpfs; jhf;FjypypUe;J ghJfhf;f tpijfs; kw;Wk; tpijg; bghUl;fis tpij
rpfpf;ir bra;tJ
2) g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp; fyitia jz;Lg;ghf';fspy; g{Rtjhy; rpy g{r;rpfspd; jhf;FjypUe;J
ghJfhf;fyhk;.
3) jhh; fyitia ku';fspd; jz;Lg;ghfj;ijr; Rw;wpg; g{Rtjhy; fiuahd; jhf;FjypypUe;J
ku';fisg; ghJfhf;fyhk;. ,e;j Kiw bjd;id ku';fis fiuahd; jhf;FjypypUe;J ghJfhf;f mjpf
mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
4) cuf;FHpfis mof;fo ed;F fpswp tpLtjd; \yk;/ bjd;id fhz;lh kpUf tz;od;
g[Gf;fis mHpf;fyhk;.
5) nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fis ed;F btapypy; cyh;j;jp gpd;dh; nrkpj;J itg;gjd; \yk; nrkpg;g[j;
jhdpa';fisj; jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfspypUe;J ghJfhf;fyhk;.
6) nj';fp epw;Fk; ePhpd; nky; gug;gpy; cnyhf vz;izia bjspg;gjd; \yk; bfhRf;fspd;
g[Gf;fis mHpf;fyhk;.
7) tpijf;Fk; jUzj;ij rpwpJ khw;wp mikg;gjd; \yk; rpy g{r;rpfspd; jhf;FjypypUe;J
gapiuf; fhg;ghw;wyhk;. bjd; - nkw;F gUt –kiHf;F 2 khj';fSf;F Kd;djhf/ nk khjj;jpy;
tpijf;Fk; Jtiug; gapiu/ fha; <f;fspd; jhf;Fjiy jtpu;f;f Koa[k;.
,e;j Kiwfisj; jtpu gy cHtpay; Kiwfs; bra; Kiwfs;/ rl;lj;jpd; \yk; vLf;fg;gLk;
eltof;iffs; nghd;witfSk; g{r;rpfs; njhd;Wk; Kd;dnu vLf;fg;gLk; KiwfshFk;.

18
2. g{r;rpfs; njhd;wpa gpd;dh; neuoahff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; (Curative or Direct methods)
,e;j Kiwfs; xU g{r;rp njhd;wpa gpd;dh;/ mij mHpg;gjw;F my;yJ mjd; bgUf;fj;ijj; jil
bra;tjw;F vLf;ff;Toa vy;yh Kiwfisa[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
,urhad g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis cgnahfpj;jy; (Chemical Methods)
g{r;rpfs; tuhky; jLf;Fk; Kiwfs;/ gy;ntW cHtpay; kw;Wk; bra;Kiwfs; nghdwtw;why;
g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjiy nghjpa mst[ fl;Lg;gLj;j Koahky; nghtjhy;/ mtw;wpd; jhf;Fjyhy;
tpisaf;Toa nrjk; bghUshjhu hPjpapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; nghJ/ ,urhad kUe;Jfis
cgnahfpj;J g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ntz;oa epiy Vw;gLfpwJ. ,J nghd;w epiyapy; nrjj;ij
nkYk; Fiwg;gjw;F g{r;rpfs; jhf;fhky; jLf;fnth my;yJ mtw;iw neuoahfj; jhf;fp mHpf;fnth rpy
kUe;Jfis cgnahfpf;f ntz;oapUf;fpwJ. ,J nghd;w kUe;Jfs; gaph; ghJfhg;g[ kUe;Jfs; / g{r;rp
bfhy;ypfis (Pesticides) vdg;gLfpd;wd. kdpj $dj;bjhif ehSf;F ehs; bgUfpf;
bfhz;nlapUf;Fk; ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; kdpjdpd; czt[/ cil kw;Wk; FoapUf;Fk; tPLfs; nghd;w
njitfisg; g{h;j;jp bra;a jPtpu rhFgo Kiwfisf; filg;gpoj;J/ gaph;fis mjpf mstpy; gaphpl;L/
tpisr;riy mjpfg;gLj;j gaph; ghJfhg;g[ kUe;Jfis / g{r;rp bfhy;ypfis cgnahfpg;gJ kpft[k;
mj;jpahtrpakhfpwJ. jpObud;W rpy g{r;rpfs; mjpf mstpy; njhd;Wk; nghJ/ g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp
kUe;Jfis cgnahfpj;J/ mtw;iw tpiutpy; mHpg;gJjhd; xnu tHpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Ke]ijafhyj]jpy] rpy jhtu';fspypUe;J fpilf;ff;Toa bghUl;fSk;/ rpy m';ff ,urhadf;
fyitfSk; kl;Lnk g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Mdhy; 1939 k; Mz;L o.o.o (DDT)
iaf; fz;Lgpoj;j gpd;dh; gaph;fhJfhg;g[j; Jiwapy; xU g[ul;rp Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ. o.o.o – iaj; bjhlh;e;J
Vuhskhd g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfs; btspte;J bfhz;nlapUf;fpd;wd. xU g{r;rpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j/
g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypiaj; njh;e;bjLg;gJ/ mij cgnahfpf;ff;Toa gaph; kw;Wk; gaphpd; tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;/ mJ
fl;Lg;gLj;jf;Toa g{r;rpfs;/ g{r;rpapd; tsh;r;rpg;gUtk;/ mjd; gHf;f tHf;f';fs;/ czt[ cl;bfhs;Sk;
tpjk;/ ed;ik bra;a[k; g{r;rpfs;/ xl;Lz;zpfs;/ Cqz;zpfs; nghd;wtw;iw ghjpj;jy; nghd;w
jd;ikfisg; bghWj;J ntWgLk;.

,ju etPd Kiwfs; (Other recent and modern methods)

g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;bfd/ Rw;Wg;g[wr; R{H;epiyfis khRgLj;jhj tifapy; rpy etPd
Kiwfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j Kiwfspy; bgUk;ghyhdit g{r;rpfis neuoahfj; jhf;fp
mHpf;fhtpl;lhYk] mtw;iwf; ftuf;Toaitfshfnth my;yJ mtw;wpd; ,dg;bgUf;fj;ijj; jil
bra;af;Toaitfshfnth bray; glf;Toait.

1. fjphpaf;fk; (Radiation) ,e;j Kiwapy; g{r;rpfis xU Fwpg;gpl;l mst[ fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jp/

mtw;wpy; kyl;Lj; jd;ikia cz;lhf;fptplyhk;. fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz; g{r;rpfspd;
tpe;J braypHe;J tpLk; my;yJ g{r;rpfs; ,dr; nrh;f;if bra;a KoahkyhfptpLk; my;yJ Mz; kw;Wk;
bgz; g{r;rpfspd; ,dr;nrh;f;if cWg;g[fspYs;s jpRf;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;L tpLtjhy;/ mit

19
,dg;bgUf;fk; bra;a Kotjpy;iy. fhkh fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F (Gamma radiation)/ 8 fpnyhuhl; (Kilorads)
mstpy; cl;gLj;Jtjd; \yk;/ kur;rhkhd;fisj; jhf;ff;Toa mndhgpak; g';l;nll;lk; (Anobium
punctatum) vd;w tz;il KGtJkhf kylhf;fptplKoa[k;.
fjphpaf;fj;jpd; \yk; kylhf;fg;gl;l Mz; g{r;rpfs;/ bgz; g{r;rpfSld; ,dr;nrh;f;if
bra;jhYk;/ mit ,Lk; Kl;ilfspypUe;J g[Gf;fs; my;yJ ,sk; g{r;rpfs; btsptUjpy;iy my;yJ
mit ,ay;ghf ,y;yhky;/ tpiutpy; koe;JtpLk;.
,e;j Kiw bkol;lnudpad; gH < - bruhol;o!; fhg;gpl;nll;lh (Ceratitis capitata)/ g{rzp gH < -
lhf;f!; Ff;fh;gpl;nl (Dacus cucurbitae)/ khk;gH < - lhf;f!; bknyhnyhd;jh ty;nfhp!; (Melolontha
vulgaris) / bfhR–fpa{byf;!; igg;bgd;!; @ghl;ofd;!; (Culex pipens fatigans)nghd;w g{r;rpfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLj;jg;gl;oUf;fpwJ.

2. tsh;r;rp Cf;fpfs; (Hormones) braw;ifahfj; jahhpf;fg;gLk; rpy ,urhadg; bghUl;fs; ,sepiy

Cf;fpfshf (Juvenile hormones) my;yJ ,sk; g{r;rpfs; njhy; chpj;J tsh;tijj; jLf;Fk;
bghUl;fshf (Moulting hormones) bray;glf;Toait. kpkpf;!; (Mimics) my;yJ tsh;r;rpiaf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kUe;Jfs; vdg;gLk; ,e;jg; bghUl;fs; g{r;rpfspd; tsh;r;rpiag; ghjpg;gnjhL/ mtw;wpy;
kyl;Lj;jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jt[k;/ mtw;iw tsh;r;rpailahj epiyapnyna mHpf;ft[k; bra;fpd;wd.
rpy gaph; tsh;r;rp Cf;fpfis brofSf;F mspf;Fk;nghJk;/ brofspy; rpy mikg;gpay; kw;Wk;
,urhad khw;w';fs; Vw;gLtjhy;/ me;jr; brofisj; jhf;fp cz;qk; g{r;rpfSf;Fk; kyl;Lj;jd;ik
Vw;gLfpwJ.
gaph;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; $pg;gbuy;ypf; mkpyk; (Gibberellic acid) vd;Dk; tsh;r;rp Cf;fp/
mtiuiaj; jhf;Fk; bll;uhdpf;f!; blbyhpa!; (Tetranychus telarius) kw;Wk; Mg;gps; brofisj;
jhf;Fk; ghbdhdpf;f!; my;kp (Panonychus ulmi) Mfpa gaph;r; rpye;jpfs; kw;Wk; g[nuhOdpah g[Gtpd;
,dg;bgUf;fj;ijg; ghjpf;ff;ToaJ. irf;nfhrpy; (Cycocel) vd;Dk; tsh;r;rp Cf;fp ikr!; bgh;rpfP
(Myzus persicae) vd;w mRtzpapd; tsh;r;rpiag; ghjpf;fpwJ. khyPf; iQl;uirl; (Maleic hydrazide)
vd;Dk; tsh;r;rp Cf;fp mrph;njhir@ghd; igrk; (Acyrthosiphon pisum) vd;Dk; mRtzpapd;
tsh;r;rpiag; ghjpg;gnjhL/ kyl;Lj; jd;ikiaa[k; cz;Lgz;qfpwJ. mkpl;nuhy; (Amitrole) irl;uhd;
(Zytron) Mfpa fisf;bfhy;ypfSk; ,e;j mRtzpapy; kyl;Lj;jd;ikiaj; njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
,s epiy Cf;fpfSk; rpy tHpfspy; g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j cjt[fpwJ. vf;ilnrhd;!;
(Ecdysones) vd;Dk; bghUs; bguzp (Ferns) nghd;w rpy jhtu';fspypUe;Jfpilf;fpwJ. ,e;j kUe;ij
g{r;rpfspd; nky; bjspf;Fk; nghnjh my;yJ czthf mspf;Fk;nghnjh mtw;wpd; tsh;r;rpapYk;/
czt[ cl;bfhs;tjpYk; rpy khw;w';fs; njhd;wp/ Kotpy; mit koa nehpLfpwJ. gUj;jp rptg;g[
ehtha;g;g{r;rp – o!;blh;f;!; nghd;w rpy g{r;rpfspy; ,e;j kUe;J czt[ cl;bfhs;shky; bra;fpwJ. mjpf
mstpy; ,e;j kUe;ij g{r;rpfSf;Ff; bfhLf;Fk;nghJ kyl;Lj;jd;ik cz;lhfpwJ.

20
 ,sepiy Cf;fpfis Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fspd; nky; bjspf;Fk;nghJ/ mtw;wpypUe;J btsptUk;
g{r;rpfs; ed;F cUg;bgwhky; ,Uf;Fk;. $^thignahd; (Juvabione)/ oiQl;nuh$^thignahd;
(Dehydrojuvabione)/ n$.vr;. I (JH.1)/ n$.vr;. II (JH.2) nghd;w kUe;JfspYk; ,J nghd;w jd;ikfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. my;l;nlhrpl; v!;.Mh;.10 (Altosid SR.10) vd;Dk; ,sepiy Cf;fpia ePhpy; fyg;gjd;
\yk; bfhRf;fspd; g[Gf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KofpwJ. my;l;nlhrhh; (Altozar)/ my;nlhrpl; nghd;w
kUe;Jfis kpff; Fiwe;j mstpy; jFe;j czt[ld; fye;J bfhLg;gjd; \yk; nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fisj;
jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jKofpwJ.

3. gz;gfj;ij khw;wp mikj;jy; (Genetic Manipulation) gz;gfj;ij khw;wp mikg;gjhYk; g{r;rpfspd;

clypy; rpy khw;w';fisj; njhw;Wtpj;J mtw;wpy; kyl;Lj;jd;ikia cz;lhf;fKoa[k;. ,e;j Kiwa[k;
bfhR xHpg;gpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gfpwJ.

4. ftuf;Toa bghUl;fs; (Insect attractants) g{r;rpfis rpy ,aw;if rf;jpfSk;/ braw;if bghUl;fSk;
ftuf;Toait/ rpy bghUl;fs; mtw;wpd; thridahy; g{r;rpfis ftuf;Toait.
czt[g;bghUl;fspypUe;J njhd;Wk; thrid/ vjph; ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs; njhw;Wtpf;ff;Toa
thrid/ ,iufspypUe;J njhd;Wk; thrid/ Kl;ilapLtjw;F Vw;w ,l';fspypUe;J njhd;Wk;
thrid nghd;wtw;why; J}z;lg;gLk; cs; czh;tpdhy; g{r;rpfs; ftug;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW g{r;rpfspd;
cs; czh;itj;J}z;lf;Toa thridapd; cjtpahy;/ xnu ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs; vjph; ,dj;ijr;
nrh;e;j g{r;rpfis mile;J/ mtw;Wld; ,ize;J ,dr;nrh;f;if bra;at[k;/ czt[g; bghUl;fs;
,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij mjpf J}uj;jpypUe;Jk; vspjpy; bjhpe;J bfhs;st[k;/ Kl;ilapLtjw;Fk;/
Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWtjw;Fk; Vw;w ,l';fisf; fz;lwpat[k; cjt[fpwJ. ,e;jj; jd;ikfis
mog;gilahff; bfhz;L braystpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia
fz;fhzpf;ft[k;/ g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;ft[k; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
gy tifahd g{r;rpfs; btspr;rj;jpdhy; ftug;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; mog;gilapy; g{r;rpfisf;
fth;e;J mHpf;f gy tpjkhd tpsf;Fg;bghwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
rpy ,urhadg; bghUl;fSk; g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwd. ,tw;wpy; rpy
bghUl;fs; Mz; my;yJ bgz; vd;w xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,dj;ij kl;Lnk ftuf;Toait. ntW rpy
bghUl;fs; ,dg;ghFghoy;yhky; Mz;/ bgz; Mfpa ,U ,d';fisa[nk ftuf;Toait.
behjpf;Fk; rh;f;fiu kw;Wk; bkhyhr!; mndf tpjkhd me;jg;g{r;rpfisa[k;/
tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rpfisa[k; ftUfpd;wd. mk;nkhdpah rpy <f;fisf; ftUfpwJ. g[nuhl;Od;
iQl;nuhiynrl; (Protein hydrolysate) gy tpj gH <f;fisf; ftUfpwJ.,jd; mog;gilapy; gy
er;Rf;fth;r;rp czt[fs; (Poison baits) gy tpjkhd g{r;rpfs;/ tpy';Ffs; nghd;witfis mHpf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
@bgunkhd;fs; (Pheromones) vd;Dk; braw;ifapy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; ,urhadg; bghUl;fisf;
bfhz;Lk; rpy g{r;rpfisf; ftuKoa[k;. @bgunkhd;fs; vdg;LtJ rpy g{r;rpfshy; btspna

21
Ruf;fg;gl;L/ vjph; ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfspd; cs; czh;r;rpfisj; J}z;o mtw;iwf; ftuf;Toa
bghUl;fs;. ,t;tifg; bghUl;fs; bgUk;ghYk; g{r;rpfspd; ,dr;nrh;f;iff;F cjt[fpd;wd. ,it
,df;fth;r;rpg; bghUl;fs; vdg;Lfpd;wd. xnu ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j Mz;g{r;rpfshy;/ bgz; g{r;rpfisf;
ftu btspaplf;Toa bghUl;fs; Mz; @bgunkhd; vd;Wk;/ bgz; g{r;rpfshy; Mz; g{r;rpfisf; ftu
btspaplf;Toa bghUl;fs; bgz;; @bgunkhd; vd;Wk miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mog;gilapy; bgz;
g{r;rp Ruf;ff;Toa mnj thridia btspaplf;Toa braw;if ,urhadg; bghUl;fisj; jahhpj;J/
,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwpfspy; itj;J/ mnj ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j Mz; g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;Fk; Kiw
,g;nghJ eilKiwapy; ,Uf;fpwJ.

5. g{r;rpfis beU';ftplhky; jLj;J tpul;Lk; bghUl;fs; (Repellents) g{r;rpfSf;F btWg;g{l;o mtw;iw

beU';ftplhky; jLj;J tpul;lf;Toa jd;ik rpy bghUl;fSf;F cz;L. ,J nghd;w jd;ik ,uz;L
tpj';fspy; bray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. xd;W brofspy; fhzg;gLk; rpy mikg;gpay; khw;w';fspdhy;
g{r;rpfisj; jLj;J tpul;LtJ. kw;wJ rpy ,urhadg; bghUl;fis cgnahfpj;J mtw;wpypUe;J
btsptUk; thridahy; g{r;rpfSf;F btWg;g{l;o mtw;iw beU';f tplhky; jLj;J tpul;LtJ.
brofspd; nky; gug;gpy; Kl;fs; my;yJ bkGF nghd;wit fhzg;gLjy;/ nky; gug;g[ fodkhff;
fhzg;gLjy; nghd;w mikg;gpay; khw;w';fs;/ ku';fspd; jz;Lg;gFjpapy; jhh; my;yJ vz;iz
my;yJ Rz;zhk;g[ nghd;w bghUl;fisg; g{Rjy; nghd;w KiwfshYk; g{r;rpfis beU';f tplhky;
jLj;J tpul;lyhk;. mjpf mst[ xyp vGg;g[tjhYk; bjs;Sg;g{r;rpfs;/ bfhRf;fs; nghd;wtw;iw jLj;J
tpul;l Koa[k;.
nghh;nlh fyit gy tpjkhd foj;J/ bkd;W cz;zf;Toa g[Gf;fisa[k;/ jj;Jg;g{r;rpfisa[k;
jLj;J tpul;lf;Toa braw;if ,urhadf;fyit. ghuhilFnshnuhbgd;rPd; (Paradichlorobenzene)
kw;Wk; ehg;jypd; (Naphthalene) fye;j ghr;ir cUz;ilfs; Jzpfisj; jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs;
beU';fhky; jLj;J tpul;lf;Toait. kdpjidj; jhf;ff;Toa ngd;fs;/ bfhRf;fs;/ bjs;Sg; g{r;rpfs;/
fug;ghd; g{r;rpfs; nghd;wtw;iw jLj;J tpul;lf;Toa gy braw;if ,urhadg; bghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp
bra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ilkPijy; jhnyl; (Dimethylphthalate) vd;Dk; ,urhadg; bghUis njhypd; nky;
g{Rk; nghJ bfhRf;fs; jhf;Ftjpy;iy. Ol; (Deet)/ bly;@gPd; (Delphene) nghd;w ,urhadg; bghUl;fs;
bfhRf;fs;/ bjs;Sg;g{r;rpfs;/ cz;zpfs; nghd;wtw;iw tpul;lf;Toait. oiuFnshnuhbgd;rPd;/
fphpnahnrhl;/ Rj;jg;gLj;jg;glhj cnyhf vz;iz (Crude oil)/ jhh; nghd;wit fiuahd;fisa[k;/
bkh;Fhpf; igFnshiul; (Mercuric bichloride) vWk;g[fisa[k; jLj;J tpul;lf;Toait. ighpj;uk;
,uj;jj;ij cwp";rf;Toa g{r;rpfis jLj;J tpul;lf;Toait. Mfnt ,J kpff;Fiwe;j mlh;j;jpapy;
fhy;eilfspd; nky; bjspf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. bfhRf;fis tpul;Lk; bfhRtj;jpr; RUs;fs;
(Mosquito coils)/ bfhR ml;ilfs; (Mosquito mats) nghd;wtw;wpy; braw;if ighpj;uha;l; (Synthetic
pyrethroid) tif kUe;Jfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fe;jf – Msptpij vz;iz (Linseed oil) fyit/
Kay;fs;/ mzpy;fs; nghd;w kpUf';fis jLf;ff;ToaJ. ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;F nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk; rpy
g{r;rpfs; jLj;J tpul;lf;Toa Fzk; cz;L.

22
6. czt[ cz;gij jLf;Fk; bghUl;fs; (Antifeedants or Feeding deterrents) rpy bghUl;fSf;F
g{r;rpfisj; jLj;J tpul;lhky; mit czt[ cz;gijj; jLf;ff;Toa Fzk; cz;L. ,e;jg; bghUl;fs;
g{r;rpfspd; Rit czUk; jd;ikiag; ghjpj;J/ mit czt[ cz;gijj; jilbra;fpd;wd. oiuarPd;
(Triazine) vd;Dk; ,urhadg; bghUs; gytpjkhd g[Gf;fs;/ tz;Lfs;/ fug;ghd; g{r;rpfs; nghd;wit
czt[ cz;gijj; jLf;ff;ToaJ. rpy m';ff jfuf; fyitfs; (Organo tin compounds) g{r;rpfs;
czt[ cz;gijj; jLf;ff;Toait. gpu!;lhd; (Brestan) – oiu@gpidy; od; mrl;nll; (Triphenyl tin
acetate)/ oa{l;lh; (Duter) – oiu@gpidy; od; iQl;uhf;irl; (Tripheyltin hydroxide) nghd;w
g{rzf;bfhy;ypfSk; cUisf; fpH';F Jisg;ghd; - mf;nuhl;o!; ,g;rpyhd; (Agrotis ipsilon) nghd;w gy
g{r;rpfs; czt[ cz;gijj; jilbra;fpd;wd. rpy fhh;gnkl; tif kUe;JfSk; g{r;rpfs; czt[
cz;gijj; jil bra;af;Toait. Mh;nghfhh;g; (Arpocarb) vd;Dk; jnahfhh;gnkl; tif kUe;J
brofspDs; CLUtpr; brd;W/ jpRf;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;nj gUj;jp fha; tz;L czt[ cz;gijj;
jLf;fpwJ. jhtuj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk; ighpj;uk; vd;Dk; bghUSf;Fk; ,uj;jk; cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfisj;
jLf;Fk; Fzk; cz;L.

7. xU';fpize;j fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs; (Integrated control) g[jpajhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l mndf

g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfs; mjpf rf;jp tha;e;jitfshft[k;/ bgUk;ghyhd g{r;rpfis tpiutpy;
bfhy;yf;Toaitfshft[k; fhzg;gl;lhYk;/ mtw;iw cgnahfpg;gjpy; rpy jPa tpist[fisa[k;
njhw;Wtpf;ff;Toait. rpy g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfis cgnahfpf;Fk;nghJ/ g{r;rpfs; mjpf mstpy;
bgUf;fkilfpd;wd. ,jw;F ,uz;L fhuz';fs; Twg;gLfpd;wd. xd;W rpy g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp
kUe;Jfis cgnahfpf;Fk;nghJ/ g{r;rpfs; mjpf mstpy; ghjpf;fg;glhky;/ mtw;wpd; ,aw;if vjphpfs;
mjpf mstpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L/ mHpf;fg;gLk;nghJ/ g{r;rpfspd; ,aw;if rk epiy ghjpf;fg;gl;L/ g{r;rpfs;
mjpf mstpy; bgUf;fkilaf;TLk;. ,J g{r;rpfspd; rk epiy ghjpg;g[ (Pest upset) vdg;gLfpwJ.
kw;bwhd;W g{r;rpfis ,aw;if vjphpfs; Xust[ fl;Lg;ghl;ow;Fs; itj;jpUf;Fk; epiyapy;/
g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis cgnahfpf;Fk;nghJ/ ,aw;if vjphpfs; mHpf;fg;gLtjhy;/ ,aw;if vjphpfs;
,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; g{r;rpfs; tpiutpy; mjpf mstpy; bgUf;fkilaf;TLk;. ,J g{r;rp gPilfspd;
,dg;bgUf;f kPl;rp (Resurgence) vdg;gLfpwJ. Mfnt nkYk; g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gy Kiw
g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis cgnahfpf;ft[k;/ mjpf er;Rj; jd;ik tha;e;j g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis cgnahfpf;ft[k;
nehpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Rw;Wg;g[w NH; epiyfs; khRgLj;jg;gLtnjhL/ caph;r; rk epiya[k;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. nkYk; g{r;rp gPilfs;/ g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypf;F vjpu;g;g[j;jpwd; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,J nghd;w
nfLfisf; TLkhd tiuapy; jtph;f;f g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp cgnahfpg;gij kw;w vy;yh ,aw;if kw;Wk;
braw;if g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwfSld; xd;whf ,izj;J g{r;rpfis eph;thfk; bra;J/ mtw;iw
bghUshjhu nrjepiyia milahjthW guhkhpg;gJ mtrpakhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW vy;yh
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisa[k; xU';fpizj;Jg; g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ xU';fpize;j g{r;rpf;
fl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLfpwJ. xU';fpize;j g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;oy; my;yJ g{r;rpg; guhkhpg;gpy; gy;ntW
cHtpay; Kiwfs;/ bgsjPf Kiwfs;/ bray; Kiwfs;/ caphpay; Kiwfs; nghd;w vy;yh Kiwfisa[k;/

23
g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypa[ld; xU';fpizj;J bray;gLj;jp/ g{r;rp gPilfs; bghUshjhu hPjpahf nrjk;
tpistpf;fhky; guhkhpg;gnjhL/ Rw;Wg;g[w NH; epiyfis khRgLj;jhkYk;/ ed;ik gaf;Fk;
g{r;rpfisa[k;/ ,aw;if vjphpfisa[k; ghJfhf;ft[k; Koa[k;. xU';fpize;j g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;
gapUf;Fg; gaph; kw;Wk; ,lj;Jf;F ,lk; ntWglf;TLk;.

24
 4. g{r;rp fz;fhzpg;g[ kw;Wk; Kd;dwptpg;g[

gaphplg;gLk; gaph;fs; gy tpjkhd g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; g{r;rpfs; my;yhj gPilfshy;

jhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. bghJthf tHf;fkhf fhzg;gLk; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; epue;jukhff; fhzg;gLk;
g{r;rpfshy; gaph;fs; jhf;fg;gl;lhYk;/ rpy gUt';fspy; kl;Lk; njhd;Wk; g{r;rpfSk;/ rpy rka';fspy;
gapiu mjpf mstpy; jhf;ff;TLk; Mfnt gapiuj; jhf;fpapUf;Fk; g{r;rpfspd; Fz';fs;/ mtw;wpd;
thH;f;ifr; RHy; mit Vw;gLj;jf;Toa nrj';fs;/ mtw;iw ed;F fl;Lg;gLj;jf;Toa tsh;r;rpg;
gUt';fs;/ fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; nghd;wtiw;iw mwpe;J bfhz;L bray;gLjy; g{r;rp eph;thfk;
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhd jfty;fis neuoahf gaph; bra;ag;gl;l tay;fspypUe;j nrfhpg;gJ/ g{r;rpfs;
fz;fhzpg;g[ (Pest surveillance) vdg;gLfpwJ.

g{r;rp neha; fz;fhzpg;gpd; Fwpf;nfhs;fs;

(i) gaph;fisj; jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfisa[k; neha;fisa[k; fz;lwpjy;.
(ii) g{r;rpfs;/ neha;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; mstpida[k;/ nrjj;jpd; mstpida[k; kjpg;gpLjy;.
(iii) g{r;rpfs;/ neha;fs; njhd;Wtjw;Fk;/ gut[tjw;Fk;/ thdpiyf;Fk; cs;s bjhlh;g[fisf; fz;lwpjy;.
(iv) g[jpajhfj; njhd;Wk; g{r;rpfisa[k;/ neha;fisa[k; fz;lwpjy;.
(v) g{r;rpfSf;Fk;/ neha; fhuzpfSf;Fk; cs;s ,aw;if vjphpfisf; fz;lwpjy;.
(vi) khwptUk; g[jpa gaph;jpl;l';fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpist[fisf; fz;lwpjy;
(vii) g{r;rpfSk;/ neha;fSk; bjhlh;e;J njhd;Wk; ,l';fisf; fz;lwpjy;.
(viii) njitf;nfw;g gaph; ghJfhg;g[ Kiwfisf; filg;gpoj;jy;.
(ix) g{r;rpfSk;/ neha;fSk; njhd;wtpUg;gij Kd;dwptpg;g[ bra;jy;.

g{r;rp fz;fhzpg;g[
g{r;rp fz;fhzpg;g[/ epue;jutay; fz;fhzpg;g[ (Fixed plot survey)/ Rw;wpj; jphp fz;fhzpg;g[
(Roving survey) Mfpa ,U Kiwfspy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. fz;fhzpg;g[g; gzpfs; ntshz;
gy;fiyf; fHfj;ijj; nrh;e;j gaph; ghJfhg;g[ tp";"hdpfs; kw;Wk; ntshz; Jiw/ vz;iz tpj;Jj;
Jiw/ njhl;lf;fiyj; Jiw Mfpatw;iwr; nrh;e;j tphpthf;f mYtyh;fshy; ,ize;J
bray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ntshz;ik gy;fiyf; fHf tp";"hdpfs; ntshz; Muha;r;rp epiya';fspYk;/
tphpthf;f mYtyh;fs; cHth; epy';fspYk; fz;fhzpg;g[g; gzpfis nkw;bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. gaph;
ghJfhg;g[ ntshz; mYtyh;fSk;/ ntshz; fpl';FfspYk; gzpahw;Wk; ntshz; ghJfhg;g[ ntshz;
mYtyh;fSk;/ mth;fSila bghWg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,uz;L fpuhk';fisj; njh;e;bjLj;J/ fpuhkj;jpw;F
,uz;L tay;fs; tPjk; epue;ju tay; fz;fhzpg;ig nkw;bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. muR tpijg; gz;izfspy;
gzp g[hpa[k; ntshz; mYtyh;fs;/ muR tpijg; gz;izfspy; ,uz;L tay;fspy; epue;ju tay;
fz;fhzpg;ig nkw;bfhs;fpwhh;fs;.

25
 gapw;rp tHpj; bjhlh;g[j; jpl;lj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; ntshz; mYtyh;fs; mth;fspd; bghWg;gpy;
,Uf;Fk; ehd;F fpuhk';fspy;/ fpuhkj;jpw;F ,uz;L tay;fs; vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; Rw;wpj;jphp
fz;fhzpg;ig nkw;bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,nj nghd;w fz;fhzpg;gpid vz;iz tpj;Jj; Jiw kw;Wk;
njhl;lf;fiyj;Jiwiaj; nrh;e;j ntshz; mYtyh;fs; me;je;j Jiwiar; nrh;e;j gaph;fspy;
nkw;bfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
epue;ju tay; fz;fhzpg;g[/ Rw;wpj;jphp fz;fhzpg;g[ Mfpait thuj;jpw;F xU Kiw
nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;L taypy; cs;s gaph;fspy; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; neha;fspd; mst[ eph;zak;
bra;ag;gLfpwJ. tpsf;Fg; bghwp/ ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwp nghd;wtw;wpd; cjtpa[ld; g{r;rpfspd;
njhw;wKk;/ vz;zpf;ifa[k; mwpag;gLfpwJ. xt;bthU g{r;rp/ neha; fz;fhzpg;gpw;Fk; Kd;g[s;s VG
ehl;fs; tiuapy;/ xt;bthU ehisf;Fk; fzf;fplg;gl;l cah;e;j mst[ btg;gk;/ Fiwe;j mst[ btg;gk;/
fhiy fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk;/ khiy fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk;/ Nhpa xsp/ fhw;wpd; ntfk;/ kiH mst[/ kiH bghHpe;j
ehl;fs; Mfpa fhy epiyfspd; btt;ntW m';f';fSk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. thdpiyapy; Vw;glf;Toa
khw;w';fSf;Fk;/ g{r;rp neha;fSf;Fk; cs;s bjhlh;g[ fzf;fplg;gl;L/ mit jpObud;W bgUthhpahfg;
gut[tjw;fhd tha;g;g[ eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. g{r;rp kw;Wk; neha;fs; juf;Toa khw;W kw;Wk; ,iz Cz;
tH';fpfSk;/ ,e;jf; fz;fhzpg;g[ \yk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

g{r;rp fz;fhzpg;g[ Kiwfs;

epue;ju tay; fz;fhzpg;g[
xU Vf;fh; gug;gst[ cs;s taypy;/ 5 ,l';fspy;/ 1 rJu kPl;lh; mst[s;s/ 5 ghj;jpfis
milahsg;gLj;jp itf;fntz;Lk;. ehd;F ghj;jpfis taypd; ehd;F \iyfspYk;/ xU ghj;jpia
taypd; eLtpYk; njh;e;bjLf;fntz;Lk;. \iyapYs;s ehd;F ghj;jpfSk; tug;g[fspypUe;J/ 3 kPl;lh;
cs;ns js;spapUf;fntz;Lk;. xt;bthU thuKk; ,e;jg; ghj;jpfspDs; ,Uf;Fk; brofspy;/ ghj;jpf;F
20 brofs; tPjk; 100 brofspy; fz;fhzpg;g[ bra;antz;Lk;.
xU rJu kPl;lh; gug;gstpy;/ 20 brofSf;Fk; Fiwthf cs;s gaphpy; g{r;rp/ neha;
fz;fhzpg;ig nkw; bfhs;Sk;nghJ/ taypd; ehd;F \iyfspYk;/ eLg;gFjpapYk; xt;bthU
,lj;jpYk; 20 brofs; tPjk;/ bkhj;jk; 100 brofspy; fz;fhzpg;ig nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. xt;bthU
thuKk; bjhlh;e;J ,t;thW brofisf; fz;fhzpj;J/ g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; neha;fspd; epiyiaf;
fz;lwpantz;Lk;.

Rw;wpj;jphp fz;fhzpg;g[
thuk; xU Kiw ntshz; mYtyhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;oYs;s 4 fpuhk';fspy;/ 2 tay;fspy; g{r;rp/
neha; fz;fhzpg;ig nkw;bfhs;sntz;Lk;. taypd; bjd;-nkw;F \iyapy; Jt';fp taypd; FWf;fhf
ele;J/ 100 brofspy; g{r;rp/ neha; fz;fhzpg;ig nkw;bfhs;sntz;Lk;. \iyapypUe;J Kjy; 10 kPl;lh;
tiuapy; brofisj; njh;e;bjLf;ff;TlhJ. mnj nghy; KotpYk; 10 kPl;lhpYs;s brofisj;
njh;e;bjLf;ff;TlhJ.

26
g{r;rpfspd; bjhifiaf; fz;lwpa[k; Kiwfs; (Methods of assessment of insect population)
g{r;rpfspd; Fz';fisg; bghWj;Jk;/ mtw;wpd; tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;ija[k; bghWj;J btt;ntW
tpjkhd fzf;bfLf;Fk; Kiwfs; filg;gpof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(i) if tiy tPr;R Kiw (Net sweeping).
,jw;F gad;gLj;jf;Toa if tiy 43 br.kP. tpl;lj;ija[k;/ 100 br.kP ePsKs;s ifg;gpoiaa[k;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;. xU tPr;R vd;gJ/ if tiyia gapUf;F nkyhf miutl;lj;Jf;F mjhtJ 180o
mst[f;F bghJthf 10 tPr;Rf;fs; nghJkhdJ. g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;bfLf;f/ bghJthf
10 tPr;Rf;fs; nghJkhdJ. g{r;rpfspd; bkhj;jj; bjhif 100 tPr;Rf;F ,j;jid g{r;rpfs; vd;W
eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j KiwahdJ gaph;fisj; jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toa tz;Lfs;/ vy;yh
tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpYk; nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toa ehtha;g; g{r;rpfs;/ jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs; nghd;wtw;wpd;
bjhifia eph;zapf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
(ii) Tz;Lg; bghwpfis gad;gLj;jp g{r;rpfis jpObud;W gpof;Fk; Kiw (Sudden trapping)
xU Fwpg;gpl;l gug;gstpy; cs;s g{r;rpfis/ vy;yh gf;f';fspYk; tiyapdhy; Md bgl;o
nghd;w Tz;il/ gapiuf; fiyf;fhky;/ bkJthf gaphpd; nky; itj;J/ gaphpy; fhzg;gLk; g{r;rpfis
Tz;oDs; rpf;f itj;J/ gpd;dh; mtw;iw vz;zp/ mjpypUe;J bkhj;jg; gug;gstpy; cs;s g{r;rpapd;
bjhifia eph;zapf;fyhk;. ,k;Kiw jj;Jf;fpspfs;/ nrhsk; fjph; ehtha;g; g{r;rp nghd;wtw;wpd;
bjhifia eph;zapf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
(iii) tpsf;Fg; bghwpitj;J g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J gpof;Fk;Kiw (Light trap catch)
rpy gUt';fspy; rpy g{r;rp gPilfs; mjpf mstpy; njhd;Wtjw;fhd tha;g;ig ,e;j Kiwapy;
eph;zapf;fyhk;. bey; FUj;Jg; g{r;rp/ epyf;fliy rptg;g[ fk;gspg; g{r;rp nghd;wtw;wpd; jhf;Fjy;/ tpsf;Fg;
bghwpapdhy; ftug;gLk; me;Jg; g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; bfhz;L eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(iv) ,df; fth;r;rpg; bghwp kw;Wk; er;Rf; fth;r;rp czt[ bghwp itj;J g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J gpof;Fk;
Kiw (Bait trap)
gH <f;fspd; g[Gf;fspd; jhf;Fjy; ,J nghd;w bghwpfshy; ftug;gLk; <f;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaf; bfhz;L eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(v) ghh;itahny neuoahf vz;qk; Kiw (Sight counting)
Fwpg;gpl;l mst[ gug;gstpYs;s g{r;rpfis neuoahf vz;zp gpd;dh; bkhj;jg; gug;gpYs;s
g{r;rpfspd; bjhif eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. fk;gspg; g[Gf;fs;/ fhtog;g[Gf;fs; nghd;w bghpa mstpyhd
g{r;rpfspd; bjhif ,k;Kiwapy; eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(vi) khjphp gaph;fspypUe;J eph;zapf;Fk; Kiw (Crop samples)
njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l khjphpg; gaph;fspy; fhzg;gLk; g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mog;gilapy;
mtw;wpd; bkhj;jj; bjhif eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. bey; FUj;Jg; g{r;rp/ nrhsk; FUj;J </ fHiy <f;fs;/
mRtzpfs;/ ngd;fs;/ bts;is <f;fs;/ fha; Jisg;ghd;fs; nghd;wtw;wpd; bjhif bgUk;ghYk;
,k;Kiwapy; eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. kpfr; rpwpa g{r;rpfshd mRtzpfs;/ ngd;fs;/ bts;is <f;fs;/

27
gaph;r; rpye;jpg; ngd;fs; nghd;wtw;wpd; vz;zpf;ifia eph;zapf;f cUg;bgUf;fp fz;zho
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

g{r;rpfshy; Vw;gLk; nrjj;ij eph;zapj;jy; (Estimation of damage caused by pests)

g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjypdhy; gaph;fspy; nrjKk; mjdhy; kfR{y; ,Hg;g[k; Vw;gLk;. bghJthf
g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ mtw;why; Vw;gLk; nrjKk;/ kfR{y; ,Hg;g[k;
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. MdhYk; g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;ifa[k;/ mtw;why; Vw;gLk; nrjKk; g{r;rpfisg;
bghWj;J mjpf mstpy; khWglf;TLk;. nrjj;ijg; bghWj;J fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis nkw;bfhs;tjd;
mtrpak; eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mfnt xt;bthU g{r;rpapd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/ mtw;why; Vw;glf;Toa
nrjj;Jf;Fk; cs;s bjhlh;ig eph;zapg;gJ/ g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;oid nkw;bfhs;tjw;F kpft[k;
mtrpakhfpwJ.

g{r;rpfshy; Vw;glf;Toa nrjj;jpd; msit eph;zapf;Fk; Kiwfs;

(i) bghJthd fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd; \yk; (Estimates from general observation). ,e;j Kiw gz;ila
fhyj;jpypUe;nj eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J tUfpJ. g{r;rp jhf;fpa gapiu ghh;itapl;L/ njhuhakhf ,j;jid
rj tPjk; nrjk; Vw;gl;oUf;ff;TLk; vd;W bghJthf fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(ii) gaph;fspy; elj;jg;gLk; g{r;rp/ fz;fhzpg;g[fspd; \yk; (Estimates based on crop surveys). bjhlh;e;J
thuh thuk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk; tay; fz;fhzpg;g[f;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tpgu';fspd; mog;gilapy; g{r;rp
gPilfshy; Vw;glf;Toa nrjj;jpd; mst[ eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(iii) gy tpjkhd Ma;t[fs; \ykhf (Estimates from experimental plots). ntshz; fy;Y}hpfspYk;/
tptrha Muha;r;rp epiya';fspYk; kw;Wk; cHth; epy';fspYk; gy;ntW Ma;t[fs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;L/
g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; mtw;why; Vw;gLk; nrjk; kw;Wk; kfR{y; ,Hg;g[ nghd;w tpgu';fs; tp";"hd
hPjpahf nrhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J nghd;w Ma;t[fspd; \yk; g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/ nrjj;jpw;Fk;
cs;s bjhlh;g[k; eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.

g{r;rp fz;fhzpg;g[ mwpf;ifs;

1. bts;is mwpf;if. thuj;jpw;F xU Kiw mDg;g ntz;oa g{r;rp gw;wpa bjhlh; mwpf;if
2. k";rs; ml;il. g{r;rp; mst[ bghUshjhu nrj epiyapy; ghjp msit vl;Lk; nghJ mDg;gg;gl
ntz;oa vr;rhpf;if mwpf;if.
3. rptg;g[ ml;il. g{r;rp; mst[ bghUshjhu nrj epiyia mila[k; nghJ jf;f eltof;iffs; vLf;Fk;
bghUl;L mDg;ggl ntz;oa mwpf;if.

fz;fhzpg;g[ Kot[fis btspg;gLj;Jjy;

thue;njhWk; ntshz; mYtyh;fs; kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fHf tp";"hdpfsplkpUe;J tUk;
mwpf;ifiag; ghprPypj;J/ Kot[fisj; bjhpe;J bfhs;s khtl;le;njhWk; gy;fiyf;fHf tp";"hdpfs;/

28
Jiz ntshz;ik ,af;Feh; (gaph; ghJfhg;g[) Mfpnahh; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy; xd;W TLfpd;wdh;.
khtl;lk; KGtjpypUe;Jk; fpilj;j g{r;rp neha; gw;wpa tpgu';fs; xd;W nrh;f;fg;gl;L mg;bghGJs;s
epiyf;Fk;/ mjw;F Kd; cs;s epiyf;Fk; g{r;rp/ neha; mstpy; fhzg;gLk; ntWghLfs;/ epyt[k;
thdpiyf;Fk;/ g{r;rp mst[fSf;Fk; cs;s bjhlh;g[fs;/ g{r;rp/ fl;Lg;ghl;oid nkw;bfhs;Sjy; nghd;w
gy;ntW tpgu';fs; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,Wjpahf gaph; ghJfhg;gpid nkw;bfhs;tjw;fhd
Kd;bdr;rhpf;iffs; khtl;l KGtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; mLj;Js;s khtl;l';fSf;Fk; mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd.
,jdhy; bjhlh;e;J g{r;rpfspd; njhw;wj;ija[k;/ msita[k; fz;fhzpg;gJld;/ jFe;j
Kd;bdr;rhpf;ifs; thbdhyp/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; bra;jpj;jhs;fs; thapyhfg; gug;gg;gLfpd;wd.
khtl;l';fspy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l mwpf;iffs;/ gaph; ghJfhg;g[ Ma;t[ ikak;/ ntshz;ik Jiw/
vz;bza; tpj;Jj; Jiw/ njhl;lf;fiyj;Jiw ,af;Feh;fSf;Fk; thue;njhWk; mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd.
g{r;rp fz;fhzpg;gpd; \yk; g{r;rp kw;Wk; g{rzf; bfhy;ypfs; cgnahfj;ij njitawpe;J
gad;gLj;JtJld;/ ,aw;ifapy; cs;s g{r;rpfspd; vjphpfisg; ghJfhj;J/ Rw;Wg;g[w R{H;epiyia
khRglhky; fhf;ft[k; cjt Koa[k;.

g{r;rpfSk; njhd;wpapUg;gijg; gw;wp Kd;bdr;rhpj;jy; (Forewarning of pest occurrence)

xU Fwpg;gpl;l g{r;rp; xU fpuhkj;jpy; my;yJ xU khfhzj;jpy; my;yJ xU khepyj;jpy; mjpf
mstpy; njhd;Wk; nghJ/ mJ Kiwna mLj;Js;s fpuhk';fSf;F my;yJ khfhz';fSf;F my;yJ
khepy';fSf;F gutf;TLk; vd;W Kd;bdr;rhpf;if bra;tJ/ kpFe;j nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toa rpy
g{r;rpfs; njhd;Wk; Kd;dnu jFe;j fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis filg;gpog;gjw;F nghJkhd mtfhrj;ij
mspf;fpwJ. kpFe;j nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfshd bey; g[ifahd;/ J';nuh nehiag; gug;gg;Toa
bey; gr;irj; jj;Jg; g{r;rpfs;/ epyf;fliyiaj; jhf;ff;Toa rptg;g[f; fk;gspg;g[G/ g[nuhOdpah g[G
nghd;wit xU ,lj;jpy; jpObud;W bgUkstpy; njhd;Wk; nghJ/ ,t;tpjkhd Kd;bdr;rhpf;if
bra;ag;gLfpwJ.

bghUshjhu Muk;g nrj epiy (Economic threshold level)

xU g{r;rpapd; vz;zpf;ifa[k;/ mjdhy; gapUf;F Vw;gLk; nrjKk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mst[f;F
mjpfkhfg; nghfhjnghJ/ mjdhy; bghUshjhu hPjpahf ,Hg;g[k;/ e#;lKk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ,e;jf;
Fwpg;gpl;l epiy bghUshjhu Muk;g nrj epiy vdg;gLfpwJ.

bghUshjhu nrj epiy (Economic injury level)

xU g{r;rpapd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; nrjKk;/ xU Fwpg;gpl;l mst[f;F mjpfkhfg;
nghFk; nghJ/ mjdhy; bghUshjhu hPjpahf ,Hg;g[k;/ e#;lKk; Vw;gLk;. Mfnt bghUshjhu nrj epiy
vg;bghGJk; bghUshjhu Muk;g nrj epiyia tpl mjpfkhfnt fhzg;gLk;. g{r;rp bghUshjhu
Muk;g nrj epiyia vl;oat[lndna jFe;j fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis filg;gpog;gjd; \yk;/ me;jg; g{r;rp
bghUshjhu nrjepiyia mile;J/ bghUshjhu hPjpahf ,Hg;g[ Vw;gLj;Jtija[k; jtph;f;f Kot[k;.

29
 5. cHtpay; kw;Wk; ,aw;gpay; Kiw g{r;rp nkyhz;ik

cHtpay; Kiw
rpy rhjhuz cHtpay; Kiwfisj; jFe;j neuj;jpy; filg;gpog;gjd; \yk;/ gy g{r;rpfis
mHpf;fnth my;yJ mtw;wpd; bgUf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;fnth my;yJ mtw;wpd; vz;zpf;ifia
Fiwf;fnth Koa[k;. rpy Fwpg;gpl;l g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gL;j;j nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk; cHtpay; my;yJ
rhFgo Kiwfs; ntW rpy g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLtjpy;iy.

1. gaph; RHw;rp (Crop rotation)

xU Fwpg;gpl;l g{r;rp jhf;ff;Toa gapiu/ bjhlh;e;J xU ,lj;jpy; gaphpLk;nghJ/ me;jg;
g{r;rpf;Fj; njitahd czt[ bjhlh;e;J fpilg;gnjhL/ mtw;wpd; ,dg;bgUf;fKk; vt;tpj ,ila{Wk;
,y;yhky; eilbgwf;Toajhf mike;JtpLtjhy;/ me;jg; g{r;rpapd; vz;zpf;if ehsiltpy; kpft[k;
mjpfhpf;ff;TLk;. fUk;g[g; gapiu xU ,lj;jpy; bjhlh;e;J gaphpLk;nghJ mijj; jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfSk;
mjpfhpf;Fk;. j";rht{h; Mw;Wg; gLifapy; bey; gaph; kl;Lnk bjhlh;e;J tUlk; KGtJk;
gaphplg;gLtjhy;/ bey;iyj; jhf;ff;Toa mndf g{r;rpfs; mjpf mstpy; vg;bghGJk; fhzg;gl;L/
mjpf nrjj;ij tpistpf;fpd;wd. gUj;jpiaj; bjhlh;e;J/ btz;ilia gaphpLk;nghJ/ mjpy; g{r;rp
jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;/ Vbdd;why; gUj;jpiaj; jhf;ff;Toa bgUk;ghyhd g{r;rpfs;
btz;ilia[k; jhf;ff;Toait. ,J nghd;w NH;epiyfspy;/ ,g;g{r;rpfs; jhf;fhj ntW gaph;fis gaph;
RHw;rpapd; \yk; gaphpLtjhy;/ g{r;rpfSf;F ntz;oa czt[k;/ kw;w rhjfkhd NH;epiyfSk;
fpilf;fhky; nghtjhy; mit koaf;TLk;.
2. bghwpg;gaph; tsh;j;jy; (Trap cropping)
xd;Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l gaph;fisj; jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfis bghwpg;gaph; tsh;j;J fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
Kf;fpa gapiur; Rw;wpYk; my;yJ mij mLj;J/ rpwpa mstpy;/ mg;g{r;rpfs; tpUk;gp jhf;ff;Toa ntW
gapiu bghwpg;gapuhf tsh;f;fyhk;. g{r;rpfs; bghwpg;;gapuhy; ftug;gl;L/ mijj; jhf;Fk; nghJ/ jFe;j
g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfis cgnahfpj;J/ mtw;iw mHpf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; Kf;fpag; gaph; g{r;rp jhf;FjypypUe;J
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. kpsfha; gapiur; Rw;wp Mkzf;if gaphpLtjhy;/ kpsfha; fha; Jisg;ghdpypUe;J
ghJfhg;g[ fpilf;fpwJ. Mu";R gHe;njhl;l';fspy; jf;fhspiag; gaphpLtjhy;/ Mu";Rg; gH';fisj;
jhf;Fk; me;Jg;g{r;rpfspypUe;J ghJfhg;g[ fpilf;fpwJ. epyf;fliy gaphpy; Jtiu my;yJ Mkzf;if
CLgapuhfg; gapLtjd; \yk; rptg;g[f; fk;gspg; g[G kw;Wk; g[nuhOdpah g[Gf;fspd; jhf;FjypypUe;J
epyf;fliyg; gapiu ghJfhf;fyhk;.
2. fyg;g[g; gaph] tsh;j;jy; (Mixed cropping)
rpy g{r;rpfshy; jhf;fg;glf;Toa xd;Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l gaph;fis fyg;g[g;gapuhf gaphpLk;nghJ/
g{r;rpfs; mjpfk; tpUk;gf;Toa gaph; mjpf mstpy; jhf;fg;gl;lhYk;/ kw;w gaph;fs; g{r;rp jhf;FjypypUe;J
jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;s Koa[k;. nrhsk;/ fk;g[/ Jtiu nghd;w gaph;fis fyg;g[g; gapuhf tsh;f;fyhk;.

30
3. rhFgo Kiwfs; (Tillage operations)
epyj;ij cGjy;/ kz;iz btl;og; g[ul;Ljy; nghd;w rhFgo Kiwfshy;/ g{r;rpfspd; btt;ntW
tsh;r;rpg; gUt';fshd g[Gf;fs;/ Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fs; nghd;wtw;iw epyj;jpd; nkw;gug;g[f;Ff;
bfhz;LtuKoa[k; ,t;thW btsptUk; g{r;rpfis gwitfs; kw;Wk; gpw Cqz;zpfs; cz;L
mHpj;JtpLk;. nfhil kiHf;Fg; gpd;dh; epyj;ij cGtjd; \yk; epyf;fliy rptg;g[f;fk;gspg;g[Gtpd;
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fis mHpf;fyhk;. ,k;Kiwfspdhy; epyj;jpd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; g{r;rpfis
kz;qf;foapy; MHg;g[ij;jJk; mtw;iw mHpf;fyhk;. ,e;j rhFgo Kiwfshy; taypy; fhzg;gLk; g[y;
g{z;Lfs; kw;Wk; fisr; brofs; nghd;w khw;Wg;gaph;fshf tps';ff;Toa brofSk; mHpf;fg;gLtjhy;/
g{r;rpfSf;F czt[ kw;Wk; ,dg; bgUf;fj;Jf;Fj; njitahd NH;epiyfs; ,y;yhky;/ mit
mHpaf;TLk;. tay; tug;g[f;fisr; rPuhf brJf;fp/ g{rp bkGFtjhy; jj;Jf; fpspfspd; Kl;ilfs; kw;Wk;
g[y; g{z;Lfspy; ,dg;bgUf;fk; bra;af;Toa rpy ehtha;g; g{r;rpfs; nghd;wtw;iwa[k; mHpf;fyhk;.

4. ,ju cHtpay; kw;wk; rhFgoKiwfs; (Other cultural methods)

mjpf mst[ tpijfis tpijj;J/ gpd;dh; gaph; fiyg;gpd;nghJ/ g{r;rpapdhy; jhf;fg;gl;l
ehw;Wf;fisf; fise;J mHpj;JtpLjy;. ,k;Kiw nrhsf;FUj;J < jhf;Fjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
ifahsg;gLfpwJ.fha;e;J nghd Fr;rpfs;/ fpisfs; nghd;wtw;iw btl;o mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;J
tpLjy;/ ,k;Kiw Mu";R jz;L Jisg;ghd;/ brjps; g{r;rpfs; nghd;wtw;wpd; jhf;Fjiyf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jf;ToaJ.
gapu; eLt[ bra;tjw;F Kd;dh; ehw;Wf;fspd; Edpg;gFjpia fps;sptpl;L/ eLtjhy; bey;
FUj;Jgg{r;rpj;; jhf;Fjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. ehw;Wf;fspd; Edpg;gFjpiaf; fps;Stjhy;/ bgUk;ghYk;
,iyfspd; Edpg;gFjpapy; Kl;ilapLk; FUj;Jg; g{r;rpapd; Kl;ilfis mHpf;fyhk;.
el;l \d;whk; ehs; njhif gug;g[jy; kw;Wk; el;l 30-k; ehspy; kz; mizj;jy; nghd;w
Kiwfshy;/ fUk;g[ ,sk; FUj;Jg;g[G jhf;Fjiyj; jtph;f;fyhk;.
ehw;wh';fhypy; rpy ehl;fs; ePiuj; njf;fp itg;gjhy;/ bey; gilg;g[Gitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

5. ,aw;gpay] Kiwfs;(Physical methods)

fnahiyl; fspkz;iz (Kaolite clay)/ mkpyk; kw;Wk; btg;gj;jpdhy; gy Kiw rpfpr;ir mspj;J
mjpypUe;J fpilf;ff;Toa Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fspkz;iz (Activated clay)/ nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;
jhdpa';fSld; fye;J itg;gjhy;/ mjpYs;s fspkz; g{r;rpfspd; clypYs;s ePiu cwp";rp tpLtjhy;/
mit koe;J tpLfpd;wd.
nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fisj; jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfis mHpf;f oiuil (Drie-die) vdg;gLk; ed;F
bghoahf;fg;gl;l rpypf;fh (Silica) vd;Dk; kzy; fye;j fspk;g[ cgnahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,ij
jhdpa';fSld; fye;J itf;Fk;nghJ/ rpypf;fh kzy; Jfs;fspYs;s Tuhd tpspk;g[fs;/ g{r;rpfspd;
nky; njhypy; rpuha;g;g[f;fs; Vw;gLj;jp/ g{r;rpfspd; clypYs;s ePh; btspnaWtjhy; g{r;rpfs;

31
koe;JtpLfpd;wd. ,e;j bghUshdJ jj;Jf;fpspfs;/ gaph;r;rpye;jpfs;/ ,iyg;ngd;fs;/ Fstpfs;
nghd;wtw;iw mHpf;ft[k; gad;gLfpwJ.

tpijfisa[k;/ jhdpa';fisa[k; btapypy; ed;F cyuitj;J/ gpd;dh; nrkpj;J itg;gjd; \yk;/

mtw;wpypUf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; mHpf;fg;gLtnjhL/ kWgoa[k; g{r;rp jhf;fhky; ghJfhf;fyhk;. g{r;rpfshy;
jhf;fg;gl;l tpijfis/ braw;if Kiwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l mst[ btg;g my;yJ Fsph;gj rpfpr;irf;F
cl;gLj;JtjhYk;/ tpijfspd; Kisg;g[j;jpwd; ghjpf;fglhknyna/ mtw;wpDs; ,Uf;Fk; g{r;rpfis
mHpf;fyhk;. gy tiff; fisr;brofspy; fhzg;gLk; g{r;rpfs;/ gaph;r; rpye;jpfs;/ E}w;g[Gf;fs;
nghd;wtw;iw 45 br.fp. btg;g rpfpr;irf;F/ 5-15 epkpl';fs; cl;gLj;Jtjd; \yk; mHpf;fyhk;. nrkpg;g[j;
jhdpa';fis 55 br.fp. btg;g rpfpr;irf;F/ 3 kzp neuk; cl;gLj;Jtjd; \yk; mtw;wpDs; ,Uf;Fk;
g[Gf;fs;/ tz;Lfs; nghd;wtw;iw mHpf;fyhk;. rpy Fwpg;gpl;l miy thpirapYs;s kpd;
mqf;fjph;fSk; (Radio waves) mjpf mst[ btg;gj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;J/ jhdpa';fs; kw;Wk;
kht[g;bghUl;fisj; jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfis mHpf;ff;ToaJ. fhJf;F nfl;fKoahj kpf Ez;zpa xyp
miyfis (Ultrasonic waves) cgnahfpj;Jk; gy g{r;rpfis mHpf;fyhk;. my;l;uh-tayl; (Ultra violet)
tpsf;Ffisf; bfhz;L/ ,utpy; elkhlf;Toa gy g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;. ePuhtp
rpfpr;irapd; \yk; kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; g{r;rpfisa[k;/ E}w;g[Gf;fisa[k; mHpf;fyhk;. fhkh mqf;fjph;
(Gamma radiation) \yk; my;yJ rpy ,urhadg; bghUl;fis cgnahfpj;Jk; rpy ,d';fisr; nrh;e;j
Mz; g{r;rpfSf;F kyl;Lj; jd;ikia cz;Lgz;zyhk;.

32
 6. ve;jputpay/; g{r;rpfspd; Fzhjprpa';fs; \ykhf g{r;rp nkyhz;ik
ve;jputpay]/vspa fUtpfis cgnahfj;jy; kw;Wk; rpy bra;Kiwfisf; filg;gpoj;jy;
(Mechanical methods)
g{r;rpfisr; nrfhpj;J mHpj;jy; (Collection and destruction)
Kl;ilf; Ftpay;fs;/ g[Gf;fs;/ ,sk; g{r;rpfs;/ ke;jj; jd;ika[s;s tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs;
nghd;wtw;iw iffshy; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;. bey; FUj;Jg;g{r;rp/ epyf;fliy rptg;g[ fk;gspg;g[G
me;Jg;g{r;rp nghd;wtw;wpd; Kl;ilf; Ftpay;fs;/ mjpf mstpy; ,iyfis cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;ff;Toa ,sk; rptg;g[ fk;gspg;g[G/ g[nuhOdpah g[G/ fhtog;g[G nghd;w g[Gf;fs;/
tsh;r;rpaile;j rptg;g[ fk;gspg;g[G/ ghfw;fha; fhtog;g[G/ Mkzf;F fhtog;g[G nghd;w g[Gf;fisa[k;/
KG tsh;r;rpaile;j fj;jhp kw;Wk; g{rzp tifr; brofisj; jhf;ff;Toa vg;gpyf;dh tz;Lfs;
nghd;wtw;iwa[k; iffshy; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;. Tl;lkhfj; jz;Lg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;; KU';if
fk;gspg; g[Gf;fis jPg;ge;jk; bfhGj;jp mHpf;fyhk;. btl;Lf;fpspfs;/ jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ fjph; ehtha;g;
g{r;rpfs; nghd;wtw;iw if tiy bfhz;L gpoj;J mHpf;fyhk;. bjd;id fhz;lh kpUf tz;il ePz;l/
Edpapy; J}z;oy; nghd;w mikg;igf; bfhz;l fk;gpahy; Fj;jp mHpf;fyhk;. taypd; vjph; vjpuhf cs;s
tug;g[f;fspypUe;J xU ePz;l fapw;iw gaphpd; nky;gug;gpy; ,Gj;J bey; Tz;Lg;g[Gf;fis ePhpy;
tpHr;bra;J/ gpd;dh; ePiu tof;Fk;nghJ g[Gf;fis nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
braw;ifj; jLg;g[f;fis mikj]jy] (Provision of preventive barriers)
bjd;id kuj;jpd; jz;ilr;Rw;wp/ Rkhh; 8-10 mo cauj;jpy; jfu gl;ilia jz;Lf;F/ 90
nfhzj;jpy; bghUj;JtJ my;yJ Ks;is itj;J fl;Ltjd; \yk; vypfs; kuj;jpd; nky; Vwhky;
jLf;fyhk;. jhh; fyit/ Rz;zhk;g[/ fphpnahnrhl; nghd;wtw;iw ku';fspd; mog;gFjpiar; Rw;wp
g{Rtjhy; jz;ilj; Jisf;Fk; g{r;rpfs;/ fiuahd nghd;wit jhf;fhky; jLf;fyhk;/ tay;fisr; rw;wp
Fiwe;j mGj;jk; bfhz;l kpd;rhu ntyp mikg;gjhy; vyp/ ehp/ gd;wp nghd;w kpUf';fs; tuhky;
jLf;fyhk;. khJis gH';fis fhfpjk; my;yJ ghypjPd; TLfshy; bghjpe;J itg;gjhy; gH';fisj;
jhf;Fk; g[Gf;fisj; jLf;fyhk;. epyf;fliy rptg;g[ fk;gspg;g[G/ bey; gilg;g[G/ btl;Lf;fpspfspd;
epk;g[fs; nghd;wit xU taypypUe;J mLj;Js;s tay;fSf;F ,lg;bgah;r;rp bra;ahky; jLf;f taiyr;
Rw;wp mfHpfisj; njhz;o itf;fyhk;. bky;ypa fk;gp tiyfisg; bghUj;jp/ bfhRf;fs;/ <f;fs; kw;Wk;
ntW g{r;rpfs; tuhky; jLf;fyhk;. fk;gp tiyfshyhd Tz;Lf;Fs; my;yJ fk;gp tiyfshy;
jLf;fg;gl;l miwfspy; (Screen house) brofis tsh;f;fyhk;. ,k;Kiw gy;ntW Muha;r;rpfSf;fhf
brofis tsh;g;gjw;Fk;/ tpiy cah;e;j my';fhur; brofis tsh;g;gjw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.

g{r;rpfspd; Fzhjprpa';fs; \ykhf g{r;rp nkyhz;ik

xl;Lg; gir bghwp cgnahfpj;J/ jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ bts;is <f;fs;/ ,iyg;ngd;fs; nghd;wtw;iw
mHpf;fyhk;. <f;fs; kw;Wk; <f;fspd; g[Gf;fis jFe;j bghwpfs; itj;Jg; gpoj;J mHpf;fyhk;. tpsf;F
btspr;rj;jpdhy; ftug;glf;Toa bey; FUj;Jg; g{r;rp/ epyf;fliy rptg;g[ fk;gspg;g[G me;Jg;g{r;rp/
g[ifapiyg;g[G me;Jg;g{r;rp/ fjph; ehtha;g;g{r;rp nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;Fg;bghwp my;yJ jPg;ge;jk; itj;J

33
 fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;. er;Rf; fth;r;rp czt[ cgnahfpj;J vyp/ g[[nuhOdpah g[G/ bjd;id rptg;g[ Td;
tz;L nghd;wtw;iw fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;. ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwpfis cgnahfpj;J gUj;jp ,sk; rptg;g[
fha;g[G me;Jg;g{r;rp/ g[nuhOdpah g[G me;Jg;g{r;rp nghd;wtw;iw fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;. vypfisg;gpoj;J
mHpf;f Tz;Lg;bghwp/ j";rht{h; \';fpy; tpy; bghwp kw;Wk; gy tpj bghwpfis cgnahfg;gLj;jyhk;.
gaphpy;yhjnghJ tay; tug;g[f;fis btl;o vypfisg;gpoj;J mHpf;fyhk;. gwitfspd; nrjj;ijj;
jLf;f/ gwitfis gaKWj;jp/ tpul;lf;Toa fUtpfis (Bird scarrer) cgnahfpf;fyhk;. btl;Lf;fpspfs;
gaph;fspy; tpGe;J jhf;fhkypUf;f/ g[if kz;lyj;ij (Smoke screen) vGg;gyhk;.

1. g{r;rpfis rpy ,aw;if rf;jpfSk;/ braw;if bghUl;fSk; ftuf;Toait/ rpy bghUl;fs; mtw;wpd;
thridahy; g{r;rpfis ftuf;Toait. czt[g;bghUl;fspypUe;J njhd;Wk; thrid/ vjph; ,dj;ijr;
nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs; njhw;Wtpf;ff;Toa thrid/ ,iufspypUe;J njhd;Wk; thrid/ Kl;ilapLtjw;F
Vw;w ,l';fspypUe;J njhd;Wk; thrid nghd;wtw;why; J}z;lg;gLk; cs; czh;tpdhy; g{r;rpfs;
ftug;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW g{r;rpfspd; cs; czh;itj;J}z;lf;Toa thridapd; cjtpahy;/ xnu
,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs; vjph; ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfis mile;J/ mtw;Wld; ,ize;J
,dr;nrh;f;if bra;at[k;/ czt[g; bghUl;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij mjpf J}uj;jpypUe;Jk; vspjpy; bjhpe;J
bfhs;st[k;/ Kl;ilapLtjw;Fk;/ Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWtjw;Fk; Vw;w ,l';fisf; fz;lwpat[k; cjt[fpwJ.
,e;jj; jd;ikfis mog;gilahff; bfhz;L braystpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia fz;fhzpf;ft[k;/ g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;ft[k; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

2. gy tifahd g{r;rpfs; btspr;rj;jpdhy; ftug;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; mog;gilapy; g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J

mHpf;f gy tpjkhd tpsf;Fg;bghwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. btspr;rj;jpd; msitg;bghWj;J
ftug;gLk; g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if khWgLk;. 200 bkGFth;j;jp btspr;rj;jpwd; bfhz;l xU
bgl;nuhkhf;!; tpsf;F/ 15-20 bkGFth;j;jp btspr;rj;jpwd; bfhz;l xU Qhpf;nfd; tpsf;iftpl 200
kl';F mjpfkhf epyf;fliy rptg;g[ fk;gspg;g[G me;Jg; g{r;rpfisf; ftuf;ToaJ. rpwe;j Kiwapy;
rptg;g[ fk;gspg;g[G g{r;rpfisf; ftu/ tpsf;Fg; bghwp Rkhh; 3 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy; itf;fg;glntz;Lk;. xU
bgl;nuhkhf;!; tpsf;F 10-15 Vf;fh; gug;gpYs;s g{r;rpfisf; ftuf;ToaJ. mnj rkak; xU Qhpf;nfd;
tpsf;F Rkhh; 2 Vf;fh; gug;gpYs;s g{r;rpfis kl;Lnk ftuf;ToaJ. btspr;rj;jpdhy; Mz;/ bgz;
vd;w ghFghoy;yhky; ,U ,d';fSk; ftug;gLk;. tpsf;Fg; bghwpfis ,ut[ 7.00 kzp Kjy; 11.00 kzp
tiuapYk; itj;jhy; nghJkhdJ. rhjhuzkhd tpsf;Fg; bghwpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf fWg;g[ tpsf;Fg;
bghwp vdg;gLk; etPd tpsf;Fg; bghwpfSk; cgnahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tif tpsf;Fg;
bghwpfspy; rhjhuz kpd;rhu gy;g[ my;yJ ghjur gy;g[f;Fg; gjpyhf xU tif my;l;uh tabyl; gy;g[fs;
cgnahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tif gy;g[fspypUe;J tUk; btspr;rk; mjpfg; gpufhrkhff;
fhzg;glhtpl;lhYk; mjpf J}uj;jpypUe;J Tl g{r;rpfisf; ftuf;ToaJ.

3. rpy ,urhadg; bghUl;fSk; g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwd. ,tw;wpy; rpy

bghUl;fs; Mz; my;yJ bgz; vd;w xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,dj;ij kl;Lnk ftuf;Toait. ntW rpy

34
 bghUl;fs; ,dg;ghFghoy;yhky; Mz;/ bgz; Mfpa ,U ,d';fisa[nk ftuf;Toait. kPijy;
a{$pdhy; (Methyl Eugenol) vd;Dk; ,urhadg; bghUs; lhf;f!; lhh;rhyp!; vd;Dk; gH <f;fspd; Mz;
,dj;ij kl;Lk;/ Rkhh; xU fpnyh kPl;lh; J}uj;jpypUe;J Tl ftuf;ToaJ. mdprpy; mrl;nlhd;
(Anisylacetone) vd;Dk; bghUs; lhf;f!; Ff;fh;gpl;nl vd;Dk; gH <f;fspd; Mz; ,dj;ij kl;Lk;
ftuf;ToaJ.

4. behjpf;Fk; rh;f;fiu kw;Wk; bkhyhr!; mndf tpjkhd me;Jg;g{r;rpfisa[k;/ tz;zj;Jg; g{r;rpfisa[k;

ftUfpd;wd. mnkhdpah rpy <f;fisf; ftUfpwJ. g[nuhl;Od; iQl;nuhiynrl; (Protein hydrolysate)
gy tpj gH <f;fisf; ftUfpwJ. rpf;Y}h; (Siglure) vd;Dk; ,urhadg; bghUs; bkol;lnudpad; gH
<f;fisf; ftUfpwJ. ,jd; mog;gilapy; gy er;Rf;fth;r;rp czt[fs; (Poison baits) gy tpjkhd
g{r;rpfs;/ tpy';Ffs; nghd;witfis mHpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. g[nuhOdpah g[Git fth;e;J
mHpf;f/ mhprpj; jtpL kw;wk; bty;yg;ghFld;/ gp.vr;.rp my;yJ brtpd; g{r;rp bfhy;yp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. vypfis mHpf;f czt[ld; rpd;';f; @gh!;@igl; vd;Dk; kUe;J
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ej;ijfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;f czt[g;bghUl;fSld; bkl;lhy;oiQl;
(Metaldehyde) vd;dk; ,urhadg; bghUs; cgnahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

5. @bgunkhd;fs; (Pheromones) vd;Dk; braw;ifahf jahhpf;fg;gLk; ,urhadg; bghUl;fisf;

bfhz;Lk; rpy g{r;rpfisf; ftuKoa[k;. @bgunkhd;fs; vdg;gLtJ rpy g{r;rpfshy; btspna
Ruf;fg;gl;L/ vjph; ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfspd; czh;r;rpfisj; J}z;o mtw;iwf; ftuf;Toa
bghUl;fs;. ,t;tifg; bghUl;fs; bgUk;ghYk; g{r;rpfspd; ,dr;nrh;f;iff;F cjt[fpd;wd. ,it
,df;fth;r;rpg; bghUl;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. xnu ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j Mz;g{r;rpfshy;/ bgz; g{r;rpfisf;
ftu btspaplf;Toa bghUl;fs; Mz; @bgunkhd; vd;Wk;/ bgz; g{r;rpfshy; Mz g{r;rpfisf; ftu
btspaplf;Toa bghUl;fs; bgz; @bgunkhd; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mog;gilapy; bgz;
g{r;rp Ruf;ff;Toa mnj thridia btspaplf;Toa braw;;if ,urhadg; bghUl;fisj; jahhpj;J/
,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwpfspy; itj;J/ mnj ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j Mz; g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;Fk; Kiw
,g;nghJ eilKiwapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. xU Vf;fUf;F 5 vz;zpf;if tPjk; ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwpfis
itf;fntz;Lk;. ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwpfspy; cgnahfpf;fg;gLk; ,df;fth;r;rpj; jputk; ml';fpa
klypypUe;J (Septum) btsptUk; thrid Fiwe;J bfhz;nl tUtjhy; 3 thuj;jpw;F xU Kiw
mtw;iw khw;wntz;Lk;. fhrpg;Y}h; (Gossyplure) vd;Dk; ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghUs;/ gUj;jp ,sk; rptg;g[
fhag;g[G Mz; me;Jg;g{r;rpfis ftuf;ToaJ. ghk;gpfhy; (Bombycol) vd;Dk; ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghUs;
ky;ghp gl;Lg;g[G Mz; g{r;rpfisa[k;/ @bgnuhod; o.v!; (Pherodine D.S.) g[nuhOdpah g[G Mz; me;Jg;
g{r;rpfisa[k;/ o!;ghh;Y}h; (Disparlure) $pg;!p me;Jg;g{r;rpfisa[k;/ Kl;ilf;nfh!; fhtog;g[G
,df;fth;r;rpg;bghUs; Kl;ilf;nfh!; fhtog;g[G me;Jg;g{r;rpfisa[k;/ uhzp njdP ,df;fth;r;rpg;
bghUs; (Honey Bee Queen Sex Pheromone) Mz; njdPf;fisa[k; ftuf;Toait. ,it mnj
,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j Mz; g{r;rpfisj; jtpu ntW ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j Mz; g{r;rpfisf; ftUtjpy;iy.

35
6. ,nj nghy rpy ,d';fspYs;s Mz; g{r;rpfs; bgz; g{r;rpfisf; ftu ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghUis
Ruf;fpd;wd. gUj;jp fha;fisj; jhf;Fk; Md;njhndhk!; fpuhd;o!; (Anthonomus grandis) vd;Dk;
tz;oy; Mz; tz;Lfs;/ bgz; tz;Lfisf; ftu ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghUis Ruf;fpd;wd.

7. rpy g{r;rpfs; rpy fth;r;rpg; bghUl;fis btspna Rug;gjd; \yk;/ mnj ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j kw;w
g{r;rpfSf;F/ ntW ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfshnyh my;yJ ntW vjphpfshnyh nehplf;Toa Mgj;ij
czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,J nghd;w bghUl;fs; Mgj;ij mwptpf;ff;Toa @bgunkhd;fs; (Alarm
pheromones) vdg;gLfpd;wd.

8. rpy tif vWk;g[fs; kw;Wk; fiuahd;fs; xU tif fth;r;rpg; bghUis Rug;gjd; \yk;/ mit
xd;iwbahd;W ,dk; fz;L bfhz;L/ xd;iwbahd;W bjhlh;e;J bry;y KofpwJ. ,J gpd; bjhlu
mwpt[Wj;Jk; @bgunkhd;fs; (Trail making pheromones) vdg;gLfpd;wd.

9. rpy ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfspy; Mz; my;yJ bgz; g{r;rpfs; Ruf;Fk; fth;r;rpg; bghUs;/ mnj
,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j Mz; kw;wk; bgz; g{r;rpfisf; ftuf;Toait. rpy kug;gl;ilfisj; jhf;Fk;
tz;Lfspy; (Bark borer) Mz; tz;Lfs; Ruf;Fk; fthr;r;pg; bghUs; fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; tHpahf
btspte;J/ mjpypUe;J njhd;Wk; thrid ntW Mz; kw;wk; bgz; tz;Lfis me;j kuj;jpw;F
neuhff; ftUtjhy;/ me;j kuj;jpy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; tz;Lfs; te;J nrUfpd;wd. ,J Tl;lkhff;
tur; bra;a[k; @bgunkhd; (Aggregation pheromone) vdg;gLfpwJ.

36
 7. jhtug;g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; kw;Wk; ,urhad g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp \ykhf g{r;rp nkyhz;ik

jhtug; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs;
rpy bghUl;fSf;F g{r;rpfisj; jLj;J tpul;lhky; mit czt[ cz;gijj; jLf;ff;Toa
Fzk; cz;L. ,e;jg; bghUl;fs; g{r;rpfspd; Rit czUk; jd;ikiag; ghjpj;J/ mit czt[
cz;gijf; jilbra;fpd;wd. nkYk;/ gapu;fisj; jhf;Fk; g{r;rp kw;Wk; neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jt[k;
jhtug; g{r;rpf]bfhy;ypfs; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw ,aw;if tptrhaj;jpy; ,urhadg; g{r;rp
bfhy;ypfSf;F khw;whfg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; \yk; Rw;Wr; R{Hy; khRglhky; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jP';F
tpistpf;Fk; g{r;rpfisf] fl;Lg;gLj;j/ jhtug{r;rpf] bfhy;ypfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ed;ik gaf;Fk;
g{r;rpfSk; bfhy;yg;gLtjpy;iy. khwhf g{r;rpfs;; jhtuj;jpypUe;J tpul;lg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;jpa tptrhapfs; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ ,urahdg; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; fz;Lgpof;fhj
fhyj;jpy; jhtug; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfisj;jhd; gad;gLj;jp te;jdu;. jw;nghJ tp";"hdpfs; bkd;nkYk;
g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gy;ntW jhtu';fisf] fz;lwpe;Js;shh;fs;. mth;fs; Muha;r;rpapd;
tpisthf Rkhu; 1005 tifahd jhtu']fspy; g{r;rpfisf; bfhy;Yk; jpwd; ;,Ug;gJ
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpwg;gk;rk;
384 –g{r;rpfs; czt[ cl;bfhs;Stij epWj;Jtd
297- g{r;rpfs; mz;ltplhky; tpul;Ltd
27 - g{r;rpfisf] fth;td
31- g{r;rpfspd; cly; tsu;r;rpiaf] fl;Lg;gLj;Jtd

Kf;fpa jhtu';fs;
1. ntk;g[ 2. behr;rp 3. g[';fk; 4. g[ifapiy 5. rhke;jp 6. JYf;f rhke;;jp 7. musp 8. trk;g[
9. fhfpjg;g{ bro 10. fpnshpah (fpishprpoah) 11. Fjpiu krhy; 12. g[jpdh 13. bea;ntyp
fhl;lhkzf;F 14. fUntyk; 15. ,Yg;ig 16. rPj;jhg;gHf; bfhl;il
ntg;gkuj;ij jhtug; g{r;rpf]bfhy;ypfspd; jha; vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk;. ,jd; xt;bthU ghfKk;
kUe;jhft[k; g{r;rpbfhy;ypahft[k; gad;gLfpwJ. ntg;g';bfhl;ilrhW 5 rjk; (5 fpnyh
ntg;gbfhl;ilia cuypy; ,l;L ,oj;J rhf;F my;yJ bky;ypa Jzpapy; fl;o 10 yp. jz;zPhpy; 24
kzpneuk; Cw itf;f ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; rhw;wpidg; gpHpe;J vLj;J tofl;o 90 ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy;
fye;J gaph;fSf;F bjspf;fyhk;.) kw;Wk; ntg;g vz;bza; 2 Kjy; 3 rjk; Mfpait kpfr; rpwe;j
g{r;rpbfhy;ypahfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. behr;rp ,iyj;J}s; 10 rjtPjk; J}tpdhy; bey;ypy;
fjph;ehtha;g{r;rp/ gUj;jpapy; gr;irf; fha;g; g[G kw;Wk; bts;is< fl;Lg;gLk;;. bea;ntyp fhl;lhkzf;F
my;yJ fUnty ,iyr;rhW 10 rjtPjk; bjspj;jhy; bey;; fjpu; ciw mGfy; neha;/ fjpu; ehtha;g; g{r;rp
Mfpatw;wpd; bjhy;iyfs; eP';Fk;. ed;ik jUk; g{r;rpfisa[k; ,aw;if vjphpfisa[k; mHpf;fhj jhtug;
g{r;rpbfhy]ypfisg] gad;gLj;jp taiya[k; Rw;Wg;g[w R{Hiya[k; khRglhky; fhf;f Koa[k;.

37
caph;f; bfhy;yp /,urhadg; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs;

g{r;rpfs; tuhky; jLf;Fk; Kiwfs;/ gy;ntW cHtpay; kw;Wk; bra;Kiwfs; nghdwtw;why;

g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjiy nghjpa mst[ flLg;gLj;j Koahky; nghtjhy;/ mtw;wpd; jhf;Fjyhy;
tpisaf;Toa nrjk; bghUshjhu hPjpapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; nghJ/ ,urhad
g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis cgnahfpj;J g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ntz;oa epiy Vw;gLfpwJ. ,J nghd;w
epiyapy; nrjj;ij nkYk; Fiwf;f rpy kUe;Jfis g{r;rpfs; jhf;fhky; jLf;fnth my;yJ mtw;iw
neuoahfj; jhf;fp mHpf;fnth cgnahfpf;f ntz;oapUf;fpwJ. ,J nghd;w kUe;Jfs; gaph; ghJfhg;g[
kUe;Jfs; / g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; (Pesticides) vdg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fs; bjhif ehSf;F ehs; bgUfpf;
bfhz;nlapUf;Fk; ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; kdpjdpd; czt[/ cil/ kw;Wk; FoapUf;Fk; tPLfs; nghd;w
njitfisg; g{h;j;jp bra;a jPtpu rhFgo Kiwfisf; filg;gpoj;J/ gaph;fis mjpf mstpy; gaphpl;L/
tpisr;riy mjpfg;gLj;j gaph; ghJfhg;g[ kUe;Jfis/ g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis cgnahfpg;gJ kpft[k;
mj;jpahtrpakhfpwJ. jpObud;W rpy g{r;rpfs; mjpf mstpy; njhd;Wk; nghJ/ g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis
cgnahfpj;J/ mtw;iw tpiutpy; mHpg;gJjhd; xnu tHpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

xU g{r;rpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j/ g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypiaj; njh;e;bjLg;gJ/ mij cgnahfpf;ff;Toa gaph;

kw;Wk; gaphpd; tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;/ mJ fl;Lg;gLj;jf;Toa g{r;rpfs;/ g{r;rpapd; tsh;r;rpg;gUtk;/ mjd;
gHf;f tHf;f';fs;/ czt[ cl;bfhs;Sk; tpjk;/ ed;ik bra;a[k; g{r;rpfs;/ xl;Lz;zpfs;/ Cqz;zpfs;
nghd;wtw;iw ghjpj;jy; nghd;w jd;ikfisg; bghWj;J ntWgLk;. g{r]rpf;bfhy]ypfs; Fwpj]j tphpthd
jfty]fis ,dptUk] gFjpfspy; fhzyhk].

38
 8. xU';fpize;j g{r;rp nkyhz;ikapy; caphpay; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; caphpay; g{r;rp nkyhz;ik
fhuzpfs; fz;lwpjy;/ cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tay;fspy; btspapLk; Kiwfs]

,aw;if Kiw g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL (Natural control)

,aw;ifapy; g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if gy ,aw;ifr; rf;jpfshd fhyepiyfs;/ ,lj;jpd;
mikg;g[/ g{r;rpfspd; ,aw;if vjphpfs; nghd;w fhuz';fshy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epiyapy;
itf;fg;gl;oUf;fpwJ.

,aw;if vjphpfs; (Natural enemies)

xt;bthU g{r;rpf;Fk; gy ,aw;if vjphpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gy tif xl;Lz;zpfs;/
Cqz;zpfs;/ rpye;jpfs;/ gwitfs;/ tpy';Ffs;/ CUk; gpuhzpfs;/ kPd;fs;/ neha; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
er;Raphpfs;/ Ez;fpUkpfs;/ g{rz';fs; nghd;wit g{r;rpfSf;F ,aw;if vjphpfshfr;
bray;gLfpd;wd. mit g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if xU Fwpg;gpl;l mst[f;F nky; mjpfhpf;fhky;/ xU rk
epiyapy; itj;jpUf;f cjt[fpd;wd. g{r;rpfs; mjpfhpf;Fk; nghJ/ mtw;wpd; ,aw;if vjphpfSk;
mjpfhpj;J/ g{r;rpfis mjpf mstpy; jhf;fp mHpj;J mtw;wpd; vz;zpf;ifia Fiwf;fpd;wd.
g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwa[k; nghJ/ ,aw;if vjphpfSk; Fiwfpd;wd. Mfnt bgUk;ghYk;
g{r;rpfSk;/ mtw;wpd; ,aw;if vjphpfSk; xU rkepiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
bQypnfhbtu;gh Mh;kpb$uh vd;Dk; gr;irg;g[G/ vl;obay;yh rpd;';f;bfbdy;yh (Etiella
zinckenella) vd;Dk; rzg;ig fha;g;g[G nghd;wit mnj ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j g[Gf;fisna cz;L/
g[Gf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiar; Fiwf;ff;Toait. gwitfs;/ btl;Lf;fpspfs;/ g[Gf;fs;/ ku';fisj;
Jisf;Fk;/ g[Gf;fs;/ brjps; g{r;rpfs; nghd;wtw;iw gpoj;J cz;zf;Toait. ku';bfhj;jp/ gwit/
fU';FUtp nghd;w gwitfs; g{r;rpfis kl;Lnk cz;L thHf;Toait. ikdh/ fhfk;/ fU';FUtp/
Me;ij/ fk;gpf;FUtp (Fly catcher)/ bfhf;F nghd;w gwitfs; gwf;Fk; g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J

cz;zf;Toait. kz;thH; g{r;rpfis gps;isg; g{r;rp/ gy;yp/ Xzhd;/ mzpy;/ ghk;g[/ jtis

nghd;wit gpoj;J cz;zf;Toait. ePh; epiyfspy; fhzg;gLk; gy tif kPd;fs;/ ePh; thH;
g{r;rpfisa[k;/ g[Gf;fisa[k; gpoj;J cz;zf;Toait. er;Raphpfs;/ Ez;fpUkpfs;/ g{rz';fs;
nghd;wit gy g{r;rpfisj jhf;fp/ neha; njhw;Wtpj;J/ mtw;iw mHpj;J/ mtw;wpd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fiwf;fpd;wd. rpy E}W;g[Gf;fSk;/ rpy g{r;rpfisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait.

II. braw;if Kiw g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL (Applied or Artificial control)

kdpjDila neuoahd Kaw;rp ,y;yhknyna ,aw;if vjphpfspdhnyna g{r;rpfs; xU
rkepiyapy; itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;. ,J nghd;w rk epiyapypUe;jhYk; Tl/ rpy g{r;rpfs; kdpjd; gaphpLk;
jhtu';fisj; jhf;fp mjpf mstpy; nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toaitfshff; fhzg;gLk; nghJ/ kdpjd;/
braw;if Kiwfspy; mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;j tpiHfpwhd;. ,aw;if Kiw g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghLfs;
nghypy;yhky;/ ,e;j Kiwfs; kdpjdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glf;Toait. ,k;Kiwfs; g{r;rpfs;

39
njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;dnu/ mit njhd;whjthW jLg;gjw;F vLf;fg;gLk; Kiwfs; kw;Wk; g{ kw;Wk;
g{r;rpfs; njhd;wpa gpd;dh; mtw;iw neuoahff; fl;Lg;gLj;j vLf;fg;gLk; Kiwfs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

caphpay; Kiw g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL (Biological control of insect pests)

xU caphpdj;ijf; bfhz;L gaph;fSf;F jP';F tpistpf;Fk; kw;bwhU caphpdj;ij mHpf;Fk;
Kiw caphpay; Kiw g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Kiw g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;oy;/ gy;ntW
xl;Lz;zpfs;/ Cqz;zpfs;/ Ez;fpUkpfs;/ ef;Raphpfs;/ E}w;g[Gf;fs;/ g[nuhl;lhnrhth/ gwitfs;
kw;Wk; tpy';Ffs; nghd;wit brayhw;Wfpd;wd.

xl;Lz;zpfs; (Parasitoids)
g{r;rpfis mHpf;ff;Toa xl;Lz;zpfs; vdg;gLgit/ Cz;tH';fp my;yJ tpUe;njhk;gp (Host)
vdg;gLk; kw;bwhU g{r;rpapd; clypd; nky; ghfj;jpy; my;yJ clypDs; ghJfhg;ghf thH;e;J bfhz;L/
mnj rkak; mjd; clypYs;s ghf';fis cz;L/ Kotpy; mijf; bfhd;W mHpf;ff;Toait
Xl;Lz;zpfs;. mit jhf;fp mHpf;ff; Toa g{r;rpfspd; btt;ntW tsh;r;rpg; gUt';fisj; njof;
fz;Lgpoj;J mtw;wpd; nky; Kl;ilfis xl;litj;JtpLfpd;wd. ,t;thW xl;o itf;fg;gl;l
Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; g[Gf;fs;/ g{r;rp gPilfis ; jhf;fp mtw;iw cz;L mHpj;J tpLfpd;wd.
xl;Lz;zpfspy; 80 rjk; tiuapy; iQbkdhg;ouh/ og;ouh Mfpa tupirfspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit Kiwna Fstp ,d xl;Lz;zpfs; kw;Wk; < ,d xl;Lz;zpfs; vd
bghJthf miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
xl;Lz;zpfs; bgUk;ghYk; cUtj;jpy; rpwpaitfshf ,Uf;Fk;. rpy xl;Lz;zpfis
cUg;bgUf;fpapd; \yk; kl;Lnk ghh;f;f Koa[k;. xl;Lz;zpfSf;F Kl;il/ g[G/ Tl;Lg;g[G/ KG
tsh;r;rpaile;j g[{r;rp Mfpa ehd;F tsh;r;rpg;gUt';fs; cz;L. ,e;j tsh;r;rpg; gUt';fspy;/
g[Gg;gUtk; kl;Lnk g[{r;rpfisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait. KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g[{r;rpfs;/ g[{f;fspd;
njd;/ kfue;jg;bgho nghd;wtw;iw cz;L thHf;Toait.
xl;Lz;zpfs;/ Kl;il xl;Lz;zpfs;/ Kl;il – g[G xl;Lz;zpfs;/ g[G xl;Lz;zpfs;/
Tl;Lg;g[G xl;Lz;zpfs; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. bgUk;ghYk; g[{R;rpfspd; VjhtJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l
tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpy; kl;Lnk jhf;ff;Toa xl;Lz;zp/ ntbwhU tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpy; mijj;
jhf;Ftjpy;iy.
xl;Lz;zp mJ jhf;ff;Toa g[{r;rpapd; tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpy; mjd; clypd; nky; gug;gpnyh
my;yJ jpRf;fspDs;nsh/ mjd; bfhLf;F nghd;w Kl;ilapLk; fUtp \ykhf Kl;ilfis
,Lfpd;wd. Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; g[Gf;fs; Cz; tH';fpapd; jpRf;fis cz;L/ mij
mHpj;Jtplf;Toait. ,t;thW jhf;fg;gl;l g[{r;rpapd; clypd; cl;g[wj;jpy; thH;f;ifia Kof;Fk;
xl;Lz;zpfs; cs; xl;Lz;zpfs; vd;Wk;/ g[{r;rpapd; clypd; btspg;g[wj;jpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ mij
mHpf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpfs; btsp xl;Lz;zpfs; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l g[{r;rpapypUe;J
xnu xl;Lz;zp g[{r;rp btspte;jhy; mJ jdpj;J thH; xl;Lz;zp (Solitary parasitoid) vd;Wk; xd;Wf;F

40
nkw;gl;l xl;Lz;zpfs; btspte;jhy; mit ,ize;J thH; xl;Lz;zp (Gregarious parasitoid) vd;Wk;
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Xl;Lz;zpfs; mtw;wpd; czh;bfhk;g[fspd; Efh; kw;Wk; bjhL czh;t[fshYk; Kl;ilapLk;
fUtpapd; czh;t[fshYk;/ mit jhf;ff;Toa g[{r;rpfspd; ckpH;ePh;/ fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; nghd;wtw;wpd;
thridfspdhYk;/ mtw;iwf; fz;lile;J/ mtw;wpd; nky; Kl;ilfis ,Lfpd;wd.

Kl;il xl;Lz;zpfs;
Kl;il xl;Lz;zpfspy; oiuf;nfhfpuk;kh/ blypndhk!;/ bll;uh!;ilf;f!; nghd;w
,d';fisr; nru;e;j g[{R;rpfs; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit.
Oiuf;nfhfpuk;kh ,d Kl;il xl;Lz;zpfs;/ iQbkdhg;ouh thpirapy;/
oiuf;nfhfpuk;khl;ona FLk;gj;ijr; nrh;e;j Fstpfisg; nghd;w rpwpa g[{r;rpfs;. ,it Rkhh; 0.5 kp.kP.
mstpYk;/ gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ rpwpa ,wf;iffSlDk; bjd;gLk;. mjd; thH;f;ifr; RHy; Rkhh; 7
ehl;fspy; Kl;ilapDs; Koe;J tpLtjhy;/ FWfpa fhyj;jpy; gy jiyKiwfs; njhd;wf;TLk;.
oiuf;nfhfpuk;kh ,d xl;Lz;zpfs;; ,ilf;fqg;g[G/ gUj;jp fha;g;g[Gf;fs;/ bey; kw;Wk; nrhsk;
jz;L Jisg;ghd;/ fj;jhp/ jf;fhsp nghd;w gaph;fspd; fha;j; Jisg;ghd; nghd;w mndf g[{r;rpfspd;
Kl;ilfisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait. fUk;g[ ,ilf;fqg; g[Gitf; fl;Lg;gLj;j/ el;l 4-tJ
khjj;jpypUe;J/ 6 Kiw. 15 ehs; ,ilbtspapy; xt;bthU Kiwa[k; Vf;fUf;F 16/000 – 18/000
xl;Lz;zpfs; tPjk; btspapl ntz;Lk;.
blypndhk!; kw;Wk; bll;uh!;ilf;f!; ,d Kl;il xl;Lz;zpfs; bey;/ fUk;g[/ gaW/ gUj;jp
nghd;w gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk; jz;Lj; Jisg;ghd; g[{r;rpfspd; Kl;ilfisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait.
mit bgUk;ghyhd tay;fspy; Xust[ ,aw;ifahfnt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Kl;il – g[G xl;Lz;zpfs; . ,t;tif xl;Lz;zpfs; Kjypy; Kl;ilfisj; jhf;fp gpd;du;
Kl;ilapypUe;J g[G btsptUk;nghJ mija[k; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait.
Kl;il xl;Lz;zpfs;
vz; Kl;il xl;Lz;zp jhf;ff;Toa g[{r;rpfs;
thpir – iQbkndhg;ouh; FLk;gk; - oiuf;nfhfpuk;khl;onl
1 oiuf;nfhfpuk;kh ifnyhdp!; mbkupf;fd; fha;g;g[G/
(Trichogramma chilonis) fUk;g[ ,ilf;fqg;g[G/
gUj;jp g[s;spf; fha;g;g[G
2 oiuf;nfhfpuk;kh ,thdbrd;!; gUj;jp g[s;spf;fha;g;g[G/
(T. evanescens) vYkpr;ir tz;zj;Jg;g[{r;rp
3 oiuf;nfhfpuk;kh $g;ghdpf;fk; bey; FUj;Jg; g[{r;rp
(T. japonicum)
4 oiuf;nfhfpuk;kh M!;onuypf;fk; Mkzf;F fhtog;g[G
(T. australicum)
5 oiuf;nfhfpuk;kh mf;nfaP Mkzf;F fhtog;g[G
(T. achaeae)
6 oiuf;nfhfpuk;kh fd;@gpa[{rk; Mkzf;F fhtog;g[G
(T. confusum)

41
 7 blypndhk!; nuhthid fUk;g[ Edpf;FUj;Jg;g[G
(T. rovani)
FLk;gk; - a[{nyh@gpnl
1. bll;uh!;ilf;f!; #^ndhgp bey; FUj;Jg; g[{r;rp /
(Tetrastichus schoenobii) fUk;g[ Edpf;FUj;Jg;g[G
2. bll;uh!;ilf;f!; ighpy;ny fUk;g[ ,iyj;jj;Jg;g[{r;rp
T. pyrillae

gpuf;fhdpnl FLk;gj;ijr; nrh;e;j brnyhd!; gpshf;gh;dp (Chelonus blackburni) vd;Dk;

xl;Lz;zp gUj;jp g[s;spf; fha;g;g[Gf;fs;/ gUj;jp ,sk; rptg;g[ fha;g;g[G/ cUisf;fpH';Fj; Jisg;ghd;
nghd;wtw;wpd; Kl;ilfisj; jhf;fp/ gpd;dh; g[Gf;fisa[k; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;ToaJ. ,e;;j xl;Lz;zp
rw;W bghpajhft[k;/ fUik epwj;jpYk;/ tapw;Wg; gFjpapy; k";rs; epw gl;ilfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. xU
Vf;fUf;F 16/000 xl;Lz;zpfs; tPjk;/ 15 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw/ g[[{r;rpfspd; elkhl;lk; fhzg;gl;lt[ld;
btspaplntz;Lk;.

g[G xl;Lz;zpfs;
,it g[{r;rpfspd; g[Gg; gUtj;jpy; kl;Lnk jhf;fp mtw;iw mHpf;ff;Toait. ,tw;wpy;
gpuf;fhdpl;/ bgj;jpypl;/ rhy;rpl;/ ,f;epa{nkhdpl; nghd;w Fstp ,uf xl;Lz;zpfSk;/ lhf;fpdpl; vd;w
<f;fs; ,uf xl;Lz;zpfSk; Kf;fpakhdit.

gpuf;fhdpnl
,e;jf; FLk;gj;ijr; nrh;e;j xl;Lz;zpfs; kpft[k; bkd;ikahd cliyf; bfhz;Lk;/ gGg;g[
epwj;jpYk;/ rptg;g[ vWk;g[ nghd;w njhw;wj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mtw;wpd; thHf;ifr; RHy; 10-14 ehl;fs; tiu
ePof;Fk;. mit jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfspd; elkhl;lk; fhzg;gLk; nghJ/ Vf;fUf;F 1800-2000
xl;Lz;zpfis 15 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw tpl ntz;Lk;. gUj;jp g[s;spf; fha;g;g[Gf;fs;/ ,sk; rptg;g[
fha;g;g[G/ gr;irf; fha;g;g[G/ g[nuhOdpah g[G/ epyf;fliy ,iy RUl;Lg; g[G/ bjd;id fUe;jiyg; g[G/
bey;/ fUk;g[/ nrhsk;/ fha;fwpg;gaph;fs; nghd;wtw;iwj; jhf;ff;Toa Jisg;ghd;fs; nghd;wtw;iw

g[Gg;gUtj;jpy; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait.

bgj;jypnl
,e;j xl;Lz;zpfs; rpwpa vWk;g[fisg; nghy; gsgsg;ghd fUg;g[ epwj;jpy;; fhzg;gLk;. mit
epyf;fliy ,iyr;RUl;Lg; g[G/ fhtog; g[Gf;fs;/ gUj;jp gr;irf; fha;g;g[G/ g[nuhOdpah g[G/ bjd;id
fUe;jiyg; g[G nghd;wtw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;jf;Toait. bjd;id fUe;jiyg; g[Gitf; fl;Lg;gLj;j/ kuk;
xd;wpw;F 10 vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy; Tl;Lg;g[G xl;Lz;zpfisa[k; nrh;j;J tpl ntz;Lk;.

42
rhy;rponl
,e;j xl;Lz;zpfs; kpft[k; rpwpait. byg;gplhg;ouh/ og;ouh/ nfhypahg;ouh Mfpa thpirfisr;
nrh;e;j g{r;rpfspd; g[Gf;fisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait. tapw;Wg; gFjp Td; nghd;W tise;J
fhzg;gLk;. gpd; fhy;fspd; bjhilg; ghfk; ey;y jokdhff; fhzg;gLk;. Kl;ilapLk; cWg;g[ neuhft[k;.
ePskhft[k; bjd;gLk.;

,f;epa{nkhdpnl
,e;j xl;Lz;zpfs; cUtj;jpy; rw;W bghpaitfshff; fhzg;gLk;. czh;bfhk;g[fSk;/
fhy;fSk;/ Kl;ilapLk; kw;Wk; bfhl;Lk; fUtpa[k; ed;F cUg;bgw;W ePskhff; fhzg;gLk;. brofspd;
cl;jpRf;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;J bfhz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toa jz;L Jisg;ghd;fs;/ ,iyr;RUl;Lg;g[G/
,iy klf;Fg; g[G nghd;witfisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait. mtw;wpd; cWjp tha;e;j ePskhf
Kl;ilapLk; fUtp \ykhf gaphpd; nky; g[wj;ijj; Jisj;J/ cl;g[wj;jpy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; g[Gf;fspd; nky;
Kl;ilfis ,lf;ToaJ. ,tw;wpd; thH;f;ifr; RHy; 18-23 ehl;fspy; Kotila[k;. bjd;id fUe;jiyg;
g[G/ fUk;g[ Edpf;FUj;Jg; g[G nghd;wtw;iw ed;F fl;Lg;gLj;jf;Toait.

lhf;fpdpnl
xl;Lz;zpfs; jdpj;J thHf;Toait. xU Cz;tH';fpg; g[Gtpy; xU xl;Lz;zp kl;Lnk
fhzg;gLk;. mit cUtpy; rw;W bghpaitfshft[k;/ ntfkhfg; gwf;Fk; jd;ika[k; bfhz;lit.
mtw;wpd; thH;f;ifr; RHy; 18-24 ehl;fspy; Kotila[k;. xl;Lz;zpapd; Kl;ilfs;/ jha;g;g{r;rpapd;
tapw;wpDs;nsna bghhpj;J ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btspte;JtpLk;. ,t;thW tapw;wpd; cs;nsna bghhpf;Fk;
,sk; g[Gf;fs;/ rw;W Ch;e;J bry;yf;Toa epiy te;jJk;/ jha;g;g{r;rp mtw;iw/ Cz; tH';fpg; g[Gf;fs;
fhzg;gLk; broapd; mUfpy; itj;JtpLfpwJ. xl;Lz;zpg; g[G Ch;e;J brd;W/ Cz; tH';fpg; g[Git
mile;J/ mijj; jhf;fp/ cl;brd;W/ Cz;tH';fpg; g[Gtpd; cl;jpRf;fis cz;L tsUk;. KG
tsh;r;rpaile;j g[G btspapy; te;J/ Cz; tH';fpg; g[Gtpd; nky; gug;gpy; rptg;g[ epwj;jpy; rpwpa tpij
nghd;w Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk;. ,e;jg; gphptpy; !;lh;kpahg;rp!; ,d xl;Lz;zpfs; Kf;fpakhdit. xU
Vf;fUf;F 5 bgz; <f;fs; tPjk;/ 15 ehs; ,ilbtspapy; tpl ntz;Lk;. fUk;g[ ,sk; fUj;Jg; g[Git ,J
ed;F fl;Lg;gLj;jf; ToaJ.
rpy Kf;fpakhd g[G xl;Lz;zpfSk; mit jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfSk;
vz;. g[G xl;Lz;zp jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs;
thpir - iQnkndhg;gouh; FLk;gk; - gpuf;fhdpnl
1. gpuh f;fhd; gputpfhh;dp!; bjd;id fUe;jiyg; g[G
(Bracon brevicornis)
2. gpuf;fhd; fphPdp fj;jhp jz;L kw;Wk; fha; Jisg;ghd;
(B. greeni)
3. gpuf;fhd; bQbgl;lh; Mkzf;F jz;L Jisg;ghd;
(B. hebetor)
4. gpuf;fhd; ,d';fs; bey; FUj;Jg;g{r;rp
(Bracon species)

43
 5. brnyhd!; ,d';fs; bey; FUj;Jg; g{r;rp / fUk;g[ Edpf;FUj;Jg; g[G/
(Chelonus species) g[nuhOdpah g[G
FLk;gk; - ,f;epa{nkhdpona
1. Inrhokh $htd;rp!; fUk;g[ Edpf;FUj;Jg;g[G/
(Isotima javensis)
2. vhpnghu!; l;nuhfhd;lnul;l!; bjd;id fUe;jiyg;g[G
(Eriborus trochanteratus)

vyh!;kpnl
Fstp ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j ,e;j xl;Lz;zpfs; cUtj;jpy; kpft[k; rpwpait. jhf;ff;Toa
g[Gf;fspd; btspg;g[wj;jpy; thHf;Toa btsp xl;Lz;zpfs;/ mtw;wpd; thH;f;ifr; RHy; 10-16 ehl;fspy;
Kotila[k;. bjd;id fUe;jiyg; g[Gitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;Toait.

Tl;Lg;g[G xl;Lz;zpfs;
Tl;Lg;g[G xl;Lz;zpfs; a{nyh@gpl; kw;Wk; ,f;epa{nkhdpl] gphpitr; nrh;e;j xl;Lz;zpfs;
Kf;fpakhdit. mit g[nuhOdpah g[Gf;fs;/ gUj;jp mbkhpf;fd;; fha;g;g[G/ Mkzf;F fha;g;g[G/
bjd;id fUe;jiyg; g[G/ g[liy/ gUj;jp/ bey; nghd;w gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk; ,iy klf;Fg;g[G
nghd;wtw;wpd; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait. xU Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J 30-50
xl;Lz;zpfs; btsptUk;.
rpy Kf;fpakhd Tl;Lg;g[G xl;Lz;zpfSk;/ mit jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfSk; ml;ltizapy;
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
vz;. Tl;Lg;g[G xl;Lz;zp jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs;
FLk;gk; - a{nyh@gpona
1. bll;uh!;lilf;f!; ma;ahhp bjd;id fUe;jiyg; g[G
(Tetrastichus ayyari)
2. Oiuf;nfh!;igy!; bjd;id fUe;jiyg; g[G
gpa{g;gpnthuh (Trichospilus
pupivora)
FLk;gk; - ,f;epa{nkhdpona
1. Inrhl;okh $htd;rp!; fUk;g[ Edpf;FUj;Jg;g[G
(Isotima javensis)

g{rz xl;Lz;zpfs; (Fungal parasites)

g{r;rp xl;Lz;zpfisg; nghynt/ rpy g{rz xl;Lz;zpfSk; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l g{r;rpfisj; jhf;fp/
mtw;wpd; rhw;iw cwp";rp czthff; bfhz;L/ mtw;iw neha[wr; bra;J/ Kotpy; mHpj;Jtplf;Toait.
bkl;lhiurpak; vd;w gr;irg; g{rzk;/ bjd;id fhz;lh kpUf tz;od; g[Gf;fisa[k;/
tz;Lfisa[k; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;ToaJ. ,g;g{rzj;ij fhul;/ kuts;spf; fpH';F nghd;w Clf';fspy;
cw;gj;jp bra;J/ vUf;FHpfspy; fye;J/ g[Gf;fis neha[wr; bra;J/ mHpf;fyhk;/ fhz;lh kpUf tz;od;
g[Gf;fspYk; ,g;g{rzj;ij tsh;f;fyhk;.
gpa[nthpah vdg;gLk; ntbwhU bts;isg; g{rzk; bey; g[ifahd;/ gr;irj; jj;Jg;g{r;rp/ rh;f;fiu
ts;spf;fpH';F Jisg;ghd; nghd;w g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;ToaJ.

44
 fhw;wpy; mjpf mst[ <ug;gjKk;/ kpjkhd btg;g epiya[k; fhzg;gLk; nghJ jhd;/ g{rz
xl;Lz;zpfs; ed;F bray;gLk;. Mfnt kiHf;fhy';fspy; ,g;g{rz xl;Lz;zpfis cgnahfpj;J
ey;y gadilayhk;.
rpy Kf;fpakhd g{rz xl;Lz;zpfSk;/ mit jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfSk; ml;ltizapy;
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vz;. g{rz xl;Lz;zp jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs;
1. bkl;lhiurpak; mdpnrhgpypna fUk;g[ ,iyj;jj;Jg;g{r;rp/
(Metarhizium anisopliae) bjd;id fhz;lhkpUf tz;od; g[G
2. gpa[nthpah ngrpahdh bey; g[ifahd;
(Beauveria bassiana)
3. vd;lnkhg;njhuh nfhnuhndl;lh fLF tifg; gaph;fisj ;jhf;Fk; mRtzp
(Entomophthora coronata)
4. bth;lorpy;ypak; byfhdp bey; g[ifahd;
(Verticillum lecani)

ghf;Ohpah xl;Lz;zpfs; (Bacterial parasites)

rpy ,d';fisr; nrh;e;j ghf;Ohpaht[k;/ rpy Fwpg;gpl;l g{r;rpfisj]jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait.
,tw;wpy; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdJ ghrpy;y!; Jhpd;$pad;rp!;/ gaph;fisj; jhf;ff;Toa gy g[Gf;fisj;
jhf;fp mHpf;ff;ToaJ. ,J Jhpirl;/ ilbgy;/ bly;@gpd; nghd;w tzpfg; bgah;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ.
,e;j ghf;Ohpah xU tpj er;Rg; g[ujg;gofj;ij cw;gj;jp bra;af;ToaJ. ,e;j er;Rg; gof';fs; g[Gf;fspd;
Fliyj; jhf;fp mtw;iw mHpf;ff;ToaJ. ntW rpy ghf;Ohpaht[k; rpy g{r;rpfisj; jhf;fp
mHpf;ff;Toait.
ghf;Ohpah xl;Lz;zpa[k;/ mit jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfSk;
vz;. ghf;Ohpah xl;Lz;zp jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs;
1. ngrpy;y!; Jhpd;$pad;rp!; (Bacillus Kl;ilf;nfh!; kw;Wk; g{f;nfh!;
thuringiencis) gr;irg;g[G

er;Raphp xl;Lz;zpfs; (Viral prasites)

g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; rpy tif er;RaphpfSk; Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpd;wd. epa{f;spahh;
ghypbQl;nuhrp!; (Nuclear polyhedrosis) kw;Wk; fpuhDnyhrp!; (Granuloses) er;Raphpfs;/ gaph;fisj;
jhf;fp mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toa rpy Kf;fpakhd g{r;rpfisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jf;Toait. epyf;fliy rptg;g[f; fk;gspg;g[G/ g[nuhOdpah g[G/ bQypnfhbtu;gh g[G/
mf;nuhl;o!; g[G nghd;wtw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;jf;Toa epa{f;spahh; ghypbQl;nuhrp!; er;Raphpfs;
cgnahfj;jpy; cs;sd. Fwpg;gpl;l g[Gf;fSf;F mtw;iwj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toa Fwpg;gpl;l er;Raphpia
kl;Lnk gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
vd;.gp.tp. vd;W bghJthf miHf;fg;gLk; ,e;j er;Raphpfis/ mit jhf;ff;Toa g[Gf;fspy;
kl;Lnk tsh;f;f Koa[k;. ,e;j er;Raphpfs; bgUk;ghYk; ,s epiyg;g[Gf;fis kl;Lnk
fl;Lg;gLj;jf;Toait.

45
 fpuhDnyhrp!; er;Raphp fUk;g[ ,sk; FUj;Jg;g[G/ bey; ,iy RUl;Lg;g[G/ Kl;ilf;nfh!;
fhtog;g[G/ Mg;gps; gHj;Jisg;ghd; nghd;wtw;iw jhf;fp mHpf;ff;ToaJ.
bjd;id fhz;lhkpUf tz;L kw;Wk; mjd; g[Gf;fisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toa ntbwhU
er;Raphpa[k; cgnahfj;jpy; cs;sJ.

E}w;g[G xl;Lz;zpfs; (Nematode parasites)

rpy E}w;g[Gf;fSk; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l g{r;rpfisj; jhf;fp mHpf;fpd;wd. uhg;ill;o!; (Rhabditis)
,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j rpy E}w;g[Gf;fs; nrhsk; jz;L Jisf;Fk; g[Gf;fisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait.

g[nuhl;nlhnrhth xl;Lz;zpfs; (Protozoa parasites)

bll;uhiQkPdh (Tetrahymena) ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j rpy g[nuhl;nlhnrhth/ nrhsk; jz;L
Jisf;Fk; g[Gf;fisj; jhf;fp mHpf;fpd;wd.

Cqz;zpfs; my;yJ btl;Lz;zpfs; (Predators)

Cqz;zpfspy; g{r;rpfisr; nrh;e;j Cqz;zpfSk;/ g{r;rpfsy;yhj rpye;jpfs;/ gwitfs;/
tpy';Ffs; nghd;witfSk; gy tpjkhd g{r;rpfis neuoahfg; gpoj;J/ czthff;
cl;bfhs;sf;Toait.
cyfpy; bkhj;jk; 220 ,d';fisr; nrh;e;j g{r;rp Cqz;zpfs; ,Ug;gjhff;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;wpy rpy tz;Lfs;/ ehtha;g; g{r;rpfs;/ Fstpfs;/ fz;zho ,wf;ifg;
g{r;rpfs;/ jl;lhd; g{r;rpfs;/ ,ilad; g{r;rpfs;/ <f;fs; nghd;wit Kf;fpakhdit. Cqz;zpfs;
bgUk;ghYk; bghpaitfshft[k;/ kpft[k; RWRWg;ghft[k; fhzg;gLk;. mtw;wpw;F ,iuiag; gpoj;J
cz;gjw;F Vw;wthW clYWg;g[fspy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l ntWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpw;F
bgUk;ghYk; Kl;fisf; bfhz;l ePskhd fhy;fs;/ ehd;F gf;fKk; RHw;wp ghh;g;gjw;F Vw;wthW bghpa
fz;fs;/ ,iuiag; gpoj;J/ foj;J/ bkd;W cz;gjw;F Vw;g cWjp tha;e;j jhilfs; my;yJ rhw;iw
cwp";rp cz;gjw;F Vw;w tha;g;ghf';fs;/ ,iu ,Ug;gij mwpe;J bfhs;s rpwe;j czh;rf;jp tha;e;j
czh; bfhk;g[fs;/ kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;Ftjw;nfw;w epwk; khWk; jd;ik kw;Wk; cUt mikg;g[/ ,iuia
braypHf;fr; bra;tjw;fhd Rug;gpfs; nghd;w rpwg;g[f; Fz';fs; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. rpy Cqz;zpfspd;
F";Rfs; ePhpy; thHf;Toait. mit ePhpy; thHf;Toa ntW g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J cz;zf;Toait.

gaph;g; ghJfhg;gpy; ed;ik gaf;ff;Toa g{r;rp xl;Lz;zpfs;

bghwptz;L
nfhypahg;ouh thpirapy;/ fhf;rpbdy;ypona FLk;gj;ijr; nrh;e;j gy tz;LfSk;/ g[Gf;fSk;
mRtzp/ ,iyg;ngd;/ kht[g;g{r;rp/ brjps; g{r;rp nghd;wtw;iw cz;L mHpf;ff;Toait.
fhf;rpbdy;yh/ g[+k!; nghd;w ,d';fisr; nrh;e;j tz;LfSk;/ g[Gf;fSk; gytpjkhd rpwpa
g{r;rpfis cz;zf;Toait. c.k.; fhf;rpbdy;yh brg;lk;g';f;nll;lh (Coccinella septumpunctata)/

46
fhf;rpbdy;yh md;blrpk;g';f;nll;lh (Coccinella undecimpunctata)/ fhf;rpbdy;yh brf;!;khf;Fnyl;lh
(Coccinella sexmaculata) gy g[+k!; ,dg;g{r;rpfs; gUj;jp bts;is <f;fis mHpf;fpd;wd. g[+k!;
rhl;lh;dhyp!; (Brumus saturnalis) nrhsk; jz;L Jisg;ghd;fis mHpf;fpwJ. fphpg;nlhyPk!;
khd;l;nuhbrhp (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) brjps; g{r;rp kw;Wk; kht[g; g{r;rpfis cz;zf;ToaJ.
ifnyhnfhu!; ief;hpl;l!; (Chilocorus nigritus) bjd;id brjps; g{r;rpiaa[k;/ fhg;gp brjps; g{r;rpiaa[k;/
nuhnlhypah fhh;odhyp!; (Rodolia cardinalis)/ vYkpr;ir tifr; brofisj; jhf;Fk; brjps; g{r;rpfis

cz;zf;ToaJ.

jl;lhd; g{r;rpfs;
Xnlhndl;lh thpiriar; nrh;e;j ,g;g{r;rpfs; bfhR/ <f;fs;/ me;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ ,wf;iffs; cs;s
fiuahd;fs; kw;Wk; gy;ntW tifg;g{r;rpfis gwf;Fk;nghnj gpoj;J cz;zf;Toait. mit kpf
ntfkhfg; gwf;ff;Toait. g{r;rpfis gpog;gjw;F Vw;wthW Kl;fisf; bfhz;L Tiliag; nghy;
tise;j fhy;fSk;/ bghpa nky; cjLk; cilait. epahl;!; vdg;gLk; KG tsh;r;rpailahj g{r;rpfs;
ePhpy; thH;e;J/ ePh; thH; g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J cz;qk;;.

,ilad; g{r;rpfs;
of;onahg;ouh thpiriar; nrh;e;j ,e;jg; g{r;rpfSk;/ epk;g; vd miHf;fg;gLk; ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;
<f;fs;/ jj;Jf;fpspfs;/ g[Gf;fs; nghd;wtw;iw gpoj;J cz;qk;. g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;Jf; bfhy;Yk;; tifapy;
mtw;wpd; Kd;d';fhy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;oUf;fpd;wd.

gr;irf; fz;zho ,wf;ifg; g{r;rpfs;

epa{nuhg;ouh thpiriar; nrh;e;j ,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; mRtzpfs;/ brjps; g{r;rpfs;/ kht[g;
g{r;rpfs;/ jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs;;/ ,iyg;ngd;fs;/ gaph;r; rpye;jpfs;/ bts;is <f;fs; nghd;wtw;iw cz;L
mHpf;ff;Toait. g[Gf;fspd; tha;g;ghfk; ePz;L/ Crp nghd;w mikg;gpy; Cz; tH';fpfspd; cliyj;
Jisj;J rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;zf;Toa tifapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. xU Cqz;zp 400-500 g{r;rpfis
mHpf;ff;ToaJ. fpiunrhbgh;yh fhh;dpah (Chrysoperla cornea) vd;w gr;irf; fz;zho ,wf;ifg;g{r;rp/
gUj;jp/ fj;jhp/ epyf;fliy/ gH ku';fs; nghd;wtw;iw jhf;ff;Toa gy;ntW g{r;rpfisj; jhf;fp
mHpf;fpwJ.
Fstpfs;
iQbkndhg;ouh thpiriar; nrh;e;j rpy Fstpfs; gy tpjkhd g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J/ mtw;wpd;
g[Gf;fSf;F czthff; bfhLf;fpd;wd. kz; Fstpfs; (Mud wasps) kw;Wk; kz; njhz;Lk; Fstpfs;
(Digger wasps)/ kz;zpdhy; gy miwfisf; bfhz;l TLfisf; fl;o/ xt;bthU miwapDs;Sk; xU
kaf;fkilar; bra;j g[Git itj;J/ mjd; nky; Kl;ilapl;L gpd;dh; miwfis kz;bfhz;L
milj;J tpLk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; g[G/ Cz;tH';fpg;g[Gtpd; jpRf;fis cz;L
tsh;r;rpaila[k;. xU Fstpf; Tl;oDs; 10-12 g[Gf;fs; tiuapy; gpoj;J itf;Fk;. gUj;jp/ Jtiu/ mtiu

47
nghd;w gaph;fisj; jhf;ff;Toa fha;g;g[Gf;fis ,t;thW Fstpfs; mHpf;fpd;wd. a{bkdp!;
gPl;onahnyl;lh (Eumenes petiolata) vd;Dk; Fstp/ gUj;jp mbkhpf;fd; fha;g;g[Git ,t;thW
mHpf;ff;ToaJ.

vWk;g[fs;
iQbkndhg;ouh thpiriar; nrh;e;j vWk;g[fSk; gy g{r;rpfis gpoj;J cz;L
mHpf;ff;Toait. <f;nfh@gpy;yh ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j rptg;g[ vWk;g[/ kh/ bfha;ah/ Ke;jphp/ bjd;id
nghd;w ku';fspy; ,iyfis klf;fp/ bgl;o nghd;w TLfisf; fl;o thH;fpd;wd. ,it gytpjkhd
g{r;rpfs;/ g[Gf;fs;/ Kl;ilfs; nghd;wtw;iw czthff;bfhs;fpd;wd.

kz; FHpahd;fs; (Ant lions)

epa{nuhg;ouh thpirar; nrh;e;j ,g;g{r;rpfs; kz;zpy; FHp njhz;o/ mjDs; kiwe;jpUe;J
bfhz;L/ kz;zpd; nky; elkhLk; gy;ntW g{r;rpfisa[k;/ g[Gf;fisa[k; gpoj;J/ cz;L
mHpf;ff;Toait.
rph;gpl; g[Gf;fs;
Mfhaj;jpy; kpjf;ff;Toa <f;fs; (Hover flies) vdg;gLk; og;ouh thpirar; nrh;e;j ,g;g{r;rpapd;
g[Gf;fs;/ mtw;wpd; Tuhd tha;g;ghf';fspdhy; bkhr;ir/ mtiu/ jl;ilg;gaW nghd;w gaph;fisj;
jhf;Fk; mRtzpfs; cliyf; Fj;jp rhw;iw cwp";rp/ mtw;iw mHpf;fpd;wd. xU g[G 400-f;Fk;
mjpfkhd mRtzpfis mHpf;ff;ToaJ. rph;g!; (Syrphus)/ guhf!; (Parachus) ,d';fisr; nrh;e;j
g[Gf;fs; Kf;fpakhd Cqz;zpfs;.

jiu tz;L (Ground beetle)

nfhypnahg;ouh thpirar; nrh;e;j ,e;j tz;Lfs; ePz;l fhy;fisf; bfhz;Lk;/ ntkhf
Xlf;Toaitfshft[k; fhzg;gLk;. tz;LfSk;/ mtw;wpd; g[Gf;fSk;/ Cqz;zpfs;. fhy;yplh
!;gpbyd;oLyh (Callida splendidula) vd;Dk; tz;LfSk;/ g[Gf;fSk;/ bjd;id fUe;jiyg; g[Gf;fis
jhf;fp mHpf;fpd;wd. xU g{r;rp xnu ehspy; 8 fUe;jiyg; g[Gf;fs; tiuapy; mHpf;ff;ToaJ.
X@gpnahkpah (Ophiomyia) ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j rptg;g[ epw jiu tz;L gsgsg;ghf/ fUg;g[
epwg;gl;ilfSld; bey; tay;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. mit g[ifahd;/ jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ ,iy RUl;Lg;g[G
nghd;w gy g{r;rpfis cz;L/ mHpf;fpwJ.

ehtha;g; g{r;rpfs;
bQkpg;ouh thpiriaj; nrh;e;j ,g;g{r;rpfs; rpy g{r;rpfis cz;L mHpf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpd;
tha;g;ghf';fs; Crpnghd;w mikg;g[ld; ePz;L fhzg;gLk;. Cz;tH';fpapd; cliyf; Fj;jp/ rhw;iw
cwp";rp mtw;iw mHpf;fpd;wd.

48
 rph;nlhiud!; yptpobgd;dp!; (cyrtortirus lividipennis) vd;Dk; gr;ir epw kphpl; ehtha;g;g{r;rp/
bey; g[ifahd; g{r;rpfis cz;L mHpf;ff;ToaJ. gpshl;obkhp!; (Platymeris) ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j
ehtha;g;g{r;rp bjd;id fhz;lh kpUf tz;ilna jhf;fp mHpf;ff;ToaJ. fhe;jbfhdpoah
@gh;bry;nyl;lh (Cantheconidia furcellata) vd;Dk; ehtha;g;g{r;rp epyf;fliy rptg;g[ fk;gspg; g[Gf;fis
czthff; bfhs;fpwJ. md;l;uy;y!; !;igdpbld;!; (Andrallus spinidens) vd;Dk; ehtha;g;g{r;rp
g[nuhOdpah g[Gf;fisj; jhf;fp mHpf;fpd;wd.
,e;jg; g{r;rpfisj; jtpu bQkpg;ouh thpiriar; nrh;e;j rpy ePh; thH; g{r;rpfSk;
Cqz;zpfshfr; bray;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit ePh; jhz;o/ ePh; kpjg;nghd; kw;Wk;
uhl;rj ePh; ehtha;g; g{r;rp nghd;wit.
ePh; jhz;oapd; Kd;d';fhy;fs;/ eLf;fhy;fisa[k;/ gpd;d';fhy;fisa[k; tpl mjpf
,ilbtsptpl;L Kd;gf;fk; fhzg;gLk;. cly; ghfKk;/ fhy;fSk; bky;ypajhft[k;/ Fr;rp nghy;
ePskhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. cwp";rp cz;zf;Toa tha;g;ghf';fisf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. ePhpd; nkw;gug;gpy;
ntfkhf Xlf;Toait. jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ g[ifahd;/ ,iy RUl;Lg;g[G/ FUj;Jg;g{r;rp/ Tz;Lg;g[G/
gilg;g[G nghd;w bey; gapiuj; jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfspd; rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L mHpf;ff;Toait. xU
ehisf;F xU Cqz;zp 2-4 g{r;rpfis cz;zf;ToaJ.
ePh; kpjg;nghd; 3-4 kp.kP. mst[s;s rpwpa g{r;rpfshFk;. ePhpd; nkYk;/ gaphpd; mog;ghfj;jpYk;
fhzg;gLk;. ,wf;iffs; KG tsh;;r;rpa[w;Wk;/ tsh;r;rp ,y;yhkYk; ,uz;L tpjkhf ,Uf;Fk;. g[ifahd;
kw;Wk; jj;Jg;g{r;rpfspd; rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L mHpf;Fk;. xU ehisf;F 3-6 g{r;rpfis
cz;zf;ToaJ.

g{r;rpfsy;yhj Cqz;zpfs;
gaph;fspy; rhjhuzkhff; fhzg;gLk; rpy tifr; rpye;jpfs;/ jtisfs;/ kPd;fs;/ thj;J/ fhfk;/
fU';FUtp/ ikdh/ bfhf;F/ ehiu/ Fapy; nghd;w gwitfSk; g{r;rpfis cz;L mHpf;fpd;wd.
rpye;jpfspy; ,uz;L gphpt[fs; cz;L. xU gphpt[ tiy gpd;df;Toait. kw;w gphpt[
gpd;dhjit.
tiy gpd;df;Toa rpye;jpfspy; ePs; jhilr; rpye;jp/ tl;lr;rpye;jp/ Fs;sr; rpye;jp nghd;wit
Kf;fpakhdit. ,itfs; bey; gaph;fspy; tiy gpd;dp/ mjd; eLtpy; ,Uf;Fk;. gwe;J tUk; g{r;rpfs;
tiyfspy; khl;of; bfhz;lJk; mtw;iwg; gpoj;J/ foj;J/ braypHf;fr; bra;J gpd;dh; bkJthf rhw;iw
cwp";rp/ cz;L mtw;iw mHpf;fpd;wd. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ g[ifahd; nghd;wtw;iw jhf;fp
mHpf;ff;Toait.
tiy fl;lhj rpye;jpfspy; Xeha;r; rpye;jp/ jht[k; rpye;jp my;yJ yp';f;!; rpye;jp nghd;wit
Kf;fpakhdit. ,itfs; bgUk;ghYk; gaphpy; mog;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;. Xeha;r; rpye;jp –iynfhrh
R{nlhMDnyl;lh bey; tay;fspy; rhjhuzkhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,it mjpntfkhf Xlf;Toait.
g{r;rpfis nehpilahfj; jhf;fp/ gpoj;J cz;qk;. xU rpye;jp xU ehisf;F 5-15 g{r;rpfs; tiuapy;
cz;zf;ToaJ. ,it jz;zPhpy; kpje;Jk;/ ePe;jpa[k; bry;Yk; jpwd; tha;e;jit. Mifahy; ePhpd; nky;

49
thGk; kw;Wk; ePhpy; tpGk; g{r;rpfis czthff; bfhs;fpd;wd. jz;L Jisg;ghd;/ ,iy RUl;Lg;g[G/
g[ifahd;/ jj;Jg; g{r;rpfs; nghd;wtw;iw mHpf;ff;Toait.
yp';f;!; rpye;jpfSk; rhjhuzkhf bey; tay;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mf;!pnahg!; $thd!;
vdg;gLk; ,r;rpye;jpfs; kiwe;jpUe;J/ jpObud;W g{r;rpfisg; gha;e;J jhf;fp/ mtw;iwg; gpoj;J
cz;qk;. me;Jg; g{r;rpfs;/ jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ g[ifahd; nghd;w g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J cz;qk;. xnu ehspy;
2-3 me;Jg; g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J cz;zf;ToaJ.

caphpay; Kiw g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghl;il bray;gLj;Jk; tHpfs;

caphpay; Kiw g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;il ehd;F tHpfspy; bray;gLj;jyhk;.
1. ,aw;ifahfnt mjpf mstpy; xl;Lz;zpfs; kw;Wk; Cqz;zpfs; fhzg;gLk;
,l';fspypUe;J/ mtw;iwr; nrfhpj;J/ mit fhzg;ghlhj ,l';fspy;/ mnj rkak; mit
jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs; fhzg;gLk; nghJ mtw;iw btspaplyhk;.
2. xl;Lz;zpfs; jhf;fpa Cz;tH';fpfisr; nrfhpj;J/ ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUe;J mtw;wpypUe;J
btsptUk; xl;Lz;zpfis btspaplyhk;.
3. braw;if Kiwfspy; xl;Lz;zpfisa[k;/ Cqz;zpfisa[k; mjpf mstpy; ,dg;bgUf;fk;
bra;J/ mit jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs; fhzg;gLk; nghJ btspaplyhk;.
4. may; ehLfspypUe;J xl;Lz;zpfs;/ Cqz;zpfs;/ g{r;rpfisj; jhf;fp neha; njhw;Wtpj;J
mHpf;ff;Toa neha;f; fhuzpfs; nghd;wtw;iw ,wf;Fkjp bra;J btspaplyhk;.

caphpay; Kiw g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghl;odhy; Vw;glf;Toa ed;ikfs;

1. mjpfg; gug;gstpy; bray;gl;L/ g{r;rpfisj; jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait.
2. ,aw;if vjphpfis Kjypy; nrfhpj;J btspapLtJ fodkhd brayhft[k;/ mjpf bryit
Vw;gLj;jf;Toajhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk;/ fhyg;nghf;fpy; kWgoa[k;/ mtw;iw btspaplntz;oa
epiy ,y;yhkyhFk; nghJ/ ciHg;g[k;/ gzr;bryt[k; kpr;rkhFk;.
3. kw;w fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfshy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Koahjgo/ g{r;rpfs; vt;tst[ kiwthft[k;/
ghJfhg;ghft[k;/ vl;lhj ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk;/ mtw;iwj; njo/ fz;Lgpoj;J/ jhf;fp
mHpf;ff;Toait.
4. ,aw;if vjphpfs;/ mit jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfs; fhzg;gLk; tiuapYk;/ gy;fpg;bgUfp
mtw;iwj;jhf;fp mHpf;ff;Toait.
5. ,aw;if vjphpfs; xU ,lj;jpy;; gutp gpd;dh;/ mit ,ay;ghfnt gy;fpg; bgUfp epue;jukhf/ me;j
,lj;jpy; epiybgw;WtpLtjhy;/ bjhlh;e;J rpy tUl';fs; btspapl;l gpd;dh;/ kWgoa[k; mtw;iw
btspaplntz;oa njitapy;yhkyhfptpLk;.

caphpay; Kiw fl;Lg;ghl;oYs;s FiwghLfs;

1. caphpay; Kiw g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL bkJthfnt bray;glf;Toa xU Kiw. xU xl;Lz;zpia xU
,lj;jpy; epue;jukhf epiybgwitf;f ePz;l fhyk; gpof;Fk;.

50
2. xU ,aw;if vjphpapd; bray;ghl;il xU Fwpg;gpl;l gapUf;F my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpw;bfd;W
tiuaWf;f KoahJ.
3. xU ,aw;if vjphpf;F/ gy khw;W Cz;tH';fpfs; fhzg;gLk; nghJ/ xU Fwpg;gpl;l g{r;rpiaf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j mJ gad;gLtjpy;iy.
4. xl;Lz;zp xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; epue;jukhf epiy bgw Koahtpl;lhy;/ xt;bthU tUlKk;
g[jpajhf mij btspaplntz;otUk;.
5. ,aw;if vjphpfisj; jhf;ff;Toa ntW xl;Lz;zpfs; fhzg;gLk; nghJ mtw;wpd; bray;ghL
jLf;fg;gl;L tpLk;.
6. g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; cgnahfg;gLj;Jk; nghJ ,aw;if vjphpfs; mjpf mstpy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

51
 ntshz; gaph;fspy; g{r;rp nkyhz;ik
9. jhdpag;gapu;fisj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
jhdpa g; gaph;fs;
bey;
Jisg;ghd;fs;

bey; FUj;Jg; g{r;rp (Rice stem borer)

,g;g{r;rp jhf;Fjypdhy; 5-20 rjk; tiuapy; nrjk; Vw;glf;TLk;. Kd; gl;lj;Jg; gaph;fistpl/
gpd; gl;lj;Jg; gaph;fs;; mjpf jhf;FjYf;Fs;shfpd;wd.
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fs; gapu;fspd; mog;ghfj;jpy;/ jz;ilj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W cl;jpRf;fis cz;L
nrjg;gLj;Jtjhy;/ eLf;FUj;J tho koe;JtpLk;. ,sk; ehw;Wfis g[G jhf;Fk; nghJ/ eLf;FUj;J tho
‘FUj;jHpt[’ mwpFwp cz;lhFk;. g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; g[G jhf;Fk; nghJ fjph; fha;e;J btz;zpwg;
gjh;fshf btsptUk;. ,J ‘btz; fjph;’ vdg;gLk;. thoa FUj;J my;yJ btz; fjpiu bkJthf
,Gj;jhy; mJ vspjpy; jdpahf te;J tpLk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ jsph; ,iyfspd; Edpapy;/ nky; gug;gpy;/ 200-300 Kl;ilfis/ ,uz;L
my;yJ \d;W Ftpay;fshf ,l;L/ ,dg;g[iHiar; Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk; gGg;g[ epw nuhk';fshy; \otpLk;.
g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; g[G jz;ilj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjg;gLj;jp/ 2-3 ehl;fspy;
btz; fjph; mwpFwpia cz;Lgz;qk;. bgUk;ghYk; xU jz;oy; xU g[G kl;Lnk fhzg;gLk;. rpy
ntisfspy;/ xU broiaj; jhf;fp nrjg;gLj;jpa gpd;dh;/ g[G ntbwhU broiaj; jhf;ff;TLk;.
g[Gg;gUtk; 20-30 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g[G/ Rkhh; 2.5 br.kP. ePsj;jpYk;/ k';fpa
k";rs; fye;j btz;ik epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mit jz;od; cs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;.
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fspypUe;J 9-12 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; btspte;J/ g[G Kd;dnu cz;L gz;zpa
Jthuk; tHpahf btsp tUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; 3-5 ehl;fs; tiu capnuhL ,Uf;Fk;. thH]f;ifr; RHy; 35-
50 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. xU tUlj;jpy; 2-5 jiy Kiwfs; njhd;Wk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
iftpid kw;Wk; cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 Kl;ilf; Ftpay;fs;/ ,iyfspd; Edpg;gFjpapy;/ vspjpy; fz;L bfhs;sf; Toaitfshf
,Ug;gjhy;/ mtw;iwr; nrfhpj;J mHpj;J tplyhk;.
 eLtjw;F Kd;dh; ehw;Wfspd; Edpg;gFjpia mhpe;J tpLtjd; \yk;/ Kl;ilf;
Ftpay;fis mHpf;fyhk;.
 thoa eLf;FUj;Jf;fis mfw;wp mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
 tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J me;Jg;g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.

52
  gaph; mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dh; cHt[ bra;tjd; \yk;/ gaphpd; J}h;g;gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fis mHpf;fyhk;.
 Kl;il xl;Lz;zpfshd oiuf;nfhfpukh $g;ghdpf;fk; vf;lUf;F 5 rp.rp. tPjk; elt[ bra;j
37k; ehspypUe;J xU thu ,ilbtspapy; \d;W Kiw tpl ntz;Lk;.
 ntg;gf; bfhl;ilr; rhW bjspg;gjd; \yk; jz;Lj; Jisg;ghid fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
,urhad Kiw
bghUshjhu nrj epiy: 10% ‘FUj;J fha;jy;’ my;yJ 2 Kl;il Ftpay; / kPl;lh; my;yJ 2 % btz;
fjph;
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;.
1. mrhouhf;od; 0.03% 1000 kp.yp;
2. fhh;nghry;ghd; 6 G 16.7 fp.fp;
3. fhh;nghry;ghd; 25 EC 800-1000 kp.yp;
4. fhh;lhg;iQl;nuhFnshiul] 50 SP 1 fp.fp
5. Fnshud;ludpypg[+s; 0.4 G 10 fp.fp
6. Fnshu;ighpgh!; 20 EC 1.25 yp
7. igg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 1000-1500 kp.yp
8. Fnshud;ludpypg[+s; 18.5 SC 150 kp.yp
9. igg;nuhdpy; 80 WG 50 fp
10. g[Sbgd;oikl; 20 WG 125 fp
11. g[Sbgd;oikl; 39.35 SC 50 kp.yp

bey; Midf; bfhk;gd; < (Gall midge)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rp jhf;Fjypdhy; cz;lhFk; mwpFwpfs; bts;spf; FUj;J (Silver shoot) my;yJ
bt';fhaf; FUj;J (Onion Shoot) vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;;gLfpwJ. ,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; jz;ilj; Jisj;J/
cl;brd;W FUj;ijf; jhf;Fk; nghJ cl;FUj;jpd; ,ay;ghd tsh;r;rp jilg;gl;L cl;FUj;jpypUe;J
njhd;Wk; ,iy ciw/ g[G njhw;Wtpf;Fk; rpy behjpg; bghUl;fshy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L/ ePz;l/ FHha;
nghd;w ghfkhf tsUk.; FHha;fs; ahidapd; bfhk;igg; nghd;w mikg;igf; bfhz;oUg;gjhy;/ ,e;j
mwpFwp ‘Midf;bfhk;g’[ vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. g[Gf;fs; ehw;w';fhypYs;s ehw;Wf;fisj; jhf;ff;
Toaitfshf ,Ue;jhYk;/ 5-6 thuk; tiu taJs;s ,sk; gapu;fis mjpfk; jhf;ff; Toait.
jhf;fg;gl;l gapu;fspypUe;J fjph;fs; njhd;Wtjpy;iy. mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l gaphpy; kfNy; ,Hg;g[ 50 rjk;
tiuapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

53
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp/ Kl;ilfis ,iyfspd; brjps;fspnyh my;yJ jsph; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpnyh/
3-4 Kl;ilfshyhd Ftpay;fshfnth my;yJ jdpj;jdpahfnth ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp 100-300 Kl;ilfs;
tiu ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J 2-3 ehl;fspy; Rkhh; 1.0 kp.kP. ePsKs;s g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit
,iy ciw tHpahf jz;od; mog;ghfj;ij mile;J/ jz;ilj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W/ FUj;ijj; jhf;fp
mHpj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; g[J ,iyfSf;Fg; gjpyhf ahidf; bfhk;g[ nghd;w ePz;l FHha; njhd;Wk;.
g[Gg;gUtk; 6-8 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. xU gapupy; xU g[G kl;Lnk fhzg;gl;L/ mJ KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k; tiuapy; FHhapDs;nsna ,Ue;J/ mjDs;nsna Tl;Lg; g[Gthf khWk;. Tl;Lg;
g[Gf;fspypUe;J 2-4 ehl;fspy; <f;fs; btsptUk;. < btsptUk; Kd;dh; Tl;Lg;g[G bespe;J/ efh;e;J
FHhapd; Edpg;gFjpf;F te;J/ Xust[ FHhapypUe;J btsp te;J tpLk;. < btsp te;j gpd;dh;
Tl;Lg;g[Gtpd; njhy; FHhapd; Edpg;gFjpapy; bjd;gLk;. < btsp te;j gpd;dh; FHha; fha;e;J tpLk;.
thH;f;ifr; RHy; 14-21 ehl;fspy; Kw;Wg; bgWk;. <f;fs; bfhRitg; nghy; rpwpaitfsht[k;/ ePz;l
bky;ypa fhy;fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. bgz; g{r;rpfs; k";rs; fye;j rptg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ joj;j
tapw;Wg; ghfj;ijf; bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;. Mz; g{r;rpfs; bky;ypaitfshft[k;/ fUk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;
fhzg;gLk;. <f;fs; ,ut[ ntisfspy; RWRWg;ghf ,a';ff;Toait.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dh; epyj;ij cHt[ bra;J J}h;g;gFjpapy; ,Uf;ff; Toa g[Gf;fis mHpf;fyhk;.
 mWtil bra;j gpd; epyj;ij cldoahf cH ntz;Lk;
 g{r;rp cz;zf;Toa khw;Wtifg; gaph;fis mfw;w ntz;Lk;.
 jiHr;rj;J cu';fis ghpe;Jiu bra;ag;gl;l mst[ kl;Lk; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
 g[G xl;Lz;zpahd gpshl;onf!;lh; xiunr gad;gLj;jp Mizf; bfhk;gd; jhf;Fjiyj;
fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
 g[w Cjh tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J g{r;rpfis fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
,urhad Kiw
 bghUshjhu nrj epiy
 10 rjtPj bts;spj;jz;Lfs; (m) bt';fha ,iyfs;
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
 fhh;nghry;ghd; 25 EC 800-1000 kp.yp
 Fnshu;ighpgh!; 20 EC 1250 kp.yp;
 igg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 1000-1500 kp.yp
 ijakPj;jhf;rk; 25 WG 100 fp

54
,iy cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;
bey; ,iyr; RUl;Lg;g[G (Rice Leaffolder) ;
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;:
Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[G/ ckpH; ePh; bfhz;L cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; bky;ypa gl;L E}y;
nghd;w ,iHfshy; ,iyia klf;fp my;yJ ,iyapd; Edpg;gFjpia mog;gFjpa[ld; ,izj;J/
gpd;dp mjw;Fs; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ gr;iraj;ij Ruz;o cz;gjhy;/ gr;irak; Ruz;lg;gl;l
gFjpfs; btz;ikahf khwptpLk;. mjpf mst[ jhf;fg;gl;l gaphpy; ,iyg; gr;irak; mjpf mstpy;
Ruz;lg;gl;;L ,iyfs; btz;ikahd jpl;Lf;fSld; fhzg;gLtnjhL/ gaph; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp/ kzp
gpog;gJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jg; g{r;rp/ gapiu vy;yh tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpYk; jhf;ff; ToaJ. g{f;Fk;
gUtj;jpy; g{r;rpj; jhf;fpdhy;/ fz;zho ,iy ghjpf;fg;gl;L kfNy; mjpfk; Fiwa VJthfpwJ.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk; :
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ jsph; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; 10-15 Kl;ilfis xnu bjhFjpahf/
bgUk;ghYk; thpirahf ,Lk;. Kl;ilfs] nfhs totkhft[k;/ btz;ik epwkhft[k; bjd;gLk;.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J 6-7 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. g[Gf;fs; k";rs; fye;j gr;ir epwj;jpy;
bjd;gLk;. g[Gg;gUtk; 25-30 ehl;fs; tiu ,Uf;Fk;. KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g[G RUl;o itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;
,iyapDs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk;. Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J 6-8 ehl;fspy; me;Jg; g{r;rpfs;
btsptUk;. thH;f;ifr; RHy; 30-42 ehl;fspy; Koa[k;. me;Jg; g{r;rpfs; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ gGg;g[ fye;j
Mu";R epwj;jpYk;/ ,sk; gGg;g[ epw ,wf;iffSlDk; fhzg;gLk;. Kd; ,wf;iffspy; FWf;fhf
,uz;L bjspthd fUik epwf; nfhLfSk;/ gpd; ,wf;iffspy; xU nfhLk; bjd;gLk;. ,wf;iffspd;
btsp tpspk;g[fspy; fUk; gGg;g[ gil fhzg;gLk;. xU tUlj;jpy; 3-5 jiy Kiwfs; njhd;Wk;. jiHr;
rj;J mjpfkhf ,l;l tay;fspYk;/ epHy; ,Uf;Fk; gFjpfspYk;/ ,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf
bjd;gLk;. ,J midj;Jg; gUt';fspYk; njhd;wp/ vy;yh ,uf';fisa[k; jhf;ff;ToaJ. me;Jg;
g{r;rpfs; btspr;rj;jpdhy; ftug;glf;Toait.
g{r;rp fl;LghL :
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
o tay; btspfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpy fisfs; ,g;g{r;rpf;F khw;Wg;gapuhff; fhzg;gLtjhy;/
fisfis mfw;wp/ tay;btspfis Rj;jkhfg; guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;.
o jiHr; rj;J njitf;F mjpfkhfnth/ xnu Kiwahfnth ,lf; TlhJ. g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; mjpf
mst[ jiHr;rj;J ,Ltij jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;.
o tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J me;Jg;g{r;rpfis fth;e;J mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.
 oiuf;nfhfpnuk;kh ifnyhdp!; (Kl;il xl;Lz;zp) gaph] elt[ bra;J 37/ 44/ kw;Wk; 51 k; ehspy;
bkhj;jk; \d;W Kiw 5 rprp (1 yl;rk; Kl;il xl;Lz;zpfs; / vf;lh; / Kiw) vd;w mstpy; tpl
ntz;Lk;.
 ntg;g';bfhl;ilr; rhW 5 rjk; @ 25 fpnyh / vf;lh; (my;yJ) ntg;bgz;iz 3 rjtPjk; bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;.

55
,urhad Kiw :
bghUshjhu nrj epiy : tsUk; gUtj;jpy; 10 rjtPjk;; ,iyr; nrjk; kw;Wk; g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; 5
rjtPjk;; fz;zho ,iyr; nrjk;
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;.
o Fnshnuhighpgh!; 20 EC 1250 kp.yp
o mrhouhf;od; 0.03% 1000 kp.yp
o fhh;lhg;iQl;nuhFnshiul] 50 SP 1000 fp
o Fnshud;lu; dpypg[+s; 18.5 SC 150 kp.yp
o igg;nuhdpy; 80 WG 50-62.5 fp
o g[Sbgd;oikl; 39.35 SC 50 kp.yp
o g[Sbgd;oikl; 20 WG 125-250 fp
o ijakPj;jhf;rk; 25 WG 100 fp

bey; Tz;Lg;g[G (Case worm)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
elt[ bra;j ,sk; gapiu mjpfk; jhf;ff;ToaJ. taypy; jz;zPh; njf;fk; mjpf mstpy;
bjhlh;e;J ,Uf;Fk; nghJ g{r;rpj; jhf;fFjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisr; rpWrpW
Jz;Lfshf btl;o/ FHha; totKs;s Tz;Lfisf; fl;o/ mtw;wpDs; ghJfhg;ghf thHf;Toait.
g[Gf;fs; Tz;oypUe;J jiyiaa[k;/ clypd; xU gFjpiaa[k; kl;Lk; btspna ePl;o/ ,iyfspd;
mog;gug;gpYs;s gr;iraj;ij Ruz;o cz;gjhy;/ Ruz;lg;gl;l gFjpfs; btz;ik epwg;gilfshf/
fhfpjj;ijg; nghy; njhw;wkspf;Fk;. g[Gf;fs; Xust[ ePh; thH; jd;ika[ilait. ePh;g;gug;gpw;F
moapypUe;Jk; E}y; ,iHfisg; nghd;w brjps;fspd; cjtpahy; Rthrpf;ff;Toait. VjhtJ Mgj;J
tUk; nghJ cliya[k;/ jiyiaa[k; Tz;ow;Fs; ,Gj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;. mit Tz;nlhL ePhpy; tpGe;J/
ePe;jp xU gapupypUe;J mLj;j gapUf;Fr; bry;yf;Toait.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ Rkhh; 50 Kl;ilfis jdpj; jdpahf ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Lk;.
Kl;ilapypUe;J 2-6 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J btspte;j ,sk; g[G xU rpy
ehl;fs; ,iyfspy; gr;iraj;ij Ruz;o cz;qk;. g[Gg]gUtk; 14-20 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. ,sk;
g[Gf;fs] gr;ir epwkhft[k;/ gGg;g[ fye;j Mu";R epwj; jiya[lDk;/ clypd; nky; bky;ypa nuhk';fisf;
bfhz;Lk;/ Rkhh; 2.5 br.kP. ePsj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mit Tz;oDs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk;.
Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J 4-7 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rp btsptUk.; thH;f;ifr; RHy; 20-37 ehl;fspy; Kotila[k;.
me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; Rkhh; 4 ehl;fs; capUld; ,Uf;Fk;. mit rpwpaitfshft[k;/ btz;ik epw
,wf;iffspy; ,sk; gGg;g[ epw miyfisg; nghd;w milahs';fSlDk; bjd;gLk;.

56
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
iftpid kw;Wk; cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 xU ePskhd fapiw/ taypd; ,uz;L vjph; vjph; tug;g[fspypUe;J/ gaphpd; nky; ,iyfs;
mira[khW ,Gg;gjd; \yk;/ jz;Lg;ghfj;jpYk;/ ,iyfspYk; xl;of; bfhz;oUf;Fk;
Tz;fis ePhpy; tpHr;bra;J/ ePhpd; nky; rpwpJ kz;bzz;izia Cw;wp/ g[Gf;fs;
Rthrpf;f Koahky; bra;J/ mtw;iw mHpf;fyhk;.
 taypy; njitf;F mjpfkhf ePiuf; fl;o toj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.

 @bgd;njhnal; 50 EC 1000 kp.yp / vf;lu; தெளிக்க வேண்டும்.

bey; Ks; tz;L my;yJ Qp!;gh (Rice Hispa)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fs;/ ,iyfspd; cl;g[wj;ijf; File;J/ ,iyj; Jisg;ghidg; nghy; euk;g[fSf;F
,ilapyhd cl;jpRf;fis Ruz;o cz;fpd;wd. ,t;tpjkhf g[Gf;fs; ,iyfspy; File;]j ghf';fs;/
btz;ik epw/ neh; nfhLfshfj; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ jsph; ,iyfspd; Edpg;gFjpapy; rpW fhak; Vw;gLj;jp/ mjDs; Kl;ilfisj;
jdpjdpahf ,Lk;/ xU tz;L 50-60 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J/ btspwpa k"]rs;
epwk; bfhz;l/ jl;ilahd g[G 3-5 ehl;fspy; btsptUk;. mit ,iyfisf; File;J/ jpRf;fSf;Fs;
bry;Yk;. g[Gg;gUtk; 9 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. KG tsh;r;rp mile;j g[G/ File]j gFjpapDs;nsna
Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwp/ 4-5 ehl;fspy; tz;Lfs; btsptUk]. mit rpwpaitfshft[k;/ fU ePy my;yJ
fUik epwj;jpYk;/ clypd; nky; rpwpa Kl;fisf; bfhz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;. ,J mndf fisr;
brofisa[k;/ fUk;iga[k; jhf;ff;ToaJ.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
,urhad Kiwfs;
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k; / ,lt[k;
 Fnshu;igupgh!; 20 EC 1250 kpyp
 khyjpahd; 50 EC 1150 kpyp
 khyjpahd; 5 DP 25 fpfp

bey; ,iyf; FUj;J < (Whorl maggot)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; ,iyfs; tphpahky; FUj;jhf ,Uf;Fk; nghnj mtw;iwj; Jisj;J/
jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. ,iyfs; tphpe;j gpd;dh;/ ,iyfspd; Edpg;gFjpapy;/ FWf;fhf/
FWfpa btz;zpwg; gilfs; fhzg;gLk;. rpy ntisfspy; ,J nghd;w btz;zpwg; gilfs;

57
fhzg;gLk; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,iyfs; Kwpe;J bjh';Fk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gapu;fs; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp
fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
,g;g{r;rp ed;bra; epy';fspy; ePh; mjpf mstpy; njf;fp itf;fgl;oUf;Fk; nghJ mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. <f;fs;; ePh; njf;fp itf;fgl;oUf;Fk; ,sk; elt[g; gaphpdhy; ftug;gLfpd;wd.
bgUk;ghYk; tug;g[ Xu';fspYs;s gapu;fspd; ,iyfspy; Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. g[Gf;fs; ,iyfspd; nky;
gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; ePh;g;gotj;jpy; bespe;J brd;W/ gapupd; FUj;Jg; gFjpia mile;J/ tphptilahj
,iyf;FUj;ijj; Jisj;J/ jpRf;fis cz;L tsUk.; fhy;fsw;w g[Gf;fs; KG tsh;r;rpaile;j gpd;dh;
k"rs; epwkhfj; njhd;Wk; tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; gapu;fspd; FUj;Jg; gFjpapy; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;.
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fspypUe;J btsptUk; <f;fs;/ bfhRitg; nghy; kpfr; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk;/
xsp g[ff;Toa ,wf;iffSlDk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 tay; btspfisa[k;/ Rw;Wg;g[w';fisa[k; g[y; g{z;Lfs; ,y;yhky; guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;.
 gUtj;jpw;F Kd;dnu elt[ bra;a ntz;Lk;.
 tay;fspy; mjpf mst[ ePh; njf;fp itg;gijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;.
 khw;W czt[ brofis mfw;w ntz;Lk;
,urhad Kiw

bghUshjhu nrj epiy; 25 rjk] nrjkile;j ,iyfs;

gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rp bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k; / ,lt[k;.

 Fnshu;ighpgh!; 20 EC 1250 kp.yp
 igg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 1000-1500 kp.yp
 igg;nuhdpy; 0.3 GR 16.67- 25 fpfp
 fhu;lhg; iQl;nuhFnshiul; 4% G 18.75 – 25 fpfp

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

bew;ngd] (Rice Thrips)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpahdJ bey; gapiu kl;Lk; jhf;ff; ToaJ. bgUk;ghYk; ehw;w';fhypYs;s
ehw;Wf;fisa[k;/ ,sk; elt[g;gapiua[k; ,g;g{r;rpfs; mjpfk; jhf;ff;Toait. KG tsh;r;rpaile;j
ngd;fSk;/ F";RfSk; rhw;iw cwp";Rtjhy; Edpg;ghfk; RUz;Lk;/ bespe;Jk; Kotpy; fhpe;Jk;
tpLfpd;wd. twl;rp jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ ehw;Wf;fs; koe;J tpLk;. kiHf;Fg; gpwF
,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjy; kiwe;J tpLk;.

58
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rpahdJ/ Kl;ilfis jdpj; jdpahf/ jsph; ,iyfspd; jpRf;fSf;Fs; brhUfp tpLk;.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J ,sk; g{r;rpfs; 3-5 ehl;fspy; btsptUk;. F";Rfs; kpft[k; RW RWg;ghff; fhzg;gLk;.
mit FUj;Jfisa[k;/ jsph] ,iyfisa[k; Ruz;o/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;qk;. F";Rfs; 7-14 ehl;fspy;
KG tsh;r;rpaile;J Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp XhpU ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfshf
btsptUk;. g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; RHy; 14-20 ehl;fspy; Kw;Wg; bgWk;. g{r;rpfs; kpft[k;
Ez;zpaitfshft[k;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
ehw;w';fhYf;Fk;/ ,sk; gapUf;Fk; ed;F ePh; gha;r;rp/ guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;.
bghUshjhu nrj epiy
cs;s';ifia ePupy; eidj;J gpd; ehw;w';fspy; 12 ,l';fspy; gapu;r; brofspd; nky; ifiaf; bfhz;L
bry;y ntz;Lk; 12 Kiwfspy;/ brog;ngd; 60 vz;zpf;ifiaf; fle;J tp;ly; (m) 10 rjtPj
ehw;Wf;fspy; Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; ,iyfspd; ghjpg;gug;g[ RUz;L fhzg;gLjy;.
 ehw;w';fhypy; nkhndhFnuhnlhgh!; 36 SL 40 kp.yp. my;yJ jnahkPjhf;rk; 25 WG 100 fp
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;.
 mrhouhf;od; 0.15 % 2.5 fpfp
 jnahkPjhf;rk; 25 WG 100 fp

bey; gr;irj; jj;Jg;g{r;rp; (Rice Green leafhopper)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpfs; bgUk;ghYk; gapu;fspd; nky; ghfj;jpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/
KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpSk; ,iyfs; kw;Wk; jz;LfspypUe;J rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;fpd;wd.
,jdhy; gapu;fspd; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp/ gRik ,He;J/ gGg;ngwp/ ehsiltpy; koe;J tpLk;. bghJthf ,sk;
gaph;fns ,g;g{r;rpapdhy; mjpfk; jhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. $Piy Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu/ btg;gk; Fiwthft[k;/
<ug;gjk; mjpfkhft[k; cs;s fhy';fspy; ,e;jg; g{r;rp mjpf mstpy; njhd;WfpwJ. bey; gapiuj; jtpu
ntW rpy g[w;fisa[k; ,it jhf;ff; Toait. ,g;g{r;rpahdJ neuoahf rhw;iw cwp";rp/ gapUf;F nrjk;
tpistpg;gnjhL/ J';nuh/ k";rs; Fl;il Mfpa ef;Raphp neha;fisa[k; gug;gf; Toait.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp/ ePz;l FHha; tot Kl;ilfis/ 1-20 vz;zpf;ifapy; ,iy ciwfspd; g[wj;njhy;
jpRtiwfspDs; thpirahfr; brhUfp tpLfpwJ. xU g{r;rp Rkhh; 53 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy; ,lf; ToaJ.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J 6-7 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit ,sk; gr;ir epwkhft[k;/ ,wf;iffs;
,y;yhkYk;/ kpft[k; RW RWg;ghft[k; gapUf;F gapu; jhtpf; bfhz;nlapUf;Fk;. mit 18-20 ehl;fspy; 5
Kiw nky; njhiy chpj;J/ gpd;dh; KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfshf khWk;. g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; RHy;

59
Rkhh; 25 ehl;fspy; Kotila[k;. KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfs; 50-60 ehl;fs; tiu capUld; ,Uf;Fk;.
,g;g{r;rpfspd; Kd; ghfk; mfd;Wk;/ gpd; ghfk; rw;W rpWj;Jk;/ 4-6 kp.kP ePsj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. bgz;
g{r;rpfs; Mz; g{r;rpfis tpl rw;W gUkdhft[k;/ gr;ir epwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. Mz; g{r;rpfs; gr;ir
epwj;jpYk;/ Kd; ,wf;iffspd; eLg;ghfj;jpy; xU fUik epwg;g[s;spa[k;/ Edpg;gFjp fUik epwj;jpYk;
fhzg;gLk;.

g{r;rpf;fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
,g;g{r;rpfs; bey; gapiuj; jtpu/ gy;ntW tifg;g[w;fspYk; ,dg;bgUf;fk; bra;af; Toait.
Mfnt tay; btspfisa[k;/ Rw;Wg;g[w';fisa[k;/ fisfs; ,y;yhky; Rj;jkhfg; guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;.
o tpsf;Fg; bghwpfis gad;gLj;JtJ g{r;rpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kpf rpf;fd KiwahFk;.
mjpfhiy neuj;jpy; tpsf;Fg; bghwpia Rw;wp g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp bjspj;njh my;yJ J}tpnah ftug;gl;l
gr;irj; jj;Jg;g{r;rpfis fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

,urhad Kiw

bghUshjhu nrj epiy

,sk;gUtj;jpy; 60/25 tiy tPr;Rfs; (m) 5/Fj;J (m) g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; 10/Fj;J (m) J';nuh
cl;guty; cs;s ,l';fspy; 2/Fj;J. taypy; J';nuh kw;Wk; gr;irj; jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs; ,Ug;igf;
fz;fhzpf;f ntz;Lk;. elt[ bra;ag;gl;l taypd; FWf;fpy] gf;fthl;oy; elf;Fk; nghJ 20 Fj;Jf;fisr;
rhpghh;f;f ntz;Lk;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia elt[ bra;j 15 kw;Wk; 30 k; ehspy; (,U Kiw) xU vf;lUf;Fj;
bjspf;ft[k;.
. fhu;ngh@g;a[uhd; 3 CG 25 fpfp
g[a[g;nuh@bgrpd; 25 SC 800 kp. yp.
fhh;nghry;ghd; 25 EC 800-1000 kp. yp.
Fnshud;l;udpypg[+s; 0.4 G 10 fpfp
Fnshu;ighpgh!; 20 EC 1250 kp.yp.
igg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 1000-1500 kp.yp.
igg;nuhdpy; 0.3 G 16;.67 – 25 fpfp
,kplhFnshgphpl; 17.8 SL 100-125 kp. yp. .
ijakPj;jhf;rk; 25 WG 100 fp

60
bey; gGg;g[ jj;Jg;g{r;rp my;yJ g[ifahd; (Brown plant hopper)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjy; bgUk;ghYk; FWitg; gaphpy;/ gaphpd; fz;zho ,iyg;gUtj;jpy;
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. F";RfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ Jhh;fspd; mog;gFjpapy;/ eph; kl;lj;jpw;F rw;W
nkyhf mkh;e;J rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;qk;/ jz;od; rhw;Wf; FHha;j; bjhFjpapDs; Fj;jp cwp";rf;Toa
tha;g;ghfj;ij neuoahf brYj;jp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;gnjhL/ mit cl;bry;Yk; ckpH; ePUld;
fye;jpUf;Fk; er;Rg; bghUl;fs;/ jj;Jg;g{r;rp vhpg;g[ (Hopper burn) vd;Dk; ,iy fhpjy; mwpFwpiaa[k;
njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,J nghd;w jj;Jg;g{r;rp vhpg;g[ mwpFwp Kjypy; taypy; M';fh';nf rpwpa/ tl;l tl;lg;
gFjp[fshfj; njhd;Wk;. ehsiltpy; ,J nghd;w vhpe;j gFjpfs; tphptile;J bghpa gug;gstpy;
fhzg;gLk;. ,g;g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypdhy; gapu;fspd; nth; tsh;r;rpf; Fd;wp/ ,iyfspYs;s g[ujr;rj;jpd;
mst[k;/ ePhpd; mst[k;/ kpft[k; Fiwe;JtpLfpwJ. ghy; gpof;Fk; Kd;dnu gaph; fhpe;J/ fha;e;J tpLk;.
fjph;fs; njhd;wpdhYk;/ mtw;wpYs;s kzpfs; gjuhfp tpLk;. g{r;rpfspd; chpf;fg;gl;l nky; njhy;fs;
Vuhskhf gapu;fspd; Jhh;fspy; xl;of; bfhz;Lk;/ ePhpd; nky; kpje;J bfhz;Lk] ,Uf;Fk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rpfs;/ Kl;ilfis bgUk;ghYk; ,uz;ouz;L thpirfshf ,iy ciwfspYk;/
,iyfspd; eL euk;gpd; ,uz;L gf;f';fspYk; brhUfptpLk;. xU g{r;rp 650 Kl;ilfs; tiuapYk;/
xt;bthU thpirapYk; 1-16 Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. Kl;ilfs; kpfr; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ 1.0 kp.kP ePsj;jpYk;/
thiHg;gHj;ijg; nghd;w ePz;l njhw;wj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. Kl;ilfspd; Edpg;gFjp bgz; g{r;rpapdhy;
Ruf;fg;gLk; xU tif gprpd; nghd;w jputj;jhy; xd;whf ,izj;J xl;lg;gl;oUf;Fk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J 5-
7 ehl;fspy; ,sk; F";Rfs; btsptUk;. Muk;gj;jpy; btz;ik epwkhf ,Uf;Fk; F";Rfs; 4 Kiw nky;
njhiy chpj;J Kotpy; gGg;g[ epwkhf khWk;. mit bgUk;ghYk; Jhh;fspd; mog;ghfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
F";Rg;gUtk; fhy epiyfisg; bghWj;J 2-4 thu';fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. ,wf;iffs; KG tsh;r;rpaile;j
gpd;dh; mjpf RWRWg;ghff; fhzg;gLk;. fhiy ntisfspy; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; mjpf mstpy; elkhLk;.
KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfs; 10-50 ehl;fs; tiu capnuhL ,Uf;Fk;. mit k";rs; fye;j gGg;g[
epwj;jpYk;/ KJfpy; k';fpa btz;ik epwf; nfhLfSlDk;/ jiyapd; gf;fthl;oy; fUik epwf;
nfhLfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. bgz; g{r;rpfs; Mz; g{r;rpfis tpl rw;W btsph;; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ 3.0-3.5
kp.kP ePskhft[k;/ Mz; g{r;rpfs; 20-25 kp.kP.ePskhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;.
g[ifahdpy; ,uz;L btt;ntW tpjkhd g{r;rpfs; cz;L. xd;W ed;whf tsh;e;j
,wf;iffisf; bfhz;l g{r;rpfs;. ,uz;lhtJ tsh;r;rp FWfpa ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;lit. tsh;e;j
,wf;iffisf; bfhz;l g{r;rpfs; mjpf J}uk; gwe;J brd;W g[ifahd; gutf; fhuzkhfpd;wd.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 tay; btspfisa[k;/ Rw;Wg;g[w';fisa[k; fisr;brofs; kw;Wk; khw;Wg; gaph;fs; ,y;yhjthW
guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;.

61
  mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dh; taiy ed;F cGJ/ jhdhfnt taypy; tpGe;j tpijfspypUe;J
Kisf;Fk; gapu;fisa[k;/ moj;jhs;fspypUe;J tUk; gapu;fisa[k; mHpg;gjd; \yk; g[ifahd;
cw;gj;jpiaf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
 taypy; mjpf mst[ ePh; njf;fp itf;fhky;/ mjpfg;goahd ePiu toj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
 vl;L mof;F xU mo tPjk; ,il btsp tpl;L elt[ bra;a ntz;Lk;.
 tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J ,wf;iffs; cs;s g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHp[f;fyhk;.
 gupe;Jiu bra;ag;gl;l mst[[ jiHr;rj;J cuk; ,lt[k;. njitf;F mjpfkhd jiHr;rj;J
cu';fis gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtph;j;jy; ntz;Lk;.
 njitf;F mjpfkhf jz;zPh; gha;r;Rtijj; jtph;f;ft[k;.
 ntg;bgz;iza] 3 rjtPjk;; (m) ntg;g';bfhl;ilr; rhW 5 rjtPjk;; vd]w mstpy;
bjspf;ft[k;

,urhad Kiw
bghUshjhu nrj epiy
xU Fj;Jf;F 1 rpye;jp ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; xU J}Uf;F 2 gGg;g[ jj;Jg;g{r;rp ,Uf;fyhk;.
rpye;jpfs; ,y;iybadpy; J}Uf;F 1 vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy; g[ifahd;; ,Uf;fyhk;. bfhd;Wz;zp
rpye;jp ,y;yhj epiyapy; xU J}Uf;F 1 gGg;g[ jj;Jg;g{r;rp vd;Wk; rpye;jp 1/ Fj;J vd;w mstpy;
,Uf;Fk; nghJ JhUf;F 2 gGg;g[ jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs; vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
 mrhouhf;od; 0.03% 1000 kp.yp.
 mrplkpupl; 20 SP 50-100 fp
 fhh;nghry;ghd; 25 EC 800-1000 kp.yp.
 Fnshud;ludpypg[+s; 18.5 SC 150 kp.yp.
 Fnshud;l;udpypg[+s; 0.4 G 10 fpfp
 Fnshu;ighpgh!; 20 EC 1250 kp.yp.
 igg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 1000-1500 kp.yp.
 igg;nuhdpy; 0.3 G 16;.67 – 25 fpfp
 ,kplhFnshgphpl; 17.8 SL 100-125 kp.yp.
 g;a[g;nuhbgrpd; 25 SC 800 kp.yp.

caphpay; Kiw
taypy; fhzg;gLk; rpy tifr; rpye;jpfs; mjpf mstpy; g[ifahd; g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J cz;L
mspf;ff;Toait.

62
bey; Niug; g{r;rp (Rice Mealy bug)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapdhy; jhf;fg;gl;l gapu;fs; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp fhzg;gLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l taypy; gaph;fs;
jpl;L jpl;lhf k"];rs; epwkhf khwp tsh;r;rp Fd;wp ,Uf;Fk;. ,J nghd;w nrjk; ‘Niu neha;’
vdg;gLfpwJ. jhf;fg;gl;l gapu;fs; Kotpy; koe;J tpLk; (my;yJ) jhf;fg;gl;l gap;uf
; spypUe;J
cUf;Fiye;J fjph;fs] njhd;Wk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rpfs; mjpfk; efuhky; xnu ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. mit nfhs totpyhd/ btsph; k";rs;
epwKs;s Kl;ilfis r';fpypj;bjhlh; nghy; thpirahf ,iy ciwapd; cl;g[wj;jpy; ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp 50-
300 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;ToaJ. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 1-2 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. ,sk;
g{r;rpfs] 17-37 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k; bgz; g{r;rpfs; efh;e;J mLj;Js;s gapu;fSf;Fg; gut[k;
my;yJ ghrd ePh; \yk; ntW gapu;fSf;F vLj;Jr; bry;yg;gLk;. ,sk; g{r;rpfs; bkGFg; bghUspdhy;
\lg;gl;oUf;Fk;. ,sk; g{r;rp ,wf;iffs; ,y;yhkYk;/ jokdhft[k; ,sk; rptg;g[ epwkhft[k; bjd;gLk;.
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfSk; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf/ ,iy ciwf;Fk;/ jz;ow;Fk;
,ilapyhd gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ bjhlh;e;J broapypUe;J rhw;iw cwp";Rtjhy;/ gapu;fs;
tsh;r;rp Fd;wpf; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 jhf;fg;gl;l brofis clDf;Fld; mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;
 tay; tug;g[fspYk;/ Rw;Wg;g[w';fspYk; fhzg;gLk;/ fisr;brofis mHpj;J taiy Rj;jkhfg;
guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiw
kpijy; blklhd; 25 EC 1000 kpyp / vf;lu; bjspf;ft[k;.

bey; fjph; ehtha;g; g{r;rp (Rice Earhead bug)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpahdJ bey; g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; njhd;wp/ ghy; gpof;Fk; gUtk; tiuapy; mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLk;. KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfSk;/ ,sk; g{r;rpfSk; ,sk; jz;L/ fjph; fhk;g[/ ghy; gpof;Fk;
kzpfs; nghd;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. rhW cwp";rg;gl;l
kzpfs; RU';fp gjuhfp tpLfpd;wd. kzpfspd; rhW cwp";rg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; xU rpW JthuKk;/ mijr;
Rw;wp fUk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpy; g[s;spa[k; bjd;gLk;. g{r;rpfs; fhzg;gLk; taypy;/ xU tif Jh;ehw;wk; tPRk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp bey; ,iyfs; kPnjh my;yJ kw;w khw;Wg;gaph;fspd; ,iyfspd; kPnjh/ 10-25 fUk;
rptg;g[ epw Kl;ilfis ePskhd thpirahf ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp 200-300 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy; ,lf;TLk;.
Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy;/ Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk. gr;ir epw F";Rfs; ,wf;iffs; ,y;yhkYk; kpft[k; RW

63
RWg;ghft[k; fhzg;gLk;. mit 12-15 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k.; KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rp Fr;rp
nghy; ePskhft[k;/ k";rs; fye;j gr;ir epwkhft[k;, Rkhh; 2.0 br.kP ePsj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. mit 3-4
khj';fs; tiu capnuhL ,Uf;Fk;. xU tUlj;jpy; mndf jiyKiwfs; njhd;Wk;.
g{r;rpf;fl;Lg;ghL
iftpid kw;Wk; cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 if tiy bfhz;L g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J tsh;e;j g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 tug;g[fisa[k/; tay; btspfisa[k;/ fisfs; ,y;yhjthW Rj;jkhfg; guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiwfs;
bghUshjhu nrjepiy - g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; 5 ehtha;g;g{r;rpfs;/ bew;fjph;fs;; ghy;gpof;Fk; gUtj;jpypUe;J
jhdpakzp Kjph;r;rp epiyg; gUtk; tiu 16 ehtha;g;g{r;rpfs; / 100 bew;fjph;fs;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia 25 fpnyh/ vf;lh; vd;w mstpy; ,uz;L Kiw mjhtJ g{f;Fk;
gUtk; kw;Wk; mjw;F mLj;j ,uz;lhtJ thuk; Jhtt[k;.
o Fap;dhy;gh!; 1.5.D
o KKM 10 D (KKM vdg;J 10% mf;nfhu!; fyhk!; nth; kw;Wk; 90% kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp
epiyaj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; rhk;gy;)
o gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia ,uz;L Kiw bjspf;ft[k;.
khyj;ijahd; 50EC 500 kp;.yp. /vf;lh]
ntg;g'; bfhl;ilr; rhW 5% rjk;

nrhsk; (Sorghum)
Jisg;ghd;fs;
nrhsk; FUj;J < (Shoot fly)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g[Gf;fs; ,iy ciwf;Fk;/ jz;ow;Fk; ,ilna Jisj;J/ FUj;Jg; gFjpia mile;J/
jpRf;fis cz;L nrjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jdhy; FUj;J Jz;of;fg;gl;L/ mGfp/ FUj;jHpt[
mwpFwpiaj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;/ jhf;fg;gl;l brofs; koe;JtpLk;. ,g;g[Gf;fs; xU khj fhyk; tiuapYs;s
,sk; brofis kl;Lnk jhf;ff;Toait.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; </ Kl;ilfis 3-4 vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy; 2-3 thpirfspy; ,Lk;. xU < 20-25 Kl;ilfs;
tiu ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilfis ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; my;yJ ,iy ciwfspy; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfs;
btz;ik epwj;jpYk; ePz;l cUis totpYk; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 1-2 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;
btsptUk;. g[Gf;fs; ,sk; k";rs; epwkhft[k;/ fhy;fsw;Wk; bjd;gLk;. mit 12-15 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaile;J/ jz;oDs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwp/ Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy; <ahf btsptUk;. <f;fs;

64
kpft[k; rpwpaitfsht[k;/ btz;ik fye;j rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mf;nlhgh;-ork;gh; tiuapy;
,g;g{r;rpfs; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 gUt kiH bghHpe;jt[ld; Kd; gl;lj;jpy; tpijf;f ntz;Lk;. rhpahd gUt';fspy; Kd;Tl;ona
tpijg;g[ bra;tjd; \yk; ,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjiyj; jtph;f;fyhk;.
 mjpf mst[ tpijahf vf;lUf;F 12.5 fpnyh tPjk; tpijf;f ntz;Lk;. gaph; fiyf;Fk; nghJ
jhf;fg;gl;l gapu;fis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
 FUj;J mGfpa gapu;fis clDf;Fld; mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
bghUshjhu nrj epiy 1 Kl;il / nrhsk; (m) ‘10% FUj;J fha;jy;”
 xU fpnyh tpijf;F 10 fpuhk; ,kplhFnshgphpl; 70 WS my;yJ 4 kpyp Fnshh;ighpgh!; 20 EC
vd;w mstpy; tpij neh;j;jp bra;J tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.
 mWtil bra;j clnd nrhsj;jl;ilfis mfw;w ntz;Lk;.
 Fiwe;j tpiy jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf; fHf kPd; ,iwr;rpg; bghwpfis vf;lUf;F 12
vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy; mikj;J FUj;J <f;fis fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 xU vf;lUf;F fhh;nghgpa[uhd; 33.3 fpnyh vd;w tPjk; tpijf;Fk; nghJ kz;zpy; J}t
ntz;Lk;.
 fPHf;fhqk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp ehw;Wfs; ehw;wh';fhypy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;.
 bkj;jpy; Okl;lhd; 25 EC 12 kp. yp. / ehw;wh';fhy;
 ilkPj;njnal; 30 EC 12 kp. yp. / ehw;wh';fhy;
 nehpilahf nrhsk; tpijia tpijg;g[ bra;j taypy; fPH;f;fhqk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;
bfhy;ypiaj; bjspj;J FUj;J <f;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
 ilkPj;njnal; 30 EC 500 kp. yp. / vf;lh;
 Fapdhy;gh!; 25 EC 1500 kp. yp. / vf;lh;
 ntg;g';bfhl;ilr; rhW 5%

nrhsk; jz;L Jisg;ghd; (Stem borer)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; 15-20 ehl;fs; taJs;s ,sk; ehw;Wf;fspypUe;J gaph; Kjph;;r;rpaila[k;
tiu gapiuj; jhf;ff; ToaJ. Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; ,iyfspYs;s
gr;iraj;ijr; Ruz;o cz;qk;. gpd;dh; mit jz;ilj; Jisj;J cl;brd;W FUj;Jg; ghfj;ijj;
jhf;fp/ jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. g[Gf;fs; ,sk; gapiuj; jhf;fp/ jpRf;fis cz;L
nrjk; tpistpg]gjhy; FUj;jHpt[ mwpFwp njhd;Wk;. ,jdhy; ehw;Wf;fs; koe;J tplf;TLk;. tsh;e;j

65
brofs; jhf;fg;gLk;nghJ g[jpajhf btsptUk; ,iy tphpa[k;nghJ eL euk;gpd; ,Ug[wKk; rk J}uj;jpy;
Jisfs; fhzg;gLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gapupypUe;J njhd;Wk; fjph; gjuhfptpLk;. nrhsj;ij jtpu
kf;fhr;nrhsk;/ fk;g[/ nfH;tuF nghd;w gaph;fisa[k; ,e;jg; g{r;rp jhf;ff; ToaJ.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy;/ eLeuk;ig mLj;J Kl;ilfis xd;wd; nky; xd;W
Vwpdhw; nghy; Ftpay;fshf ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp 200-300 Kl;ilfs; ,lf;TLk;. mit brjps;fisg; nghy;
jl;ilahft[k;/ nfhHp Kl;il totj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk;
g[Gf;fs; jz;ilj; Jisj;Jf; bfhz;L cl;bry;Yk;. ,sk; g[Gf;fs; ,iyfspd; eL euk;igj; Jisj;Jf;
bfhz;Lk; cl;bry;Yk;. mit 25-30 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; k";rs; fye;j
gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ gGg;g[ epwj; jiyiaf; bfhz;Lk;/ Rkhh; 2.5 br.kP ePsj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mtw;wpd;
clypy; fUik epwg; g[s;spfSk; fhzg;gLk;. mit jz;oy; xU Jthuk; cz;L gz;zp/ mij bky;ypa
gl;L nghd;w ,iHahy; gpd;dp \otpl;L gpd;dh; jz;od; cs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwp 7-10 ehl;fspy;
me;Jg;g{r;rpahf btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; k";rs; fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ eLj;ju mstpYk;/ (3.0
br.kP.) mstpYk; fhzg;gLk;. itf;nfhy; epw Kd; ,wf;iffspd; tpspk;gpy; 2 thpir fUk; g[s;spfs;
bjd;gLk;. gpd; ,wf;iffs; btz;ik epwkhf ,Uf;Fk;. xU tUlj;jpy; 5-6 jiy Kiwfs; njhd;Wk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 mWtilf;Fk; gpd;dh; nrhsj; jl;ilfis cldoahf mfw;wp tpl ntz;Lk;.
 mtiu my;yJ jl;ilg;gapiu 4:1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; nrhsj;Jld; CLgapuhf bra;tjd; \yk;
,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjiy rpwpjst[ Fiwf;fyhk;.
 FUj;J fha;e;j gapiu clDf;Fld; mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
 tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J me;Jg; g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
bghUshjhu nrj epiy 10 rjk; eLf;FUj;J nrjk;
 fhh;nghgpa[uhd; 3Ip - 17 fpnyh / vf;lh; vd;wmstpy; 50 fpnyh kzYld; fye;J eLf;FUj;jpy;
,l ntz;Lk;

nrhsf; fjph; < (Earhead midge)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
nrhsj;ijj; jhf;fp/ mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toa Kf;fpakhd g{r;rpfspy; ,Jt[k; xd;whff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs;/ ghy; gpof;Fk; jUzj;jpy; jhdpa';fisj; Jisj;J
cl;g[wj;jpYs;s czt[g; bghUl;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l kzpfis
mGj;jpdhy; xU tpj rptg;g[ epw jputk; btsptUk;. ,J nghd;w kzpfs; rpWj;J/ RU';fp/ gjuhfptpLk;.
gjuhd jhdpa';fspy; g[G Jisj;j Jthuk; fhzg;gLk;.

66
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; <f;fs;/ Kl;ilfisf; fjphpYs;s g{f;fspy; jdpj;jdpahf brhUfptpLk;. xU < 30-100
Kl;ilfis ,lf;ToaJ. Kl;ilapypUe;J 2-3 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; g[G jhdpaj;ijj; Jisj;J
cl;brd;W/ cl;g[wj;jpYs;s jpRf;fis cz;L tsUk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs;/ ,sk; rptg;g[ epwkhft[k;/
fhy;fsw;Wk; bjd;gLk;. mit jhdpaj;jpd; cs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ <f;fshf btsptUk;.
thH;f;ifr; RHy; 17-19 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. <f;fs; Mu";R epwkhft[k;/ ,sk; rptg;g[ epw tapw;Wg;
ghfj;ija[k;/ bky;ypa ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;Lk;/ bfhRitg; nghy;/ kpfr; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ eype;Jk;
bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 gUt kiH bghHpe;jt[ld; Kd; gl;lj;jpy; tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.
 tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J <f;fisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 fjpuoj;j gpd;dh; v";rpa[s;s gjh;fis vhpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiw
 fjph; cUthfpa 3 kw;Wk; 18 ehl;fs; fHpj;J fPH;fhqk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia
vf;lUf;F cgnahfpf;ft[k;.
 khyjpahd; 5 D 25 fpnyh
 ghrnyhd; 4 D 25 fpnyh
 ntg;g';bfhl;ilr; rhW 5% my;yJ khyj;ijahd; 50 EC @ 1600 kpyp my;yJ ghrnyhd; 35
EC@ 1150 kpyp my;yJ ilkpnjhnal; 30 EC @ 1650 kpyp / vf;lh;

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

nrhsk; fjph; ehtha;g; g{r;rp (Earhead bug)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
bjd; ,e;jpahtpy; nrhsj;ijj; jhf;ff;Toa xU Kf;fpakhd g{r;rpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vg;uy;-$Pd;
khj';fspy; gaphplg;gLk; ,witg; gapupy; mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff; ToaJ. ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j
g{r;rpfSk;/ ghy; gpof;Fk; epiyapYs;s jhdpa';fisj; jhf;fp/ cs;spUf;Fk; rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk;
tpistpf;fpd;wd. ,t;thW ghy; cwp";rg;gl;l kzpfs; RU';fp/ gjuhf khwptpLk;. g{r;rpfs; mjpfkhf
njhd;wf;Toa fhy';fspy;/ xU fjphpnyna E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;
fhzg;gLk;. jhdpa';fs; mjpf beUf;fkhf cs;s fjph;fisj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ,uf';fs; ,e;jg;
g{r;rpahy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
g{r;rp apd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp/ ,sk; ePy epwKs;s/ RUl;L nghy; ePskhd Kl;ilfis 2-15 tiuapyhd
vz;zpf;ifapy; Ftpay;fshf g{f;fspDs; brhUfptpLk;. xU g{r;rp 150-200 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy; ,lf;
ToaJ. Kl;ilapypUe;J 5-6 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit KG tsh;r;rpaile;j

67
g{r;rpfisg; nghd;w cUtj;ijf; bfhz;Lk;/ k";rs; fye;j gr;ir epwj;jpYk;/ ,wf;iffs; ,y;yhkYk;/
kpft[k; RW RWg;ghft[k; fhzg;gLk;. mit tsUk; nghJ 4-5 Kiw njhy; chpj;J/ ,wf;iffs; bfhz;l
KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfshf khWk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; btsph; gr;ir epwj;jpYk;/ Fr;rp nghy;
ePskhft[k;/ ePz;l fhy;fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. mit 0.5-07 br.kP ePsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. thH;f;ifr;
RHy; 20-25 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. xU gUtj;jpy; 2 jiy Kiwfs; njhd;Wk;.

g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL

cHtpay; Kiwfs;
g{r;rpfs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; nghJ if tiy gad;gLj;jp/ mtw;iwg; gpoj;J mHpf;fyhk;.

,urhad Kiw
fjph; cUthfp 3 tJ kw;Wk; 18 ehl;fs; fHpj;J fPH;fhqk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia vf;lUf;F
cgnahfpf;ft[k;.
 Fapdhy;gh!; 1.5 DP @ 25 fpnyh
 khyj;jpahd; 5 D @ 25 fpnyh
 ntg;g';bfhl;ilr;rhW 5 rjk;
 khyj;ijahd; 50 EC @ 1000 kpyp bjspf;ft[k;.

nkw;;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu/ fjph; gpizf;Fk; g[G - fphpg;nlhgpnsg!; epobay;yh vd;w g{r;rpapd;
g[Gf;fs; fjphpd; gy gFjpfis bky;ypa gl;L nghd;w ,iHfshy; gpd;dpg; gpizj;J/ mjDs; ,Ue;J
bfhz;nl jhdpa';fis foj;J cz;qk;. a{gpbsk;kh rpypFyh vd;Dk;; fhtog; g[Gf;fSk;/ fjphpYs;s
gFjpfis gl;L nghd;w ,iHfshy;/ gpd;dpg; gpizj;J/ mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl jhdpa';fisf;
foj;J cz;qk;. fliyg;g[G-bQypnfhbtu;gh Mh;kpb$uh/ fjphpd; fpisfSf;F ,ilapy; kiwe;Jk;
Mk;rf;lh My;gp!;oiufh me;Jg;g{r;rpfspd; fk;gspg; g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;ff; Toait. ,sk; rptg;g[ jz;L Jisg;ghd;/ nrhsg; gaphpy; jz;ilj; Jisj;J
cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; cz;L gz;qk;. Qp!;l;nuhepa{uh rpl;nlhpna vd;Dk; gGg;g[ mRtzpfs;
,iyfspypUe;Jk;/ Kjph;;r;rpailahj jhdpa';fspypUe;Jk; rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;.
nQhnyhoiuf;fpah fd;rhd;Fdpah vd;Dk; tz;od;/ btz; g[Gf;fs; nth;fisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;ff; Toait.

68
fk;g[ (Cumbu or Bajra)
Jisg;ghd;fs;
fk;g[ FUj;J < (Shoot fly)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
jkpH; ehl;oy; fk;g[g; gapiu mjpf mstpy; jhf;ff;Toa Kf;fpakhd g{r;rpahFk;. Fsph;
fhy';fspy; ,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. g[Gf;fs; 30 ehl;fs; tiuapYs;s ,sk;
brofisj; jhf;Ffpd;wd. kPz;Lk; fjph; gUtj;jpy; g[Gf;fs; fjphpd; jz;Lg; gFjpiaj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; ehw;Wf;fspd; jz;Lg;ghfj;ijj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W/
FUj;Jg;gFjpia cz;L tpLtjhy;/ FUj;J Jz;of;fg;gl;L FUj;jHpt[ mwpFwp njhd;Wk;. Kjd;ikf;
FUj;J mGfpa gpd;dh; brofspypUe;J nkYk; rpy gf;ff; fpisfs; njhd;wp mitfSk; g[Gf;fshy;;
jhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. g{r;rp jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; nghJ/ Rkhh; 25 rjk; tiuapy; gapu;fs;
jhf;fg;gl;L koe;J tpLk;. fjph; gUtj;jpy; g[Gf;fs; fjph; jz;Lg; gFjpiaj; Jisj;J/ cl;jpRf;fis
cz;qk;. ,jdhy; fjphpy; jz;od; jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpf;F nky; kzpfs; gpof;fhky; rhl;il nghy;
khwptpLk;. ,jdhy; 10-20 rjk; tiuapy; tpisr;ry; ghjpf;fg;glf;TLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; <ahdJ/ fk;g[ Kisj;J ehw;Wf;fspd; ,U ,iyg;gUtj;jpy;/ ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; 2-3
Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. Kl;ilfs; btz;ik epwkhft[k;/ ePs; tl;l totpYk; bjd;gLk;. fjph; gUtj;jpy;/
fjphpd; jz;Lg;gFjpapy; Kl;ilfis ,Lk.; Kl;ilfspypUe;J Rkhh; 3 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;
btspte;J/ 12-15 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;/ g[Gf;fs; btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ fhy;fsw;Wk; bjd;gLk;.
mit jhf;fg;gl;l jz;L gFjpapd; cl;g[wj;jpnyna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy;
g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;. <f;fs; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ btsph; rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;. ,wf;iffs;
bky;ypaitfshft[k;/ xsp g[ff; Toaitfshft[k; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 gUt kiH bghHpe;jt[ld Kd; gl;lj;jpy; tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.
 FUj;J fha;e;j brofis clDf;Fld; mfw;wp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
o mWtilf;Fg; gpwF epyj;ij cHt[ bra;J fk;g[j; jl;ilfis mfw;w ntz;Lk;.
o Fiwe;j tpiy jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHf kPd; ,iwr;rpg; bghwpapid vf;lUf;F 12
vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy; mikj;J FUj;J <f;fis fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
,urhad Kiw
o xU fpnyh tpijf;F 10 fpuhk; ,kplhFnshg;hpl; 70 WS tpij neh;j;jp bra;J tpijfis
tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia vf;lUf;F cgnahfpf;ft[k;.
fhu;ngh@g;a[uhd; 3 CG 50 fpfp
ilkPnjhnal; 30 EC @ 500 kp. yp.
ntg;g';bfhl;ilr; rhW 5%

69
nfH;tuF
Jisg;ghd;fs;
rptg;g[ jz;L Jisg;ghd; (Pink stem borer)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fs; jz;od; mog;ghfj;jpy; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W FUj;Jg; gFjpia cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;fpd;wd. g[Gf;fs; ,sk; gapu;fisj; jhf;Fk; nghJ FUj;jGfy; mwpFwp njhd;WfpwJ. g{f;Fk;
gUtj;jpy; g[Gf;fs; jhf;Fk; nghJ fjph; fha;e;J/ kzpfs; vy;yhnk gjuhfptpLk;. ,Jnghd;w
FUj;Jf;fis my;yJ fjpiu bkJthf ,Gj;jhy; mJ moapy; ,Ue;J jdpahf te;JtpLk;. xU g[G
,lk; bgah;e;J gy Jhh;fisj; jhf;ff;TLk;. mnj rkak; xnu J}hpy; 5 g[Gf;fs; tiuapy; Tlf;
fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp/ nfhs tot/ k";rs; epw Kl;ilfis ,iy ciwfspDs; Ftpayhf ,Lk;.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit 25-54 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k; tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; ,sk; rptg;g[ my;yJ gGg;g[ fye;j ,sk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ rptg;g[
fye;j gGg;g[ epwj; jiya[lDk; Rkhh; 2.5 br.kP. ePsj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mit jz;od; cs;nsna
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 8-12 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rp itf;nfhy; epw Kd;
,wf;iffisa[k;/ btz;ik epw gpd; ,wf;iffisa[k; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. nfH;;tuifj; jtpu nrhsk;/ fk;g[/
nfhJik/ kf;fhr;nrhsk; nghd;w gaph;fisa[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
FUj;J mGfpa brofis clDf;Fld; mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
vf;lUf;F fhu;ngh@g;a[uhd; 3 CG 50 fpfp vd;w mstpy; gapupd; FUj;Jg;gFjpapy; ,lt[k;.

btz;zpw jz;L Jisg;ghd; (White stem borer)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; jz;od; mog;ghfj;ijj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W FUj;Jg; gFjpiaj; jhf;fp
jpRf;fis cz;L tpLtjhy;/ ,sk; gapu;fspy; ‘FUj;jHpt[’ mwpFwpa[k;/ g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy;; fjph; gjuhf
tpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg; g{r;rp ,sk; k";rs; epw Kl;ilfis ,iy ciwfspd; cl;g[wj;jpy; Ftpayhf ,Lk;.
Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; jz;ilj; Jisj;J cl;brd;W/ FUj;Jg; gFjpia cz;L
tsUk;. g[Gf;fs; jz;oDs; epy kl;lj;Jf;F rw;W nkyhff; fhzg;gLk;. mit k";rs; fye;j btz;ik
epwj;jpYk;/ k";rs; epwj; jiya[lDk; bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; jz;od; cs;nsna Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fshf
khwp/ gpd;dh; me;Jg; g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; eLj;ju mstpYk;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/
fUk; gGg;g[ epw Kd; ,wf;iffspd; tpspk;gpy; xU k';fpa btz;ik epwg;gila[lDk;/ gpd; ,wf;iffs;
btz;ik epwj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;.

70
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
FUj;J mGfpa brofis clDf;Fld; mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
vf;lUf;F fhu;ngh@g;a[uhd; 3 CG 50 fpfp vd;w mstpy; gapupd; FUj;Jg;gFjpapy; ,lt[k;.

ntiuj;jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs;

btz;g[G (White grub)

fUk;g[ gaphpy; tpsf;fk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

nfH;tuF ntu; mRtzp (Ragi root aphid)

jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf epyj;Jf;F moapy;/ nth;g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J
bfhz;L/ nth;fspypUe;J rhw;iw cwp";rp/ nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; jhf;fg;l;l brofs; tho/
Fj;J Fj;jhf koe;J tpLfpd;wd. ,e;j mRtzpfs; fhzg;gLk; ,l';fspy;/ mit btspapLk; njd;
nghd;w fHpt[g; bghUis ehotUk; fUik epw vWk;g[fs;/ mRtzpfisg; ngzpg; guhkhpf;fpd;wd. ,J
nghd;w vWk;g[fs; fhzg;gLk; ,l';fspy; gapu;fisg; gpL';fpg; ghh;j;jhy;/ me;j gapu;fspd; nth;fspy;
Vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy; mRtzpfs; vy;yh tsh;r;rpg; gUt';fspYk; fhzg;gLk;.

g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;

bgz; mRtzpfs; ,dr; nrh;f;if bra;ahknyna neuoahff; F";Rfis ,lf;ToaJ. ,it
tUl KGtJk; gy tifahd g[w;fspd; nth;fspy; thH;f;ifiaj; bjhlh;fpd;wd. ,uz;L my;yJ
\d;W jiy Kiwfs; ,wf;iffs; ,y;yhky; fhzg;gLk;. KG tsh;r;rpaile;j bgz; g{r;rpfs; gpd;dh;/
,wf;iffs; tsuf;Toa F";Rfis gpwg;gpf;fpd;wd. ,t;thW ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;l bgz; g{r;rpfs;
xU ,lj;jpypUe;J ntW ,l';fSf;F gwe;J bry;yf;Toait. mit kWgoa[k; ntW gapiu mile;J
mtw;iwj; jhf;Ffpd;wd. tsh;e;j mRtzpfs; bkd;ikahd cliyf; bfhz;Lk;/ rpwpaitfshft[k;/
,sk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ bghpa tapw;Wg; ghfj;ijf; bfhz;Lk;/ Vwj;jhH nfhs totpYk; bjd;gLk;.

g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
ilbknjhnal; 30 EC 1:1 (jz;zPu;) vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J ntu;g;gFjpapy; Cw;wt[k;.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu btl;Lg;g[G – !;nghnlhg;ouh vf;!pFth/ fUk;g[ fk;gspg; g{r;rp

v!;of;bkd; yhf;odpah nghd;wtw;wpd; g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisf; foj;J/ nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait.
,iyg;ngd;-nuhgnyhirgk; nka;o!; rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.

71
kf;fhr;nrhsk; (Maize)
Jisg;ghd;fs;
kf;fhr; nrhsk; ,sk; gapuhf ,Uf;fk;nghJ FUj;J < - mj;jhpnfhdh xhpad;lhyp!; ehw;Wf;fisj;
jhf;fp “FUj;jGfy;” mwpFwpiaj; njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

btz;zpw jz;L Jisg;ghd; ifnyh ghh;l;bly;y!;/ rptg;g[ jz;L Jisg;ghd; brnrkpah

,d;@bgud;!; nghd;w g{r;rpfspd; g[Gf;fs; jz;Lfisj; Jisj;J nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.
bQypnfhbtu;gh Mh;kpb$uh vd;Dk; fliyg; g[Gf;fs; jhdpa';fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.

kf;fhr;nrhsg;gilg;g[G (!;nghlhg;ouh g[U$pgh;lh) (Maize fall army wom)

,e;jpahtpy; gilg;g[Gtpd; nrjk; fle;j 2018 Mk; Mz;L $Piy khjk; Kjy; fh;ehlfh/
jkpH;ehL/ Me;jpug;gpunjrk;/ nfush/ kfhuh#;ouh kw;Wk; ,ju khepy';fspy; jhdpa kw;Wk; fhy;eil
gapuhf cs;s jhdpa gaph;fspd; murp/ kf;fhr;nrhsj;jpy; mjpf mst[ nrjj;ij cz;lhf;Ftjhf
fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gilg;g[Gtpd; nrjk; ,sk; gaphpy; 20 Kjy; 35 rjtPjk;/ tsh;e;j gaphpy; 25
Kjy; 35 rjtPjk; kw;Wk; g{f;fs;/ ,sk; fjph; kw;Wk; tsh;e;j fjph; gUtj;jpy; 10 Kjy; 20 rjtPjk;
,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;

kf;fhr;nrhsg; gaphpy;;/ 15 ehs; Kjy; tuf;Toa FUj;J gFjpapy; nrjj;ij tpistpf;fpwJ.

g[Gf;fspd; jhf;fj;jhy; btsptUk; ,iyfs; thpirahd rpwpa kw;Wk; bghpa tl;ltot my;yJ
totkw;w Jtuh';fSld; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpy brofspy; ,iyfspd; nky; ghfk; Kw;wpYk;
cz;zg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;g[Gf;fs; cz;qtjhy; rpy ,iyfs; koe;Jk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j g[Gf;fs;
jz;Lg;gFjpia Jisg;gjpy;iy. kf;fhr;nrhs fjph;fspy; Edp kw;Wk; fhk;g[ gFjpia cz;qfpwJ.

g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;

jha; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; 100 – 200 Kl;ilfis Ftpayhf ,iyfspy; ,l;L mjid bts;is epw
nuhkj;jhy; KotpLk;. ,e;j Kl;ilfspypUe;J 2 – 3 ehl;fspy; gr;ir epw ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btspte;J ,sk;
,iyfspd; gr;raj;ij Ruz;o cz;qk;. mjd; gpd; FUj;J ,iyfis cz;qk;. ,e;j g[Gf;fs; 14 – 20
ehs;fspy; Kjph;tila[k;. Kjph;e;j g[Gf;fs; kz;zpy; brd;W Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwptpLk;.
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fspypUe;J 8 - 9 ehl;fspy; jha; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; btspte;J 10 -15 ehl;fs; capnuhL ,Ue;J
Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. jha; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; ,ut[ neu';fspy; bray;gLk;. Mz; g{r;rpfspd; muf;F epw Kd;
,wf;iffspd; Edp gFjpapy; Kf;nfhz tot bts;is g[s;sp fhzg;gLk;. Mz; kw;Wk; bgz;
g{r;rpfspd; bts;is epwkhd gpd; ,wf;iffspy; Xuk; muf;F epwkhf Xuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.

g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;

 filrp cHtpd; nghJ/ bQf;blUf;F 250 fpnyh tiu ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;F ,Ltjhy;
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fs; ghjpg;g[f;F cs;shfpd;wd.

72
  ijakPj;jhf;!k; 30 v@g; v!;. my;yJ gpa[ntupah ngrpahdh xU fpnyh tpijf;F 10 fpuhk; vd;w
mstpy; tpij neh;j;jp bra;at[k;.
 kf;fhr;nrhsj;ij beUf;fp gaphpLtjhy;/ g[Gf;fSk;/ me;Jg;g{r;rpfSk; mLj;jLj;j brofSf;F
vspjhf gut[fpd;wd. mjdhy; 60 x 25 br.kP (ed;bra;) kw;Wk; 45 x 25 br.kP (g[d;bra;) Mfpa
rhpahd ,ilbtspfspy; gaph; bra;at[k;.
 gj;J thpirfSf;F xU Kiw 75 br.kP ,ilbtsp tpl;L eLtjhy; g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp kUe;Jfis
ghjpg;g[f;F cs;shd ,l';fspy; vspjhf bjspf;fyhk;.
 tug;g[ gapuhf Fiwe;j taJila jl;ilg;gaph;/ R{hpafhe;jp/ vs;/nrhsk; kw;Wk; rhke;jp brofis
tsh;g;gjd; \yk; ,aw;if vjphpfshd xl;Lz;zpfs; kw;Wk; ,iu tpG';fpfs; gy;fpg;
bgUFfpd;wd.
 tpsf;Fg;bghwpapid vf;lUf;F xd;W vd;w mstpy; itj;J me;Jg;g{r;rpfis fz;fhzpf;f
ntz;Lk;.
 ,df;ftu;r;rpg;bghwp vf;lUf;F 50 vd;w mstpy; tpijj;j 10 – 15 ehspy; itj;J
me;Jg;g{r;rpfis; ftu;e;J mHpf;f ntz;Lk; (Mass trapping).
 kf;fhr;nrhsj;ij bjhlh;e;J gaph;bra;tij jtph;f;fntz;Lk;.
 Kf;fpakhf/ ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l g{r;rp bfhy;ypfs; kw;Wk; mst[f;F mjpfkhd kUe;Jfis
bjspg;gJ ,aw;if vjphpfSf;F jP';F tpistpf;Fk;.
fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfspy; VnjDk; xd;iwj; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.

Kd; FUj;Jg;gUtk; (15 – 20 DAS)

mrhouhf;od; 1 % EC 20 kpyp / 10 yp
jnahofhh;g; 75 WP 20 fp / 10 yp
vkhkf;od; bgd;nrhnal; 5 SG 4 fp / 10 yp
gpd; FUj;Jg;gUtk; (40 – 45 DAS)
bklhiurpak; mdpnrhgpypna 80 fp (1 x 108 cfu/g) / 10 yp
!;igdpnlhuk; 12 SC 5 kpyp / 10 yp
behtYuhd; 10 EC 15 kpyp / 10 yp
g{f;Fk; kw;Wk; fjpu; cUthFk; gUtk; (60 – 65 DAS)
g[Gbgd;oikL 480 SC 4 kpyp / 10 yp
Fnshud;oudpypg[nuhy; 18.5 SC 4 kpyp / 10 yp

btl;Lg;g[G – mf;nuhl;o!; ,g;rpyhd;/ !;nghlhg;ouh ypl;?uh/ !;nghlhg;ouh vf;!pFth nghd;wtw;wpd;

g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.

73
 10. gaW tifg;gapu;fisj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
Jisg;ghd;fs;
bfhz;il fliyf; fha;g;g[G my;yJ mbkhpf;fd; fha;g;g[G (American bollworm)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,e;j g{r;rp/ gaW tifg; gaph;fisj; jhf;ff;Toa Kf;fpakhd g{r;rpfspy; xd;W. fliyiaj; jtpu/
gUj;jp/ kf;fhr;nrhsk;/ nrhsk;/ fk;g[/ btz;il/ g[ifapiy/ rh;f;fiu ts;spf;fpH';F/ cSe;J/ ghrpg;gaW/
epyf;fliy/ jf;fhsp/ bkhr;ir/ mtiu/ kpsfha;/ nrhah bkhr;ir nghd;w gy;ntW gaph;fisa[k;
jhf;ff;ToaJ. g[Gf;fs; fha;fisj; Jisj;J cs;spUf;Fk; tpijfis cz;L mjpf nrjk;
tpistpf;ff;Toait. g[Gtpd; jiya[k;/ clypd; Kd; gFjpa[k; kl;Lnk fha;fSf;Fs; bry;Yk/; ,ju
gFjp fhapd; btspna fhzg;gLk;. xU g[G mndf fha;fisj; Jisf;Fk;. fha;fs; cz;lhtjw;F
Kd;dh; g[Gf;fs; brofspd; FUj;Jg; gFjpfisa[k;/ ,iyfisa[k; foj;J cz;qk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
Kl;ilfs; tl;ltotpy;/ ghy; bts;is epwj;jpy;/ jdpj;jdpahf fhzg;gLk;. g[Gf;fs; - gr;ir
epwj;jpypUe;J gGg;g[ epwk; tiu khwp khwpj; njhd;Wk;/ gr;ir fye;j mlh; gGg;g[ epw thpfs; clypd;
gf;fthl;oy; ,Uf;Fk;. bts;is epw thpfSld; mlh; kw;Wk; k';fpa epw tisa';fSld; fhzg;gLk;.
Tl;Lg;g[G gGg;g[ epwj;jpy;/ kz/; ,iy/ fha; gaph;f; Fg;igfspy; fhzg;gLk;. jha;g;g{r;rp k';fpa gGg;g[
fye;j k";rs; epwj;jpy;/ joj;J ,Uf;Fk;. Kd;dpwf;iffs; rhk;gy; epwj;jpypUe;J k';fpa gGg;g[ epwj;jpy;
‘tp’ tot Fwpa[ld; fhzg;gLk;. gpd;dpwf;iffs; k';fpa bts;is epwj;Jld; mfykhd fUg;g[ epw
btsp tpspk;g[ld; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
 Jtiuapd; 9 thpirf;F xU thpir Nhpafhe;jpiaa[k;/ kf;fhr;nrhsj;ij epyj;ij Rw;wpa[k; gaphpl
ntz;Lk;.
 ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwp vf;lUf;F 12 vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy; itj;J mbkhpf;fd; fha;g;g[G
me;Jg;g{r;rp elkhl;lj;ijf; fz;fhzpf;ft[k.;
 vf;lUf;F 50 gwitj; jh';fpfs;; itf;ft[k;.
 tsh;e;j g[Gf;fis nrfhpj;J mHpf;ft[k;.
 mbkhpf;fd; fha;g;g[G er;Raphpia vf;lUf;F 1.5x1012 fpUkpfs; kw;Wk; xl;Lk; jputk; 1.0 kp yp / yp
vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J bjspf;ft[k;.
 ngrpy;y!; Jhp';b$dp!p!; brnuhth; Fh;#;lfp 5% WP 1000-1250 fpuhk; xU vf;lUf;Fj;
bjspf;ft[k;.
,urhad Kiw
fPH;f;fz;l g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfspy; VnjDk; xd;iw xU vf;lUf;F 625 ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; fye;J
bjspf;ft[k; / J}tt[k;.
o mrhouhf;od; 0.03% WSP 2.5 fpfp
o ,d;lhf;rhfhh;g; 15.8 SC 333 kpyp

74
 o ,khbkf;od; bgd;nrhahl; 5 SG 220 fp
o Fnshud;lu; dpypg;nuhy; 18.5 v!;rp 150 kpyp
o Fnshu;igupgh!; 20 EC 1250 kpyp
o @g[Sbgd;oikL 39.35 SC 100 kpyp
o !;gpndhnrL 45 SC 125-162 kpyp
o ntg;gk; bfhl;ilrhW 5% rjk]
o ntg;g vz;bza; 2%

Jtiu fha;g;g[G my;yJ gpst[ ,wf;ifg; g{r;rp (Plume moth)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,e;jg; g{r;rp Jtiu/ bkhr;ir/ nrhah bkhr;ir Mfpatw;iwj; jhf;ff;ToaJ. g[Gf;fs;
fha;fisj; Jisj;J btspapypUe;J bfhz;nl/ jiyia kl;Lk; cl;brYj;jp/ cs;spUf;Fk; tpijfis
cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ rpwpa ePs tl;l tot Kl;ilfis jdpj; jdpahf g{ bkhf;Ffs; my;yJ
fha;fspd; nky; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J ,sk; g[Gf;fs; 2-3 ehl;fspy; btspte;J 14-30 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k; tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; Rkhh; 1.5 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ gGg;g[ fye;j gr;ir epwkhft[k;/ clypd;
nky; Fl;ilahd Ks; nghd;w nuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. mit fhapd; nky; gug;gpnyh my;yJ
fha;fspd; Jthuj;jpnyh Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fspd; nky; gug;gpYk; Ks; nghd;w
nuhk';fs; fhzg;gLk;. Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fspypUe;J 4-8 ehl;fspy; me;Jg; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit
rpwpaitfshft[k;/ bkd;ikahditfshft[k;/ ,sk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ ,sk; gGg;g[ epw ,wf;iffspy;/
,wifg; nghd;w bky;ypa nuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. Kd; ,wf;iffs; ,uz;L gpst[fshft[k;/
gpd; ,wf;iffs; \d]W gpst[fshft[k; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
mbkhpf;fd; fha;g;g[G Fwpg;gpl;ltw;iwf; filgpof;ft[k;.

bkhr;ir fha;j;Jisg;ghd; (Field bean pod borer)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rp bkhr;iriaj; jtpu cSe;J/ ghrpg;gaW/ mtiu/ Jtiu/ bfhz;ilf; fliy nghd;w
gaW tifg; gaph;fisj; jhf;ff;ToaJ. g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; fha;fisj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W/ tpijfis
cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ rpwpa/ nfhs tot Kl;ilfis jdpj; jdpahf g{ bkhl;Lfs; kw;Wk; gp";Rf;
fha;fspd; nky; ,Lk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J 2-3 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;/ fha;fisj; Jisj;J
cl;brd;W/ tpijfis cz;L 14-16 ehl;fspy; Tl]Lg;g[Gf]fshFk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; k";rs; epwkhft[k;/

75
,sk; gGg;g[ epw Kd; ,wf;iffspy; ‘v’ totpyhd g[s;spfSlDk;/ btz;ik epw gpd; ,wf;iffspy;
,sk; gGg;g[ epw milahs';fSlDk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
Jtiu fhaj; Jisg;ghDf;fhd fl;Lg;ghl]L Kiwfs;.

g[s;spf] fha;g;g[G (Spotted pod borer)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rp Jtiu/ bkhr;ir/ ghrpg;gaW/ cSe;J nghd;w gaW tifg; gaph;fisj; jhf;ff; ToaJ.
gRe;jhs; cug;gapuhd blapd;rhita[k; ,J jhf;FfpwJ. g[Gf;fs;/ g{f;fis bky;ypa gl;L E}y; nghd;w
E}yhk; gilapdhy; xd;whfg; gpd;dpg; gpizj;J/ mjpy; ,Ue;J bfhzL/ g{f;fspd; ghf';fis foj;J
cz;qk.;; fha;fisj; Jisj;J cs;spUf;Fk; tpijfis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
g[Gf;fs; gr;ir epwkhft[k;/ gGg;g[ epwj; jiya[lDk;/ clypd; nky; nkbyGk;gpa fUik epwg;
g[s;spfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. fUik epwg; g[s;spfspd; nky; Fl;ilahd fUik epwKs;s nuhk';fs;
fhzg;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; fha;fspd; nky; my;yJ ,iyfspd; kog;g[f;fspDs;/ bky;ypa gl;L
nghd;w E}yhk; gilapdhy; Md Tl;oDs; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/
fUk;gGg;g[ epw Kd; ,wf;iffspy; xU btz;ik epw FWf;Fg; gl;iliaf; bfhz;Lk;/ btz;zpw gpd;
,wf;iffspy; fUk;gGg;g[ epw tpspk;g[lDk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
Jtiu fha;jJ
; isg;ghDf;fhd fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;.

Jtiu fha; < (Red gram Pod fly)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J mtiuiaj; jhf;ff;Toa Kf;fpakhd g{r;rpfspy; xd;W. ,jd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk; nghJ 80 rjk; tiuapy; kfNy; ,Hg;g[ Vw;gLk;. ,g;g{r;rpapd; rpwpa g[Gf;fs; fha;fisj;
Jisj;J cl;brd;W tpijfis cz;qk;. g[Gf;fs; tpij KGtija[k; cz;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; ,t;thW
gFjp cz;zg;gl;l tpijfis gpd;dh; g{rz';fSk; ghf;Ohpaht[k; jhf;Ftjhy; fha; KGtJk;
nrjkile;J tpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;if rhpjk;
bgz; < Kl;ilfis gp";R njhypDs; brhUfptpLk;. xU fhapy; Rkhh; 4 Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. xU
< Rkhh; 79 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;ToaJ. Kl;ilfspypUe;J Rkhh; 3 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; Ez;zpa
g[Gf;fs;/ Kjypy; gp";Rf; fha;fspd; g[wj;njhiy Ruz;o cz;L. gpd;dh; njhiyj; Jisj;Jf; bfhz;L
cl;brd;W/ tpijfis cz;qk;. mit 9-10 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; fhapd;
cs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 8-9 ehl;fspy; <f;fshf btsptUk;. <f;fs; kpfr; rpwpaitfshft[k;/
fUik epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;.

76
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
Kd; gl;lj;jpy; tpijg;gjd; \yk; ,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjiyf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
Fapdhy;gh!; 25 EC 1400 kpyp
nkhndhFnuhnlhgh!; 36 SL 625 kpyp
Y@bgDuhd; 5.4 EC 600 kpyp

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

mRtzp (Aphid)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;

,sk; kw;Wk; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; ,iyapd; moapy;/ g{';bfhj;J/ g{f;fhk;g[ kw;Wk; ,sk; fha;fspy;
Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf ,Ue;J bfhz;L rhw;iw cwp";Rk;. ,jdhy; ,iyapd; mfyk; Fiwe;J RU';fp/ joj;J
fhzg;gLk;. jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhdhy; broapd; tsh;r;rp Fd;wptpLk;.
tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;
,sk; g{r;rpfs; btspwpa k";rs; epwj;jpYk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; mlh;e;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.

nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;

ilkPj;njhnal; 30 EC 500 kp.yp.
kpijy; blklhd; 25 EC 500 kp.yp.

bts;is < (Whitefly)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;

,sk; kw;Wk; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; ,iyapd; mog;ghfj;jpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L rhw;iw cwp";Rtjhy;
,iyapy; k";rs; epwj;jpl;Lfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,g;g{r;rp k";rs; njky; neha; vdg;gLk; er;Raphp nehia xU
broapypUe;J kw;bwhU brof;Fg; gug;g[k;. ,e;neha; jhf;fpa broapd; ,iyfs; KGtJk; k";rs; epwkhf
khwptpLk;. k";rs; njky; Vw;gl;l brofs; g{j;Jf; fha;f;Fk; jd;ikia ,He;J tpLk;.

tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;
,sk; g{r;rp gr;ir fye;j k";rs; epwkhf ,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rp rpwpa me;Jg; g{r;rp nghd;W
bts;is epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
 er;Raphp nehapdhy; jhf;fg;gl;l brofis cldoahf taypy; ,Ue;J mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpf;f
ntz;Lk;.

77
  k";rs; xl;Lg;bghwp 12 / vf;lu; itf;ft[k;
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
ilkPj;njhnal; 30 EC 500 kp.yp.
kpijy; blklhd; 25 EC 500 kp.yp.

gaW tz;L (Pulse Beetle)

,g;g{r;rp fliy/ Jtiu/ mtiu/ cSe;J/ ghrpg;gaW/ gl;lhzp nghd;w vy;yhg; gaW
tiffisa[k; jhf;ff;ToaJ. g[Gf;fSk;/ tz;LfSk; taypy; my;yJ nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffspy;
jhdpa';fisj; jhf;fp/ nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait.

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;/ g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;

nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fisj; jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfspy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
(i) nrkpj;J itf;f ntz;oa jhdpa';fis ed;F Nhpa btg;gj;jpy; cyh;j;jp/ 10 rj <ug;gjj;jpy;/
nrkpj;J itf;f ntz;Lk;.
(ii) nrkpj;J itf;f ntz;oa gaW tifj; jhdpa';fs; czt[f;fhf ,Ug;gpd;/ mtw;iw
cz;gjw;F gad;gLj;jf;Toa VjhtJ xU vz;iza[ld;/ 100 fpnyh jhdpaj;Jf;F/ 1 fpnyh
vz;iz vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J/ gpd;dh; nrkpj;J itf;fyhk; my;yJ 100 fpnyh tpijf;F/
1 fpnyh Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fspkz; vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;/ fhw;W g[fhj tz;zk; nrkpj;J itf;f
ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; jhdpa';fis xU tUlk; tiuapy; g{r;rpfs; jhf;fhky; ghJfhf;fyhk;.
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fspkz; ePiu cwp";rf; ToaJ. ePiu cwp";rpdhy; mjd; bray; jpwd;
Fiwe;J tpLk;. Mfnt fhw;W g[fhj tz;zk; nrkpj;J itf;f ntz;Lk;.
(iii) nrkpj;J itf;f ntz;oa gaW tifj; jhdpa';fs; tpijf;fhf ,Ug;gpd;/ 100 fpnyh
tpijf;F/ khyj;jpahd; 5 rj J}s; - 1 fpnyh tPjk; fye;J nrkpj;J itf;fyhk;.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu/ hpg;lhh;l;l!; bgl!;ohp!; vd;Dk; ehtha;g; g{r;rpfSk; mtw;wpd;

,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ Jtiu/ mtiu/ ghrpg;gaW/ cSe;J nghd;w gaph;fspd; ,sk; jz;Lfs;/ fha;fs;
nghd;w ghf';fisf; Fj;jp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. yhk;gpbl!; bghal;of!;
vd;Dk; ePy epw tz;zj;Jg; g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs;/ Jtiu/ mtiu/ bkhr;ir nghd;w gaph;fspd; g{
bkhf;Ffs;/ fha;fs;/ tpijfs; nghd;w ghf';fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.

78
 11. vz;bza; tpj;Jg;gapu;fisj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
epyf;fliy (Groundnut)
,iy cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;
rptg;g[ fk;gspg; g{r;rp (Red hairy caterpillar)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; epyf;fliyg; gapiu/ Fwpg;ghf khdhthhpg; gapiuj; jhf;fp mjpf nrjk;
tpistpf;ff; Toait. fhy epiyiag; bghWj;J/ g{r;rpfs; xnu rkaj;jpy; Vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy;
njhd;Wk;. jkpH; ehl;oy; nfhak;g[j;J}h;/ bghs;shr;rp/ bjd; Mw;fhL/ tl Mw;fhL kw;Wk; nryk;
khtl;l';fspy; $Pd; - $Piy khj';fspYk;/ kJiu/ ,uhkehjg[uk; khtl;l';fspy; Mf!;l;-brg;lk;gh;
khj';fspYk; jpObud;W bgUthhpahfj; njhd;Wk.; Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;/
Tl;;lk;/ Tl;lkhf ,sk; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ gr;iraj;ijr; Ruz;o cz;qk;.
g[Gf;fs; tsu/ tsu mit mjpf mstpy; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;qk;. ,iyfspYs;s eL euk;g[fs;/
,iyf; fhk;g[fs;/ jz;Lfs; Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu kw;w vy;yhg; ghf';fisa[k; foj;J cz;LtpLk;. xU rpy
ehl;fspy; xU taypYs;s gaph; KGtija[k; cz;l gpd;dh;/ mit Mapuzf;fzf;fpy; miyahf
mLj;Js;s tay;fSf;Fr; bry;Yk;. g[Gf;fs; jhf;fp nrjg;gLj;jpa gaph;/ fhy; eilfs; nka;e;jijg;
nghd;w njhw;wj;ij mspf;Fk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gaphpypUe;J bgUk;ghYk; kfNy; vJt[k; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
nfhil kiHf;F ,uz;L my;yJ \d;W ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;dh;/ khiy ntisfspy; kz;qf;F
moapYs;s kz; TLfspypUe;J me;Jg; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. kiHapd; msitg; bghWj;J Vuhskhd
vz;zpf;ifapy; mit bjhlh;eJ btsptUk;. btspte;j clndna mit ,dr; nrh;f;if bra;J/
Kl;ilfs; ,l Muk;gpf;Fk;. xU bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp 2-6 ehl;fspy; 600-700 Kl;ilfis Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf
epyf;fliy ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Lk;. rpy ntisfspy; ntW brofspd; ,iyfs;/ kz; fl;ofs;/
fy;/ fha;e;J nghd Fr;rpfs; nghd;wtw;wpd; nkYk; ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilfs; k";rs; epwkhft[k; gs
gsg;ghft[k; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfsptpUe]J 2-3 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit Tl;lk;
Tl;lkhf ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ rpy ehl;fs; tiuapy; gr;iraj;ij Ruz;o
cz;qk;. tsu;e;j g[Gf;fs; Rkhh; 5.0 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ rptg;g[ fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ cly; KGtJk;
rptg;g[ fye;j gGg;g[ epw nuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;. Xust[ kiH bghHpe;J/ kz; eide;J
kpUJthdt[ld;/ tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; kz;izf; File;J brd;W 10-20 br.kP MHj;jpy;; kz; Tl;oDs;
Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk;. me;jr; rkaj;jpy; kiH ,y;yhtpl;lhy;/ bgUk;ghyhd g[Gf;fs; kz;qf;Fs; bry;y
Koahky; koe;J tpLk;. bgUk;ghYk; tay; tug;g[fis xl;o kw;Wk; epHw;gh';fhd/ <ukhd gFjpapy; mit
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. Tl;Lg;g[Gg] gUtk; 10-12 khj';fs; ePof;Fk;. mLj;j tUlk; kWgoa[k; nfhil
kiHf;Fg; gpd;dh; mit me;Jg; g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; eLj;ju mst[lDk;/ btz;ik
epwj;jpYk;/ Kd; ,wf;ifffspd; nky; tpspk;ig xl;o k";rs; epwf; nfhLlDk;/ gGg;g[
epwf;fPw;Wf;fSlDk;/ gpd; ,wf;iffs; btz;ik epwj;jpy;/ fUg;g[ epwg; g[s;spfSlDk; bjd;gLk;.
jiyapYk; xU k";rs; epwg;gl;il fhzg;gLk;.

79
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 nfhil kiHiaj; bjhlh;e;J taiy ed;F cGJ/ Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fis btspf; bfhzh;e;J mHpf;f
ntz;Lk;.
 nfhil kiHf;Fg; gpd;dh; tay; btspfspy; tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J my;yJ jPg;ge;j';fs;
bfhSj;jp me;Jg;g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;. ,ut[ Rkhh; 11.00 kzp tiuapy; mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapy; me;Jg; g{r;rpfs; btspr;rj;ij nehf;fp tUk;.
 Kl;ilf; Ftpay;fs; bjspthf btspj;bjhptjhy; mtw;iwr; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 epyf;fliy gaphpy; nrhah bkhr;ir my;yJ Jtiug; gapiu CLgapuhfg; gaphplyhk;. mJ
nghd;w CLgaphpy; ,Lk; Kl;ilfis vspjpy; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;. btapy; neu';fspy;
g[Gf;fs; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf Jtiug; gaphpd; nky; te;J ,Uf;Fk;. mtw;iw vspjpy; nrfhpj;J
mHpf;fyhk;.
 taiyr; Rw;wpYk; 30 br.kP. MHk; 25 br.kP mfyk; ,Uf;Fk; mstpw;F rpwpa mstpy; FHpfs;
mikj;J mjd; \yk; g[Gf;fis mHpf;fyhk;.
Vf;fUf;F 100 g[G rkd; (100 Larval equivalent) mjhtJ er;Raphpfs; jhf;fp koe;J nghd 100
g[Gf;fspypUe;J fpilf;f Toa er;Raphp Jfs;fis nghJkhd mst[ ePUld; fye;J gaphpd; nky; ed;F
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;. xU g[G rkd; vd;gJ 6 x 10 9 er;Raphp Jfs;fSf;F rkkhdJ (1 LF= 6 x 10 9 Virus
particle).
epa{f;spahh; ghypbQl;nuhrp!; er;Raphp g{r;rp bfhy;yp jahhpf;Fk; Kiw
er;Raphp Jfs;fs; ml';fpa Kjd;ikj; jputj;ij ntshz; gy;fiyffHfk;/ nfhak;g[j;J}h; my;yJ
ntshz; fy;Y}hp/ kJiu nghd;w ,l';fspypUe;J bgw;Wf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. eLj;ju mst[s;s
,sepiy fk;gspg; g[Gf;fisr; nrfhpj;J/ mtw;iw 12 kzp neuk; gl;odp nghl ntz;Lk;. vUf;F
,iyfis ,e;jf; fyitapy; eidj;J/ epHypy; ePh; fha[k; tiu cyu itj;J/ gpd;dh; me;j ,iyfis
gl;odp nghlg;gl;l g[Gf;fSf;F czthff; bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;. \d;whk; ehspypUe;j rhjhuz
,iyfis czthff; bfhLf;fyhk;. er;Raphp fye;j czit cl;bfhz;l g[Gf;fspy;/ Ie;jhk;
ehspypUe;J neha; jhf;fpajw;fhd mwpFwpfs; bjd;gLk;. RW RWg;gpd;ik/ czt[ cl;bfhs;shik/
epwkhw;wk;/ cUt khw;wk; nghd;w mwpFwpfs; c;zlhFk;. filrpahf nehahy; jhf;fg;gl;l g[Gf;fs; mit
itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; Tz;od; nky; gFjpf;Fr; brd;W jiy fPHhfj; bjh';fp/ gpd;dh; koe;JtpLk;. ,J
ku cr;rp neha; (Tree top disease) vdg;gLfpwJ. er;Raphpfspd; jhf;FjYf;F cs;shfp koe;J nghd
g[Gf;fisr; nrfhpj;J (Vf;fUf;F 100 g[Gf;fs; vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;) mtw;iwr; Rj;jkhd ePhpy; 2
ehl;fSf;F itj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; me;jg; g[Gf;fis ed;F frf;fpg; gpHpe;J/ ed;F fyf;fp/
bky;ypa Jzp bfhz;L tofl;l ntz;Lk;. tofl;oa rhw;Wld; kPz;Lk; jz;zPh; fye;J rpwpJ neuk;
irj;jpUe;jhy;/ er;Raph;j; Jfs;fs; btz;ik epwj;jpy; moapy; goa[k;/ nkw;gFjpapYs;s ePiu ePf;fptpl
ntz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; 2/ 3 Kiw ,J nghy; bra;a[k; nghJ filrpapy; Rj;jkhd er;Raphp Jfs;fs; ml';fpa
jputk; fpilf;Fk;. me;j er;Raphp jputj;Jld; bjspg;gjw;Fj; njitahd ePiua[k;/ rhd;nlhtpl; my;yJ
Oghy; my;yJ oiul;lhd; nghd;w eidg;ghida[k; fye;J/ khiy ntisapy; gaphpd; nky; ed;F bjspf;f

80
ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW er;Raphp g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp bjspf;fg;gl;l ,iyfis cz;qk; g[Gf;fs; neha; jhf;fp/
koe;JtpLk;.
,e;jg; g{r;rp xnu rkaj;jpy; mjpfg; gug;gstpy; njhd;wf; Toajhifahy;/ vy;yh tptrhapfSk; xd;W
nrh;e;J Tl;lhf/ xU';fpize;j fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis filg;gpof;f ntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiw
Fapdhy;gh!; 1.5 DP 25 fpfp / vf;lh; ,lt[k;.

,iyr;RUl;Lg; g[G my;yJ RUs; g{r;rp (Leaf miner)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
epyf;fliyiaj; jhf;ff;Toa Kf;fpakhd g{r;rpfs; ,Jt[k; xd;W. ,e;jg; g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs;;
mLj;jLj;J ,Uf;Fk; ,iyfis xd;whfr; nrh;j;J gpd;dptpl;L/ mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl
,iyfisr; Ruz;o cz;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,iyfs; cUtpHe;J/ ehsiltpy; fha;e;J tpLfpd;wd.
nkYk; g[Gf;fspd; jhf;Fjypy; brofspd; tsh;r;rp Fd;wptpLk;. mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l gaph;/ jPapdhy;
fUfpaijg; nghd;w njhw;wj;ij mspf;Fk;. khdhthhpg; gapu; ,g;g{r;rpapdhy; mjpfk; jhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
glh; ,uf';fis tpl/ Fj;J ,uf']fs; mjpfk; jhf;fg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ kpfr; rpwpa/ nfhs totpyhd/ gsgsg;ghd Kl;ilfis/ ,sk; jsph;
,iyfspd; nkYk;/ FUj;Jg; ghfj;jpYk; jdpj;jdpahf ,Lk;. 3-4 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;.
mit rhk;gy; epwkhft[k;/ fUikahd jiya[lDk; bjd;gLk;. Rkhh; 2 thu';fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;
g[Gf;fs; gr;ir epwkhft[k;/ fUk; jiya[lDk;/ gsgsg;ghft[k;/ 5-6 kp.kP. ePskhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. mit
,iy RUs;fSf;F cs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. Tl;Lg;g[G rptg;g[ fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk;. Tl;Lg; g[GtpypUe;J 4-5 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rp btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; kpfr;
rpwpaitfshft[k;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwKila ,wf;iffSlDk; bjd;gLk;. Kd; ,wf;iffspd; nky;
tpspk;ig mLj;J xU btz;ik epwg;g[s;sp fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 gUt kiHf;Fg; gpd;dh; Kd; gl;lj;jpy; tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.
 tpsf;Fg; bghwp \yk; me;Jg;g{r;rpfis fth;e;J mHpf;f ntz;Lk;
,urhad Kiw
bghUshjhu nrj epiy 1 g[ G / kPl;lh; thpir
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypiaj; vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
 kPj;ijy;blklhd; 25 EC 1000 kp. yp.
 Fapdhy;gh!;; 25 EC 1400 kp. yp.

81
Jisg;ghd;
epyf;fliy fha;j;Jisg;ghd; / ,ah;tpf; g{r;rp (Earwig)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk;; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ kz;qf;F moapy; fhzg;gLk;. fliyf; fha;fisj;
Jisj;J cs;spUf;Fk; gUg;ig cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l fliy fhapy; njhL kl;Lnk
,Uf;Fk;. nky; njhl;oy; g{r;rp Jisj;J cl;brd;w ,lj]j;py; tl;lkhd Jthuk; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thHf;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp Kl;ilfis kz;zpy; ,Lk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ cly;
jl;ilahft[k;/ clypd; gpd; ghfj;jpy; ,uz;L ePz;l cs; nehf;fp tise;j ,Lf;fpiag; nghd;w
bfhk;g[fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. mtw;wpd; Kd; ,wf;iffs; njhy; nghd;W fodkhft[k;/ gpd;
,wf;iffs; bky;ypa glyk; nghd;Wk;/ koj;J itf;ff;Toaitfsht[k;/ gwg;gjw;F Vw;wthWk;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. MdhYk; ,e;jg; g{r;rpfshy; mjpf J}uk; gwf;f KoahJ.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
,urhad Kiw
fhh;nghgpa[uhd; 3 CG 50 fpfp / vf;lh; tpijg;gjw;F Kd;Dk; gpd; 40 tJ ehspy; kz;zpy; ,l;Lk;
fhaj;Jisg;ghidf] fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

nrhah bkhr;ir mRtpzp (Lablab Aphid)
nrhah bkhr;irg; gapiu mjpf mstpy; jhf;ff;Toa ,e;j mRtzp/ epyf;fliy/ cSe;J/
ghrpg;gaW/ Jtiu/ bfhz;ilf;fliy nghd;w gaph;fisa[k; mjpfk; jhf;ff;ToaJ. 2-2.5 khjk; tiu
taJs;s ,sk; brofspd; FUj;Jg; gFjpfs; rpy rka';fspy; ,e;jg; g{r;rpfspdhy; mjpfk;
jhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,sk; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; tsh;j;j g{r;rpfs;/ Tl;lk;/ Tl;lkhf ,sk; jz;Lg; gFjpfs;/
,iyfs; nghd;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ bjhlh;e;J rhw;iw cwp";rp/ cz;gjhy;/ brofs; tsh;r;rp
Fd;wp/ ,iyfs; bespe;Jk;/ RUz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;. g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ FUj;Jg;
gFjpfs; tho/ koe;JtpLk;. ,e;jg; g{r;rpfs; epyf;fliyg; gaphpy; nuh$hg; g{ ,jHLf;F (nuhrl;) vd;Dk;
nehiaj; njhw;Wtpf;ff; Toa er;Raphpfisa[k; gug;gf; Toait.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
,e;jg; g{r;rpfs; kpft[k; rpwpa/ bkd;ikahd cliyf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. F";Rfs; k";rs; fye;j
gr;ir epwkhft[k;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; gr;ir fye;j fUik epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. KG tsh;r;rpaile;j
g{r;rpfs; ,wf;iffSlDk;/ ,wf;iffs; ,y;yhkYk;; fhzg;gLk;. bgz; g{r;rpfs;/ Mz; g{r;rpfistpl
bghpaitfshft[k; bghpa tapw;Wg; ghfj;ijf; bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;. bgz; g{r;rpfs;/ ,dr; nrh;f;if
bra;ahknyna neuoahf F";Rfis ,lf;Toait. ,sk; g{r;rpfs; Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaile;J/ kWgoa[k; F";Rfs; ,l;L ntfkhf bgUf;fkilaf; Toait.

82
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
o gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
 ,kplhFnshgphpl; 17.8 SL 100 k.p yp.
 kPj;ijy;blklhd; 25 EC 1000 k.p yp.

vs; (Gingelly)
Jisg;ghd;fs;
vs; ,iyr; RUl;Lg;g[G (Gingelly Shoot webber)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
vs; gapiuj; jhf;ff;Toa g{r;rpfspy; ,J kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; jsph;
,iyfisr; Ruz;o cz;gnjhly;yhky;/ mtw;iw xd;whfr; nrh;j;Jg; gpd;dp/ mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl
,iyfisr; Ruz;o cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. g[Gf;fs; jz;od; FUj;Jg; ghfj;ijj; Jisj;J/
cl;brd;W jpRf;fis cz;Lk;/ FUj;ij thlr; bra;a[k;. ,iyfisj; jtpu g{ bkhf;Ffisa[k;/ gp";Rf;
fha;fisa[k; Jisj;J/ cz;L nrjk; cz;lhf:Fk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp 100-150 Kl;ilfis jdpj;jdpahf broapd; ,iyfspnyh my;yJ FUj;Jg;
gFjpapnyh ,Lk;. Kl;ilfs; jl;ilahft[k;/ gs gsg;ghft[k;/ bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J ,sk; g[Gf;fs;
3-5 ehl;fspy; btsptUk;. mit 10-16 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k; tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; ,sk; gr;ir
epwj;jpYk;/ fUikahd jiya[lDk;/ Rkhh; 2.0 br.kP ePskhft[k;/ clypd; kPJ Ez;zpa/ fUik epw/
nkbyGk;gpa g[s;spfSlDk;/ g[s;spfspy; bky;ypa nuhk';fSlDk; bjd;gLk;. mit gpd;dg;gl;l
gFjpf;fs; btz;ikahd gl;L nghd;w E}y; ,iHfspdhy; TL fl;o mjDs; Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk;.
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fs; btz;ik fye;j gr;ir epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fspypUe;J 5-8 ehl;fspy;
me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit rpwpaitfshft[k;/ gGg;g[ epwkhft[k; ePz;l ,wf;iffs;/ k";rs;
fye;j gGg;g[ epwkhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jg; g{r;rp vs;isj; jtpu ntW gaph;fisj; jhf;Ftjpy;iy.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
jhf;fg;gl;l gaph;g;ghf';fis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xd;iw bjspf;ft[k;.
 ntg;g'; bfhl;il rhW 5%
 ntg;g vz;bza; 2%
 Fapdhy;gh!; 25 ,rp 2000 kpyp vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;.

vs; fha; < (Gingelly Gall fly)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J vs; gapiu kl;Lnk jhf;ff;Toa xU Kf;fpakhd g{r;rp. <f;fspd; g[Gf;fs; g{f;fspYs;s
fUg;igiaj; Jisj;J/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; g{f;fspypUe;J tUk;

83
fha;fs; gy tpjkhd tPf;f';fSld;/ cUz;Lk;/ bgUj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. me;j tPf;f';fspYs; g[Gf;fSk;;/
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fSk; fhzg;gLk;. jhf;fgg;l;l fha;fspy; tpijfs; cz;lhtjpy;iy.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; < Kl;ilfis/ g{ bkhf;Ffspd; fUtiwapDs; brhUfp tpLk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J
btsptUk; btz;ik epw/ fhy;fsw;w g[G fUg;igiaj; Jisj;J/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;gjhy;. fha;
cUtpHe;J/ tPf;f';fisf; bfhz;L fhzg;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs;/ Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ Rkhh; 7
ehl;fspy; <f;fs; btsptUk; <f;fs; bfhRitg; nghy; kpfr; rpwpa mstpy; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xd;iw bjspf;ft[k;
ntg;g'; bfhl;il rhW 5 %
ntg;g vz;bza; 2 %

,iy cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;

bfhk;g[g; g[G (Horned caterpillar or Sphinx caterpillar)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fs; vs; gapiuj; jtpu nrhah bkhr;ir/ fj;jhp nghd;w gaph;fisa[k; jhf;ff; Toait.
g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisa[k;/ FUj;Jg; ghf';fisa[k; mjpf mstpy; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ k";rs; epw Kl;ilfis jdpj; jdpahf ,iyfspd; nky; ,Lk;. tsh;j;j
g[Gf;fs; bghpaitfshft[k;/ ey;y jokdhft[k;/ gr;ir epwj;jpYk;/ clypy; k";rs; epw rha;thd
nfhLfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. clypd; gpd; gFjpapy;/ nky; g[wj;jpy; k";rs; epw/ ePz;l xw;iwf; bfhk;g[
ePl;of; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[G kz;qf;foapy; kz; TL fl;o mjDs; Tl;Lg; g[Gthf khWk;.
me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; kpfg; bghpaitfshft[k;/ gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ khh;g[g; gFjpapd; nky; kz;il XL nghd;w
milahsj;JlDk;/ tapw;Wg; gFjpapy; Cjh kw;Wk; k";rs; epw FWf;Fg; gl;ilfSlDk; bjd;gLk;.
,wf;iffSk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. me;Jg; g{r;rpfs; njd; TLfspDs; g[Fe;J / njd;
jl;Lf;fspypUe;J njid cwp";rp cz;zf; Toait.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
epyj;ij MHkhf cGJ Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fis mHpf;fyhk;
g[Gf;fs; bghpaitfshft[k;/ vspjpy; fz;L bfhs;sf; Toaitfshft[k; fhzg;gLtjhy;/ mtw;iw
nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

jj;Jg; g{r;rp (Leafhopper)

,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; mkh;e;J ,iyfspd; rhw;iw

cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. ,iyfspd; Xu';fs; RUz;L fhzg;gLk;. jj;Jg;g{r;rp

84
@igl;nlhgpsh!;kh vd;Dk; er;Rapupiag; gug;g[fpwJ. ,jdhy; g{f;fs; ,iy nghd;w ,jH;fshf
khWfpd;wd. ,J @gpy;nyho vdg;gLk;. brofspd; tsh;r;rp btFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. ,e;jg; g{r;rp vs;
gapiu kl;Lnk jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp/ ,sk; jz;LfspYk;/ ,iyfspd; euk;g[fspYk; Kl;ilfisr; brhUfp tpLfpwJ.;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ rpwpaitfshft[k; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghL
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
 ntg;g'; bfhl;ilrhW 5 rjk;
 ntg;gk; vz;bza; 2 rjk;
 kpijy; blklhd; 26 ,rp 1200 kpyp
 Fapdhy;gh!; 25 ,rp 2000 kpyp

Mkzf;F (Castor)
Jisg;ghd;
Mkzf;F jz;L kw;Wk; fhaj;Jisg;ghd; (Shoot and capsule borer)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J Mkzf;ifj; jhf;ff;Toa xU Kf;fpakhd g{r;rp/ Mkzf;ifj; jtpu ,";rp/ Vyf;fha;/
k";rs;/ bfha;ah/ bfhf;nfh nghd;w gaph;fspd; g{';bfhj;Jf;fis jhf;ff; ToaJ. ,J bgUk;ghYk;
Mkzf;Fg; gaph; g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; njhd;Wk;. ,e;jg; g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; gaphpd; FUj;Jg; gFjpfisa[k;/
fha;fisa[k; jhf;fp mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait. xU g[G gy fha;fisj; Jisf;Fk;.
g{';bfhj;Jf;fs;/ ,sk; fpisfs; MfpaitfSk; g[Gf;fshy; jhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l FUj;Jf;fs;
tho fUfptpLk;. E}yhk; gila[ld; g[Gtpd; fHpt[g; bghUl;fSk;/ rf;ifa[k; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp xU fha; bfhj;jpy; 20-30 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,Lk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J 6-7 ehl;fspy; ,sk;
g[G btsptUk;. mit 12-15 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; 2.0-2.4 br.kP. ePskhft[k;/
,sk; gr;ir epwj;JlDk;/ nkw;gFjp k';fyhd ,sk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ clypd; nky; fhzg;gLk;
Ez;zpa nkbyGk;gpa g[s;spfspypUe;J bky;ypa nuhk';fSlDk; bjd;gLk;. Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fs; E}yhk;
gilapDs;nsh/ Jisf;fg;gl;l FUj;Jg; gFjpapDs;nsh my;yJ fha;fspd; cs;nsnah fhzg;gLk;.
Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J 10-12 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; btsptUk; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; eLj;ju mstpYk;/
gGg;g[ fye;j k";rs; epw ,wf;iffspy; mndf fUik epwg; g[s;spfSlDk; bjd;gLk;.

g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
jhf;fg;gl;l FUj;Jg; ghf';fs; kw;Wk; fha;fis nrfhpj;J mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.

85
,urhad Kiw
gpd;tUk; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; \d;W Kiw \d;W thuk; ,ilbtsp tpl;L bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;.
 khyj;ijahd; 50 EC - 2.0 yp / vf;lu;

,iy cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;

Mkzf;F fhtog;g[G (Castor Semi looper)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; brofspd; ,iyg;gFjpia FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mjpf mstpy; foj;J/
cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l brofspy; ,iyfspd; fhk;g[fSk;/ euk;g[fSk; kl;Lnk
kp";rpapUf;Fk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp Rkhh; 400 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf; ToaJ. 2-5 ehl;fspy; k";rSk;/ gr;ira[k; fye;j
epwKila g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit mjpf mstpy; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L 10-15 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gtpd; xt;bthU fz;lj]jpYk; xU rptg;g[ epwg; g[s;spa[lDk;/ filrpf;
fz;lj]jpd; nky; gFjpapy; rptg;g[ epw/ ePz;l Fj;J nuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. clypd; gpd;
g[wKs;s 5 n$ho fhy;fspy; Kjy; n$ho bray; jpwd; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gjhy; ,g;g[Gf;fs; Ch;e;J bry;Yk;
nghJ cliy fhto Td; nghy; tisj;Jf; bfhz;L bry;Yk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; epyj;Jf;F moapy;
my;yJ fha;e;J epyj;jpy; cjph;e;J fplf;Fk; rUFfSf;F ,ilapy; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 10-15
ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
g[Gf;fs; bghpaitfshft[k;/ vspjpy; fz;L bfhs;sf; Toaitfshft[k; fhzg;gLtjhy;/
mtw;iwr; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
gpd;tUk; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; \d;W Kiw \d;W thuk; ,ilbtspapy;
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
 khyj;ijahd; 50 EC 2.0 yp / vf;lh;
 ilkpnjhnal; 30 ,rp 1.1 yp / vf;lh;
 ntg;g'; bfhl;ilrhW 5 rjk;
 ntg;gk; vz;bza; 2 rjk;
 ngrpy;y!; JU";rpad;rp!; Fu;!;lfp 500 fp

g[ifapiyg;g[G my;yJ btl;Lg;g[G (Tobacco caterpiller or Cut worm)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g; g{r;rp Mkzf;ifj; jtpu/ g[ifapiy/ jf;fhsp/ gUj;jp/ kpsfha;/ fLF/ Kl;ilf;nfh!;/
g{f;nfh!;/ E}y; nfhy;/ cUisf;fpH';F/ fliy/ mtiu/ nrhah bkhr;ir nghd;w gy;ntW gaph;fisj;

86
jhf;ff;ToaJ. ,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; mjpf mstpy; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;.
xnu broia gy g[Gf;fs; jhf]Fk]nghJ/ ,iyfs; KGtJk; xU rpy kzp neu';fspy;
mHpf;fg;gl;LtpLk;/ g[Gf;fs; fhiy ntisfspy; kl;Lnk bgUk;ghYk; gapiuj; jhf;Fk;.

g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;

bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp Kl;ilia Ftpay;fshf ,Lk;. Kl;il gGg;g[ epwj;jpypUf;Fk;. g[G
,sk;gr;ir epwj;jpYk; fUik epwf;nfhLfs; clypd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpapd; Kd;
,wf;if gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. bts;is epwnfhLfs; ,wf;ifapd] FWf;nf fhzg;gLk;. gpd;
,wf;if bts;is epwj;jpYk; ,wf;ifapd; Xuj;jpy; gGg;g[ epwj;jpl;Lfs; fhzg;gLk;.

g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghL
 Muk;g epiyapy; Kl;ilf; Ftpaiya[k;/ g[Gf;fisa[k; iffshy; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 nfhilf;fhy';fspy; epyj;ij cHt[ bra;J Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fis mHpf;fyhk;.
 ,df;fth;r;rp bguwp vf;lh;f;F 12 itj;J Mz; me;Jg;g{r;rpia fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
 ntg;g'; bfhl;ilrhW 5 rjk;
 ntg;gk; vz;bza; 2 rjk;
 kpijy; blklhd; 25 EC 2 kpyp / yp
 Fapdhy;gh!; 25 EC 2 kpyp / yp

Mkzf;F tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp my;yJ Ks; g[G (Castor Butterfly or Spiny caterpillar)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J Mkzf;if kl;Lnk jhf;ff; Toa g{r;rp. g[Gf;fs; ,iyfspd; nkw;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L
,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.
g{r;rpapd; thHf;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp/ Kl;ilfis ,iyfspd; nky; jdpj;jdpahf ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J
4-5 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsp te;J ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L/ 20-22 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; Rkhh; 3.0 br.kP ePskhft[k;/ gr;ir epwj;jpYk;/ clypd; nky; gug;gpy;
Fj;J/ Fj;jhf/ fpisfisf; bfhz;l/ Fl;ilahd Ks; nghd;w nuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;.
tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; gGg;g[ epw TL fl;o mjDs; Tl;Lg; g[Gthf khwp/ gpd;dh; rpy jpd';fspy;
tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rpahf btsptUk;. tz;zj;Jg; g{r;rpfs; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ gGg;g[ epw ,wf;iffspy;
bky;ypa/ miy miyahf tise;j nfhLfSlDk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
 Muk;g epiyapy; g[Gtpd; jhf;Fjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ntg;gk; bfhl;il rhW 5 rjk; bjspf;ft[k;.

87
rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;
Mkzf;F bts;is < ( Castor Whitefly)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rp/ gUj;jpg; gapiua[k; jhf;ff;ToaJ. k";rs; epw ,wf;iffsw;w ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j
g{r;rpfSk; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; Vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy;/ rhw;iwj; bjhlh;e;J/ cwp";rp cz;qk.;
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;nghJ/ ,iyfs; k";rs; epwkhf khwp tho/ fhpe;J tpLk;.
,g;g{r;rpfspd; clypypUe;J njd; nghd;w xU tpj jputk; btspgL;k]. ,j;jputj;jpd; kPJ fUk; g{rzk;
tsh;e;Jk;/ broapd; tsh;r;rpiag; ghjpf;Fk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy;/ 100-150 Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J Rkhh; - 3
ehl;fspy; ,sk; g{r;rp btsptUk;. mit 6-10 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. ,sk; g{r;rpfspd; nky;
gug;gpy; bky;ypa/ btz;ikahd bkGF nghd;w ,iHfs; bjd;gLk;. gpd;dh; ,J nghd;w g{r;rpfs;
Tl;Lg;g[G epiyia mile]J/ ,iyfspd; nky; xl;of; bfhz;L 7-10 ehl;fspy; ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;l
g{r;rpfshf khWk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
 k";rs; fth;r;rp bghwp (12 / vf;lu;)mikj;J bts;is <f;fisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
 ntg;g';bfhl;il rhW 5 rjk;
 ntg;g vz;bza; 3 rjk;
 mrpngl; 75 SP 2 kpyp / yp

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu/ fk;gspg; g[Gf;fs; a{g;nuhf;o!; @gpulh;dh/ Mk;rf;lh

My;gp!;oiufh/ Mk;rf;lh \up/ fliyg;g[G – bQypnfhbtu;gh Mh;kpb$uh/ ,iy \f;F tz;L -
kpy;nyhbru!; tphpnld!;/ nth;g[G - nQhnyhoiuf;fpah fd;rhd;Fdpah nghd;w g{r;rpfSk;
Mkzf;Fg; gapiuj; jhf;ff; Toait.

88
 12. gUj;jp/ fUk;igj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

gUj;jpg; gapiuj; jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

Kf;fpag; g{r;rpfSf;fhd bghUshjhur; nrj epiy

g{r;rpfs; bghUshjhur; nrjepiy
,iyg;ngd; 50 ,iyfspy; 50 g{r;rpfs;
mRtzp 15 rjk; nrjkile;j brofs;
jj;Jg;g[r;rp 50 ,iyfspy; 50 g{r;rpfs;
rpye;jp xU rJu br.kP ,iyg;gug;gstpy; 10 rpye;jpfs;
g[s;spf; fha;g;g[G 10 rjk; nrjkile;j fpisfs;/ rg;igfs; / fha;fs;
Ks;fha;g;g[G 10 rjk; nrjkile;j fpisfs;/rg;igfs; / fha;fs;
,s";rptg;g[f; fha;g;g[G 10 rjk; nrjkile;j g{bkhl;Lf;fs; / g[{f;fs; / fha;fs;
gr;irf; fha;g;g[G brof;F 1 Kl;il (m) 1 g[G
bts;is < xU ,iyapy; 5 – 10 g{r;rpfs;
jz;Lf; Td; tz;L 10 rjk; nrjk;
g[buhodPahg; g[G 100 kPl;lh; thpirf;F 8 Kl;il Ftpay;fs;

Jisg;ghd;fs;
gUj;jp g[s;spf; fha;g;g[G (Spotted bollworm)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs;/ gUj;jpg; gaph; Rkhh; 6 thu taJ ,Uf;Fk; nghnj/ mij jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g[Gf;fs; brofspd; FUj;Jf;fisj; Jisj;J/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;qtjhy; FUj;Jf;fs; tho/ gpd;dh;
fha;e;J tpLk;. thoa FUj;Jf;fspy] rpwpa JisfSk;/ mtw;wpy; g[Gf;fspd; fHpt[g; bghUl;fSk;
bjd;gLk;. ,t;thW ,sk; gaph;fs; jhf;fg;gLk;nghJ mtw;wpd; tsh;r;rp btFthf ghjpf;fg;gLtnjhL/
mit koe;J tpLk;. tsh;e;j brofspy; g{ bkhf;FfSk;/ gp";Rf; fha;fSk; mjpf mstpy; cjph;e;J
tpLfpd;wd. bghpa fha;fs; jhf;fg;gLk; nghJ/ mit cjph;tjpy;iy. Mdhy; me;jf; fha;fspYs;s
g";Rf; fUik glh;e;J/ mGf;fhff; fhzg;gLtnjhL/ mjd; juKk; Fiwe;J tpLk;. xnu fhapy; gy
Jisfs; fhzg;gl;L/ mit g[Gf;fspd; fHpt[g; bghUspdhy; \lg]gl]oUf]Fk]/ gUj;jp/ btz;il/ g[spr;r
fPiu nghd;w gaph;fisa[k; ,it jhf;ff; Toait.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg; g{r;rp/ Kl;ilfis jdpj;jdpahfnth my;yJ ,uz;L/ \d;whfnth/ ,ut[
neu';fspy;/ fpisfspd; Edpg;ghf';fs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ gp";Rf; fha;fs;/ ,iyf; fhk;g[fs; nghd;wtw;wpd;
kPJ ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp Rkhh; 385 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy; ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilfs; ePyk; fye;j gr;ir epwj;jpYk;/
thp thpahf nkL gs;s';fisf; bfhz;L nky; gFjp xU fphPlk; nghyt[k; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J
3-4 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit ,sk; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ fUik epwj]jiya[lDk] Rkhh; 1
kp.kP ePsj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mit 10-12 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; 1.8-2.0 br.kP
ePsj]j;py; ,Uf;Fk;. <hpah!; ,d;Rnydh g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; ,sk; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ clypd; mndf

89
fUik epwg; gilfSlDk;/ Kjy; khh;g[f; fz;lj]j;py; Mu";R epwg; g[s;spfisf; bfhz;Lk;/
nuhk';fSlDk;/ <hpah!; itl;bly;yh g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; ,sk; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ clypd; nky;
gFjpapy; eLtpy; btz;ikahd xU nfhLlDk;/ nuhk';fs; ,y;yhkYk; ,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs;
btz;ikahd bky;ypa gl;L nghd;w ,iHfshy; TLfl;o/ Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fs;
fha;fs; my;yJ jz;od; nky; my;yJ epyj;jpy; cjph;e;J fplf;Fk; ,iyfs;/ g{/ bkhf;Ffs; my;yJ
g{f;fspd; nknyh fhzg;gLk;. mtw;wpypUe;J 8-10 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. <hpah!;
,d;Rnydh me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; gr;irepw Kd; ,wf;iffisa[k;/ btz;ik epw gpd; ,wf;iffisa[k;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;. <hpah!; itl;bly;yh me;Jg; g{r;rpfSf;F gr;ir epw Kd; ,wf;iffspy; xU btz;ik
epwg; gl;il ,wf;iffspy; mog;ghfj;jpypUe;J/ Edp tiuapy; fhzg;gLk;. gpd; ,wf;iffs; btz;ik
epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg]ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 gUj;jp mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dh; brofis taypy] ,Ue]J cldoahf mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpf;f
ntz;Lk;.
 jhf;fg;gl;l FUj;Jf;fis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
 epyj;jpy; cjph;e;J fplf;Fk; ,iyfs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ gp";Rf; fha;fs; nghd;wtw;iw mg;g[wg;gLj;jp
mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
 g{r;rp cz;zf; Toa khw;W gaph; tiffshd btz;il/ Jj;jp Mfpatw;iw mfw;w ntz;Lk;.
 ngrpy;y!; JU";rpad;rp!; Fu;!;lfp 5 WP 750 – 1000 fp xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;.
bghUshjhu nrj epiy 10 rj fha; nrjk;
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
Fnshudl;;udpypg;nuhy; 18.5 SC 150 kpyp
@g;Sbgd;oikL 39.35 SC 100 – 125 yp
,z;lhf;!fhu;g; 14.5 SC 500 kpyp
g[ugndhgh!; 50 EC 1.5 yp
!;igdpnlhuk; 11.7 SC 420 kpyp

mbkhpf;fd; fha;g;g[G (American bollworm)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
bfhz;ilf; fliyg;g[G my;yJ gr;irg; g[G vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLk; ,g;g{r;rp Jtiu/ jf;fhsp/
nrhah bkhr;ir nghd;w gy gaph;fisj; jhf;fp mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff; ToaJ. mbkhpf;fhtpy; ,J
gUj;jpia mjpf mstpy; jhf;fp kpFe;j nrjk; tpistpg;gjhy; mbkhpf;fd; fha;g;g[G vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J
,e;jpahtpy; gUj;jp gaphplg;gLk; vy;yh khepy';fspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; jsph; kw;Wk; rw;W Kjph;e;j ,iyfisr; Ruz;o
cz;qk;. gpd;dh; mit g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ g{f;fs;/ gp";Rf; fha;fs; Mfpatw;iwa[k; jhf;fp/ foj;J/ cz;qk;.

90
xU g[G gy g{ bkhf;Ffisj; jhf;Fk;. rw;W tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; fha;fspd; mog;gFjpapy; bghpa Jthuk;
cz;Lgz;zp/ jiyg;gFjpia kl;Lk; cs;ns EiHj;J/ cs;spUf;Fk; tpijfisa[k;/ tpij
\y';fisa[k; cz;qk;. clypd; bgUk; gFjp fhapd; btspg;g[wj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. Jisf;fg;gl;l
fha;fspd; fPH; fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; bgUkstpy; js;sg;gl;oUf;Fk;. xU g[G 2-5 fha;fs; tiuapy;
nrjg;gLj;Jk;. jhf;fg;gl;l g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ gp";Rfs; nghd;wit cjph;e;J tpLk;. bghpa fha;fisa[k;
g[Gf;fs; Jisj;J Xust[ cz;L nrjg;gLj;Jk;. ,J nghd;w fha;fs; fPnH tpHhky; broapypUe;nj
mGfp my;yJ fha;e;J tpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp Kl;ilfis/ ,iyfs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ g{f;fs;/ gp";Rf; fha;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;
nky; jdpj; jdpahf ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp 300-500 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy; ,lf; ToaJ. mit nfhs
totkhft[k;/ ,sk; k";rs; epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 4-12 ehl;fspy;/ ,sk; g[Gf;fs;
btsptUk;. ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btz;ik fye;j k";rs; epwj;JlDk;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwj; jiyiaf; bfhz;Lk;/
clypy; Ez;zpa fUik epwg; g[s;spfSlDk;/ bky;ypa nuhk';fSlDk; bjd;gLk;. mit 18-25
ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;/ tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; 4.0-5.0 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ cUis totpYk;/ gr;ir
epwj;JlDk;/ clypd; gf;fthl;oy; 2 k";rs; epwf;nfhLfisa[k;/ nky; gFjpapy; xU rhk;gy; epwf;
nfhl;ila[k; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; kz;qf;foapy; TL fl;o mjDs; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf
khWk;. mit gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ 1.2-1.5 br.kP ePsj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J me;Jg;g{r;rp 10-25
ehl;fspy; btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; jokdhft[k;/ bghpaitfshft[k;/ 3.50-3.75 br.kP mstpYk;/
,sk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. Kd; ,wf;iffs; gRik fye]j rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk;/ miyfisg; nghy;
tise;j ,sk; rhk;gy; epwg; gl;ilfSlDk;/ btt;ntW mstpyhd fUk;g[s;spfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. gpd;
,wf;iffs; btz;ik epwkhft[k;/ btsp tpspk;gpd; Xuj;jpy; xU fUik epwg; gl;ila[ld; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 bjhlh;r;rpahf gUj;jp gaphpLtijj; jtph;j;J khw;W gaph;fis gaphpl ntz;Lk;.
 g[Gthy; jhf;fg;gl;l rg;ig/ fha;/ bkhl;L/ g{f;fis nrfhpj;J mfw;w ntz;Lk;.
 njitf;F mjpfkhf jiHr;rj;J cu';fis ,lf;TlhJ.
 njitahd mst[ ePh; eph;thfk; bra;a ntz;Lk;.
 gUj;jp mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dh; cldoahf brofis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp tpl ntz;Lk;.
 taiy ed;whf cGJ kz;qf;foapy; ,Uf;Fk; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fis btspf;bfhzh;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J me;Jg;g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 ,df; fth;r;rpg; bghwpfis vf;lUf;F 12 tPjk; itj;J Mz; me;Jg; g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J
mHpf;fyhk;.
 tpijg;g[ bra;j 7 tJ kw;k; 12-tJ thu';fspy; ePa[f;dpahh; ghypbQl;nuhrp!; (vd;.gp.tp)
itui! (3x1012 POB / bQf]nlh]) khiy neuj;jpy; ,uz;L Kiw bjspf;ft[k;.

91
 tpijg;g[ bra;j 45 ehl;fs; fHpj;J Kl;il xl;Lz;zpahd l;iuf;nfhfpuk;kh ifnyhdp!; (6.25 rp.rp/
vf;lu;) 15 ehs; ,ilbtspapy; \d;W Kiw gad;gLj;jp Kl;ilfis mHpf;fyhk;.
 fz;zho ,wf;ifg; g{r;rp/ fpiunrhbgh;yh vf;lUf;F 1 yl;rk; vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy;
btspapl;L fha;g;g[Git mHpf;fyhk;.
 ,aw;if vjphpfSf;F ghjpg;g[ tpistpf;fhj g{r;rp kUe;Jfshd ntg;bgz;bza;/ ntg;g';bfhl;il
rhW Mfpatw;iwj; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiw
bghUshjhu nrj epiy/ brof;F 1 Kl;il (m) 1 g[G
 mrhouhf;od; 0.03 % 2500 kpyp
 ,khbkf;od; bgd;nrhahl; 5 SG -220 fp
 ,z;lhf;!fhu;g; 14.5 SC 500 kpyp
 gpg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 2000 kpyp
 @g;Sbgd;oikL 39.35 SC 100-125 kpyp
 Fnshu;igupgh!; 20 EC -1250 kpyp
 !;gpndhnrl; 45 SC 165-220 kpyp
 jnahofhu;g; 75 WP 2 – 1000 fp
 il@g;Sbgd;Ruhd; 75 WP - 300 -350 fp

gUj;jp ,sk;rptg;g[ fha;g;g[G (Pink bollworm)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
cyfpy; gUj;jp gaphplg;gLk; vy;yh ehLfspYk; ,g; g{r;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
gUj;jpiaj; jhf;fp mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toa g{r;rpfspy; ,Jt[k; xd;W. ,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; g{
bkhf;Ffs;/ g{f;fs;/ fha;fs;/ Mfpatw;iwj; jhf;Ffpd;wd. g{ bkhf;Ffisj; Jisj;J/ cl;g[wj;jpYs;s
vy;yhg; ghf';fisa[k; foj;J cz;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l g{ bkhf;Ffs; ,ay;ghf tphptilahky;/ ,jH;fs;
xd;nwhblhd;W gpd;dg;gl;L/ nuh$hg; g{ nghd;w njhw;wj;ij mspf;Fk;. g[Gf;fs; fha;fspd;
Edpg;gFjpapy; Jisj;J fhapDs; brd;WtpLk;. ehsiltpy; fha;fs; Kjph;r;rpaila[k; nghJ/
Jthu';fs; milgl;L/ g[G jhf;fpapUg;gJ btspj; bjhptjpy;iy. fhapDs; g[Gf;fs; tpijfis foj;J
cz;qk;. fhapd; xU miwg;gFjpapypUe;J/ mLj;j miwfSf;F/ ,ilna cs;s miwiaj; Jisj;Jr;
brd;W/ vy;yh tpijfisa[k; cz;LtpLk;. gp";Rf; fha;fs; jhf;fg;gLk; nghJ mit cjph;e;J tpLk;.
jhf;fg;gLk; nghJ mit cjph;e;JtpLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l bghpa fha;fs; fPnH tpGtjpy;iy. mit ed;F
Kjph;r;rpaila[k; Kd;dnu btoj;J tpLk;. Mfnt mtw;wpYs;s g";R gykw;W/ fiw goe;J/ juKk;
Fiwe;J tpLk;. g[Gf;fspd; jhf;Fjy; 40-85 rjk; tiuapy; fhzg;gLk;. gUj;jpiaj; jtpu btz;il/
g[spr;r fPiu/ g{tuR nghd;wiwa[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ.

92
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp Kl;ilfis jdpj]jdpahf my;yJ 2-10 tiuapyhd vz;zpf;ifapy;
Ftpay;fyhf/ g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ g{f;fs;/ fha;fs; nghd;wtw;wpd; nky; ,LfpwJ. xU g{r;rp Rkhh; 125
Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf; ToaJ. Kl;ilfs; tl;l totkhft[k;/ jl;ilahft[k;/ thp thpahf nkL
gs;s';fisf; bfhz;Lk;/ btz;ik epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 4-25 ehl;fspy; ,sk;
g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit ,sk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ gGg;g[ epwj;jiya[lDk; fhzg;gLk;. mit 25-35
ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k.; tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; 1.5-1.6 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ ,sk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/
gGg;g[ epwj; jiya[lDk;/ khh;gpd; Kjy; fz;lj;jpd; nky; gFjpapy; bfl;oahd gGg;g[ epwf; ftrj;JlDk;
bjd;gLk;. mit tpijfspd; cl;g[wj;jpy; my;yJ g";Rf;F ,ilna/ bky;ypa gl;L nghd;w ,iHiaf;
bfhz;L TL fl;o mjDs; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 8-20 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;.
me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; rpwpaitfshft[k; 1.25 br.kP mstpYk;/ gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;. gGg;g[ epw fUk;
g[s;spfs; bjd;gLk;. gpd; ,wf;iffs; rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk;/ tpspk;g[fspy; mlh;j;jpahd/ bky;ypa/ gGg;g[ epw
nuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;. mit tpsf;F btspr;rj;jpdhy; ftug;glf; Toait.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 jiuapy; cjph;e;J fplf;Fk; g{f;fs;/ gp";Rf; fha;fs; nghd;wtw;iw nrfhpj;J mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
 gUj;jp mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dh; cldoahf brofis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp tpl ntz;Lk;.
 kW jhk;g[g; gaph; tsh;g;gijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;.
 tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J me;Jg;g{r;rpfis fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 fhrpg;g[Sh; vd;w ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwp (12/vf;lu;) gad;gLj;jp/ Mz; me;Jg;g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J
mHpf;fyhk;.
 oiunfhfpuk;kh ifnyhdp!; Kl;il xl;Lz;zp vf;lUf;F 40000 vd;w mstpy; 15 ehl;fs;
,ilbtspapy; 3 Kiw tpij tpijj;j 45 k; ehspspUe;J btspapl ntz;Lk;.
tpij neh;j;jp
o mlh; fe;jf mkpyk; bfhz;L tpij rpfpr;ir mspg;gjd; \yk; tpijfspDs; fhzg;gLk;
g[Gf;fisa[k;/ Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fisak; mHpf;fyhk;.
,urhad Kiw
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
 ,khbkf;od; bgd;nrhahl; 5 SG -220 fp
 Fnshu;igupgh!; 20 EC -1200 kp yp
 g[ugndhgh!; 50 EC -1500 – 2000 kp yp
 jnahofhu;g; 75 WP – 1000 fp
 il@g;Sbgd;Ruhd; 75 WP - – 300 -350 fp

93
gUj;jp jz;L Td; tz;L (Stem weevil)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J bjd;dpe;jpahtpy;/ Fwpg;ghf nfhil fhy']fspy; mjpf mstpy; njhd;Wk;. g[Gf;fs; Kjypy;
12-15 ehl;fs; taJs;s ,sk; ehw;Wf;fisj; jhf;Fk;nghJ mit koe;J tpLfpd;wd. Mdhy; 3-5
khj';fs; taJs;s tsh;e;j brofs; jhf;fg;gLk; nghJ mit kotjpy;iy. g[Gf;fs; jz;ilr; Rw;wp
File;J/ jz;oYs;s kpUJthd cl;jpRfisf; foj;J cz;qk;. g[Gf;fspd; jhf;Fjypdhy; Jisj;j
gFjpfspy; jz;oy; fHiyfs; nghd;w tPf;f';fs; njhd;Wk;. g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk;
nghJ 20-25 rjk; brofs; koe;J tpLk;. gUj;jpiaj; jtpu ,e;jg; g{r;rp btz;il kw;Wk; iQgp!;f!;
nghpdj;ijr; nrh;e;j ntW rpy brofisa[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ brofspd; jz;Lg;ghfj;jpy;/ epykl;lj;Jf;F rw;W nkyhf/ Ruz;o/ rpwpa gs;sk;
cz;L gz;zp/ mjDs; Kl;ilfisj; jdpj; jdpahf ,Lk;. xU tz;L Rkhh; 50 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;
ToaJ. Kl;ilfs; nfhHp Kl;il totpYk;/ ghy; nghd;w btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ tH tHg;ghft[k;
bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 6-10 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit 35-37 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaile;J/ jz;od; cl;g[wj;jpnyna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 25-30 ehl;fspy; tz;Lfshf
btsptUk;. tz;Lfs; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ Jk;gpf;if nghy; ePz;l tha;g;ghfj;ijf;
bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. mf;nlhgh;-Vg;uy; tiu cs;s gUt fhyj;jpy; 3 jiy Kiwfs; njhd;Wk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 jhf;fg;gl;l brofis clDf;Fld; mg;g[wg;gLj;jp/ mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
 elt[ bra;j 20 ehl;fs; fHpj;J broiar; Rw;wp kz; mizf;f ntz;Lk;.
 mo cukhf bjhG vUit vf;lUf;F 25 ld; my;yJ ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;F 250 fpnyhit
J}t ntz;Lk;.
bghUsjhu nrjhu epiy 10 rj jz;L nrjk;
 vf;lUf;F 30 fpnyh fhh;nghgpa[uhd; kUe;jpid kz;zpy; J}t ntz;Lk;.
 Fnshh;ighp@gh!; 20EC (10 kpyp / 1 fpnyh tpijf;F) fye;J tpij neh;j;jp
bra;J tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.
 Fnshh;ighp@gh!; (2.5 kpyp/ ypl;lh;) fye;J tpijj;j 15 kw;Wk; 30 Mk; jz;ilr;
Rw;wp Cw;wp kz; mizf;f ntz;Lk;.

,iy cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;

g[ifapiyg; g[G my;yJ btl;Lg;g[G (Tobacco caterpillar)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fs; gfy; bghGJfspy; kz; fl;ofspd; ,ilbtspfs;/ epyj;jpYs;s btog;g[fs;/
,Lf;Ffs; nghd;wtw;wpy; kiwe;jpUe;J/ ,ut[ neu';fspy; btsp te;J brofisj; jhf;fp nrjk;

94
tpistpf;Fk;. g[Gf;fs;; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;Zk;. gUj;jpiaj; jtpu ,e;jg; g{r;rp/ g[ifapiy/
epyf;fliy/ Mkzf;F/ vs;/ kf;fhr;nrhsk;/ Nhpafhe;jp/ jf;fhsp/ Kl;ilf;nfh!;/ rh;f;fiu ts;spf;
fpH';F/ thiH/ kpsfha;/ nrhah bkhr;ir nghd;w gy;ntW gaph;fisj; jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg; g{r;rp/ rpwpa/ nfhs tot Kl;ilfis/ ,iyfs;/ g[y; g{z;Lfs; nghd;wtw;wpd; nky;
Ftpayhf ,l;L/ rhk;gy; epw nuhk';fshy; \otpLk;. xU Kl;ilf; Ftpaypy; 200-300 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy;
fhzg;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 4-5 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; gr;ir epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. mit
14-21 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;/ g[Gtpd; xt;bthU tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpYk;/ cly; epwk; khwpf;
bfhz;nl tUk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; 3.5-4.0 br.kP. ePsj;jpYk;/ ey;y jokhdft[k;/ cUis totj;jpYk;/ tH
tHg;ghft[k;/ k';fpa gr;ir fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;JlDk;/ nky; gFjpapy;/ gf;fthl;oy; fUik epwf;
nfhLfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. g[Gf;fspd; epwj;jpy; epw ntWghLfs; fhzg;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs;
kz;qf;F moapy;/ kz;zpdhy; TL cz;lhf;fp/ mjw;Fs; Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 10-15 ehl;fspy;
me;Jg; g{r;rpfshf btsp tUk;. me;Jg; g{r;rpfs; ey;y jokdhft[k;/ bghpjhft[k;/ 3.5-5.0 br.kP mstpYk;/
gGg;g[ epwkhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. Kd; ,wf;iffspy; fUik epwg; gpd;dzpapy; k";rs; epwf; FWf;Ff;
nfhLfs; fhzg;gLk;. gpd; ,wf;iffs; btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ tpspk;ig xl;o gGg;g[ epwg; gila[lDk;
fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 Mkzf;Fg; gapiu taiyr; Rw;wp bghwpg; gapuhfnth my;yJ CLgapuhfnth gaphplyhk;. ey;y
caukhf tsuf; Toa Mkzf;Fg; gapiu g[Gf;fs; khiy ntisfspy; Tl;lkhf te;J jhf;Fk;
nghJ/ mtw;iwr; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 Kl;ilf; Ftpay;fis nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J me;Jg; g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 bgnuhod; v!;.vy;. vd;w ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghUis ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwpfspy; gad;gLj;jp/
Mz; me;Jg; g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;. ,df; fth;r;rpj; jputk; ml';fpa FkpiH \d;W
thuj;jpw;F xU Kiw khw;w ntz;Lk;.
 g[nuhOdpah g[Gf;fisj; jhf;fp/ mHpf;ff; Toa epa{f;spahh; ghypbQl;nuhrp!; er;Raphp
fyitiaj; bjspg;gjd; \yk; ,sk; gUtj;Jg; g[Gf;fis ed;F fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. Vf;fUf;F 100
g[G rkd; vd;w mstpy; er;Raphpj; Jfs;fis gphpj;bjLj;J/ nghjpa mst[ ePUld; fye;J khiy
ntisapy; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
 taypy; M';fh';nf gutyhf ePy epw Jz;Lj; Jzpfisg; gug;gp itf;f ntz;Lk;. ,utpy;
Jzpfspd; moapy; te;J gJ';fpapUf;Fk; g[Gf;fis fhiyapy; nrfhpj]J mHpf;fyhk;.
 Kl;ilf; Ftpaiya[k;/ ,sk; g[Gf;fisa[k; gUj;jp Mkzf;F tug;g[g; gaphpypUe;J nrfhpj;J
mHpf;fyhk;.

95
,urhad Kiw
bghUshjhu nrj epiy -100 kPl;lh; ePsj;jpw;F 8 Kl;il Ftpay;
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
Fnshh;ighpah!; 20 EC - 3750 kpyp
Fnshud;udpypg;nuhy; 18.5 v!;. rp 150 kpyp
!;igdpnlhuk; 11.7 v!;. rp 420-470 kpyp
il@g;Sbgd;Ruhd; 25 lgs;a{ gp 300-350 fp

gUj;jp ,iyr; RUl;Lg;g[G ( Leaf roller)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;/ ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L Kjypy;
gr;iraj;ijr; Ruz;o cz;qk.; ,sk; g[G mijr; Rw;wpYk; gl;L nghd;w bky;ypa ,iHfshy; TL
nghd;W gpd;dp mjDs; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ue;J bfhz;nl ,iyfisr; Ruz;oa[k;/ foj;Jk; cz;L tsUk;.
gpd;dh; mJ ,iyapd; tpspk;g[fis xd;whf koj;J/ bky;ypa gl;L nghd;w ,iHfshy; gpd;dp xU g[dy;
totj;jpy; RUl;o itj;J/ mjDs; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ue;J bfhz;L ,iyapd; tpspk;g[g; gFjpiaf; foj;Jk;/
,iyapy; bghpa Jthu';fis cz;lhf;fp jpRf;fis cz;Lk; nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. g[G tsu tsu
nkYk; gy ,iyfis xd;whf ,izj;J gpd;dp xU TL nghy fl;o/ mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl/
,iyfis cz;L nkYk; mjpf nrjk; cz;L gz;qk;. xU ,iyr; RUspy; xU g[G kl;Lnk fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg; g{r;rp Kl;ilfis jdpj; jdpahf ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy;/ Kjd;ik euk;g[fis
xl;o ,Lk;. Kl;ilfs; jl;ilahft[k;/ tH tHg;ghft[k; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 4-6 ehl;fspy; ,sk;
g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit 15-18 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; Rkhh; 2.5 br.kP
ePsj;jpYk;/ gr;ir epwj;jpYk;/ jiya[k;/ Kjy; khh;g[f; fz;lKk;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mit
,iyr;RUspd; cs;ns my;yJ epyj;jpy; cjph;e;J fplf;Fk; ,iyfSf;F ,ilna Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk;.
Tl;Lg;g[G rptg;g[ fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; bjd;gLk;. Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fspypUe;J 7-8 ehl;fspy;
me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit Rkhh; 3.5 br.kP mstpYk;/ btz;ik fye;j k";rs; epwj;jpYk;/ ,sk;
k";rs; epw ,wf;iffspy; mndf/ bky;ypa miy miyahf tise;j fUik epwf; nfhLfSlDk;
fhzg;gLk;. xU tUlj;jpy; gy jiyKiwfs; njhd;Wk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 gUj;jpg; gaph; gaphpLk; epy';fis mLj;J/ ,g;g{r;rpj; jhf;ff; Toa khw;Wg; gaph;fis
gaphpLtijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;.
 epyj;ij MH cGJ Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fis kz;qf;foapy; g[ijf;fyhk;
 ,iyr; RUs;fis nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.

96
,urhad Kiw
 Fnshh;ighpgh!; 20 EC 2 yp / vf;lh;; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

gUj;jp rptg;g[ ehtha;g; g{r;rp (Red cotton bug)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ Kjph;r;rpaila[k; fha;fspy; rhw;iw cwp";rp/ cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; fha;fspd; tsh;r;rp ghjpf;fg;gLtnjhL/ g";Rk; fiw gpoj;J/ juk; Fiwe;J
tpLfpwJ. jhf;fg;gl;l fha;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tpijfs;/ tpijg;gjw;nfh/ vz]iza] vLg;gjw;nfh/
fhy; eilfspd; jPtdj;jpw;nfh gad;gLtjpy;iy. rpW g{r;rpfs; btoj;j fha;fspd; g";rpd; nky;
mikh;e;J/ mtw;wpd; fHpt[g; bghUl;fspdhYk;/ g";irf; fiwgLj;Jfpd;wd.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp btspwpa k";rs; epw/ Kl;ilfis/ 70-80 vz;zpf;ifapyhd Ftpay;fshf
jiuapYs;s btog;g[fspYk;/ ,Lf;FfspYk; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J ,sk; g{r;rpfs; Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy;
btsptUk;. mit ,sk; rptg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ nky; ghfj;jpy;/ eLg;gFjpapy; xU thpir fUk;
g[s;spfSlDk;/ ,uz;L gf;f';fspYk;/ ,uz;L thpir btz; g[s;spfSlDk;/ ,wf;iffsw;Wk;
bjd;gLk;. Mdhy; mit kpft[k; RW RWg;ghf ,a';fp/ fha;fspd; nky; mkh;e;J rhw;iw cwp";rp
cz;qk;. mit tsUk; nghJ 5 Kiw njhy; chpj;J 50-90 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpahf
khWfpd;wd. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; Rkhh; 1.5 br.kP. ePsj;jpYk;/ rptg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ khh;g[g; ghfj;jpy; xU fUik
epw Kf;nfhzj;ijf; bfhz;Lk;/ Kd; ,wf;iffspd; Edpg;ghfk; fUik epwkhft[k;/ khh;g[ kw;Wk;
tapw;Wf; fz;l';fspd; tpspk;g[fspy; btz;ik epwg; gl;ilfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. Mf!;l;-mf;nlhgh;
tiuapy; ,g;g{r;rpfs; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLk;. btz;iliaa[k; ,g;g{r;rpj; jhf;Fk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 taiy ed;F cGtjd; \yk; Kl;ilfis btspf; bfhzh;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 if tiy gad;gLj;jp/ ,sk; g{r;rpfisa[k;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfisa[k; gpoj;J mHpf;fyhk;.

bts;is < (Whitefly)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,e;j g{r;rpahdJ gaphpd; vy;yh tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpYk;/ Fwpg;ghf ,sk; gUtj;jpy; mjpf
mstpy; jhf;fp/ mjpf nrjj;ij tpistpf;ff; ToaJ. ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ ,iyfspd;
mog;gug;gpy;/ Vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ bjhlh;e;J rhw;iw cwp";Rtjhy; ,iyfs;
k";rs; epwkhf khwp/ gpd;dh; fha;e;J tpLfpd;wd. g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjy; jPtpukhf cs;s nghJ ,iyfs;/
g{f;fs;/ gp";Rf; fha;fs; Mfpait mjpf mstpy; cjph;e;J tpLk;. nkYk; ,e;jg; g{r;rpfs; btspapLk;

97
njd; nghd;w jputk;/ ,iyfs;/ fha;fs; nghd;wtw;wpd; nky; goe;jpUe;J/ mjd; nky; fUk;gly neha;
vd;Dk; g{rz neha[k; njhd;wp gapUf;F nkYk; mjpff; nfL tpistpf;fpd;wd.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp jsph; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; Kl;ilifis 3-50 tiuapyhd vz;zpf;ifapy;
thpir/ thpirahf ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 3-5 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit kpfr;
rpwpaitfshft[k;/ nky; gug;gpy; btz;ikahd/ bkGF nghd;w bgho J}tpaijg; nghd;w njhw;wj;Jld;
bjd;gLk;. mit tsh;r;rpaila[k; nghJ 3 Kiw njhy; chpf;Fk;. filrp Kiw njhy; chpf;Fk;nghJ/
mtw;wpd; fhy;fSk;/ czh; bfhk;g[fSk; kiwe;J/ Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 2-8 ehl;fspy; bts;is
<f;fshf btsptUk;. mtw;wpd; thH;f;ifr; RHy; 20-107 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. bts;is <f;fs; kpfr;
rpwpaitfshft[k;/ btz;ik epw ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;Lk;/ clypd; nky; btz;ik epw bkGF nghd;w
bgho J}tpaijg; nghd;w njhw;wj;JlDk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 gaph; RHw;rp Kiw nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. nrhsk;/ uhfp/ nfH;tuF/ kf;fhr;nrhsk; nghd;w
gaph;fSld; gaphplf; TlhJ.
 jhf;fg;gl;l gapiu kWjhk;g[f;F tplf; TlhJ.
 gUj;jp mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dh; cldoahf brofis gpL';fp mg;g[wg;gLj;jp tpl ntz;Lk;.
 Fsph; my;yJ nfhil gUtj;jpy; gUj;jpia tUlj;jpy; xU Kiw gaphpl ntz;Lk;.
 fisr; brofshd Jj;jp/ btz;o ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;j brofis mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.
 xU fpnyh tpijf;F 10 fp jnahkPjhf;rk; 30% FS tPjk; tpij neu;j;jp bra;at[k;
 ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l gaph; ,ilbtspapy; tpijf;f ntz;Lk;. mjpf ,ilbtsp tpl;L tpijf;f
ntz;Lk;.
 ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l cu';fis kl;Lk] rhpahd mstpy; ,l ntz;Lk;.
 tay; Rfhjhuhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
 fj;jhp/ btz;il/ Nhpafhe;jp Mfpatw;iwg; gaphplf; TlhJ.
 k";rs; epw xl;L bghwp 12 / bQf]lh] vd]w mstpy; itf;fyhk;.
 ntg;g';bfhl;ilr; rhW 5% bjspf;fyhk;.
 kPd; vz;bza; nrhg; 25 fpuhk; / ypl;lh] (m) behr;rp ,iyrhW 5 rjk; (50 fpuhk; ypl;lh;) (m)
epj;jpa fy;ahzp / RLfhl;L ky;yp ,iyr;rhW 5 rjk; bjspf;fyhk;.
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; VnjDk; xd;iw jhf;Fjy; jPtpukhf ,Uf;Fk; nghJ bjspf;fyhk;.
 mrhouhf;od; 0.15 % 2500 – 5000 kpyp
 m!pl;lkpgphpl; 20 SP 100 fpuhk;

 Fnshh;ighpgh!; 20 EC 1250 kpyp

98
  gpg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 1500 -2000 kpyp

 ,kplhFnshgpupl; 17.8 SL; 100-125 kpyp

 jahkPjhf;rk; 25 WG 200 fp

Fwpg;g[
braw;if ighpj;jpuha;Lfs; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; gUj;jpapy; bts;is <apd; jhf;fk; mjpfkhFk;.
irg;gh; bkj;jphpd;/ bgd;tnynul;/ bly;lhbkj;jphpd; bts;is </ tsh;tjw;F fhuzkhtjhy; ,tw;iw
jtpu;f;ft[k;.

gUj;jp mRtzp (Aphid)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
gUj;jpiaj; jtpu btz;il/ fj;jhp/ kpsfha;/ bfha;ah/ vs; nghd;w gy;ntW gaph;fisj;
jhf;ff;ToaJ. ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; Tl;lk;/ Tl;lkhf brofspd; FUj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;/
,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpYk; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l
brofspd; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp/ ,iyfs; RU';fp/ tho/ fha;e;J/ cjph;e;J tpLfpd;wd. ,iyfisj; jtpu
,sk; jz;Lfs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ g{f;fs; nghd;wtw;iwa[k; jhf;fp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfs; gGg;g[ fye;j gr;ir epwj;ijf; bfhz;Lk;/ kpft[k;
rpwpaitfshft[k;/ bkd;ikahd cliyf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. Mz; g{r;rpfs; ,wf;iffisf;
bfhz;Lk;/ bgz; g{r;rpfs; ,wf;iffSld; my;yJ ,wf;ifs; ,y;yhky; fhzg;gLk;. bgz; g{r;rpfs;
Mz; g{r;rpfis tpl bghpaitfshft[k;/ bghpa tapw;Wg; ghfj;ijf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. mit ,dr;
nrh;f;if bra;ahknyna/ neuoahf Kl;ilaplhky;/ F";Rfis ,lf;Toait. xU bgz; g{r;rp 8-22
F";Rfs; tiu ,lf;ToaJ. ,sk; g{r;rpfs; 7-9 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaile;J ,dg; bgUf;fk; bra;af;
Toait.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l gaph;g; ghf';fis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiw
 xU fpnyh tpijf;F 10 fp jnahkPjhf;rk; 30% FS tPjk; tpij neu;j;jp bra;at[k;
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
mrhouhf;od; 0.03% EC 500 kpyp
mrplhkpg;hpl; 20 SP 50 fp
fhh;nghry;ghd; 25 DS 60 fpuhk; / fpnyh tpij
gpg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 1500-2000 kpyp

99
 khyjpahd; 50 EC 1000 kpyp
ijaf;nyhgpupl; 21.7 SC 100-125 kpyp
ijakpjhf;rk; 25 WG 100 fp

gUj;jp ,iyj; jj;Jg;g{r;rp (Leafhopper)

g{r;rp jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; mkh;e;J ,iyfspd; rhw;iw
cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. g{r;rpfs; rhW cwp";Rk; nghJ cl;brYj;Jk; ckpH; ePhpYs;s er;Rg;
bghUl;fs; ,iyfs; k";rshf khWjy;/ fPH; nehf;fp RUs;jy;/ rptg;g[ epwkhf khwp/ jpl;L jpl;lhff; fhpjy;
nghd;w jj;Jg;g{r;rp vhpg;g[ mwpFwpfisj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. brofspd; tsh;r;rp btFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
gUj;jpiaj; jtpu btz;il/ fj;jhp/ cUisf;fpH';F/ Nhpafhe;jp nghd;w gaph;fisa[k; ,e;jg; g{r;rpj;
jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp/ ,sk; jz;LfspYk;/ ,iyfspd; euk;g[fspYk; Rkhh; 15 tiuapyhd
vz;zpf;ifapy;/ Kl;ilfisr; brhUfp tpLfpwJ. xU g{r;rp 200-300 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy; ,lf;ToaJ.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J 4-11 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit 10-12 ehl;fspy;/ 4 Kiw njhy; chpj;J
KG tsh;r;rp mila[k;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; gr;ir epwkhft[k;/ rpwpaitfshft[k;/ bkype]j njhw;wj;JlDk;
bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
mrhouhf;od; 0.03% EC 500 kpyp
mrplhkpg;hpl; 20 SP 50 fp
fhh;nghry;ghd; 25 DS 60 fpuhk; / fpnyh tpij
gpg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 1500-2000 kpyp
g[a[g;nuh@bgrpd; 25 EC 1000 kpyp
ijaf;nyhgpupl; 21.7 SC 100-125 kpyp
ijakpjhf;rk; 25 WG 100 fp

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu ngd;fs; - jphpg;!; lghrp kw;Wk; rph;l;nlhjphpg;!; lhh;rhyp!; gUj;jp
,iyfisr; Ruz;oa[k;/ rhw;iw cwp";rpa[k; nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. kpy;nyhbru!; nkf;Fnyhr!;
vd;Dk; rhk;gy; tz;Lfspd; g[Gf;fs; gUj]j;pr; broapd; nth;fisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk;
tpistpg;gnjhL/ tz;Lfs; ,iyfisj; Jisj;J cz;fpd;wd. mdhkp!; @gpnsth vd;Dk;
fhtog;g[G/ ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. fk;gspg; g[Gf;fs; - a{g;nuhof;!;
@gpul;lh;dh kw;Wk; mk;rhf;lh My;gp!;oiufh nghd;witfSk; ,iyfisf; foj;J/ cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;ff; Toait.

100
 13. fUk;ig jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

fUk;g[ (Sugarcane)

Jisg;ghd;fs;
,sk; FUj;Jg;g[G ( Early shoot borer)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;

,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; 1-3 khj';fs; tiuapYs;s ,sk; gapiuj; jhf;fp mjpf nrjk;
tpistpf;fpd;wd. g[Gf;fs; ,sk; brofspd; jz;ilj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W/ FUj;Jg; gFjpiaj; jhf;fp/
Jz;oj;J tpLtjhy;/ FUj;J gGg;g[ epwkhf khwp/ fha;e;J/ FUj;jHpt[ mwpFwpiaj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk]
mGfpa FUj;ij ,Gj;jhy;/ mJ ,yFthf te;JtpLk;. mjpypUe;J Jh;ehw;wk; tPRk;. xU g[G gy
brofisj; jhf;ff; TLk;. xU jz;oy; xU g[G kl;Lnk fhzg;gLk;. mjpf btg;gKk;/ Fiwe;j <ug;gjKk;
fhzg;gLk; nghJ ,g;g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhfj; bjd;gLk;. kiHf;Fg; gpd;dh; ,g;g[Gf;fspd;
jhf;Fjy; Fiwthfnt fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ btz;ik epw/ Kl;ilfis 8-60 tiu/ thpir thpirahf/ xd;wpd; nky;
xd;W Vwpdijg; nghd;W ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Lk;. ,t;thW xU g{r;rp 300-500 Kl;ilfis 3-5
thpirfshf/ xU thu fhyj;Jf;Fs; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 4-6 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;
btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwj; jiya[lDk;/ clypy; bky;ypa/ ePz;l nuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk;/
Ez;zpa g[s;spfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. mit jdpj;jdpna gphpe;J/ btt;ntW Jhh;fis mile;J/ epy
kl;lj;jpw;F rw;W nkyhf jz;ilj; Jisj;J. cl;brd;W 4-5 thu';fspy; KG tsh;r;rp mila[k;. tsh;e;j
g[Gf;fs; Rkhh; 2.5 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ gGg;g[ epwj; jiya[lDk;/ clypd; nkw;gwj;jpYk;/ gf;fthl;oy; 5 fUk;
Cjh epwf; nfhLfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. mit jz;od; cs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 8-10 ehl;fspy;
me;Jg;g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ Rkhh; 3.5 br.kP. mstpYk;/ k';fpa
rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk;/ Kd; ,wf;iffspy; gGg;g[ epwg; gilfisf; bfhz;L btz;ik epw gpd;
,wf;iffSlDk; ,Uf;Fk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 rhFgo gUtj;jpy; ork;gh; - $dthp Kd;gl;lj;jpy; gaph; bra;tJ rpwe;jJ. jhf;fg;gl;l ,sk;
brofis gpL';fp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
 fUk;g[ el;l xU khjj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; xU Kiwa[k;. mijj; bjhlh;e;J xU khjj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh;
,uz;lhk; Kiwa[k; kz; mizg;gjd; \yk;/ g[Gf;fs; jz;ilj; Jisf;fhjthW ghJf;fyhk;.
 fuizfs; el;lgpd;dh; \d;whk; ehspy; fha;e;j njhiffisf; bfhz;L 10-15 br.kP. cauj;jpw;F
gug;gp itg;gjd; \yk;/ g{r;rpfs; Kl;ilapLtija[k;/ g[Gf;fs; jhf;Ftija[k; jtph;f;fyhk;.
 fha;e;J nghd FUj;Jf;fis mfw;w ntz;Lk;.

101
,urhad Kiw
bghUshjhu nrj epiy 15% ‘FUj;J fha;jy;’
 jf;ifg;g{z;oid CL gapuhfg; gaphpLtJ ey;y gydspf;Fk;.
 1.5x1012 POB / bQf;nlh; fpuhDnyhrp!; itu!;fis xU bQf;lhpy; elt[ bra;j 35
tJ kw;Wk; 50 –tJ ehspy; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
 lhf;dpl; xl;Lz;zpahd !;lh]lkpahg;rp!; ,d;bgud;!; fpuhtpl; bgz; g{r;rpfs; 125 I xU
Vf;fh; taypDs; tplyhk;.
,urhad Kiw
kz;zpy; ,Ljy;
igg;hpdpy; 0.3% GR 25-33.3 fp.fp
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;.
Fnshud;l;uepypg[Us; 18.5% SC 375 kp.yp
igg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 1500-2000 kp.yp
Fnshu;igupgh!; 20 EC 1250-1500 kp.yp
Fapdhy;gh!; 25% EC 2000 kp.yp
ntg;g';bfhl;ir; rhW (NSKE) 5% 25 fp.fp.

Fwpg;g[
fpuhDnyhrp!; itui! xl;Lk; jputj;Jld; (0.05%) fye;J khiy neuj;jpy; fUk;g[ taypy;
bjspf;f ntz;Lk.; bjspj;jt[ld; taYf;F ePh; gha;r;r ntz;Lk;. fpuhDnyhrp!; itu!;
ghjpg;g[f]Fs;shd 750 g[Git vLj;J ed;whf miuj;J Rj;jk; bra;J me;j fyitia vLj;J 500 ypl;lh;
jz;zPhpy; fyf;f ntz;Lk;. ,e;j fpnuhDnyhrp!; itu!; ed;ik bra;a[k; g{r;rpfSf;F ghJfhg;gdJ.
tut[ bryt[ fzf;F ghh;f;Fk; nghJ ntg;g'; bfhl;ilr; rhW (NSKE 5%) bjspg;gJ rpwe;jjhFk;.

fUk;g[ ,ilf;fqg;g[G (Internode borer)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
fUk;gpd; gpd; tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpy; njhd;wp/ mWtil tiuapy; fhzg;gLk;. Fiwe;j btg;g
epiya[k;/ mjpf <ug;gjKk; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ ,jd; jhf;Fjy; jPtpukhff; fhzg;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J
btsp[tUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; Kjypy; tphptilahj ,sk; ,iyfis cz;fpd;wd. gpd;dh; mit fUk;gpd;
,ilf;fqg;ghfj;ijj; Jisj;J/ jz;ow;Fs; brd;W/ cl;jpRf;fisf; File;J cz;L. ePz;l
Ru';fghij nghd;w nrjj;ij cz;L gz;qfpd;wd. xU jz;od; cs;ns mndf g[Gf;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
jhf;fg;gl;l fUk;gpy; bgUk;ghYk; FUj;jHpt[ mwpFwp bjd;gLk;. g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjy; jPtukhf ,Uf;Fk;
nghJ/ mtw;wpd; rh;f;fiur; rj;Jk; btFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

102
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ btz;ik epw/ brjps;fisg; nghd;w/ jl;ilahd Kl;ilfis/ ,U
thpirapYk; 10-15 Kl;ilfs] tiu fhzg;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;j 3-4 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;
btsptUk;. mit Kjypy; tphptilahj FUj;J ,iyfis Ruz;o cz;L. gpd;dh;
,ilf;fqg;ghfj;ijj; Jisj;J/ jz;ow;Fs; bry;Yk;. g[Gf;fs; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;w Jthuj;jpd;
tHpahf fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; btspj;js;sg;gl;oUf;Fk;. mit 30-40 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;.
tsh;e;j g[Gtpd; jiy/ gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ cly; btz;ikahft[k; clypd; gf;fthl;oy; kog;gpd; kPJk;
(Segments) 4 fUk; gGg;g[ epwg; g[s;spfSlDk;/ clypd; gf;fthl;oy; 4 bky;ypa k';fyhd Cjh epwf;
nfhLfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. mit fUk;g[ ,sk; FUj;Jg; g[Gf;fis tpl rw;Wg; bghpaitfshft[k;/ 3.5-
4.0 br.kP ePsj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[G Tl;Lg; g[Gthf khWKd;dh;/ jz;oy; xU Jthuk; cz;L
gz;zp mij gl;L nghd;w bky;ypa ,iHfshy; gpd;dp/ \o tpl;L/ gpd;dh; jz;od; cs;nsna
Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwp 10-15 ehl;fspy; me;Jg; g{r;rpahf btsptUk;. mit ,sk; FUj;Jg; g[G g{r;rpia
tpl rw;Wg; bghpaitfshft[k;/ k';fpa gGg;g[ epw Kd; ,wf;iffspd; tpspk;g[fspy; bghd; epw rpwpa
g[s;spfisf; bfhz;Lk;/ btz;ik epw gpd; ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 ,ilf;fqg;g[G jhf;fhj tpijf;fuizfis njh;e;bjLj;J elt[f;Fg; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
 el;l 150-k; kw;Wk; 210-k; ehl;fspy; njhif chpj;J/ gapiu ed;F guhkhpg;gjd; \yk;/ Kl;ilfis
mHpg;gnjhL/ g[Gf;fs; jz;ilj; Jisg;gija[k; jLf;fyhk;.
 njitf;F mjpfkhf jiHr;rj;J ,Ltijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;.
 Kl;ilf; Ftpay;fis nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 Kl;il xl;Lz;zpahd l;iuf;nffpiukh ifnyhdp!; ml;ilia el;l 4 khjj;jpypUe;J ,uz;L
thu';fSf;F xU Kiw 6 Kiwf; fl;l ntz;Lk;. kiHf;fhyj;jpy; vWk;g[ fhzg;gLtjhy;
xl;Lz;zpia bfhR tiy nghl;l ghyPj;jPd; fg;gpy; itj;J taypy; tplt[k;.

Edpf;FUj;Jg; g[G (Top shoot borer)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
bgUk;ghYk; fUk;;gpd; gpd; tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpy; njhd;wp/ mWtil tiuapYk; fhzg;gLk;.
,g;g{r;rp vy;yh tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpYk; fUk;igj; jhf;ff; TLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gaph;/ fhyj]j;pw;F
Kd;djhfnt Kjph;r;rpaile;J tpLtjhy;/ Rkhh; 20 rjk; tiuapy; kfNy; FiwtnjhL/ fUk;g[ rhw;wpd;
juKk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; Kjypy; FUj;J ,iyapYs;s eL
euk;igj; Jisj;J/ fPH; nehf;fpr; brd;W FUj;Jg; ghfj;ij milfpwJ. ,g;g[G jhf;Fk; nghJ/ g[jpajhf
btsptUk; ,iyapd; Edpg;ghfj;jpy;/ eL euk;g[f;F ,Ug[wKk; Jthu';fs; fhzg;gLtnjhL/ eL
euk;gpYk; Jisfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,ijj; bjhlh;e;J btsptUk; FUj;J/ mGfp/ fhpe;J/ FUj;jHpt[
mwpFwp bjd;gLk;. Jthuj;jpy; g[Gtpd; fHpt[g; bghUSk; bjd;gLk;. ,t;thW eLf;FUj;J mHpe;J

103
tpLtjhy;/ Edpj;jz;oYs;s bkhl;Lfspd; tsh;r;rp Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L/ gf;ff; fpifs; njhd;Wk;.
broapd; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; bghJthf ,ut[ neu';fspy; RW RWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. bgz; me;Jg; g{r;rp/ jsph;
,iyfspd; eLeuk;ig mLj;J Kl;ilfis xd;wd; nky; xd;W Vwpdhw; nghy; Ftpayhf ,l;L/
mtw;iw Mu";R fye]j gGg;g[ epw nuhk';fshy; \otpLk;. xU bgz; g{r;rp/ Rkhh; 500 Kl;ilfs;
tiuapy;/ 60-70 Kl;ilfs; ml';fpa Ftpay;fshf ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 7-10 ehl;fspy; ,sk;
g[Gf;fs; btspte;J/ rw;W neuk; ,iyfspd; nky; ,Ue;J gpd;dh;/ FUj;J ,iyapd; eLeuk;igj;
Jisj;J/ FUj;Jg; gFjpf;F bry;Yk;. g[G nkypUe;J/ fPHhff; File;J/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L/ 4-6
fqf;fs; tiuapy; bry;yf;TLk;. mit 25-40 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rp mila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; 2.5-3.0
br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ btsph; k";rs; epwkhft[k; bjd;gLk;. mJ jz;Lg;gFjpapy; xU Jthuk; cz;L
gz;zp/ mij bky;ypa/ gl;L nghd;w E}y; ,iHfisf; bfhz;L gpd;dp milj;J tpl;L/ gl;L nghd;w
E}y; ,iHfshy; xU TL fl;o mjDs; Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk;. Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J 15-20 ehl;fspy;
me;Jg;g{r;rp btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; bts;spiag; nghd;w btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ 3.0 br.kP mstpYk;
bjd;gLk;. xU tUlj;jpy; 5-6 jiy Kiwfs; njhd;Wk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
Kl;ilf; Ftpay;fs; Nhpa btspr;rj;jpy; ed;F bjhpa[k;. Mfnt mtw;iwr; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
g[G Jisj;j jz;Lg;ghfj;ij/ jhf;fpa gFjp tiu btl;o vLj;J mHp[j;J tplyhk;.
elt[ bra;j 150-k; kw;Wk; 210-k; ehl;fspy; njhif chpj;J/ gapiu ed;F guhkhpg;gjd; \yk; g{r;rpfs;
Kl;ilapLtij Xust[ jLf;fyhk;.
Tl;Lg;g[G xl;Lz;zpahd Inrhjpkh $hbtd;rp!; 125 n$hofs; / vf;lh; vd;w mstpy; taypy;
tplyhk;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; ,lt[k; / bjspf;ft[k;.
fhh;nghgpa[uhd; 3 G 66.6 fp. fp
Fnshud;lu; epypg;nuhy; 0.4 G 18.75 fp. fp
Fnshudl;;uepypg;nuhy; 18.5 SC 375 kp. yp.

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

fUk;g[ ,iyj; jj;Jg;g{r;rp (Leafhopper)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J
bfhz;L/ bjhlh;e;J rhw;iw cwp";Rtjhy] ,iyfs; k";rs; epwkhf khwp/ gpd;dh; fha;e;J tpLfpwJ.
,jdhy; fUk;gpd; kfNy; FiwtnjhL/ fUk;g[ rhw;wpd; juKk; FiwfpwJ. ,sk; g{r;rpfs; btspapLk;

104
njd; nghd;w jputk; ,iyfspd; nky; goe;J/ vWk;g[fs; kw;Wk; gy;ntW g{r;rpfisf; ftUtJld;/
,iyfspd; nky; fUk;gly neha; vd;Dk; g{rz neha[k; njhd;wf; TLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp/ ,sk; gr;ir fye;j k";rs; epw Kl;ilfis Ftpayhf ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; eL
euk;ig mLj;J my;yJ ,iy ciwfspd; cl;g[wj;jpy; ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp Rkh; 750 Kl;ilfis/ 20-60 tiu
vz;zpf;ifapyhd Ftpay;fshf ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g{r;rpfs;
,sk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. mit 40-60 ehl;fspy;/ 5-6 Kiw njhy; chpj;J KG tsh;r;rp mila[k;.
tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; itf;nfhy; epwj;jpYk;/ nky; g[wk; Tiu nghy; ,uz;L n$ho ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;L
bjd;gLk;. jiyapd; Kd; gFjp/ ePskhd myFnghy; fhzg;gLk;. bgz; g{r;rpfs; tapw;wpd;
Edpg;gFjpapy; ,uz;L F";r';fis nghd;w btz;ikahd/ nuhkf; bfhj;J fhzg;gLk;. xU tUlj;jpy;
3-4 jiy Kiwfs; njhd;Wk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
o njitf;F mjpfkhf jiHr;rj;J ,Ltijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;
o elt[ bra;j 150-k; kw;Wk; 210-k; ehs; njhif chpj;J/ gapiu ed;F guhkhpg;gjd; \yk;/ <ug;gjj;ij
Fiwj;Jk;/ Kl;ilfis mHpj;Jk; g{r;rpfs; bgUf;fj;ijf; fhzyhk;.
o vg;upfhdpah bkyndhypa[fh vd;w bygplhg;Oud; xl;Lz;zp 8000- 10000 Tl;Lg;g[Gff;fs;
my;yJ 8-10 ,yl;r Kl;ilfs; / vf;lu; tpl ntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiw
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
nkhndhFnuhgh!; 36 SL 1500 kp. yp
Fnshu;igupgh!; 25 EC 1500 kp. yp

fUk;g[ bts;is < my;yJ xl;Lg; g{r;rp (Whitefly)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy; ,iyfspd; nky; ,Ue;J
bfhz;L/ bjhlh;e;J rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. ,sk; g{r;rpfs; jhd; mjpf nrjk;
tpistpf;ff; Toait. ,t;thW bjhlh;e]J rhW cwp";rg;gLtjhy;/ brofspd; tsh;r;rp Fd;WtnjhL/
rh;f;fiu rj;Jk; FiwfpwJ. jhH]e;j/ ePh;j;njf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;s epy';fspy; kw;Wk; kWjhk;g[g; gaphpy;
,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjy;/ mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp/ fUk;gGg;g[ epw Kl;ilfis/ thpirahf/ ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy;/ euk;ig mLj;J
,Lk;. xU thpirapy; 3-50 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy; ,sk;
g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit Kl;il totpYk;/ ,sk; k";rs; epwj;ijf; bfhz;Lk;/ nuhk';fis bfhz;Lk;
bjd;gLk;. mit bjhlh;e;J rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L 4 Kiw njhy; chpj;J/ 15-30 ehl;fspy; KG

105
tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g{r;rp fUik epwj;jpy; bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fshf khWk;.
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fspd; nky; ghfk; btz;ikahft[k;/ bkGF nghd;w bky;ypa nuhk';fshy; \lg;gl;Lk;/
tpspk;igr; Rw;wpYk; bkGF nghd;w nuhk';fif; bfhz;Lk;/ ,iyfspd; nky;gug;gpy; xl;of;
bfhz;oUe;J/ 10-15 ehl]fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaile;j/ ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;l g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;.
mit kpft[k; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ bkd;ikahditfshft[k;/ k";rs; epw cliya[k;/ fUik epwf;
fz;fisf; bfhz;Lk;/ ,wf;iffs; btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ Kd; ,wf;iffspd; nky; gug;gpy;
btz;ikahd/ bkGF nghdw bgho J}tg;gl;lJ nghd;W bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 njitf;F mjpfkhf jiHr;rj;J ,Ltijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;
 g{r;rp mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; ,l';fspy; kWjhk;g[f;F tpLtijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;;
 elt[ bra;j 150-k; kw;Wk; 210-k; ehl;fspy; njhif chpj;J/ gapiu ed;F guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;.

Tl;Lg;g[G xl;Lz;zpkhd vd;nfhprpah ,rf;fp/ ifnyhnfhu!; ief;nul;l!;/ ifk!; Egpy!; nghd;w

,aw;if vjphpfs; bts;is <ia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
xU vf;lUf;F nkhndhFnuhgh!; 36 SL 1500 kp. yp bjspf;ft[k;

fUk;g[ brjps; g{r;rp (Scales)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ fqg; gFjpfspYk;/ ,iy ciwfspd; cl;g[wj;jpYk;/ rw;W
ePs; tl;l totpyhd/ bfl;oahd/ brjps; nghd;w ghJfhg;ghd ciwfSf;Fs; ,Ue;J bfhz;L rhw;iw
cwp";rp cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. ,t;thW rhW cwp";rg;gLtjhy;/ ,iyfs; k";rs; epwkhf
khWtJld;/ broapd; tsh;r;rpa[k; Fd;wp fhzg;gLk;. brjps; g{r;rpfs; xnu ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl
rhw;iw cwp";Rk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; brjps; g{r;rp/ 50-500 Kl;ilfis ,iy ciwfspd; cl;g[wj;jpnyh my;yJ epyj;jpd;
kPnjh ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; F";Rfs; fqg;gFjpfspYk;/ ,iy ciwfspd; cl;g[wj;jpYk;/
bfl;oahd/ rhk;gy; fye;j fUik epw brjps;fs; nghd;w ciwfSf;Fs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl rhw;iw
cwp";rp tsUk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 brjps; g{r;rpfs; jz;od; fqg; gFjpfspy; xl;of; bfhz;oUf;ff; TLkhjyhy;/ g{r;rpj; jhf;fhj
tpijf; fuizfis elt[f;F njh;t[ bra;a ntz;Lk;
 taypy; ePh; nj';fpapuhjthW ey;y tofhy; trjp mikf;f ntz;Lk;
 elt[ bra;j 150-k; kw;Wk; 210-k; ehs; njhif chpj;J/ taiy ed;F guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;.

106
,urhad Kiw
nkhndhFnuhgh!; 36 SL 1500 kp. yp xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;.

ntiuj;jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs;
btz; g[G / nth;g;g[G (White grub)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,e;jg; g{r;rp fUk;igj; jtpu nfH;tuF/ nrhsk;/ epyf;fliy/ Mkzf;F nghd;w gaph;fisa[k;
jhf;ff; ToaJ. ,t;tz;od; g[Gf;fs; kz;qf;F moapy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ nth;fisf; foj;J cz;L
nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l fUk;ig ,Gj;jhny mJ jdpahf te;J tpLk;. nk-$Pd;
khj';fspy; ,e;jg; g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ir; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ Kl;ilfis epyj;jpy; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;
nth;j;J}tpfisa[k;/ nth;fisa[k; foj;J cz;L tsUk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; btz;ikahft[k;/
rijg;gw;WlDk;/ clypy; gy RUf;f';fisf; bfhz;Lk;/ tise;Jk; bjd;gLk;. mit kz;qf;foapnyna
Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fshf khwp/ gpd;dh; tz;Lfshf btsptUk; tz;Lfs; ePs; tl;l totpYk;/ fUik
epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rp fl;Lg;ghL
o gaph;r;RHw;rp Kiwia ifahs ntz;Lk;.
o nfhil fhy';fspy; mWtil Koe;j cld; xU MHkhd cHt[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. $Pd; khj;jpy; 4-5
Kiw cGtjd; \yk; kz;zpy; cs;s g[Gf;fs; btspna tUk.; ,jdhy; gwitfs; mij bfhj;jp
jpd;Dk;.
o taypy; vg;bghGJk; <uj;jd;ik ,Uf;FkhW itj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk.; ,jdhy; g[Gf;fs; kz;iz
tpl;L btspna te;JtpLk;.

fiuahd; (Termites)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
fiuahdpd; jhf;Fjy; eltpd; nghnj Muk;gpj;J tpLfpwJ. elt[ bra;j fUk;g[ fuizfspd;
,U btl;Lg; gFjpfisa[k; bkhl;Lf;fisa[k; Kjypy; g{r;rpfs; jhf;fp mhpj;J cz;LtpLtjhy;/
fuizfs; Kisg;gJ ghjpf;fg;gl;L/ taypy; gutyhf ,ilbtspfs; fhzg;gLk;. ehsiltpy;
fuizfspd; fodkhd nky; njhiyj; jtpu cl;jpRf;fs; KGtija[k; fiuahd;fs; mhpj;J cz;L
tpLfpd;wd. Kisj;j gapu;fis fiuahd;fs; jhf;Fk; nghJ Kjypy; btspg;g[w ,iyfs; fha;e;J tpLk;.
,J nghd;w gapu;fis bkJthf ,Gj;jhy;/ mit moapypUe;nj jdpahf te;J tpLk;. tsh;;e]j
fUk;g[fs; jhf;fg;gLk;nghJ moapypUe;J 6-tJ ,ilf;fqg;gFjp tiuapy; cl;jpRf;fs; mhpj;J
cz;zg;gl;L cl;g[wj;jpy; fiuahd;fs; kz;zpdhy; fl;oa TL fhzg;gLk;. fiuahd;fspd;
jhf;Fjypdhy; 40-50 rjk; tiuapy; nrjk; cz]lhf]ff]TLk;. kzw;gh';fhd tay;fspy; fiuahd;fspd;
jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhfj; bjd;gLk;.

107
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
tay; kw;Wk; tug;g[fs; epuk;g jz;zPh; fl;Ltjd; \yk; fiuahd; jhf;Fjiyj; jtph;f;fyhk;.
,urhad Kiw
 tpijf;fuizia eLtjw;F Kd;g[ ,kplhFnshgpupl; 70 WS 0.1 rjk; my;yJ
Fnshh;ighpgh!; 20 EC 0.04 rjk; kUe;jpDs; eidj;J vLf;f ntz;Lk;.
 Fnshu;igupgh!; 20 EC 6.25 ypl;liu 1000 ypl;lu; jz;zPupy; fye;J moj;jz;oy; Cw;wt[k;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia xU vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;ft[k;
Fnshud;l;uepypg[Us; 18.5 SC 500 kp.yp;
Fnshjadpod; 50 WDG 250 fp
,kplhFnshgphpl; 17.8 SC 350 kp.yp.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu bey; btl;Lf;fpsp-iQnuhfpis@g!; gdpahd;/ fUk;g[

,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpwJ. fUk;g[ kht[g;g{r;rp- iug;bgh;rpah rf;fhup brofspd;
,iy ciwfSf;Fk;/ jz;Lf;Fk; ,ilnaahd gFjpfspy; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ rhw;iw
cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.

108
 14. kh kw;Wk; vYkpr;iriaj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

kh (Mango)
Jisg;ghd;fs;
kh jz;L Jisg;ghd; (Srem borer)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
kh kuj;ijj; jtpu/ gyh/ ky;ghp/ mj;jp/ ug;gh;/ a{fhypg;l!; nghd;w ku';fisa[k; ,g; g{r;rp jhf;ff;
ToaJ. g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; bgUk;ghYk; kuj;jpy; fpisfs; gphpa[k; ,lj;jpy; Jisj;J/ jz;od;
cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk.; kuj;jpy; Jisf;fg;gl;l gFjpapy; kuj; J}Sk;/ g[Gtpd; fHpt[g;
bghUl;fSk; fhzg;gLk;. ehsiltpy; g[G kuj;ij File;J cl;brd;w gpd;dh; Jis milf;fg;gl;L
tpLtjhy;/ g[G cl;brd;w ,lk; bjhptjpy;iy. g[Gf;fs; jz;od; cl;g[wj;ij File;J/ xG';fw;w totpy;
Ru';f';fis cz;Lgz;zp/ rhw;Wf; FHha;j; bjhFjpfis mHpj;J tpLtjhy;/ jhf;fg;gl;l fpisfs;
tho/ fha;e;J tpLk;. ,t;thW gy fpisfs; jhf;fg;gLk;nghJ kuk; KGtJk; fha;e;J koe;J tpLk;.
thH;f;ifr; rupjk;
bgz; tz;lhdJ/ Kl;ilfis kug;gl;ilfspd; moapy;/ bgUk;ghYk; fpisfs; gphpa[k;
,l';fspy; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 7-14 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; jz;Lg;gFjpiaj;
Jisj;J cl;bry;Yk;. fpisfspDs; my;yJ jz;oDs; g[Gf;fs; xG';fw;w Ru';f';fisg; nghy;
File;J/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L/ 7-8 khj';fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. g[Gtpd; Kd; gFjp mfd;W/
bgUj;Jk;/ gpd; gFjp FWfp/ rpWj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. mit btz;ik epwkhft[k;/ jiy gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/
fhy;fs; ,y;yhkYk; bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; jz;od; cs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwp 21-28
ehl;fspy; tz;lhf btsptUk;. tz;Lfs; 4-6 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ rhk;gy; fye;j gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/
fodkhd/ XL nghd;w Kd; ,wf;iffspy; xG';fw;w mGf;F btz;ik epwg; g[s;spfSlDk;/ Kjy;
khh;g[f; fz;lj;jpd; nky; ,uz;L ,sk; rptg;g[ g[s;spfSlDk;/ ,U g[wj;jpYk; fodkhd Ks; nghd;w
ePl;rpa[lDk; fhzg;gLk;. tz;Lfs; ,ut[ neu';fspy; kl;Lnk elkhLk;. kug;gl;ilfis Ruz;o
cz;qk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL

cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 g[Gf;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;l fha;e;J nghd fpisfis btl;o/ mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
 g{r;rp vjph;g;g[j; jpwDila kh uf';fis (ePyk;/ fpkha{jPd;) gaphpl ntz;Lk;;.
 tz;L cz;zf; Toa khw;W gaph; tiffis mfw;w ntz;Lk;.

,urhad Kiw
tz;L nrjg;gLj;jpa JisapypUe;J g[Git mfw;wp gpd;g[ fhu;nghg;a[uhd; 3 CG 5 fp my;yJ
nkhndhFnuhl;lhgh!; 36 SL 10 - 20 kpyp tiu vLj;J ghjpf;fg;gl;l JisapDs; brYj;j ntz;Lk;.

109
khk;gH < (Fruit fly)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
khk;gHj;ijj; jtpu/ bfha;ah/ khJis/ Mg;gps;/ thiH/ Mu";R nghd;w gH';fisa[k; ,g; g{r;rp
jhf;ff; ToaJ. Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; gH';fisj; Jisj;J cl;brd;W/
rijg;gFjpia cz]gjhy] gGg;g[ epw jputk; frpa[k;. Kw;wpYk; nrjkile;j fha;fSk;/ gH';fSk; fPnH
tpGk.; ghjp gGj;j gH';fs; mjpfkhfj; jhf;fg;gLk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; <f;fs;/ ed;F Kw;wpa fha;fs; my;yJ ghjp gGj;j gH';fspd; njhypDs;/ 5-10 tiu ePz;l/
cUis tot Kl;ilfis brhUfptpLk;. fhaj;jpypUe;J btsptUk; ghy; nghd;w jputk; Kl;ilfis
\otpLk;. xU <ahdJ 50-200 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;ToaJ. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 2-3 ehl;fspy; btsptUk;
,sk; g[Gf;fs; gH';fisj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W/ rijg;gFjpia cz;L 7-28 ehl;fs; cs;nsna
,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ fhy;fs; ,y;yhkYk;/ ePskhft[k;/ jiyg;gFjp
mfykhft[k;/ gpd; gFjp FWfpa[k; bjd;gLk;. gHk;/ mGfp fPnH tpGe;jt[ld;/ g[Gf;fs; btspte;J/
kz;qf;F moapy;/ 7-15 br.kP MHj;jpy; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. Tl;Lg;g[Gg;gUtk; nfhil
fhy';fspy; Rkhh; 7 ehl;fSk;/ Fsph; fhy';fspy; Rkhh; 42 ehl;fs; tiuapYk; bjhlUk;/ <f;fs; kpfr;
rpwpaitfshft[k;/ Mu";R my;yJ gGg;g[ fye;j rptg;g[ epw clYlDk;/ fz;zho nghd;w
,wf;iffspd; Kd; gFjpapy; rptg;g[ epw milahs';fSlDk;/ Kd; tapw;Wg; gFjp bgUj;Jk;/ gpd; gFjp
FWfpa[k; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
kuj;ijr; Rw;wpa[s;s gFjpfis ed;F cGJ kz;qf;foapy; fhzg;gLk; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fis btspf;
bfhzh;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
ghjpf;fg;gl;l gH';fis gwpj;J mfw;wp tpl ntz;Lk;.
fha; gGf;fj;bjhl';Fk; nghJ ntg;g vz;bza; 30kpyp /yp bjspf;fyhk;.
,urhad Kiw
 bkj;jpy; a{$Pdhy; fth;r;rpg; bghwpia bQf;nlUf;F 25 tPjk; itj;J gH <f;fis
fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.

kh';bfhl;il \f;F tz;L / kh';bfhl;ilj; Jisg;ghd; (Nut weevil)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,e;jg; g{r;rp khit kl;Lnk jhf;ff;ToaJ. Kl;ilfspypUe;J ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsp
te;jt[ndna/ mit fhapd; njhiyj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W rijg;ghfj;jpDs; gy nfhzy;fshff;
File;J brd;W/ gpd;dh; kh';bfhl;ilapd; njhiya[k; Jisj;J. bfhl;ilapDs; brd;W tpLk;. fha;fs;
bghpajhFk;nghJ/ g[G Jisj;j Jthuk; milgl;L tpLtjhy;/ g[G cs;spUg;gJ btspj; bjhptjpy;i y.
g[G bfhl;ilapDs; ,Uf;Fk; gUg;ig cz;L tsUk;. tsh;e;J g[G bfhl;ilapd; cs;nsna
Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwp/ gpd;dh; tz;lhf btsptUk;. tz;LfSk; kh';bfhl;ilapYs;s gUg;ig cz;qk;.

110
jhf;fg;gl;l fha;fs; tpiutpnyna Kjph;r;rpaile;J/ gGj;JtpLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gH';fspypUe;J
btsptUk; tz;Lfs; kuj;jpd; jz;Lg;gFjpapYs;s gl;ilfspd; ,ilna cw';Fk; epiyapy; ePz;l
fhyk; ,Uf;ff; Toait. bgUk;ghYk; xU bfhl;ilapy; xU tz;L kl;Lnk fhzg;gLk;. Mdhy; tz;L
mjpfk; jhf;ff; Toa rpy ,uf';fspy; xU bfhl;ilapy; 7 tz;Lfs; tiuapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L gp";Rf; fha;fspy; rpwpa FHpfis cz;L gz;zp/ mjDs; Kl;ilfis jdpj;
jdpahf ,l;L/ fhapypUe;J btsptUk; ghy; nghd;w jputj;jpdhy; \otpLk;. xU fhapy; 12-36 Kl;ilfs;
tiu ,Lk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J 5-7 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. 25-30 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k;/ tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; jokdhft[k;/ rijg;gw;Wlqk;/ fhy;fs; ,y;yhkYk;/ ,sk; k";rs;
epwkhft[k;/ fUk;gGg;g[ epwj; jiya[lDk; bjd;gLk;. mit bfhl;ilapDs;nsna Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fshf
khwp/ 10-12 ehl;fspy; tz;Lfshf btsptUk;. tz;Lfs; fUk; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ ey;y jokdhft[k;
Rkhh; 0.6 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ thag;ghfk; myF nghy; ePz;Lk;/ fPH; nehf;fp tise;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.

g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
cjph;e;J kz;zpy; tpGk; fha;fisa[k;/ gH';fisa[k; nrfhpj;J mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

kh jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs; (Mango hoppers)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
\d;W ,d';fisr; nrh;e;j jj;Jg;g{r;rpfs; kh kuj;jpd; g{';bfhj;Jf;fisj; jhf;fp mjpf nrjk;
tpistpf;fpd;wd. etk;gh;-gpg;uthp khj';fspy;/ kh ku';fs; g{f;Fk; jUzj;jpy; ,g;g{r;rp kpf mjpf
mstpy; bjd;gLk;. ,ju fhy';fspy; ,g;g{r;rpapd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthfnt fhzg;gLk;. ,e;jf;
fhy';fspy; mit ku';fspd; gl;ilfSf;F moapy; cw';Fk; epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; my;yJ ,iyfspd;
nky; fhzg;gLk;. ey;y kiHf;Fg; gpd;dUk; ,g;g{r;rp vz;zpf;if kpft[k; Fiwe;J tpLk;.
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; Vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy; g{';bfhj;Jf;fspd; jz;Lfs;/
fhk;g[fs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs; nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J rhw;iw/ cwp";rp cz;qk.; ,jdhy; g{';bfhj;Jf;fs; fhpe;J
tpLtnjhL/ mjpf mstpy; g{ bkhf;FfSk;/ g{f;fSk; fhpe;J cjph;e;J tpLk;. ,jdhy; fha; gpog;gJ 25-60
rjk; tiuapy; Fiwaf; TLk;. ,g;g{r;rpfs; btspapLk; njd; nghd;w fHpt[g; bghUl;fs;
g{';bfhj;Jf;fspYk;/ ,iyfspd; nkYk; glh;e;J fhzg;gLk;. g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk; nghJ ,j;jputk; g{f;fs]/ ,iyfs; nghd;w ghf';fspypUe;J fPnH brhl;Ltijf; fhz Koa[k;.
,e;j jputj;jpdhy; vWk;g[fs; kw;Wk; gy;ntW g{r;rpfs; ftug;gLtnjhL/ mjd; nky; fUk;gly neha;
vdg;gLk; g{rz neha[k; njhz;Wk;. ,e;nehapd; jhf;Fjyhy; ,iyfspd; xspr;nrh;f;ifj; jpwd;
ghjpf;fg;gLtjhy; kuj;jpd; tsh;r;rpa[k; ghjpf;fg]gLk;. nkYk; bgz; g{r;rpfs; Kl;ilfis

111
g{';bfhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; g{ bkhf;FfspDs; brhUFk; nghJ Vw;gLk; fha';fspdhYk; g{f;fs; fhpe;J
cjph;e;J tplf;TLk;.

thH;f;ifr; rupjk;
bgz; g{r;rpfs;/ k';fpa btz;ik epw Kl;ilfis g{';bfhj;Jf;fspd; fhk;g[fspYk;/ g{
bkhf;FfspYk; brhUfp tpLfpd;wd. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 4-6 ehl;fspy; ,wf;iffspy;yhj/ ,sk; g{r;rpfs;
btsptUk;. mit 10-15 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaile;J/ ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;l jj;Jg;g{r;rpfshf
khWk;. g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l jiy Kiwfs; njhd;wf;TLk;. g{r;rpfspd;
jiyg;gFjp mfd;Wk;/ gpd; gFjp FWfpa[k;/ rpwpa mstpYk; fhzg;gLk;.

g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
kh ku';fspy; mjpf beUf;fkhf jiHfs; ,y;yhjthW xG';fhf fthj;J bra;J/ njhl;lj;jpy;
ey;y fhw;nwhl;lKk;/ Nhpa btspr;rKk; ,Uf;FkhW ed;F guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;. gHe;njhl;lj;ij
Rj;jkhf itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk; fisfis mfw;w ntz;Lk;.
beUf;f eLjy; Kiwia jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;.
bkl;lhiurpak; mdpnrhgpypna my;yJ gpa[ntupah ngrpahdh 1 x 108 cfus / kpyp vd;w mstpy; ,ju
fhy';fspy; xU Kiwa[k; g{f;Fk; jUzj;jpy; xU thu ,ilbtspapy; ,uz;L Kiwa[k; kuj;jpy; jlt
ntzLk;.
ntg;bgz;bza; 5 kpyp / yp

,urhad Kiw
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia g{';bfhj;Jfs; njhd;Wk; nghJk; 15 ehl;fs; fHpj;J
bjspf;ft[k;
,kplhf;nyhg;hpl; 17.8 SL2 kpyp / 10 yp
khyj;jpahd; 50 EC 1 kpyp/ yp
jnahkPjhf;rk; 25 WG 1 fp / 10 yp
ga[g;nuhbgrpd; 25 SC 1 kpyp / yp
ntg;g vz;bza; 5 kpyp / yp vd;w mstpy; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypa[ld; fye;J bjspf;fyhk;.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu ,iy jl;il \f;F tz;L vd;w tz;od; g[Gf;fs; ,sk;
,iyfisf; File;J nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfspy; gy tpjkhd RUf;f';fSk;/
bespt[fSk; njhd;Wk;. rptg;g[ vWk;g[fs;-<f;nfh@gpy;yh !;khuhf;odh ,iyfisg; gpizj;J/ TL
fl;o mjDs; thH;e;J/ gy tpjkhd bjhy;iyfisf; bfhLf;Fk;. bfha;ah brjps; g{r;rp-gy;tpndhpah
rpo ,iyfisj; jhf;fp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp/ cz;L nrjk; cz;lhf;Fk;.

112
vYkpr;ir
,iy cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;
vYkpr;ir tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp (Lemon butterfly)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; vy;yh tpjkhd vYkpr;ir tifr; brofisa[k;/ fwpntg;gpiyr;
brofisa[k; jhf;ff; Toait. g[Gf;fs;/ ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. g[Gf;fspd;
jhf;Fjy; mjpfupf;Fk;nghJ ,iyfs; KGtJk; mHpf;fg;gl;L/ ,iyf;fhk;g[fSk;/ fpisfSk; kl;Lnk
v";rpapUf;Fk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp k";rs; epw/ tH tHg;ghd Kl;ilfis/ jsph; ,iyfspd;; mog;gug;gpy; jdpj;
jdpahf ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 4-6 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; Kjypy; jsph; ,iyfis
foj;J cz;qk;. gpd;dh; mit Kjph;e;j ,iyfisa[k; cz;qk;. ,sk; g[Gf;fs; fUk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpy;/
btz;zpw milahs';fSld;/ gwitfspd; vr;rk; nghy; bjd;gLk;. mit 14-28 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k;/ tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; gr;ir epwj;jpYk;/ gGg;g[ epw gilfisf; bfhz;Lk;. jokdhft[k;/
cUis totj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. g[Gt[f;F VjhtJ ,ila{W bra;jhy;/ mtw;wpd; jiyapd; gpd;
gFjpapypUe;J/ rptg;g[ epwj;jpy; gpst[gl;l ehf;F nghd;w mikg;g[ jpObud;W btspna ePl;lg;gl;L/
gaKWj;Jtij nghd;w njhd;wj;ij mspf;Fk;. mit broapd; ,iyfs; my;yJ fpisfspy;
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fs; ,iyfs; my;yJ jz;Lg;ghfj;jpy; xU bky;ypa gl;L nghd;w
,iHapdhy; fl;lg;gl;L bjh';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J 8-12 ehl;fspy; tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp
btsptUk;. mit kpft[k; mHfhft[k;/ fUik epw ,wf;iffspy; k";rs; tz;zg; g[s;spfSlDk;/
gilfSlDk;/ bghpa mstpYk; bjd;gLk;. vYkpr;ir tifr; brofspy; ,J tUl KGtJk; bjhlh;e;J
fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia g[jpa ,iyfs; njhd;Wk; nghJk; ,uz;L Kiw
bjspf;ft[k;.
ntg;g vz;bza; 30 kpyp/ yp
ngrpy;y!; Jup";rpad;rp!; 1 fp / yp
Fapdhy;gh!; 25 EC 3 kpyp / yp

vYkpr;ir ,iy Fila[k; g[G ( Citrus Leaf miner)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
vYkpr;ir tifr; brofisj; jhf;fp mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toa Kf;fpakhd g{r;rpfspy;
,Jt[k; xd;W. Fwpg;ghf ,sk; brofis ,J mjpfkhfj; jhf;Fk;. g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisf; File;J/
g[wj;njhy;fSf;F ,ilapyhd jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. gy nfhzy;fshf g[G File;j
gFjpfs;/ kpD kpDg;ghd btz;ik epwkhf/ Xust[ xsp g[ff; Toa gilfshf khwptpLk;. mjpfk;

113
jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfs; gy tpj bespt[fSlDk;/ tist[fSlDk; fhzg;gLtnjhL. ehsiltpy; fha;e;J
tpLk.;
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp kpfr; rpwpa tl;l tot Kl;ilifs jsph; ,iyfspd; eL euk;ig mLj;Jk;/
FUj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; jdpj;jdpahf ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 2-5 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btspte;J/
,iyfisf; File;J/ cl;brd;W cl;jpRf;fis cz;L/ 7-15 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. g[Gf;fs;
File;J brd;W Ru';fk; nghd;w gFjpfspy; g[Gf;fSk;/ mtw;wpd; fHpt[g; bghUl;fSk;/ fUik epw/
Ez;zpa g[s;spfshfj; bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[G ,iyfspd; tpspk;ig mLj;J/ Ru';fj;jpDs;nsna
bky;ypa E}yhk; gilapdhyhd Tl;ow;Fs; Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwp/ 10-20 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rpahf
btsptUk; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; kpfr; rpwpaitfshft[k; xU tUlj;jpy; gy jiyKiwfs; njhd;wf;TLk;.
nfhil fhy';fspy; ,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjy; Fiwthfnt fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf;fl;Lg;ghL
5 rj ntg;g';bfhl;il rhw;iw bjspg;gjd; \yk; ,g;g{r;rpia ed;F fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. J}s; bra;j
ntg;g';bfhl;il gUg;g[ - 10 fpnyh vLj;J/ mij 50 ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; 12 kzp neuk; Cw itj;J/
tofl;o/ me;jr; rhw;Wld; 200 kpyp jput nrhg;iga[k; fye;J gpd;dh; jz;zPh; nrh;j;J 200 ypl;lh;
msthf;fpdhy;/ 5 rj rhW fpilf;Fk;.
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia bjspf;ft[k;
 ,kplhf;nyhg;hpl; 17.8 SL 5 kpyp /10 yp
 jnahofhu;g; 75 WP 1 fp / yp

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

gHr]rhW cwp"]Rk] me]Jg]g[{r]rp (Fruit sucking moth)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
xnu gHj;jpy; 20-25 ,l';fspy; rhw;iw cwp";Rk;. ,t;thW jhf;fg;gl;l gH';fs; fPnH
tpGe;JtpLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gH';fis vLj;J eRf;fpg; ghh;j;jhy; cs;spUe;J behjpf;Fk; rhW/ Eiua[ld;
Jthuk; tHpahf btsptUk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ gHj; njhl;l';fspYk; Rw;Wg; g[w';fspYk; fhzg;gLk; rpy fisr; brofs;/
ntypr; brofs; nghd;wtw;wpd; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,sk; gr;irepw/ tH tHg;ghd Kl;ilfis
jdpj; jdpahf ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp mjd; thH;ehspy; Rkhh; 250 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;TLk;.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J 5-8 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btspte;J/ fisr; brofspd; ,iyfis cz;L 21-28
ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j fhtog; g[Gf;fs;/ 5-6 br.kP ePskhft[k;/ jokdhft[k;/
bkd;ikahft[k;/ fU ePy epw clypd; nkYk;/ gf;fthl;oYk; gspr; brd;w rptg;g[ kw;Wk; k";rs; epwg;
g[s;spfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. mit ,iy kog;g[f;fSf;F ,ilna bky;ypa E}yhk; gilapdhy; Md
Tl;oDs; Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fshf khWk;. Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fs; ey;y jokdhft[k;/ brk;gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;
fhzg;gLk;. Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J 7-14 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rp btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs;

114
bghpaitfshft[k;/ 6-9 br.kP mstpYk;/ Mu";R fye;j k";rs; epw tapw;Wg; gFjpa[lDk; bjd;gLk;.
me;Jg;g{r;rpfspy;/ Mu";R fye;j k";rs; epw gpd; ,wf;iffspy; gpiw nghd;w milahs';fSlDk; (m)
Mu";R fye;j k";rs; epw gpd; ,wf;iffspy; tl;l tot bghpa mstpyhd g[s;spa[k; fhzg;gLk;. Kd;
,wf;iffs; k';fpa epwj;jpYk;/ brk;gGg;g[ kw;Wk; gRik fye;j/ rhk;gy; epw miyfs; nghy; tise;j
milahs';fSlDk; bjd;gLk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; ,ut[ neu';fspy; RW RWg;ghf ,a';fp/ gH';fisj;
jhf;Fk;. gGf;Fk; gH';fs; kw;Wk; mGfpa gH';fspypUe;J btsptUk; thridapdhy; ,e;j me;Jg;
g{r;rpfs; ftug;gLfpd;wd. xU tUlj;jpy; ,uz;L jiyKiwfs; njhd;Wk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 fis Xk;g[aphp ondh!;nghuh fhh;o@bghypah mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.
 ,ut[ ntiyfspy; jPg;ge;j';fisf; bfhSj;jp me;Jg;g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 gH';fis fhfpjk; my;yJ ghypj;jPd; igfshy; Rw;wp itg;gjhy; g{r;rpfs; jhf;fhky;
ghJfhf;fyhk;.
 bghwp my;yJ czt[ fth;r;rp bghUs; bfhz;L g{r;rpfis ftuyhk;.

vYkpr;ir rpy;ypl; xl;Lg; g{r;rp (Psyllid bug)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
vy;yh vYkpr;ir tifr; brofisa[k;/ fwpntg;gpiy broiaa[k; mjpf mstpy; jhf;ff; ToaJ.
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ brofspd; FUj;Jg; gFjpfspy; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf ,Ue;J bfhz;L/
,sk; fpisfs;/ jsph; ,iyfs/; bkhl;Lf;fs;/ g{f;fs; nghd;w ghf';fspypUe;J/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L
mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l FUj;Jg; gFjpfs; fhpe;J tpLk;. g[jpjhfj; njhd;Wk;
FUj;Jg; gFjpfis ,it mjpfk; jhf;Ftjhy;/ ,iyfs; RUz;Lk;/ bespe;Jk; fhzg;gLtnjhL/
FUj;Jg; gFjpfs; fhpe;J/ broapd; tsh;r;rp btFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp/ ePz;l/ cUis tot/ k";rs; epw Kl;ilfis jdpj;jdpahf FUj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;/
jsph; ,iyfspYk; ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp 150-200 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 5-6 ehl;fspy;
btsptUk;. ,sk; g{r;rpfs; rpwpJ neuk; m';Fk; ,';Fkhf efh;e;j gpd;dh;/ mjd; cwp";R FHhia
jpRf;fSf;Fs; brYj;jpa gpd;dh; xnu ,lj;jpy; epue;jukhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;thW epue;jukhf ,Uf;Fk;
,sk; g{r;rpfs; brjps;fisg; nghy; njhw;wkspf;Fk;. ,sk; g{r;rpfspy; Kjypy; fhzg;gLk; czh;
bfhk;g[fSk;/ Fl;ilahd fhy;fSk;/ Rkhh; 30 ehl;fspy; kiwe;J tpLk;. ,t;thW Rkhh; 3 khj fhyk;
mit xnu ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl rhw;iw cwp";rp/ cz;L tsh;e;j gpd;dh; mnj epiyapy; Tl;Lg;
g[Gf;fshf khwp/ Rkhh; 14 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;. mit kpfr;
rpwpaitfshft[k;/ Rkhh; 1 kp.kP mstpYk;/ ,sk; k";rs; epwj;jpYk;/ rpwpa ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;Lk;
bjd;gLk;. clYk;/ ,wf;iffSk;/ btz;ik epw/ bkGF nghd;w bghoapdhy; \lg;gl;oUf;Fk;. mit
jj;jpj; jj;jp elkhlf; Toait. mit ,dr; nrh;f;if bra;ahknyna ,dg;bgUf;fk; bra;af; Toait.

115
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfis nrfhpj;J/ mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.
,kplhf;nyhg;hpl; 50 kp.yp. xU bQf;lUf;F vd;w mstpy; bjspj;jy;.
 .,aw;if vjphpfshd !ph;gpl;!;/ f;iunrhgpl;!pd; elkhl;lj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
 ,kplhf;nyhg;hpl; 17.8 v!;.vy;. 5 kpyp 10 yp my;yJ jnahkPjhf;rk; 25 lgs;a{ $p 1 fp 10 yp
bjspj;jy;.

vYkpr;ir bts;is < (Citrus Whitefly)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; FUj;Jg; gFjpfspypUe;Jk;/ jsph; ,iyfspypUe;Jk;
bjhlh;e;J rhw;iw cwp";rp/ cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. nkYk; mit btspapLk; xU tpj jput
epiyapypUf;Fk; fHpt[g; bghUs;/ jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspd; nky; glh;e;jpUe;J/ mjd; nky; fUk;gly neha;
vd;Dk; g{rz neha[k; njhd;WfpwJ. g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;nghJ/ ,iyfs;
k";rs; epwkhf khwp cjph;e;J tpLk;. ,jdhy; gH';fspd; vz;zpf;ifa[k;/ mtw;wpd; juKk; btFthf
ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rpfs;/ jsph; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. Kl;ilfs; k";rs; epwj;jpYk;/
bky;ypa bfl;oahd ,iHfspd; Edpapy; jdpj;jdpahff; fhzg;gLk;. ,g;g{r;rp mjd; thH; ehspy; Rkhh;
100 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J g[G 10 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; rw;W
neuk; efh;e;J jphpe;J/ gpd;dh; xU ,lj;jpy; epue;jukhf ,Ue;J bfhz;nl rhw;iw cwp"]rp cz;qk;.
mit ePs; tl;l totpYk;/ jl;ilahft[k;/ brjps;fisg; nghd;Wk;/ gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ clypd; nky;
Kl;fisg; nghd;w Xl;L mikg;g[f;fSlDk; bjd;gLk;. mit xU tpj njd; nghd;w fHpt[g; bghUis
bjhlh;e;J btspapl;Lf; bfhz;nlapUf;Fk;. ,t;thW xnu ,lj;jpy; epue;jukhf ,Uf;Fk; ,sk; g{r;rpfs;/
3-4 thu';fspy; tsh;e;J/ Tl;Lg;g[G epiyia mile;J/ KG tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;.
KG tsh;r;rpaile;j bts;is <f;fs; kpf Ez;zpaitfsht[k;/ btz;ik my;yJ gGg;g[ epwj;ijf;
bfhz;Lk;/ gwf;ff; Toaitfshft[k; fhzg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; cly; ghfk; bkd;ikahft[k;/ clypd;
nkYk; ,wf;iffspd; nkYk;/ bkGF nghd;w btz;ik epwg; bgho J}tpaijg; nghd;W bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
vYkpr;ir rpy;ypl; xl;Lg; g{r;rpfSf;fhd fl;Lghl;L Kiwfis filg;gpof;f ntz;Lk;.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu vYkpr;ir mRtzp - lhf;nrhg;ouh rpl;hprpl!;/ FUj;Jg;

gFjpfisa[k;/ jsph; ,iyfisa[k; jhf;fp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpg;gnjhL/ ohp!;orh vd;Dk;
er;Raphp nehiaa[k; gug;g[fpwJ. vYkpr;ir jz;L kw;Wk; gl;ilg;g[G/ fpisfs; gphpa[kpl';fspy; jz;ilj;
Jisg;gJld; E}yhk; gilapdhy; Ru';fk; nghd;w TL fl;o mjDs; ,UE;J bfhz;nl gl;ilia
mhpj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; ,d;lh;ngyh bll;nuhdp!; vd;Dk; ,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; bfha;ah/
kh/ fg;ghf;/ fwpntg;gpy;iy/ gyh/ rt[f;F nghd;w ku';fisa[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ.

116
 15. rg;nghl;lh kw;Wk; bfha;ahitj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

rg;nghl;lh (Sapota)

Jisg;ghd;fs;

bkhl;Lg;g[G (Bud worm)

nrjj;jpd; mwpFwp
g{f;fSk; bkhl;LfSk; cjph;e;J fplf;Fk;. jhf;fg;gl;l g{f;fspy; JisfSk; g[Gf;fspd; fHpt[fSk;
fhzg;gLk;.

g{r;rpapd; tpguk;
g[G rpwpajhft[k; ,s";rptg;g[ gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk; fUe;jiyia bfhz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;. me;Jg;g{r;rp –
rhk;gy; epwkhft[k; mjd; ,wf;ifapy; fUk; jpl;LfSk] fhzg;gLk;.

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiw
ntg;g vz;bza; 2 rjtpjk; (m) ntg;g';bfhl;il rhW 5 rjtPjk;

,iy cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;

,iyg;gpizf;Fk; g[G (m) rpf;T me;Jg;g{r;rp

nrjj;jpd; mwpFwp

,iyfs; bky;ypa E}yhk;gilahy; gpizf;fg;gl;L Ruz;o jpd;dg;gl;oUf;Fk;. . ,iyfs; fha;e;Jk;

gpizf;fg;gl;l jz;Lfspy; fha;e;j ,iyfs; bjh';fpf; bfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;. g[Gf;fs; g{
bkhl;Lf;fSf;Fs; Jisapl;L g{f;fis cjpur; bra;a[k;.

g{r;rpapd; tpguk;
 Kl;il – k";s; epwkhft[k; ePs;tl;l totpYk; fhzg;gLk;.
 g[Gf;fs; k';fshd rptg;g[ epwj;jpy; gf;fthl;oy; nfhLfSld; ,Uf;Fk;
 me;Jg;g{r;rp rhk;gy; epwkhf fUk;g[s;spfSld; fhzg;gLk;.

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiw
 jhf;fg;gl;l gH';fis gpL';fp njhl;lj;jpypUe;J mg;g[wg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
 nrjkile;j (m) jhf;fg;gl;l fpisfis mfw;wptpl ntz;Lk;.
 ntg;g';bfhl;il rhW 5 rjtPjk;

117
bfha;ah (Guava)
Jisg;ghd;fs;

gH < (Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. diversus, B. cucurbitae, B. zonatus)

mwpFwpfs;

bfha;ahg; gHj;ij Rkhh; 4 tifahd gH <apd';fs; jhf;fp mjpf nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

jha;g; gH <f;fs; 1 Kjy; 2 fP.kP. J}uk; tiu gwe;J brd;W bfha;ahf; fha;fisj; jhf;fp nrjk;
cz;lhf;Fk;. jha; <f;fs;/ gGg;gjw;F Kd;g[s;s fha;fisj; njh;t[ bra;J njhypy; rpwpJ Jisapl;L
mjpy; Kl;ilapLk;. fhapy; Kl;ilapl;l gFjp fUg;g[ epwkhf khwp mjpypUe;J gGg;g[ epwr; rhW toa[k;.
,e;j < kpUJthd njhy; bfhz;l bfha;ahg; gH ,uf';fisna mjpfk ;jhf;FfpwJ. Kl;ilapypUe;J
btsptUk; g[Gf;fs; gHj;jpd; rijg;gFjpiaj; jpd;Dk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gH';fs; mGfp mjpf mstpy; fPnH
tpGe;JtpLk;. gHj;jpw;Fs; tsh;r;rpaile;j g[Gf;fs; gHj;jpypUe;J fPnH tpGe;J kz;zpy;
Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk;. g[Gf;fs; gH';fisj; Jisj;Jr; brd;W Jisapd; tHpahf g{";rhzk; kw;Wk;
ghf;Ohpah cs;ns EiHe;J gG';fs; mGfpg; nghtjw;F VJthfpwJ. Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J btsptUk;
tsh;e;j <f;fs; ePz;l ehl;fs; caph; thGk;. ,g;g{r;rp/ bfha;ahitj; jtpu thiH/ vYkpr;ir/ ehty;/ kh
kw;Wk; gg;ghsp Mfpatw;iwa[k; jhf;Fk;. ,e;j <f;fs; xh; Mz;Lf;F nky; caph; thGk; jpwd;
bfhz;lit. Fsph;fhyj;jpy; tsh;e;j <f;fs; cwf;f epiyf;Fg; ngha;tpLk;.

tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;

Kl;il 1-1.5 kp.kP. ePsj;Jld; btz;ik epwj;jpy; tise;J ,Uf;Fk;. g[Gf;fs; bts;is epwj;jpy;
5-8 kp.kP. ePsk; ,Uf;Fk;. Tl;Lg;g[G cUis totpy; kz;zpy; ,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j <f;fs; gGg;g[ epwj;jpy;/
gr;ir fye;j fUg;g[ epw khh;g[ld; ,Uf;Fk;. k";rs; epwg; g[s;spfs; khh;g[g; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;.

nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

 kuj;ijr; Rw;wp cHt[ bra;J kz;zpy; cs;s Tl;Lg;g[Git kz;zpd; nky; bfhz;L tUtjhy;
gwitfs; ,tw;iwj; jpd;W fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
 jhf;Fjy; mjpfhpf;Fk; nghJ kuj;ijr; Rw;wp ePh;g; gha;r;r ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; <apd; Tl;Lg;g[G
kz;zpnyna mHpf;fg;gLk;.
 kPijy; a{$pdhy; 0.1 rjk; (1kp.yp. kUe;Jf;F 1 yp. jz;zPh;)/ 100 kp.yp. cld; 0.05 rjk;
khyj;jpahd 50 ,rp (1kp.yp. kUe;Jf;F 1 yp. jz;zPh;) vdw mstpy; tha; mfd;w ghj;jpuj;jpy;
,l;L/ ,e;j bghwpia Ie;J mo cauj;jpy; njhg;gpd; Xu';fspy; xU vf;lUf;F 12 bghwp vd;w
mstpy; itf;f ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; Mz; gH <f;fs; ftug;gl;L mHpf;fg;gLk;. ,uz;L
thuj;jpw;F xU Kiw ,e;jf; fyitia khw;w ntz;Lk;. Mz; gH <iaf; fth;e;J mHpf;Fk;
Kiwia khh;r; - $%iy khjk; tiu bra;ayhk;.

118
fha;jJ
; isg;ghd; (Fruit Borer, Conogethes punctiferalis)

mwpFwpfs;

jha;g;g{r;rp Kl;iliaf; fha;fspd; nky; ,Lk;. fha;fs; ,y;yhj; jUzj;jpy; ,sk; jsph;fspy;
Kl;ilapLk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; g[Gf;fs; ,s';FUj;jpidf; File;J jpd;Dk;. ,jdhy;
FUj;J tho fha;e;J tpLk;. fha;fisj; Jisapl;L cl;brd;W rij kw;Wk; tpijfisj; jpd;WtpLk;.
jhf;fg;gl;l fha;fs; cz;gjw;fw;wjhfp Kjph;tjw;F Kd;ng cjph;e;JtpLk;. ,J bfha;ahitj; jtpu
,";rp/ k";rs;/ vYkpr;ir/ gyh/ kh nghd;w gaph;fisa[k; jhf;Fk;.

tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;

Kl;ilfs; jl;ilahft[k;/ tl;ltotkhft[k; ,s";rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. tshe;j g[G 20-30

kp.kP. ePsj;jpy;/ ,s";rptg;g[ fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; Ks; nghd;w mikg;g[ld; cly; KGtJk; ,Uf;Fk;.
tsh;e;j g{r;rp gGg;g[ fye;j k";rs; epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,wf;iffspy; vz;zw;w fUg;g[ epwg;g[s;spfs;
fhzg;gLk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; 3-5 ehl;fs; caph; thGk;. thH;f;ifr; rhpjk; 28-35 ehl;fspy; Kotila[k;.

nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

 jhf;fg;gl;l FUj;J kw;Wk; fha;fisr; nrfhpj;J mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.

gHj; Jisg;ghd; (Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates)

mwpFwpfs;

,g;g{r;rp g{tpd; ghf';fspy; Kl;ilapLk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; g[Gf;fs; gH';fisj;

Jisapl;L cs;ns brd;W rij kw;Wk; tpijiaj; jpd;WtpLk;. gHj;jpw;Fs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gthf
khWk;. jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhFk; nghJ gHk; mGfp Jh;ehw;wk; cz;lhFk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gH';fs; cjph;e;J
tpLk;. tUlk; KGtJk; ,jd; elkhl;lk; fhzg;gLk;.

tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;

g[Gf;fs; mlh;e;j gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ ePsk; Fiwthft[k;/ joj;Jk; cly; KGtJk; cnuhkj;JlDk;
fhzg;gLk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rp gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. bgz; g{r;rpapd; Kd; ,wf;ifapy; “V” nghd;w
mikg;g[ ,Uf;Fk;.

nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

 jhf;fg;gl;L cjph;e;j gH';fis nrfhpj;J mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.

 gH';fisf; fhfpjg; ig bfhz;L \lntz;Lk;.

119
gl;ilj; jpd;Dk; g[G (Bark Borer, Indarbela tetraonis)

mwpFwpfs;

,J tpijapy;yh bfha;ah kw;Wk; Mg;gps; bfha;ah nghd;w ,uf';fis mjpfk; jhf;Fk;. jha;
tz;Lfs; Kl;ilia kuj;jz;od; btog;g[fspy; ,Lk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; g[Gf;fs; gl;iliaf;
File;J jpd;Dk;. gpd;dh; jz;oy; Jisapl;L cs;ns brd;W/ gfy; neuj;jpy; jz;ilj; jpd;Dk;. ,ut[
neuj;jpy; Jisapd; tHpna te;J gl;iliaj; jpd;Dk;. mg;nghJ thapypUe;J Ruf;Fk; jputj;jhy; E}y;
,iH cUthf;fp me;j E}yhy; gl;iliag; gpizj;J cs;ns ,Ue;J bfhz;L gl;iliaj; jpd;Dk;/
jhf;fg;gl;l kuj;jpd; jz;oy; ,t;tpj gpizg;g[fs; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLk;. xU gpizg;g[f;Fs;; xU g[G
kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;g[G gpizg;g[f;Fs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk;. ,ye;ij/ kh/ gyh/ ehty; nghd;w
ku';fisa[k; jhf;Fk;.

tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;

tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; mGf;F gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; btspwpa gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;
,Uf;Fk;. Kd; ,wf;ifapy; mlh;e;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpl;Lf;fSk;/ nfhLfSk; ,Uf;Fk;/ gpd; ,wf;iffs;
bts;is epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw thH;f;ifr; RHw;rp bra;a[k;.

nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

 mjpf jhf;FjYf;F cs;shFk; ,uf';fisg; gaphpLtijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;.

 kug;gl;ilfspy; cs;s g[Gf;fisr; nrfhpj;J mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.
 jz;Lfspy; cs;s Jisapd; tHpahf fk;gpia cs;ns brYj;jp g[Gf;fisr; nrfhpj;J mHpf;f
ntz;Lk;.

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

njapiyf; bfhR (Tea Mosquito Bug, Helopeltis antonii)

mwpFwpfs;

,sk; kw;Wk; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; ,sk; ,iy/ ,s';FUj;J kw;Wk; gH';fspy; ,Ue;J rhw;iw
cwp";Rk;. ,jdhy; ,iyfs; kw;Wk; ,sk; FUj;Jfs; gGg;g[ epwkhf khwp gpd; mlh;e;j gGg;g[ epwkhf
khWk;. gH';fspy; gGg;g[ epwj;jpl;Lfs; ,Uf;Fk;. nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; ,jd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;. bjhlh; kiH bga;J gpd; Fiwe;j btg;gepiy epyt[k; nghJ ,jd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk;. ,J Ke;;jphpiaj; jhf;Fk; xU Kf;fpag; g{r;rpahFk;. ,ijj;jtpu/ Mg;gps;/ jpuhl;ir/ g[sp nghd;w
gaph;fspYk; ,jd; jhf;Fjy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;

Kl;il bts;is epwj;jpy; 1.5 – 2.0 kp.yp. ePsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,sk; g{r;rp vWk;g[ nghd;w
cUtj;jpy; rptg;g[ epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,sk; kw;Wk; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfspy; Crp nghd;w mikg;g[ khh;gpd;

120
mog;gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; fUg;g[/ bts;is kw;Wk; rptg;g[ fye;j epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
fhy;fSk;/ czh; bfhk;g[fSk; ePz;L fhzg;gLk;. ,g;g{r;rp jdJ Kl;ilia ,sk; fUj;J/ bkhl;L
kw;Wk; ,iyapd; eL euk;gpYk; ,Lk;. xU bgz; g{r;rp 500 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,Lk;.

nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

o jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfis nrfhpj;J mHpf;ft[k;.

o g{f;Fk; jUzj;jpy; khjj;jpw;F ,UKiw khyj;jpahd; 50 ,.rp. 0.2 rjtpjk; g{r;rp kUe;jpid
bjspf;fyhk;.

brjpy; g{r;rp (Scale, Chloropulvinaria psidii)

mwpFwpfs;

mjpf nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; ,g;g{r;rp vYkpr;ir/ kh/ gyh/ rg;nghl;lh nghd;w ku';fisa[k;
jhf;FfpwJ. ,e;jg; g{r;rp jl;ilahft[k;/ mfykhft[k; k";rs; fye;j gr;ir epwj;jpy; efuhky; ,iyapd;
mog;ghfj;jpYk;/ ,iyf;fhk;gpYk;/ ,s';FUj;jpYk; efuhky; xl;of; bfhz;oUf;Fk;.

tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;

Kl;il 6-9 ehl;fspy; bghhpj;J tpLk;. tsh;e;j Mz; g{r;rp 2 ehl;fs; caph; thGk;. ,dr; nrh;f;if
bra;ahj bgz; g{r;rp 13-23 ehl;fs; caph; thGk;. ,dr; nrh;f;if bra;j bgz; g{r;rp 80 ehl;fs; tiu
caph; thGk;.

nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

 jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfisr; nrfhpj;j mHpf;fntz;Lk;.

 ,e;jg; g{r;rpfis czthf cl;bfhs;Sk; M!;jpnuypag; bghwp tz;Lfis xU kuj;jpw;F 10
tPjk; tpl;L fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

mRtzp- Vgp!; fhrpg;gp FUj;Jg; gFjpfs;/ bkhf;Ffs;/ jsph; ,iyfs; nghd;w ghf';fisj;
jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpf;ff; ToaJ.

121
 16. thiH/ gg;ghsp kw;Wk; jpuhl;iriag] jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

thiH (Banana)
Jisg;ghd;fs;
thiH fpH';F \f;Ftz;L (Rhizome weevil)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
tz;od; g[Gf;fs;/ thiHapd; fpH';if FWf;Fk;/ beLf;Fkhfj; Jisj;J cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;fpd;wd. g[Gf;fs; ,sk; brofspd; FUj;J \yj;ijj; jhf;Fk; nghJ/ brofs; koe;JtpLk;.
tsh;e;j brofspy; பாெிக்கப்பட்ட ோழை இழைகள் மஞ்சள் நிறமாகி ேளர்ச்சி குன்றிவேர் பாெிக்கப்பட்டு

மகசூல் குழறயும். இவைசாக காற்று வீசினாலும் மரம் சாய்ந்து ேிடும். இழே தராபஸ்டா மற்றும்

கற்பூரேள்ளி இரகங்கழள அெிகம் ொக்குகின்றன. nkYk; jhf;fg;gl;l fpH';if gy;ntW g{rz kw;Wk;

ghf;Ohpah neha;f; fhuzpfs; jhf;fp/ mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff; TLk;.

g{r;rpapd; thH;;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ broapd; jz;od; mog;gFjp my;yJ epyj;ij mLj;Js;s ,iy ciwfs; my;yJ
fpH';Ffspy; foj;J/ xU rpwpa Jthuk; cz;L gz;zp mjDs; Kl;ilfis jdpj;jdpahf ,Lk;.
Kl;ilfs; ePz;l/ cUis totpYk;/ btz;ik epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J 3-4 ehl;fspy;
fhy;fsw;w ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btspte;J/ fpH';ifj; Jisj;J cl;brd;W/ cl;jp[Rf;fis cz;L 14-42
ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. fpH';fpy; mit cz;lhf;fpa fu';f']fspd; cs;nsnah/ my;yJ
kz;zpy; Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fshf khwp 7-26 ehl;fspy; tz;Lfshf btsptUk;. ,sk; tz;Lfs; bre;epwkhf
,Uf;Fk;. rpy ehl;fspy; mit fUik epwkhf khwptpLk;. tz;Lfs; Rkhh; 1.2 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ jiyapd;
Kd; gFjp \f;F nghy; ePz;Lk;/ fPH; nehf;fp tise;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. gfy; ntisfspy; kiwe;J/ gJ';fp
,Uf;Fk; tz;Lfs;/ ,ut[ ntisfspy; RW RWg;ghff; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 tz;Lfs; ,y;yhj njhl;l';fspy; ,Ue;J/ njh;t[ bra;j fd;Wfis elt[f;Fg; gad;gLj;j
ntz;Lk;. நடவு தசய்யும் வபாது ேண்டு ொக்காெ கன்றுகழள வெர்வு தசய்ய வேண்டும்.
 பூச்சி ொக்கிய இடங்களில் மீண்டும் ோழைழயப் பயிாிடாமல் மாற்றுப் பயிர் தசய்ய
வேண்டும்.
 தராபஸ்டா கற்பூரேள்ளி சம்பா மற்றும் அடுக்கர் ஆகிய இரகங்கழள பயிர் தசய்ேழெ
ெேிர்க்க வேண்டும்.
 பூச்சி ொக்குெல் குழறோக காணப்படும் இரகங்களான பூேன் கெலி குன்னன் பூம்காளி
வபான்றேற்ழற நடைாம்.
 காஸ்வமாலியூர் தபாறிழய எக்டர்க்கு 5 என்ற கணக்கில் ழேக்கைாம்.

நடுேெற்கு முன்னால் ோழை மரக்கன்றுகழள 0.1 செேிெம் குயினால்பாஸ் பூச்சிக்தகால்லியில்

நழனத்து எடுக்க வேண்டும்.

122
elt[ fd;Wf;F kUe;J neh;j;jp
g[jpjhf elt[f;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; fpH';Ffspd; btspg;g[wj;ij mhpths; fj;jpapd; \yk; ed;F
rPtptpl;L mjid nrw;W FHk;gpy; eidj;J vLj;J. mjd; kPJ fd;Wf;F 33 fpuhk; mstpy;
fhu;nghg;a{uhd; 3 $p FUizfisj; J}tp el ntz;Lk;.

jz;L Td; tz;L (Pseudo stem borer)

nrjj;jpd; mwpFwp
,t;tz;L 5-tJ khj thiH ku';fspypUe;nj jhf;fj; bjhl';Fk;/ fd;Wfis ,J jhf;Ftjpy;iy.
jz;od; kPJ rpwpa Fz;?rp mst[ Jisfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,j;JisapypUe;J gGg;g[ epw
gpRgpRg;ghd gprpd; nghd;w jputk; btspte;J bfhz;oUf;Fk;/ ,iya[iwapd; mog;gFjpapypUe;J ehh;
nghd;w fHpt[fs; btspg;gLk;. g[Gf;fs; jz;Lg;gFjpia File;J brd;W jpRf;fis cz;qfpd;wd.
ghjpf;fg;gl;l jz;oid gpse;J ghh;j;jhy; jpRf;fs; ePz;l mstpy; File;J fhzg;gLk;.
,t;tz;Lfspd; mjpfst[ jhf;Fjyhy; jz;Lg; gFjp mGfp/ Jh;ehw;wk; tPRk;. nkYk;/ g{ btsptUtJ
kw;Wk; fha;fs; Kjph;r;rpailtJ jilgl;L/ kfNy; ,Hg;g[ mjpfstpy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa
ku';fspypUe;J bgUk;ghYk; Fiyfs; njhd;WtJ ,y;iy. xU ntis njhd;wpdhYk; Fiyfs;
rpWj;Jk;/ fha;fs; rpWj;Jk; vz;zf;ifapy; Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; tpguk;
Kl;il -Kl;ilfs; cUis totpy; btz;ik epwj;jpy; jl;ilahd Edpg;ghfj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
gUtk; 3 - 8 ehl;fs;.
g[G - g[GthdJ rijg;gw;Wld;/ k";rs; fye;j bts;is epwj;jpy;/ fhy;fsw;Wf; fhzg;gLk;. ,it
jz;Lfisj; Jisj;Jf; File;J bfhz;nl brd;W eLj;jz;ilj; jhf;Ffpd;wJ.
Tl;Lg;g[G - jz;oDs;nsna/ ,it ehh;nghd;w Til fl;o Tl;Lg; g[Gthf khWfpd;wd.
Kjph;e;j tz;L - Kjph;r;rpaile;j Td; tz;lhdJ fUik epwj;jpy; 23-39 kp.kP. mst[ ,Uf;Fk;. ,it
jz;od; mGfpa ghf';fSf;Fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,t;tz;Lfs; 1 tUlk; tiu thH;fpd;wd.
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiw
o mt;tg;nghJ fha;e;j ,iyfis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp/ epyj;ij J}a]ikahf itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
o xt;bthU khjKk; gf;f fd;Wfis ePf;ft[k;
o ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfis ntnuhL gpL';fp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
o mWtil Koe;j gpd; jz;Lfis gpL';fp mHpj;jgpd;/ ifnahL Fiyapid ePf;fp tpl;;L/ ,jd;
\yk; mjpy; kw;w tz;Lfs; bgUFtij jtph;f;fyhk;.
o tz;Lfs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk; ,l';fspy; kl;lhf;fp vDk; mWtilf;Fg; gpd; ,iyfis cukhf
taypy; ,Lk; Kiwapid jtph;f;fyhk;.
o FHp xd;Wf;F elt[ rkaj;jpy;/ fhu;nghg;a{uhd; 3 G 20 fp my;yJ ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;F ½ fpfp vd;w
mstpy; ,lt[k;.
o thiHf; Fiyapid mWtil bra;j gpd;g[/ thiH kuj;jpid btl;oa mog;gFjpapy; gpnthpah
ngrpahdh 10 fp vd;w mstpy; kUe;jpid ,lt[k;.

123
 o btl;lg;gl;l (ePsthf;fpy;) gFjpapd; kPJ 20 fp. gpnthpah ngrpahdh g{";ir my;yJ
bQl]onuhnug;oo!; ,d;ofh vDk; E}w;g[Gtpid bfhz;L jlt ntz;Lk;. ,f;Td;tz;Lfs;
neha; tha;g;gl;L ,we;J tpLk;.

jz;L bghwp
ePsthf;fpy; gpsf;fg;gLk; ,g;bghwpahdJ (45 br.kP.ePsk;) thiHapd; jz;oid ,uz;lhf
ePsthf;fpy; gpse;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa bghwpfs; taypy; M';fh';F Vf;fUf;F 25 vd;w
tPjj;jpy; itj;J ,f;Td; tz;Lfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

thiH mRtzp (Aphids)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ ,iy ciwfSf;F eLtpy; kw;Wk; jz;Lg;gFjpapy; my;yJ
FUj;J ,iyr; RUs;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ rhw;iw cwp";rp/ cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.
thiHapy; ,e;jg; g{r;rp ‘Kof;bfhj;J’ neha; vd;Dk; er;Raphp nehiaa[k; gug;gf; ToaJ. ,J Vyf;fha;
broiaa[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
,wf;iffisf; bfhz;lJk;/ ,wf;iffs; ,y;yhjJkhd bgz; g{r;rpfs;/ ,dr; nrh;f;if
bra;ahknyna/ F";Rfis neuoahf ,lf; Toait. xU g{r;rp 32-50 F";Rfis mjd; thH; ehl;fspy;
,lf;TLk;. tsh;e;j mRtzpfs; fUk;gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
 gaph; bra;a[k; nghJ epyj;ij Rj;jkhf itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
 g{r;rp jhf;Fjy; tuhkypUf;f ey;y fd;Wfis njh;t[ bra;a ntz;Lk;.
 jhf;fg;gl;l kuj;ij fpH';nfhL nrh;j;J mHpf;f ntz;Lk;
 k";rs; epw xl;Lg; bghwpfis mikj;J mRtzpfspd; bgUf;fj;ij fz;fhzpf;ft[k;.
mtw;iwf; fth;e;J mHpf;ft[k; bra;ayhk;.
 ,sk; fd;Wfs;/ ,iy/ ,iy fhk;g[fs;/ RUz;l ,iy Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ nrhg;g[ jz;zPh;
my;yJ g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfSld; nrhg;g[ ePh; fye;J bjspf;ft[k;.
 nkYk; bghwp tz;Lfs;/ fz;zho ,iH ,wf;ifg; g{r;rp nghd;wit/ mRtzpfis mjpfk;
tpUk;gp cz;zf; Toait.
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia cgnahfg;gLj;jt[k;
fhu;nghg;a{uhd; 3 G - 166 fp fd;W (fd;W neh;j;jp)
ilbkj;njhnal; 30 EC– 1.0 kpyp / yp
bkj;ijy; blklhd; - 25 EC – 2.0 kpyp / yp

124
கண்ணாடி இறக்ழகப் பூச்சி (Lace wing bug)
வசெ அறிகுறி:
இழைகளின் கீழ்ப்புறத்ெில் கூட்டம் கூட்டமாக இருந்து தகாண்டு சாற்ழற உறிஞ்சுேொல்
இழையின் வமற்புறத்ெில் தேள்ழளப் புள்ளிகள் அெிக அளேில் காணப்படும். மரம் ேளர்ச்சி
குன்றி காணப்படும்.
பூச்சியின் ேிtரம்:
 குஞ்சுகள் மஞ்சள் நிறமாக இழைகளின் கீழ்ப்புறத்ெில் காணப்படும். பூச்சி சிறியொக
பசுழம கைந்ெ தேள்ழள நிறத்ெில் கண்ணாடி வபான்ற பளபளப்பான இறக்ழககளுடன்
இருக்கும்.
கட்டுப்படுத்தும் முழற:
 ொக்கப்பட்ட இழைகள், பூக்கள், மற்றும் பைங்கழள வசகாித்து அைித்து ேிட வேண்டும்.
 மஞ்சள் ேண்ண ஒட்டுப்தபாறி (15 / எக்டர்) ழேத்து அைிக்கைாம்.
 ழடமிவொவயட் 30 EC மிழெல் தடமடான் 25 EC 2 மி.லி/லிட்டர் தெளித்து
கட்டுப்படுத்ெைாம்.

5. கனதசெில் பூச்சி (Scales)

வசெ அறிகுறி:
குஞ்சுகளும் பூச்சிகளும் இழைகள், ெண்டு மற்றும் பைங்கழள ொக்கும். இழைகளில் மஞ்சள் நிற
ெிட்டுகள் காணப்படும். ேளர்ச்சி குன்றி காணப்படும்.
பூச்சியின் ேிtரம்:
 குஞ்சுகள் உருழளயாகவும் ஒளி ஊடுரேக் கூடியொகவும் மஞ்சள் கைந்ெ பழுப்பு
நிறமாகவும் தமழுகு ெடேியது வபால் காணப்படும்.
 தபண் பூச்சி ேட்ட ேடிோகவும், அழர ஒளி ஊடுரேக் கூடியொகவும் தேண்ழம
நிறத்துடன் காணப்படும்.
கட்டுப்படுத்தும் முழற:
 ொக்கப்பட்ட பகுெிகழள வசகாித்து அைித்து ேிடவும்.
 வமாவனாகுவராட்வடாபாஸ் 0.04 செவீெம் தெளிக்கைாம்.
 தபாறி ேண்டுகளாகிய ழகவைாவகாரஸ் ழநக்ாிடஸ், ஸ்கிம்னஸ் காக்கிவோரா
ஆகியேற்ழற தேளியிடைாம்.

6. பைதுரு இழைப்வபன் (Thrips)

வசெ அறிகுறி
இப்வபன்கள் இரண்டு ஒட்டிய காய்களுக்கு இழடவய இருந்து சாற்ழற உறிஞ்சும். காய்களில்
துருப் வபான்ற தசந்நிற மற்றும் பழுப்பு நிற தசார தசாரப்பான வகாடுகள் காணப்படும். வொலின்
உள்வள உள்ள சழெயின் சுழே மற்றும் ென்ழம மாறாது. வபன்களின் ொக்குெல் அெிகாிக்கும்
வபாது காய்களில் தேடிப்புகள் வொன்றும்.

125
பூச்சியின் ேிgரம்:
 புழுக்கள் : இறக்ழககள் அற்ற தேண்ழம நிற சிறிய புழுக்கள் தபாிய வபன்கழளப்
வபான்ற அவெ ேடிேத்ழெக் தகாண்டிருக்கும்.
 வபன்: முெிர்ந்ெவபன் 1.5 மி.மீ. நீளத்ெில் தமல்லிய உடலுடன் மஞ்சள் முெல் ெங்கப் பழுப்பு
நிறத்ெில் இறகு வபான்ற இறக்ழககழள தகாண்டுள்ளன. இறக்ழகயின் முன் பகுெி
கருழம நிறமுடிகளால் தமன்ழமயாகக் காணப்படும். இழே முெிர்ந்ெ வபன்களுக்கு
நடுேயிற்றுப் பகுெியில் நீண்ட கரு நிற ென்ழமழயக் தகாடுக்கின்றது. துருக்காய்ப்
வபன்களில் இறக்ழகயின் அடிப்பகுெியில் இருகண் வபான்ற புள்ளிகள் காணப்படும்.
இென் மூைம் பூக்கழளத் ொக்கும் சிறு ஆண் வபன்களிலிருந்து, துருக்காய் வபன்கழள
பிாித்ெறியைாம்.
கட்டுப்படுத்தும் முழற:
 நடவு தசய்ய பூச்சி ொக்காெ கன்றுகழள வெர்வு தசய்யவும்.
 நடுேெற்கு முன்னால் தேண்ணீாில் நழனத்து எடுக்க வேண்டும்.
 முன்னொகவே குழைகழள மூடி ேிட வேண்டும்.
 குவளார்ழபாிபாஸ் பூச்சிக்தகால்லிழய குழைகள், ெண்டுகள் மற்றும் கன்றுகள் மீது
தெளிக்கைாம்.
 ழபப்வரானில் மற்றும் ழபதபன்த்ாின் பூச்சிக்தகால்லிகழள மரத்ெின் அடியில் உள்ள
மண்ணில் தெளிக்கைாம்.
 கண்ணாடி இறக்ழக பூச்சி, தபாறிேண்டு ஆகியேற்ழற தேளியிடுேென் மூைம், துருக்காய்
வபன்கழள கட்டுப்படுத்ெைாம்.
 எறும்புகள் கூட மண்ணிலிருந்து கூட்டுப்புழுக்கழள அகற்றுேெில் உெேி தசய்கின்றன.

,iy cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;

7. கம்பளிப் புழு (Hairy caterpillar)

வசெ அறிகுறி:
புழுக்கள் இழையின் பச்ழசயத்ழெ சுரண்டி உண்ணும், இழைகளில் ஜன்னல் வபான்ற துழளகள்
காணப்படும்.

பூச்சியின் ேிtரம்:
 புழுக்கள் கருப்பு கைந்ெ தேள்ழள நிறத்ெில் நீள முடிகளுடன் காணப்படும்.
 பூச்சியின் முன்னிறக்ழக தேள்ழள நிறத்ெில் கரும் புள்ளிகளுடன் காணப்படும்.
பின்னிறக்ழக இளஞ்சிேப்பு நிறத்ெில் காணப்படும்.
கட்டுப்படுத்தும் முழற:
 முட்ழட குேியல்கழளயும், புழுக்கழளயும் வசகாித்து அைிக்க வேண்டும்.

126
  கூட்டமாகக் காணப்படும் புழுக்கழள ெீப்பந்ெம் தகாழுத்ெி அைிக்க வேண்டும்
 ேியக்குப் தபாறி அழமத்து அந்துப் பூச்சிகழள கேர்ந்து அைிக்கைாம்.
 குவளார்ழபாிபாஸ் 20 EC (அ) குயினால்பாஸ் 25 EC 2 மி.லி / லிட்டர் தெளிக்க
வேண்டும்.

8. தேட்டுப்புழு (Tobacco caterpillar)

வசெ அறிகுறி
இளம்புழுக்கள் இழைக்கு அடியில் இருந்து தகாண்டு பச்ழசழயச் சுரண்டி உண்ணும். பின்பு இரவு
வநரங்களில் இழைகழளஅெிகமாக உண்ணும்.
பூச்சியின் ேிபரம்
 புழுக்கள் இளம்பச்ழச அல்ைது பழுப்பு நிறத்ெிலும் காணப்படும்.
 பூச்சியின் முன்னிறக்ழக பழுப்பு நிறத்ெில் காணப்படும் அெனுள் அழை வபான்ற தேள்ழள
வகாடுகள் காணப்படும். பின்னிறக்ழக தேள்ழள நிறத்தும் ஓரத்ெில் பழுப்பு
நிறக்வகாடுகளும் காணப்படும்.
கட்டுப்படுத்தும் முழற
 ழகயால் புழுக்கழள தபாறுக்கி அைிக்க வேண்டும்.
 ொக்கப்பட்ட பகுெிகழள எடுத்து அைித்து ேிட வேண்டும்.
 வகாழட உைவு தசய்து கூட்டுப் புழுக்கழள அைிக்க வேண்டும்.
 ேிளக்குப் தபாறி அழமத்து அந்துப் பூச்சிகழள கேர்ந்து அைிக்கைாம்
 ொக்குெல் அெிகமாக காணப்பட்டால் வபஸில்ைஸ் துாிஞ்சியன்ஸிஸ் தெளிக்கைாம்.
 நவமாாியா ாிவையி எனும் பூச்சிகழளக் தகால்லும் பூஞ்சாணக் தகால்லிகழள
தெளிக்கைாம்.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu/ !;blghdpl;o!; og;gpf;f!; vdg;gLk; fz;zho ,wf;ifg; g{r;rpfSk;/

mtw;wpd; ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ Kjph;e;j ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; Tl;lkhf ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ rhw;iw
cwp";rp cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. bQypnahndhjphpg;!; fhlhypgpy!; kw;Wk; ghd;fPl;nlhjphpg;!;
,d;of;f!; Mfpa ,iyg;ngd;fs; ,iyfspy; ,Ue;J rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.
jphpg;!; @g[nshuk; vd;Dk; ngd;fs; g{f;fisj; jhf;fp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; cz;lhf;f Toait.
lhf;f!; lhh;rhyp!; vd;Dk; gH <f;fspd; g[Gf;fs; gH';fisj; jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.

127
jpuhl;ir (Grapes)
,iy tz;L (Leaf beetle or Flea beetle)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
jpuhl;iria kl;Lnk jhf;Fk; ,g;g{r;rp jpuhl;ir gaphplg;gLk; vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. jpuhl;irr; brofs; fthj;J bra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh;/ g[jpjhf jsph;fs; tUk;nghJ/ ,jd;
jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. tz;Lfs; g[jpajhfj; njhd;Wk; FUj;Jg; ghf';fis foj;J nrjk;
tpistpf;Fk;. ,sk; bkhl;Lfisa[k; jhf;Fk;. jsph; ,iyfisf; foj;J fpHpj;J/ ePz;l Jthu';fis
cz;L gz;qk;. g[Gf;fs; nth;g; gFjpiaj; jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;Lfs; Kl;ilfis jz;oYs;s gl;ilfs; my;yJ kz;zpy; jdpj;jdpahf my;yJ
Ftpayhf ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 4 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; brofspd; nth;fisf; foj;J
cz;L tsUk;. mit kz;zpy; Rkhh; 15.0 br.kP MHk; tiuapy; brd;W/ nth]fisj; jhf;ff; Toait.
tsh;e;j g[G kz;qf;foapnyna/ TL cz;lhf;fp/ mjDs; Tl;Lg; g[Gthf khwp Rkhh; 2 thu';fspy;
tz;lhf btsptUk;. thH;f;ifr; RHy; Rkhh; 2 khj fhyk; tiu ePof;Fk;. tz;Lfs; brk;gGg;g[
epwkhft[k;/ Kd; ,wf;iffspd; nky; 6 fUk; g[s;spfSlDk;/ Rkhh; 0.8 br.kP ePsj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf;fl;Lg;ghL
cHtapy; Kiwfs;
if tiy bfhz;L tz;Lfisg; gpoj;J mHpf;yhk;.
chpe;JtUk; gl;ilfis chpj;Jtpl;lhy; tz;L Kl;ilapLtij; jtph;f;fyhk;.
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia bjspf;ft[k;
 ,kplhf;nyhg;hpl; 17.8 SL - 4 kpyp / 10 yp
 khyj;jpahd; 50 EC - 1 kpyp/ yp
 rad;l;wdypg;nuhy; 10.26 OD- 7 kpyp/ yp

jpuhl;ir jz;L btl;Lk; tz;L (Stem girdler)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
tz;Lfs; jpuhl;irr; broapd; jz;il ,ut[ neu';fspy; foj;J/ btl;o/ nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;.
btl;lg;gl;l fpisfs; my;yJ bro KGtJnk tho/ koe;J tplf; TLk;. ,e;jg; g{r;rp ky;bghp/ rt[f;F/ kh/
gyh/ nghnfa;d;tpy;yh/ Fnuhl;ld;!; nghd;w brofisa[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ jz;il btl;o/ btl;lg;gl;l gFjpapy; Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 7-8
ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;/ fhae;J nghd jz;Lg; gFjpiaj; Jisj;J cl;brd;W/
cl;jpRf;fis cz;L tsUk;. g[Gg;gUtk; 8-9 khj';fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs;/ fha;e;j
jz;oDs;nsna Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 10-20 ehl;fspy; tz;Lfshf btsptUk;. tz;Lfs; ey;y gyk;
bghUe;jpaitfshft[k;/ eLj;ju mstpYk;/ ePz;l czh; bfhk;g[fSlDk;/ gyk; tha;e;j
tha;g;ghf';fisf; bfhz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.

128
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
o tz;Lfs; fhzg;gLk; nghJ mtw;iw gpoj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
o Kl;ilapLjiy jLf;f jsh;thf cs;s kug;gl;ilia ePf;f ntz;Lk;.
o kuj;jpd; ghjpg;gile;j gFjpfis nrfhpj;J mspf;f ntz;Lk;.

jpuhl;ir ,iyg;ngd; (Leaf Thrips)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ ,iyfspd; nky; gug;gpy; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf ,Ue;J
bfhz;L/ rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfs; fha;e;J/ cjph;e;J tpLk;.
,e;jg; g{r;rp nuh$h broiaa[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
Kl;ilapypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g{r;rp rptg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ tsh;e;j g{r]rp gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ kpfr;
rpwpajhft[k; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia bjspf;ft[k;
 ,khbkf;od; bgd;nrhahl; 5 SG – 4 fp /10 yp.
 rad;l;wdypg;nuhy; 10.26 OD- 7 kpyp/ yp
 @gpg;nuhdpy; 80 WG 1.5 fp /10 yp

kht[g;g{r;rp/ (Mealy bug) nkf;nfhbey;ypfhf;f!; Qph;Rj!;

nrjj;jpd; mwpFwp
fha;f; bfhj;Jfspy; Tl;lkhf ,Ue;J rhw;iw cwp";rp gH';fisr; rpwpajhf;fp g[spg;gilar;
bra;a[k; kfNy; btFthff; Fiwa[k;.
g{r;rpapd; tpguk;
btz;zpw kht[ nghd;W ,Uf;Fk;.
fl;Lg;ghL
 tUlj;jpw;F ,UKiw fthj;J (Pruning) bra;a ntz;Lk;.
 f;hpg;nlhyPk!; khz;nuh!pahp (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) vDk; bghwp tz;Lfis bfhof;F
10 tz;Lfs; tpl ntz;Lk;. bghwp tz;Lfs; tpLKd; g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypj; bjspg;ig epWj;j
ntz;Lk;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia bjspf;ft[k;
g;a[g;nuhbgrpd; 25 SC - 1 kpyp /yp
kpnjhkpy; 40 SP - 1.25 fp /yp

129
 nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu kpsfha;g; ngd; - rphpl;nlhjphpg;!; lhh;ryp!; jpuhl;irg; gH';fspd;
njhiyr; Ruz;o rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; gH';fspd; njhypd; nky; brhu
brhug;ghd/ njky; nghd;w gilfs; cz;lhFk;. gH';fs; rpWj;jk;/ Urpapy;yhkYk; khwptpLk;. kht[g;g{r;rp
@bgh;hprpah tph;nfl;lh/ FUj;Jg; gFjpfisj; jhf;fp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpwJ.
gH';fspypUe;J rhw;iw cwp";Rk; me;Jg; g{r;rpfs;-mj;iu!;/ mf;nfah $djh nghd;wit gH';fspy;/
rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.

130
 17. gyh/ bey;yp kw;Wk; Mg;gpisj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

gyh (Jack)
fha; Jisg;ghd; (Fruit borer)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs;/ ,sk; FUj;Jf;fisa[k;/ gp";Rf; fha;fisa[k;/ Jisj;J/ cl;g[w rijg;
gFjpfis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l fha;fis ntW gy g{rz';fSk; jhf;Fk;.
gp";Rf; fha;fs; jhf;fg;gLk; nghJ mit cjph;e;J tpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; fha;fisj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W cl;jpRf;fis
cz;L tsUk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; brk;gGg]g[ epwj;jpYk;/ ,sk; gGg;g[ epwj; jiya[lDk; bjd;gLk;.
g[Gtpd; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ Kd; kw;Wk; gpd; ,wf;iffspy; rhk;gy; epw/ ePs] tl;l tot
milahs';fSlDk; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf;fl;Lg;ghL
g{r;rp jhf;fpa fha;fis nrfhpj;J mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpiaj; jtpu/ jz;L kw;wk; kug; gl;ilg;g[G - ,d;lh;ngyh Fthohpnehl;nll;lh jz;ilj;
Jisj;Jk;/ gl;ilia mhpj;J cz;Lk; nrjk; tpistpf;ff; ToaJ. gyh bkhl;L \f;F tz;od; g[Gf;fs;
bkhl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; gp";R fha;fisj; Jisj;J nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.

,iyr;RUl;Lg;g[G (Leaf roller)

nrjj;jpd; mwpFwp
rpw;wpiyahdJ gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.nkw;g[wj;njhy; fPnH ,Uf;Fk; g[wj;njhypypUe;J
gphpe;J fhzg;gLk;. kof;fg;gl;l gFjpapy; euk;g[fs; jdpj;J gpd; fha;e;J / tho fhzg;gLk;. ghjpg;g[
mjpfkhd epiyapy;/ rpw;wpiyahdJ kof;fg;gl;L gpd; TLfshf khwptpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; tpguk;
,sk;g[G (Larva) - k";rs; epw bky;ypa/ cUis tot kaph; ,iyfis bfhz;lJ.
Kjph; g[G (Adult) - rpwpa gGg;g[ epw me;Jg;g{r;rp
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;
 ghjpf;fg;gl;l broapid xd;W jpul;o mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.

bts;is < (Whitefly)

mwpFwpfs;
,iyapd; mog;g[wj;jpy; mkh;e;J bfhz;L ,sk; g{r;rpfs;/ Kjph]g{r;rpfs; ,iyapd; rhw;iw
cwp";Rfpd;wd. ,iyfs; k";rs; epwkhf khWjy;.

131
fl;Lg;ghL
 khw;W ,iy Xk;g[aphpfis mfw;wp mHpj;jy].
 k";rs; xl;Lk; bghwpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 ntg;g';bfhl;il rhW 5% / ntg;g vz;bza; 5 kp.yp / ypl;lh; vd;w mstpy; bjspj;jy;.
 kPd; vz;bza; nuhrpd; nrhg; 25 fpnyhit 40 ypl;lh; ePhpy; fiuj;J bjspf;ft[k;.

kht[g;g{r;rp (Mealy bug)

mwpFwpfs;
,sk; tsUk; gaph;g; gFjpfspy; bts;is epw kht[f;Tl;lk; \oapUf;Fk;. rhw;iw cwp";Rk;. juk; Fiwa[k;
fl;Lg;ghL
 vWk;g[fspd; elkhl;lj;ij itj;J kht[g;g{r;rpapd; ,Ug;ig vspjpy; mwpayhk;.
 jhf;fg;gl;l fpisfs; kw;Wk; ,iyfis btl;o/ vhpj;jy;
 bghwp tz;Lfspd; gy tiffshd/ ifnfhu!; tiffs;/ fphpg;nlhnykpa!; khd;l]nuhb$h;hpia
,iutpG';fpfshfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Mg;gps; (Apple)
mRtdp (Aphid)
mwpFwpfs;
rhW cwp";rg;gLtjhy; kuk; tsh;r;rp Fd;wpg; nghFk; rpy rkak; nth;fspy; tPf;f';fs;
fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; tptuk;
,sk; rptg;ghd rpwpa g{r;rpfs; g";R nghd;w bts;is bkGfhy; \lg;gl;oUf;Fk;/ ku';fspy; Tl;lk;
Tl;lkhf fhzg;gLk;.
fl;Lg;ghL
mgpypd!; nkyp vDk; xl;Lz;zpia kuj;jpw;F 1000 vDk; tpfpjj;jpy; tpl;lhy; ey;y fl;Lg;ghL
fpilf;Fk;.
kuk; xd;Wf;F fhu;nghg;a{uhd; 3 G 166 fp ,lt[k;.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia bjspf;ft[k;
khyj;jpahd; 50 EC - 1 kpyp/ yp
kpijy; blkpl;lhd; 25 EC - 1 kpyp / yp
ilkPnjhnal; 30 EC - 1 kpyp / yp
Fnshu;igupgh!; 20 EC – 2.5 kpyp/ yp

132
nrd;n$h!; brjpy; g{r;rp (Scales)
mwpFwpfs;
g{r;rp rhw;iw cwp";rp/ kuk; tsh;r;rpailhky; bra;J kfNiyg; ghjpf;Fk;.
g{r;rpapd; tptuk;
bgz; g{r;rp k";rs; fye;j Mu";R epwj;jpy; tl;l totpy; clk;gpd; eLg;gFjp rw;W cah;e;J xU
rpwpa fUg;g[ bfhg;gsk; bfhz;L ,wf;if ,y;yhkYk;/ Mz;g{r;rp ,wf;ifa[ld; ,Uf;Fk;.

fl;Lg;ghL
vd;fhh;rpah bgh;dPrpnahrp vDk; xl;Lz;zpfis kuj;jpw;F 1000-1500 vDk; mstpy; tpl;lhy;
,aw;ifapnyna ey;y fl;Lg;ghl;ilj; jUfpd;wd.
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia bjspf;ft[k;
khyj;jpahd; 50 EC - 1 kpyp/ yp
kpijy; blkpl;lhd; 25 EC - 1 kpyp / yp

133
 18. jf;fhsp kw;Wk; fj;jhpiaj; jhf;Fk ; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

jf;fhsp (Tomato)
fha;j; Jisg;ghd;fSld;/ rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfshd bts;is </ mRtzp nghd;witfSk;
fhzg;gl;lhy;/ braw;if ighpj;uha;l; tif kUe;Jfshd bgh;bkj;hpd;/ irg;gh;bkj;hpd;/ blf;fhbkj;hpd;
nghd;witfisa[k;/ Fapdy;@gh!; kUe;ija[k; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L KiwfSf;F nky; bjhlh;e;J
gad;gLj;jf; TlhJ. bjhlh;e;J ,J nghd;w kUe;Jfis gad;gLj;jpdhy;/ rhW cwp";rf; Toa
g{r;rpfSf;F ,dg;bgUf;f kPl;rpj; jd;ik cz;lhfp mit mjpf mstpy; bgUfp/ mjpf nrjk;
tpistpf;ff; TLk;.

ஊசித்துழளப்பான் (Pin worm)

வசெத்ெின் அறிகுறி
 இழைகள், ெண்டுகள் சுரண்டியும், பைங்கள் ஊசி துோரங்களுடன் காணப்படும்
வமைாண்ழம
 பூச்சி ொக்கிய பைங்கள், தசடிகழள அகற்றி ஆைக்குைியில் புழெக்கவும்
 பயிர் சுைற்சியில் கத்ொி, மிளகாய் பயிாிடுேழெ ெேிர்க்கவும்
 பூச்சி ொக்காெ நாற்றுகழள நடவும்
 ஏக்கருக்கு 16 இனக்கேர்ச்சி தபாறிகள் ழேத்து ஆண் அந்துப்பூச்சிகழளக் கேர்ந்ெைிக்கவும்
 வெழே ஏற்படின், ழசயண்ட்ரணிலிப்வரால் 10 OD 1.8 மி.லி. / லி தெளிக்கவும்.

,iy Jisg;ghd; (Leaf miner)

jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,iyfs; Jisf;fg;gl;L btz;zpw nfhLfs; ,iyfspy; fhzg;gLk;. ehsiltpy; ,iy thof;fha;e;J
cjph]e]J tpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; tpguk;
g[G - k";rs; epw g[GthdJ fhy;fs; ,d;wp fhzg;gLk;.
Tl;Lg;g[G - tisf; nfhLfspy; k";rs; epw Tl;Lg;g[G fhzg;gLk;
Kjph;g{r;rp - btsph; k";rs; <f;fs;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiw
 Jisf;fg;gl;l ,iyfis nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 ntg;g';nfhl;il toePh; 3 rjk; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.

fj;jhp (Brinjal)
Jisg;ghd;fs;
FUj;J kw;Wk; fha;j; Jisg;ghd; (Shoot and fruit borer)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,J fj;jhpiaj; jhf;ff; Toa xU Kf;fpakhd g{r;rpahFk;. g[Gf;fs; FUj;Jg; gFjpapYs;s
jz;ilj; Jisj;J. cl;brd;W cl;jpRf;fis cz;L mHpf]Fk]. FUj;Jf;fs; tho/ fhae;J tpLfpd;wd.

134
tsh;e;j brofspy; g[Gf;fs; g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ gp";Rf; fha;fs; nghd;tw;iw Jisj;J/ cz;gjhy; mit
cjph;e;J tpLk;. g[Gf;fs; bghpa fha;fisa[k; Jisj;J/ cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. g[G Jisj;j
Jthuk; tHpahf g[Gtpd; fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; btspj; js;sg;gl;oUg;gJ bjhpa[k;. g[Gf;fspd; jhf;Fjy;
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; nghJ 70 rjk; tiuapyhd fha;fs; nrjg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fj;jhpiaj; jtpu
,g;g{r;rp cUisf; fpH';F/ Ckj;ij nghd;w brofisa[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ Kl;ilfis ,sk; FUj;J/ gp";Rf; fha;fs; nghd;wtw;wpd; nky; ,Lk;.
Kl;ilfs; btz;ikahft[k;/ jl;ilahft[k; bjd;gLk;. xU g{r;rp 250 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;TLk;.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J 3-4 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsp te;J/ ,sk; jz;L my;yJ fha;fisj; Jisf;Fk;.
mit 15-20 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; ,sk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ gGg;g[ epwj;
jiya[lDk; bjd;gLk;. mit fha;fspypUe;J btspte;J/ epyj;jpy; tpGe;J/ bky;ypa gl;L E}y; nghd;w
,iyfshy; TL fl;o/ epyj;jpy; cjph;e;J fplf;Fk; ,iyfs;/ g{f;fspd; ,ilna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;
my;yJ jz;L/ fha;fs; Mfpa gFjpfspd] cs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fspypUe;J
Rkhh; 10 ehl;fspy; me;Jg; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit btz;ik epwkhft[k;/ ,wf;iffspy; gGg;g[ kw;Wk;
rptg;g[ epw milahs';fSlDk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 jhf;fg;gl;l FUj;Jf;fisa[k;/ fha;fisa[k; mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
 xnu epyj;jpy; bjhlh;r;rpahf fj;jhp gaphpLtij jtph;f;ft[k;.
 cl;guty; mjpfkhf cs;s ,l';fspy; ePsk; kw;W; FWfyhd fha; cs;s ,uf';fis
gaphplt[k;.
 xU vf;lUf;F 12 ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwpfs; mikf;ft[k;.
 braw;if ighpj;jpiua;L cgnahfpg;gij jtph;f;ft[k;.
 fha; Kjph;r;rp kw;Wk; mWtil neu';fspy; g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp cgnahfpg;gij jtph;f;ft[k;.
 ntg;gk; bfhl;il toePh; 5 rjk; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiwfs;
gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia elt[ bra;j xU khjj;jpw;F gpwF 15 ehl;fs;
,ilbtspapy; bjspf;ft[k;.
g{r;rpbfhy;yp mst[
mrhouhf;od; 1.0% EC (10000 ppm) 30 kpyp / yp
mrhouhf;od; 0.03% WSP (300 ppm) 5.0 fp / yp
,khbkf;od; bgd;nrhahl; 5 SG 4 fp /10 yp

Fnshh;ighpgh!; 20 EC 2.0 kpyp / yp

Fnshud;udpg;nuhy; 18.5 SC 4 kpyp /10 yp
Fapdhy;gh!; 25 EC 1.5 kpyp / yp
jnahofhh;g; 75 WP 1.25 fp / yp

135
jz;L Jisg;ghd; (Stem borer)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; jz;oy; fpisfs; gphpa[k; ,lj;jpy; my;yJ ,iyf;fhk;g[fs; gphpa[k; ,lj;jpy;
Jisj;J jz;ow;Fs; brd;W/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; broapd; fpisfs;
tho/ fha;e;J tpLk;. brofSk; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp fhzg;gLk;. bghJthf 3 khjj;Jf;F nky; tsh;e;j gapiu
,g;g{r;rp mjpf mstpy; jhf;Fk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp Kl;ilfis jsph; ,iyfs;/ fhk;g[fs;/ ,sk; jz;Lfs; nghd;wtw;wpd; nky;
,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; jz;ilj; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W cl;jpRf;fis cz;L
tsh;r;rpaile;J/ jz;od; cs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. g[Gf;fs; k';fyhd k";rs; epwj;jpYk;/
gGg;g[ epwj; jiya[lDk; bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; bky;ypa/ gl;L nghd;w E}yhk; gilahy; TL fl;o
mjDs; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ gpd;dh; me;Jg;g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; rhk;gy; fye;j
gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ rhk;gy; fye;j gGg;g[ epw Kd; ,wf;iffspd; eLtpy; FWf;fhff; nfhLfSlDk;/
btz;ik epw gpd; ,wf;iffSlDk; fhzg;gLk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; fj;jhp jz;L kw;Wk; fha; Jisg;ghd;
me;Jg;g{r;rpfis tpl/ rw;Wg; bghpaitfshfj; bjd;gLk;. ,jd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk; 25-40 ehl;fs; tiu
ePof;Fk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
fj;jhp FUj;J kw;Wk; fha; Jisg;ghDf;fhd fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisf; filgpof;f ntz;Lk;.

,iy cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;

g[s;sp tz;L my;yJ vg;pyhf;dh tz;L (Spotted beetle or Epilachna beetle)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fSk;/ tz;LfSk; ,iyfspd; ,U gug;gpYk; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ gr;iraj;ijr; Ruz;o
cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; broapd; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp/ kfNYk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;Lfs;/ k";rs; epw/ ePskhd/ RUl;L totpyhd Kl;ilfis 10-20 vd;w
vz;zpf;ifapy; Tl;lk;/ Tl;lkhf ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Lk;. xU tz;L 120-180 Kl;ilfs;
tiuapy; ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J 2-4 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk;g[Gf;fs; k";rs; epwkhft[k;/
jl;ilahft[k; clypd; nky; fhpa epwj;jpy;/ Kl;fs; nghd;w nuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. 10-35
ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; ,iyfs;/ jz;Lfs; nghd;w ghf';fspd; nky;
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;/ Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fs] k";rs; epwkhft[k;/ clypd; gpd; gFjpapy; Kl;fisf;
bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fspypUe;J tz;Lfs; btsptUk;. tz;Lfs;
miuf;nfhs totpy;/ Mu";R fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ Kd; ,wf;iffspy; 12 Kjy; 28 fUik epwg;
g[s;spfSlDk; fhzg;gLk;.

136
g{r;rpf;fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
,iyfspy; cs;s g[Gf;fisa[k;/ Kl;il TLfisa[k; nrfhpj;J mHpf;ft[k;.
brofis cGf;fp/ g[Gf;fs;/ Tl;Lg;g[G kw;Wk; g{r;rpfis fPnH tpHr;bra;J mHpf;ft[k;.

mRtzp (Aphid)

mwpFwpfs;

mRtpzp k";rshfnth my;yJ k";rs; fye;j gr;ir my;yJ gGg;g[ epwkhfnth fhy
epiyiaa[k;/ ,lj;ija[k; bghWj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;. ,it Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf FUj;Jg; gFjpapYk;/ ,iyf;F
moapYk; ,Ue;J rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l brofspd; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp FUj;J
,iyfs; RU';fp tho fha;e;J tpLk;.

tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;

bgz; g{r;rp ,dr;nrh;f;if ,y;yhknyna ,sk; g{r;rpfis cz;lhf;Fk; jpwd; bfhz;lJ. xU

g{r;rpapypUe;J ,t;tpjk; 8-22 ,sk; mRt[zpfs; btspg;gl;L mit xU thuj;jpy; KG tsh;;r;rpaile;j
g{r;rpfshf khWk;. ,sk; g{r;rpfs; rpwpajhf k";rs; epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; k";rs; fye;j
gr;ir epwj;jpYk; clypd; gpd;gFjp mlh;e;j gr;ir epwj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;.

nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

 Kjy; gUt gr;ir fz;zho ,wf;ifg; g{r;rp ,iu tpG';fpia vf;lUf;F 10/000 vd;w mstpy;
tpl;L fl;Lg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
 mz;zhkiy 1 vd;w vjph;g;g[j; jpwd; bfhz;l ,ufj;ijg; gaphpLjy; ntz;Lk;.
 kPijy; blkl;lhd; 2 kp.yp. my;yJ ilkPj;njhnal; 2 kp.yp. xU ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; fye;J bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;.

gGg;g[ jj;Jg;g{r;rp (Brown leafhopper, Cestius phycitis)

mwpFwpfs;

gGg;g[j; jj;Jg;g{r;rp brofspypUe;J rhw;iw cwp";rp/ neuoahfr; nrjk; tpistpg;gnjhL/

rpw;wpiy nehiaj; njhw;Wtpf;fToa ikf;nfhgpsh!;kh vd;Dk; Ez;qaphpiag; gug;gf; ToaJ. xU
taypypUe;J kw;bwhU taYf;Fk; gug;g[k;. jhf;fg;gl;l broapy; ,iyfs; bfhj;J bfhj;jhft[k;
rpwpajhft[k; fhzg;gLk;. ,r;broapypUe;J g{ kw;Wk; fha;fs; njhd;Wtjpy;iy.

tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;

,sk; kw;Wk; btsphpa gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.

137
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

 rpw;wpiy er;Raphp neha; jhf;fpa brofis cldoahf gpL';fp mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.

 kPijy; blkl;lhd; 2 kp.yp. my;yJ ilkPj;njhnal; 2 kp.yp. xU ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; fye;J bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;.

bts;is < (Whitefly)

mwpFwpfs;

,it ,iyapd; mog;ghfj;jpy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L rhw;iw cwp";Rk;.

,jdhy; ,iyfs; k";rshfp gpd; cjph;e;J tpLk;. ,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfhpf;Fk; nghJ broapy;
cs;s midj;J ,iyfSk; cjph;e;J tpLk;. FUj;J tho fUfp tpLk;.

tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;

,sk; g{r;rpfs; k";rs; fye;j gr;ir epwj;jpy; Kl;il totpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Tl;Lg;g[G ,iyapd;
mog;gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rp rpwpa me;Jg;g{r;rp nghd;W bts;is epw kht[ nghd;w bghUshy;
cly; KGtJk; \lg;gl;oUf;Fk;.

nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

 mjpf jiHr;rj;J ,Ltijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;.

 vf;lUf;F 12 k";rs; xl;Lg;girg; bghwp itj;J fth;e;J mHpf;fntz;Lk;.
 l;iumnrhgh!; 2 kp.yp. my;yJ ghrnyhd; 2 kp.yp. + ntg;bgz;bza; 3 kp.yp. xU ypl;lh;
jz;zPhpy; fye;J bjspj;Jf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
 kPijy; blkl;lhd; my;yJ ilkPj;njhnal; 1 kp.yp. xU ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; fye;J bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;.
 ntg;bgz;bza; 3 kp.yp. a[ld; Oghy; 1 kp.yp. xU ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; fye;J bjspf;f ntz;Lk;
my;yJ 50 fpuhk; ntg;gk; bfhl;ilj; J}is xU ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; Cw itj;J mjd; rhw;iwj;
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfis jtpu/ kpy;nyhbru!; rg;@ngrpnal;l!; vd;Dk; rhk;gy; Td;tz;L fj;jhpr;

broapd; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpg;gnjhL/ g[Gf;fs; nth;fisf; foj;J cz;L
brofis koe;J tplr; bra;fpwJ. mk;uh!;fh oth!;ld;!; vd;Dk; ,iyj;jj;Jg; g{r;rp,iyfspypUe;J
rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. fj;jhp gaphpd; gpd; tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpy; brd;l;nuhfhf;f!;
,d;nrhypl;l!; vd;Dk; kht[g;g{r;rp rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. bfhk;g[g; g[G mf;fnuhd]rpah
!;of;!; vd;Dk; me;Jg;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fSk; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; ToaJ.

138
 19. btz;il kw;Wk; kpsfha; gapu;fisj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

btz;il (Ladies finger/Okra)

Jisg;ghd;fs;
FUj;J kw;Wk; fhaj;Jisg;ghd; (Shoot and fruit borer)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; jz;ilj; Jisj;J jz;ow;Fs; brd;W/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; broapd; fpisfs; tho/ fha;e;J tpLk;. ,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; fha;fisj;
Jisj;J cs;spUf;Fk; rijg;gFjpia cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l fha;fs; juk; bfl;L/
tpw;f Koahky; ngha; tpLfpwJ. ,sk; g[Gf;fs; FUj;Jg; gFjpfisa[k;/ ,iyfisa[k; cz;L
nrjg;gLj;Jk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ Kl;ilfis jdpj;jdpahfnth my;yJ ,uz;L/ \d;whfnth/ ,ut[
neu';fspy;/ fpisfspd; Edpg;ghf';fs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ gp";Rf; fha;fs;/ ,iyf; fhk;g[fs; nghd;wtw;wpd;
kPJ ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp Rkhh; 385 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy; ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilfs; ePyk; fye;j gr;ir epwj;jpYk;/
thp thpahf nkL gs;s';fisf; bfhz;Lk; nky; gFjp xU fphPlk; nghyt[k; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J
3-4 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk.; mit ,sk; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ fUik epwj; jiya[lDk;/ Rkhh;
1 kp.kP ePsj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mit 10-12 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;/ tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; 1.8-2.0 br.kP
ePsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. <hpah!; ,d;Rnydh g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; ,sk; gr;ir epwkhft[k;/ clypd; mndf
fUik epwg; gilfSlDk;/ Kjy; khh;g[f; fz;lj;jpy; Mu";R epwg; g[s;spfisf; bfhz;Lk;. <hpah!;
itl;bly;yh g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; ,sk; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ clypd; nky; gFjpapy; eLtpy; btz;ikahd
xU nfhLlDk;/ nuhk';fs; ,y;yhkYk; ,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; btz;ikahd bky;ypa gl;L nghd;w
,iHfshy; TLfl;o/ Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fs; fha;fs; my;yJ jz;od; nky; my;yJ
epyj;jpy; cjph;e;J fplf;Fk; ,iyfs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs; my;yJ g{f;fspd; nknyh fhzg;gLk;. mtw;wpypUe;J
8-10 ehl;fspy; me;Jg; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. <hpah!; ,d;Rnydh me;Jg;g{r;rp gr;ir epw Kd;
,wf;iffisa[k;/ btz;ik epw gpd; ,wf;iffisa[k; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. <hpah!; itl;bly;yh me;Jg;
g{r;rpfspd; gr;irepw Kd; ,wf;iffspy; xU btz;ik epwg; gl;il ,wf;iffspy; mog;ghfj;jpypUe;J/
Edp tiuapy; fhzg;gLk;. gpd; ,wf;iffs; btz;ik epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 jhf;fg;gl;l FUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; gH';fis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;
 epyj;jpy; cjph;e;J fplf;Fk; ,iyfs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ gp";Rf; fha;fs; nghd;wtw;iw mg;g[wg;gLj;jp
mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
 ehw;gJ ehs; taJs;s Mg;hpf;fh cau rhke;jp g{r;brofis fth;r;rpg; gapuhf 16 thpir jf;fhsp
brof;F 1 thpir g{r;bro vdg; gaphplyhk;.
 ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwp bQypypa{h; vf;lUf;F 12 itf;ft[k;

139
  Kl;il xl;Lz;zpg;ghd l;iunfhfpuhk;kh ifnyhdp!; vf;lUf;F 1,00,000 vDk; mstpy;
thuk; xU Kiwahf g{ g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; taypy; tplt[k;.
 ngrpy!; Jh;$pahd;rp!; @ 2 fp / yp vd;w tPjk; bjspf;ft[k;.

,urhad Kiw
njit Vw;god;/ fPH;f;fz;l VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia bjspf;ft[k;.
g{r;rp bfhy;yp mst[
mrhouhf;od; 0.03 % 5.0 kpyp / yp
g;a[g;nuhbgrpd; 25 SC 1 kpyp /yp
,khbkf;od; bgd;nrhahl; 5 SG 4 fp /10 yp
Fapdhy;gh!; 25 EC 8 kpyp/ 10 yp
khyj;jpahd; 50 EC 3.3 kpyp/ 10 yp
iguplhypy; 10 EC 1 kpyp /yp

bQypf;fhth;g;gh Mh;kpb$uh (Helicoverpa armigera) vd;Dk; mbkhpf;fd; fha;g;g[Gf;fSk;

,iyfisf; foj;J cz;gnjhL/ fha;fisa[k; Jisj;J cs;ns ,Uf;Fk; rijg;ghfj;ija[k;/
tpijfisa[k; cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. bts;is < - bgkPrpah lghir (Bemisia tabaci)
,iyfisf; Fj;jp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp/ neuoahf nrjk; tpistpg;gnjhL/ k";rs; euk;g[ njky; nehiaj;
njhw;Wtpf;ff; Toa er;Raphpfisa[k; gug;gf; ToaJ. mk;uh!;fh oth!;ld;!; (Amrasca devastans)
vd;Dk; jj;Jg;g{r;rpfSk;/ mtw;wpd; F";RfSk;/ ,iyiaf; Fj;jp/ rhw;iw cwp";Rtjhy; ,iyfspy;
bespt[fSk;/ RUf;f';fSk; njhd;WtnjhL/ brofspd; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp/ mit koat[k; nehpLk;. V@gp!;
bfhrpg;gp (Aphis gossypii) vd;Dk; gUj;jp mRtzpa[k;/ o!;blh;f;f!; rp';Fnyl;l!; (Dysdercus
cingulatus) vd;Dk; gUj;jp rptg;g[ fha; ehtha;g; g{r;rp Mfpa g{r;rpfs; ,iyfs;/ fha;fs; nghd;wtw;iw
Fj;jp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. irbyg]lh blnuhnfl;lh (Sylepta derogata)
vd;Dk; g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisr; RUl;o mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl ,iyfisr; foj;J cz;L
nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait. kpy;nyhbru!; khf;Fnyhr!; (Myllocerus maculosus) vd;Dk; \f;F
tz;Lfs; ,iyfisj; Jisj;J/ jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait.

kpsfha; (Chillies)
Jisg;ghd;fs;
mbkhpf;fd; fha;g;g[G (American bollworm)
,e;jg; g[Gf;fSk; fha;fisj; Jisj;J/ cs;spUf;Fk; tpijfis cz;L nrjk; cz;lf;Fk;.

140
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;/
gUj;jpg; gaphpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
 jhf;fg;gl;l gH';fis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;
 ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwp bQypypa{h; vf;lUf;F 12 itf;ft[k;
 Kl;il xl;Lz;zpg;ghd l;iunfhfpuhk;kh ifnyhdp!; vf;lUf;F 1,00,000 vDk; mstpy;
thuk; xU Kiwahf g{ g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; taypy; tplt[k;.
 ngrpy!; Jh;$pahd;rp!; @ 2 fp / yp vd;w tPjk; bjspf;ft[k;.
,urhad Kiwfs;
fPH;f;fz;l VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia bjspf;ft[k;.
g{r;rp bfhy;yp mst[
Fnshud;udpg;nuh!; 18.5 SC 3 kpyp /10 yp
rad;l;wdypg;nuhy; 10.26 OD 1.8 kpyp/ yp
,khbkf;od; bgd;nrhahl; 5 SG 4 fp /10 yp
gpg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 2 kpyp /yp
@g;Sbgd;oikL 39.35 SC 2.5 kpyp / 10 yp
,z;lhf;!fhu;g; 14.5 SC 6.5 kpyp / 10 yp
!;gpndhnrl; 45 SC 3.2 kpyp / 10 yp
iguplhypy; 10 EC 1 kpyp /yp
jnahofhu;g; 75 WP 2 fp / yp

g[ifapiyg; g[G (Tobacco caterpillar)

g[Gf;fs; fha;fisj; Jisj;J/ cs;spUf;Fk; tpijfis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
jha;g;g{r;rp ,iyapy; re;jdg; bghl;L nghd;W Ftpayhf Kl;ilapl;L cnuhkj;jhy; \Lk;. ,sk;
g[Gf;fs; Tl;lkhf xnu ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. g[G fUik fye;j gr;irahft[k;/ jiyg;gFjpf;Fr; rw;W
gpd;g[wj;jpy; ,uz;L fUg;g[g; g[s;spfSlDk; clk;gpy; jpl;Lj; jpl;lhd fUk;g[s;spfSk; ,Uf;Fk;.
Kjph;;g{r;rp gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk.; Kd; ,wf;iffs; fUg;g[ epwg;gpz;zdpapy; btz;ik epw FWf;Ff;
nfhLfs; fhzg;gLk;. gpd; ,wf;iffs; btz;ik epwj;Jld; Xu';fspy; gGg;g[ epw gl;ila[ld; ,Uf;Fk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
 taiy cGJ kz;zpy; g[ije;Js;s Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fis btspf; bfhzh;e;J mHpf;f
ntz;Lk;.
 tay; tug;g[ Xu';fspy; Mkzf;if fth;r;rp gapuhf gaphplt[k;.

141
  vf;lUf;F 15 ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwp itj;J Mz; me;Jg; g{r;rpfis fth;e;J mHpf;ft[k;.
 Kl;il Ftpay;fs;/ g[G Tl;l';fis ifahy; nrfhpj;J mHpf;ft[k;.
 khiy neu';fspy; g[nuhOdpah vd;.gp.itu!; 1.5x1012 g[G rkd; mst[ vf;lUf;Fj; bjspf;f
ntz;Lk; my;yJ
 fPH;f]fhqk; xU g{r;rpbfhy;yp kUe;jpid bjspf;ft[k;.
g{r;rpbfhy;yp mst[
,khbkf;od; bgd;nrhntl; 5 SG 4 kp yp / 10 yp
g;Sbgd;ilaikL 20 WDG 6.0 fp / 10yp
,z;lhf;!;nrhfhh;g; 14.5 SC 6.5 kp yp / 10 yp
nehtYuhd; 10 EC 7.5 kp yp / 10 yp
!;gpndhnrL 45 SC 3..2 kp yp / 10 yp
ijnahofhh;g; 75 2.0 fp / yp

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

kpsfha;g; ngd; (Chilli Thrips)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; jsph; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; Tl;lkhf ,Ue;J bfhz;L/
,iyfspy;/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfs; RUz;Lk;/
RU';fpa[k; fhzg;gLtnjhL/ gGg;g[ epwkhf khwptpLk;. broapd; tsh;r;rpa[k; btFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
g{ bkhf;FfSk;/ g{f;fSk; jhf;fg;gLk;nghJ mit cjph;e;J tpLtjhy;/ kfNy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rpfs; ,dr;nrh;f;if bra;njh my;yJ ,dr;nrh;f;if bra;ahkny Kl;ilfis
,lf;Toait. Kl;ilfis jsph; ,iiyfspd; euk;g[fspDs; brhUfptpLk;. xU g{r;rp 40-48 Kl;ilfs;
tiu ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 3-4 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g{r;rpfs;/ 10-15 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; kpfr; rpwpaitfsht[k;/ k";rs; epwkhft[k;/ rPg;g[ nghd;w
,wf;iffisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
o CLgapuhf mfj;jpia gaphplt[k; ,jd; epHyhdJ kpsfha; ngd; caph;j]bjhifia
Kiwg;gLj;JfpwJ.
o nrhsk; gaphpl;l epyj;jpy; kpsfha; cldoahf rhFgo bra;af; TlhJ.
o kpsfhapy; bt';fhaj;ij CLgapuhf rhFgo bra;af; TlhJ.
o ehw;Wfspd; kPJ jz;zPiu bjspg;gjd; \yk; ,iyg;ngd;fdpd; bgUf;fkhdJ
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
o xU fpnyh tpijf;F ,kplhFnshgphpl; 70 lgs;a{ v!; 12 fp vd;w mstpy; tpij nehj;jp bra;a
ntz;Lk;.

142
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypiaj; bjspf;ft[k;.
g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp mst[
,kplhf;nyhgpl; 17.8 SL 3.0 kpyp / 10 yp
blbkj;bjhnal; 30 EC 1.0 kpyp / yp
vkhbkf;od; bgd;b$hntl; 5 SG 4 fp /10 yp
vj;jpahd; 50 EC 2.0 kp yp / yp
gpg]nuhdpy; 5 SC 1.5 kp yp / yp
kPj;ijapy blkl;lhd]; 25 EC 1.0 kp yp / yp
!;gpndhnrL 45 SC 3.2 kp yp / 10 yp
ijaf;nyhhg;hpl; 21.7 SC 6.0 kp yp / 10 yp
mrplkpgpupl; 20 SP 1 fp /10 yp

143
 20. Kl;ilnfh!; kw;Wk; fhypgpstiug]; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; -kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

itu KJF me;Jg;g{r;rp (Diamond back moth)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
cyfpd; Kl;ilf;nfh!; gaphplg;gLk; vy;yh ehLfspYk; bjd;gLfpwJ. g{f;nfh!;/ Ks;s';fp/
E}y;nfhy;; nghd;w gaph;fisa[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ. ,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs;/ ,iyfisf; foj;J Jthu';fis
cz;L gz;zp/ jpRf;fis cz;L mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.

g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;

bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ kpfr;rpwpa/ k";rs; fye;j btz;ik epw Kl;ilfis/ jdpj;jdpahf/
,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy;/ euk;g[fis mLj;J ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp Rkhh; 57 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,Lk;.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J 3-6 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit 14-21 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rp
mila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; Rkhh; 1.0 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ ,sk; gr;ir epwkhft[k;/ rw;W jokdhft[k;/
gutyhf clypd; nky; Fl;ilahd/ bky;ypa nuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. mit bky;ypa gl;L
E}y; nghd;w ,iyfshy;/ mlh;j;jpapy;yhky;/ jsh;thfg; gpd;dg;gl;l TLfspDs; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf
khwp/ 7-11 ehl;fspy; me;Jg; g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; rpwpaitahft[k;/ 1.4 br.kP mstpYk;/
rhk;gy; fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ gGg;g[ epw ePskhd/ FWfpa Kd; ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;Lk;/ btz;ik
epw gpd; ,wf;iffis bfhzLk; bjd;gLk;. ,e;j milahs';fs; g{r;rpfs; ,wf;iffis cltpd; nky;
\o ,isg;ghWk; nghJ lakd;l; totj;jpy; btz;ik epwg; gl]ilfshff; fhzg;gLk;. g{r;rpapd;
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk; 24-35 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk; .

g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
o mWtilf;F gpwF gz;izf; fHpt[fs;/ ,iyfis nrfhpj;J mHpf;ft[k;.
o fLFg; gapiu fth;r;rpg; gapuhf 25 thpir Kl;ilf;nfhRf;F 2 thpir fLF gaphpl ntz;Lk;.
o fLF gapUf;F kl;Lk; ilf;Fnshh;th!; 0.076% bjspj;J g[Gf;fspd; elkhl;lj;ij
fl;Lg;gLj;jt[k;.
o ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwp vf;lUf;F 12 itf;ft[k;.
o gaph; RHw;rp Kiwapy; g{rzp tiff; bfho/ mtiu/ jf;fhsp kw;Wk; jh;g;g{rzp Kjypatw;iw
gaphplyhk;.
o kiyg;gpunjr';fspy; g[G xl;Lz;zpahd ilof;kh brkpf;nshrk; vf;lUf;F 1,00,000 tplt[k;.
kw;wg;gFjpapy; bfhOrpah g[Sl;nly;ny vf;lUf;F 20,000/- \d;W Kiw ehw;W el;l 20-k;
ehspypUe;J 10 ehl;fs; ,ilbtspapy; tplyhk;.
o ntg;gk; bfhl;il toePh; 5 rjk; bjspf;ft[k;.
o caphpay; g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp/ ngrpy;y!; Jupd;$pbad]rp;!] tif Fh;!:lf;fp 2 fpuhk; / ypl;lh;
bjspf;ft[k;.

144
 o fhh;lhg; iQl;nuhFnshiuL 0.5 rjk; el;l 10/ 20 kw;Wk; 30 ehl;fSf;F bjspf;ft[k;.
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypia bjspf;ft[k;
g{r;rp bfhy;yp mst[
,khbkf;od; bgd;nrhahl; 5 SG 4 fp /10 yp
gpg;nuhdpy; 5 SC 2 kpyp /yp
la@bgd;jpa[uhd; 50 WP 1.2 fp / yp
Fnshu;igupgh!; 20 EC 4 kpyp/ yp
@g;Sbgd;oikL 39.35 SC 1.0 kpyp / 10 yp
,z;lhf;!fhu;g; 14.5 SC 4 kpyp / 10 yp
!;gpndhnrl; 45 SC 3.2 kpyp / 10 yp
Y@bgDuhd; 5.4 EC 1.2 kpyp /yp
jnahofhu;g; 75 WP 2 fp / yp

Kl;ilf;nfh!; mRtzp (Aphids)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,e;jg;g{r;rp fLF/ g{f;nfh!;/ Ks;s';fp nghd;w gaph;fisj; jhf;ff; ToaJ. ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/
tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf broapd; FUj;Jg; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J
bfhz;L bjhlh;e;J/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;qk;. ,jdhy; ,iyfs; Kjypy; k";rs; epwkhf khwp/ gpd;dh;
fhpe;J koe;J tpLk;. broapd; tsh;r;rpa[k; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

g{r;rpapd;; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;

bgz; mRtzpfs; ,dr;nrh;f;if bra;ahknyna F";Rfis ,l;L/ kpft[k; ntfkhf
,dg;bgUf;fk; bra;af; Toait. rpy ehl;fspy; mit KG tsh;r;rpaila[k,; Xust[ ,dg;bgUf;fk;
mile;j gpwF ,wf;iffisf; bfhz;l bgz; g{r;rpfs; njhd;wp/ gwe;J brd;W ntW ,l';fspYs;s
gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk;. ork;gh;-gpg;uthp tiuapYs;s fhyj;jpy; ,e;jg; g{r;rp mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLtnjhL/
,wf;iffs; cs;sJk;/ ,wf;iffs; ,y;yhjJkhd g{r;rpfs; bjd;gLk;.

g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
o g{r;rpfs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk; broapd; ghf';fis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
o k";rs; epw xl;Lk; bghwp 12 /vf;lh; vd;w mstpy; itj;J tsh;r;rpaile;j mRtpzp g{r;rpfs;
elkhl;lj;ij fz;fhzpf;fyhk;.
o ntg;g vz;bza; 3% bjspf;ft[k;

145
 gpd;tUk; VnjDk; xU g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypiaj; bjspf;ft[k;.
g{r;rpbfhy;yp mst[
mrhouhf;od; 0.03% WSP (300 ppm) 5.0 fp / yp
mrplkpgpupl; 20 SP 1.5 fp / 10 yp
ilkPj;njhnal; 30 EC 1.3 kp.yp / yp
khyj;ijahd; 2.5 EC 3 kp .yp / yp

Kl;ilf;nfh!; Jisg]ghd] (Cabbage borer)

mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g[[Gf;fs; Kjypy; ,iyfisf; File;J cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. gpd;dh;
mit ,iyfspd; euk;g[ my;yJ jz;Lg;gFjp my;yJ Kl;ilf;nfh!; kz;ilg;gFjpiaj; Jisj;J/
jpRf;fis cz;L nrjKz;lhf;Fk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ k";rs; epw gs gsg;ghd Kl;ilfis ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpnyh my;yJ
,sk; jz;Lg;gFjpfspnyh ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 3-4 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;/ 10-12
ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;/ tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; Rkhh; 1.0 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ k';fpa gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/
fUik epwj;jiya[lDk;/ clypy; 4 fj;jup epwf; nfhLfSld; bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; mit
cz;lhf;fpa Jisapd; cs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rpfshf
btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs;/ k";rs; fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ gGg;g[ epw Kd; ,wf;iffspy; tisthd
rhk;gy; epwf; nfhLfSld;/ eLg;gFjpapy; ePs; tl;l totpy; milahs';fSld; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
o ,sk; g[Gf;fis nrfhpj;J mHpf;ft[k;.
o caphpay; g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp – ngrpy;y!; JUd;Ipbad;rp!; @2 fp; / yp ,s";broapy; bjspf;ft[k;.
o khyj;jpahd; 50 EC 1500 kp.yp / vf;lUf;F bjspf;ft[k;.

tz;zg;g{r;R ehtha;g; g{r;rp (Painted bug)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ jz;Lg;gFjpfspYk;/ ,iyfspYk;/ Tl;lk;/ Tl;lkhf
,Ue;J bfhz;L/ rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l brofs; Kjypy; tsh;r;rp
Fd;wp/ ehsiltpy; koe;J tpLk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; g{r;rp/ ,sk; k";rs; epw Kl;ilfis jdpj;jdpahf ,iyfs; my;yJ jz;Lfs;
nghd;tw;wpd; nky; ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp 90-218 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy; ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J Rkhh; 7
ehl;fspy; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit tsUk; nghJ 4 Kiw njhYhpj;J/ Rkhh; 21 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k;. xU tUlj;jpy; 6-7 jiy Kiwfs; njhd;Wk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; jl;ilahft[k;/ ey;y

146
fUik epwj;jpYk;/ rptg;g[ fye;j k";rs; epwg; gl]ilfisa[k;/ g[s;spfisa[k; bfhz;L bjd;gLk;. mit
Rkhh; 0.6 br.kP ePsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

g{r;rpf; fl;Lg]ghL
 g{r;rpfs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; nghJ if tiy bfhz;L mtw;iw gpoj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 ,kplhf;nyhg;hpl; 70 WS 7 fp / fpnyh tpij vd;w mstpy; tpij neu;j;jp bra;at[k;.
 ilkpnjhnal; 30 EC 1.3 kpyp/ yp bjspf;ft[k;.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu/ ,iy gpizf;Fk; g[G – Fbuhrpnlhnyhkpah igndhl;lhyp!;

Kl;ilf;nfh!;/ g{f;nfh!;/ fLF/ Ks;s';fp nghd;w fLF tifg; gaph;fspd; ,iyapd; moapy; bky;ypa/
gl;L E}y; nghd;w ,iHfshy; TL fl;o/ mjDs;; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl ,iyfisf; foj;J/ cz;L nrjk;
Vw;gLk;. Kl;ilf;nfh!; gr;irf; fhtog; g[G – oiuf;nfhg[Srpah ie ,iyfisj; Jisj;J/ jpRf;fis
cz;L nrjk; cz;L gz;zf; ToaJ. btl;Lg; g[G-mf;nuhl;o!; ,g;rpyhd; g[ifapiyg; g[G-
!;nghnuhg;luh yplLuh nghd;wit Kl;ilf;nfh!;/ g{f;nfh!;/ Ks;s';fp nghd;w gaph;fspd; ,iyfisf;
foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait. fLF uk;g <apd; g[Gf;fSk;-mj;njypa Y}fd;!; gpuhf;rpkh
Kl;ilf;nfh!;/ Ks;s';fp/ g{f;nfh!; nghd;w fLF tifg; gaph;fspd; ,iyfisj; Jisj;J/ jpRf;fis
cz;L nrjk; cz;L gz;zf; Toait. ngd;fs; -jphpg;!; lghrp/ g{f;nfh!;/ Kl;ilf;nfh!; nghd;tw;wpd;
,iyfspy; Fj;jp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L nrjk; cz;L gz;zf; ToaJ.

147
 21. g{rzp tifr; brofisj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
g{rzp tifr; brofs; (Cucurbits)
g{rzp tifr; brofspy; ghfy;/ g[liy gPh;f;fd; kw;Wk; Riu fha; gaph;fis mndf g{r;rpfs;
jhf;Ffpd;wd. rpy g{r;rpfs; g{rzpg; gapiua[k; jhf;Ffpd;wd.

gH < (Fruit fly)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,e;jg; g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs;/ g[liy/ ghfw;fha;/ g{rzp/ bts;is joad; fha; nghd;w gaph;fisj;
jhf;ff; Toait. <apd; g[Gf;fs; gp";Rf; fha;fisa[k;/ Kw;wpa fha;fisa[k;/ Jisj;J cl;brd;W cs;ns
cs;s rijg; gFjpia cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. gp";Rf; fha;fs; jhf;fg;gLk; nghJ mit cjph;e;J
tpLk;. Kjph;e;j fha;fs; mGfp/ bfl;LtpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; <ahdJ btz;ikahd/ ePz;l cUis tot Kl;ilfis/ jdpj;jdpahf my;yJ 4-10
tiuapyhd vz;zpf;ifapy; Ftpayhf/ g{f;fs; my;yJ gp";Rf; fha;fspDs; brhUfp tpLk;. xU < Rkhh;
200 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;j 2-3 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;/ fha;fisj;
Jisj;J cl;brd;W/ rijg;gFjpiaa[k;/ tpijfisa[k; cz;L/ nfhil fhy';fspy; 5-9 ehl;fspYk;/
Fsph; fhy';fspy; 20-22 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. g[Gf;fs; fhy]fsw;Wk; Kd; gFjp bgUj;Jk;/
gpd; gFjp RU';fpa[k; bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; fha;fspypUe;J btspte;J/ epyj;jpy; tpGe;J
kz;qf;foapy; 1.5-15.0 br.kP MHj;jpy; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 7-8 ehl;fspy; <f;fshf btsptUk;.
g[Gg; gUtk; 25-30 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. <f;fs; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ mjd; nky; gug;gpy; fUg;g[/ bts;is
g[s;spfSlDk]/ xsp g[ff; Toa ,wf;iffspy; gGg;g[ epwg;gl;ilfSk;/ Edpg;gFjpapy; g[s;spfSk;
,Uf;Fk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
o jhf;fg;gl;l fha;fis clDf;Fld; mg;g[wg;gLj;jp/ mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
o cl;gut[y; cs;s ,l';fspy; tpijf;Fk; fhyj;ij khw;wp mikj;J jha; <f;fspd; elkhl;lk; twz;l
btg;gkhd fhy';fspy; Fiwthft[k;/ kiHf;fhy';fspy; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; go ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;.
o Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fis cHt[ bra;J kz;zpypUe;J btspf; bfhzh;e;J nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
o gH < bghwpfs; 10 / vf;lu; itf;ft[k;.
o ntg;g vz;bza; 3 rjk; bjspf;ft[k;.
o gPh;f;fhd; fhia fth;r;rpg;gapuhf gaphpl;L mjd; ,iyapd; moapy; nrUk; <f;fis khyj;jpahd;
0.1 rjk; bjspj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
o bjd;d';fs;/ g[nuhl;Od; iQl;nuhiynrl;/ rpl;uhdy;yh vz;bza;/ ePyfphp vz;bza;/ tpdpfh;
(mrpl;of; mkpyk;) kw;Wk; yhf;of; mkpyk; ,tw;iw fth;r;rpg; bghUshf itj;J <f;fis fth;e;J
mHpf;fyhk;.

148
 o ghypj;jpd; igfspy; 5 fpuhk; fUthLld] 0.1 kp.yp. ilFnshh;th!; eidj;j g";rpid itj;J
igfspy; 6 Jisapl;L bghwpahf gad;gLj;jp vf;lUf;F 5 itj;J <f;fis fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
rptg;g[ g{rzp tz;L (Red pumpkin beetle)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,e;j g{r;rp g[liy/ bts;shp/ joad;fha;/ gPh;f;fd; fha; nghd;wtw;iw jhf;ff; TLk;. tz;Lfs;/
,iyfs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs;/ g{f;fs; nghd;wtw;wpy; tl;l totkhd Jthu';fis cz;L gz;zp/ jpRf;fis/
foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; nghJ ,iyfs; vy;yhnk
tz;Lfshy; Jisf;fg;gl;L/ nrjg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; brofs; koe;Jtplf; TLk;. tsh;e;j brofspd;
,iyfspy; mndf Jthu';fs; cz;L gz;zpdhYk; mit koe;J tpLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; broapd;
tsh;r;rp mjpf mstpy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kz;zpy; thHf;Toa g[Gf;fs; brofspd; nth;fisf; foj;J/
cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. mit kz;zpy; te;J bjhLk; fha;fisa[k; Jisj;J cl;g[wj;jpYs;s
rijg;gFjpia cz;Lk; nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ Mu";R epw/ ePz;l cUis tot Kl;ilfisj; jdpj;jdpahf my;yJ rpW rpW
Ftpay;fshf/ brofspd; moapy;/ <ukhd kz;zpd; nky; ,Lk;. xU tz;L Rkhh; 300 Kl;ilfs; tiu
,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 75 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit 13-25 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; ,sk; k";rs; epwj;JlDk;/ jiya[k;/ Kjy; khh;g[f; fz;lKk; fUik
epwj;JlDk; bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; kz;qf;foapy; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 7-15 ehl;fspy;
tz;Lfshf btsptUk;. xU tUlj;jpy; 5-8 jiyKiwfs; njhd;Wk;. tz;Lfspd; nky; gug;g[ Mu";R
fye;j rptg;g[ epwj;JlDk;. mog;gug;g[ fUik epwj;JlDk;/ btz;ikahd kpUJthd nuhk';fisf;
bfhz;L/ Kd; ,wf;iffs; Mu";R fye;j rptg;g[ epwj;JlDk; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
epyj;ij ed;F cGJ Tl;Lg; g[Gf;fis btspf;bfhzh;e;J mHpf;fyhk;. if tiy gad;gLj;jp/
g{r;rpfisg; gpoj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
ilf;nyhh;th!; 76 EC 1.25 kpyp / yp bjspf;ft[k;.

g[liy fhtog; g[G (Semi looper)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisr; RUl;o mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;L ,iyfisr; Ruz;oa[k;/ foj;Jk; cz;L/
,iyfis mjpf mstpy; mHpj;J tplf; Toait.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp btz;ik epw/ Kl;ilfis ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Lfpd;wd.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J 3-4 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsp tUk;. mit 10-15 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;.
g[Gf;fs; btz;ik fye;j gr;ir epwj;jpYk;/ gf;fthl;oy; btz;zpwf; nfhLfSld; clypd; nky; fUik
epw Ks; nghd;w nuhk';fSlDk;/ clypd; gpd; gFjp rw;W nklhft[k;/ 3-5-4.0 nr.kP. ePsj;jpYk;

149
bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; ,iyr; RUs;fSf;Fs;nsna E}yhk; gilapdhyhd Tl;oDs;
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ 8-10 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs;
bghpaitfshft[k;/ gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;. gs gsg;ghd Kd; ,wf;iffspy; rpwpa j';f epwg; g[s;spfSlDk;
bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
Fnshud;udpypg;nuhy; 18.5 SC 2 kpyp /10 yp bjspf;ft[k;.

Riuf;fha; gpst[ ,wf;ifg; g{r;rp (Plume moth)

jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,e;j g{r;rp g[Gf;fs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffisa[k;/ ,iyfisa[k; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz;me;Jg;g{r;rp rpwpa ,sk; gr;ir epw Kl;ilfis ,iyfs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs; nghd;wtw;wpd;
nky; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisa[k;/ g{ bkhf;Ffisa[k; foj;J
cz;L tsUk;. Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J btsptUk; <f;fs; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ ,uz;L kly;fisf; bfhz;l
,wifg; nghd;w nuhk';fisf; bfhz;l Kd; ,wf;iffSlDk;/ \d;W kly;fisf; bfhz;l gpd;
,wf;iffSlDk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
Fnshud;udpypg;nuhy; 18.5 18.5 SC 2 kpyp /10 yp bjspf;ft[k;.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu/ gH <f;fspd; g[Gf;fs; fha;fisj; Jisj;J/ cl;g[wj;jpYs;s

rijg;gFjpia cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait. g[Srpah bgg;nghdp!; vd;Dk; me;Jg;g{r;rpapd;
fhtog; g[Gf;fs;/ ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait. ,J g[liyia kl;Lnk
jhf;ff; ToaJ. vg;gpyf;dh ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j g[s;sp tz;LfSk;/ mtw;wpd; g[Gf;fSk; ,iyfisr;
Ruz;o/ gr;iraj;ij cz;L nrjk; cz;lhf;Fk;. rptg;g[ g{rzp tz;ilg; nghd;w njhw;wKila fUik
epw tz;Lfs; kw;Wk; Myhf;nfh@nghuh ,z;lh;kPoah vd;Dk; ePy epw tz;LfSk;/ ,iyfspy;
Jthuk; cz;lhf;fp/ jpRf;fisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpg;gnjhL mtw;wpd; g[Gf;fs; nth;fisa[k;/
fha;fisa[k; Jisj;J nrjg;gLj;jf; Toait.

150
 22. KU';if kw;Wk; fPiu tiffisj; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
KU';if (Moringa)
KU';if fk;gspg; g{r;rp (Hairy caterpillar)
jhf;Fjy; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs;/ gfy; ntisfspy; ku';fspy; fpisfs; gphpa[k; ,l';fs;/ jz;oYs;s
FHpe;j gFjpfs;/ btog;g[fs; nghd;w kiwthd ,l';fspy;/ Tl;lk;/ Tl;lkhf/ mirahky; gJ';fp
,Uf;Fk;. ,ut[ ntisfspy; mit ku';fspd; nky; gFjpf;Fr; brd;W ,iyfis foj;J cz;L/ rpy
ehl;fspy; ,iyfs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; mHpj;J tpLk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ Kl;ilfis Ftpayhf FUj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;/ ,iyfspd; nkYk; ,Lk;.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsp tUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; 10-15 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k; tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs;
ePz;l/ cUis totj;jpYk;/ rhk;gy; fye;j fUik epwj;jpYk;;/ clypd; nky; fUik epw/ bky;ypa ePskhd
cnuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. cnuhk';fs; ek; cltpd; nky; gl;lhy; mjpf mhpg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;.
tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; kz;qf;foapy; Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ gpd;dh; me;Jg;g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;. me;Jg;
g{r;rpfs; k";rs; fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;ijf; bfhz;Lk;/ k";rs; fye;j gGg;g[ epw ,wf;iffspy; k';fpa/
bky;ypa nfhLfSlDk; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
o Kl;il Ftpay;fs; kw;Wk; g[Gf;fis nrfhpj;J mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.
o jP ge;jk; bfhz;L jz;Lg;gFjpapy; Tl;lkhff; fhzg;gLk; g[Gf;fis bfhd;W mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.
o kPd; vz;bza; nuhrpd; nrhg; 25 fpuhk; / ypl;lh; bjspf;ft[k;.
 kiH bghHpe;jt[ld; vf;lUf;F xU tpsf;Fg; bghwp itj;J me;Jg;g{r;rpfis fth;e;J mHpf;ft[k;.

KU';if bkhl;Lg; g[G (Bud worm)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; g{ bkhf;Ffisj; Jisj;J/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;.
jhf;fg;gl;l g{ bkhf;Ffs; fPnH cjph;e;J tpLk;. g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; nghJ 78 rjk;
tiuapy; g{f;fs; cjph;e;J tpLk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rp/ ,sk; k";rs; epw Kl;ilfis jdpj; jdpahf my;yJ Ftpayhf g{
bkhf;Ffs; nky; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J ,sk; g[Gf;fs; 3-4 ehl;fspy; btsp te;J/ 8-16 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k;/ tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; 1.1-1.4 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ mGf;F gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ clypd; nky;
gFjpapy; xU bjspthd nfhLlDk;/ fUik epwj; jiya[lDk;/ Kjy; khh;g[f; fz;lj;jjpd; nky; ftrk;
nghd;w fUik epwg; gFjpiaa[k; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. g{ bkhf;Ffs; cjph;e;J tpGk; nghJ/ mtw;wpDs;
fhzg;gLk; g[Gf;fSk; epyj;jpy; tpGe;J kz;qf;foapy; Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khWk;. xU g{ bkhf;fpy; xU g[G

151
kl;Lnk fhzg;gLk;. Tl;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J/ 6-10 ehl]fspy] me;Jg;g{r;rp btsptUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs;
rpwpaitfshft[k;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epw Kd; ,wf;iffisa[k; btz;ik epw gpd; ,wf;iffisa[k;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;. gpd; ,wf;iffspd; tpspk;igr; Rw;wp fUk;gGg;g[ epwkhfj; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
 cjph;e;j g{ kw;Wk; bkhf;Ffisg; bghWf;fp mHpj;jy;.
 bQf;nlUf;F 1 ypl;lh; khyj;jpahd; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.

nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu/ ,iyg;g[G – E}h;lh gpisl;oahyp!; ,iyapd; mog;gug;gpy;/ E}yhk;

gilapdhyhd Tl;ow;Fs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; ToaJ.
,iy \f;F tz;L – kpy;nyhbru!; tphpnld!; ,iyfis tpspk;gpypUe;J foj;J cz;L nrjk; cz;L
gz;zf; ToaJ. mRtzp- V@gp!; fhrpg;gp FUj;Jg; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; g{f]fspy; rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L
nrjk; tpistpf;ff; ToaJ. gl;ilg;g[G - ,z;lh;ngyh bll;nuhdp!; jz;Lg; ghfj;jpYs;s gl;ilfis
mhpj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; ToaJ.

152
 23. kuts;spia jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
bts;is < (whitefly)
nrj mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; ,iyapd; gpd;g[wj;jpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L ,iyfspy;/ cs;s rhw;iw cwp";Rk;. ,jd;
jhf;Fjyhy; ,iyfspy; btz; g[s;spfs; njhd;Wk;. ,iyfspy; jpl;Lj;jpl;lhf gr;irak; ,y;yhky;
fhzg;gLk;;. ,iyfs; RUz;L/ joj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. Kjph;e;j ,iyfs; epwk; khwp gGg;g[ epwkile;J
cjph;e;J tpLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l broapy; ,iyfspd; mfyk; Fiwe;Jk;/ totk; khwpa[k;/ Edpg;gFjp tise;Jk;
,Uf;Fk;. xnu broapy; btt;ntW ,iyfspy; xnu khjphpahd mwpFwpfs; njhd;Wtjpy;iy. ,e;neha;j;
jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhFk; nghJ jz;od; jokd;/ broapd; cauk;/ ,iyapd; mfyk; kw;Wk; ePsk; Mfpait
Fiwe;J tpLk;. neha; jPtpukhFk; nghJ ,iyfs; cjph;e;J bro g[jh; nghd;W fhzg;gLk;. ,jd;
Tl;Lg;g[G gUtk; ,iyfspd; mog;ghfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l brofis mirj;jhy; bts;is
epwKs;s g{r;rpfs; gwg;gijf; fhzyhk;.;. ,.jd; njd; nghd;w jputj;jpw;F fUk;g{rz neha; tUtJz;L.
,g;g{r;rpfshy; ,iyj; njky; er;Raphp neha; (Mosaic Virus ) gut[fpwJ. mjpf btg;gk; kw;Wk; twl;rpf;
fhy';fspy; ,g;g{r;rpfs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;
,sk; g{r;rpfs; k";rs; fye;j gr;ir epwj;jpy; Kl;il totpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fs; ,iyapd;
mog;gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rp rpwpa me;Jg;g{r;rp nghd;w bts;is epw kht[ nghd;w bghUshy;
cly; KGtJk; \lg;gl;oUf;Fk;.
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
o khw;W czt[g; gaph; broahd Jj;jpia mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.
o neha;j; jhf;fg;gl;l taypy; ,Ue;J tpijf; fuiz njh;t[ bra;tijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;. 3.
ghpe;Jiu bra;ag;gl;l msnt jiHr;rj;ij ,l ntz;Lk;.
o vf;lUf;F 12 k";rs; xl;Lg;bghwp itj;J <f;fisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
o ntg;bgz;bza; 3 rjk; my;yJ kPd; vz;bza; nuhrpd; nrhg; 25 fpuhk; 1 ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy;
fye;J bjspj;Jf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. braw;if ighpj;jpuha;L bjspf;ff; TlhJ.

brjps; g{r;rp (Cassva Scale)

nrj mwpFwpfs;
broapd; jz;Lg; ghf';fspYk; ,iyf;fhk;g[g; gFjpfspYk; btspwpa k";rs; epwj;jpy;
,g;g{r;rpfs; brjpy;fSld; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf xl;of; bfhz;L rhw;iw cwp";Rk;. ,jdhy; brofspd;
tsh;r;rp ghjpf;fg;gLk;. ,g;g{r;rpapfs; tpijf; Fr;rpfisj; jhf;Fk; nghJ Fr;rpfs; fha;e;J tpLtnjhL
Kisg;g[j; jpwDk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J rhk;gy; epwkhf ,Uf;Fk;. kuts;spia bts;is kw;wk; fUg;g[
epwr; brjpy; g{r;rpfSk; jhf;Fk;. ,g;g{r;rpfs; jhf;fpa brofs; Fl;ilahf nghJkhd tsh;r;rpapd;wp
fhzg;gLk;. jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhFk; nghJ brofs; ,we;J tpLk;.

153
tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;
,sk; g{r;rpfs; rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; bts;is epwj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;.
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
o g{r;rpfsw;w (brjpy; g{r;rpfs;) fuizfis elt[f;F njh;t[ bra;a ntzLk;.
o jhf;fg;gl;l jz;oid mHpf;ft[k;.
o taypy; fhf;rpepypl; tif bghwp tz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfgLj;j ntz;Lk;.

RUs; tot bts;is < mypnuhilf!; o!;gh;r!; (Spialling whitefly)

jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,iyfs; k";rs; epwkhf khwptpLk;. brofspd] fPH;g]ghfj;jpy; cs;s ,iyfspy; fUk;g[ifg;g{rzk;
njhd;Wk;. jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfs; cjph;e;J tpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; tpguk;
Kl;il tl;ltl;lkhf ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,l;L btz;zpw kht[g;g{r;rhy; \oapUf;Fk;. ,sk;
F";Rfs; clypy; bkGfhy; Md fz;;zho nghd;w cUisfs; rkr;rPuhd ,ilbtspapy; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rp kht[ nghd;w btz;zpwkhdJ. mjpfhiyapy; g{r;rpfs; elkhl;lk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiw
o Jj;jp (mg[oyhd; ,z;ofk;) brofis taypypUe;J mfw;w ntz;Lk;.
o k";rs; epw xl;Lk; bghwpfs; bfhz;L bts;is <ia fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

,iyg;ngd; (Thrips)
nrj mwpFwpfs;
,tw;wpd; jhf;Fjy; ,iyfs;/ jz;Lfs; ghjpg;gjhy; fuizfspd; tsh;r;rp ghjpf;fg;gLk;. rpyrkak;
,se;jsph; ,iyfSk; fha;e;J tpLk;. ,iyf; fqf;fspd; ,ilbtsp Fiwe;J tpLk;. Kjph;e;j ,iyfs;
RU';fp cjph;e;J tpLk;. twl;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,jd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
tsh;r;rpg; gUtk;
1. hpgpnghnuhjphpg;!; f;Wapd;nll;l!; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; rptg;g[ epwkhft[k; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs;
mlh;e;j gGg;g[ fye;j fUg;g[ epwj;jpYkpUf;Fk;.
2. bul;ojphpg;!; rphpahf;f!; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; ,sk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; fUg;g[
epwj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;.
nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
ntg;bgz;bza; 3 rjk; bjspj;Jf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

kuts;sp kht[g;g{r;rp ghuhfhf;f!; khh;$pnel;l!; (Mealy bug)

jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
kuts;spapd; ,sk; jsph; jz;L kw;Wk] ,iyapd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J rhw;iw cwp";rp
nrjg;gLj;Jk; rhw;iw cwp";Rk; bghGJ kuts;spapy; er;Rg]bghUs] cl;bry;Yk;. Edpf;FUj;Jf;fs;

154
cUkhwpa[k;/ tsh;r;rpf;Fd;wpa[k; fhzg;gLk;. broapd; EdpapYs;s ,iyfs; xd;whf ,izj;J
“Kof;bfhj;jhf” njhw;wkspf;Fk;. ,ilf]fqf;fs; ePsk; Fiwe;J tpLk;. jz;Lfs; rpijtile;J
fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd;; tpguk;
o kht[g;g{r;rp ,s";rptg;g[ epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
o cly; KGtJk; rpW E}yp[iHfs; fhzg;gLk;. nkYk; bkGF nghd;w btz;g{r;R \oapUf;Fk;.
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiw
mbrnuhngf!; gg;ghna vd;w xl;Lz;zpia xU fpuhkj;jpw;F 100 vd;w mstpy; tpl ntz;Lk;.

155
 24. nful;/ gPl;+l; kw;Wk; Ks;s';fpia jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

Ks;s';fp (Radish) kw;Wk; nful; (Carrot)

Kl;ilf;nfh!; gapiu jhf;ff; Toa lakz;l; KJF me;Jg;g{r;rp – g[Sl;bly;yh
irnyh!;bly;yh/ mRtzp – ypg;gh@gp!; vhpirkp/ Kl;ilf;nfh!; Jisg;ghd; - bQy;Yyh
mz;lhyp!;/ tz;zg;g{r;R ehtha;g;g{r;rp – gf;uhlh F+rp@bgh;uk;/ fLF uk;g < - mj;njypah Yfd;!;
gpuhf;rpkh/ btl;Lg;g[G – mf;nuhl;o!; ,g;rpyhd;/ g[ifapiyg;g[G - !;nghlhg;ouh tpl;Luh nghd;w gy
g{r;rpfs; Ks;s';fp/ nful; nghd;w gaph;fisa[j; jhf;ff; Toait.

156
 25. bt';fhak; kw;Wk; g{z;il jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
bt';fhak; (Onion)

bt';fhag; ngd; (Onion Thrips)

g{r;rp jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;

,J cybf';fpYk; bt';fhak; gaphplf;Toa ,l';fspy; fhzg;gLk;. mjpf nrjk;
tpistpf;ff;Toa xU Kf;fpakhd g{r;rp. ,sk; g{r;rpfSk; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; ,iyfspd; mog;gFjp
my;yJ FUj;J ,iyfSf;Fs; Tl;lk;/ Tl;lkhf ,Ue;J bfhz;L ,iyfisr; Ruz;oa[k//; Fj;jp rhw;iw
cwp";rpa[k; nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; ,sk; btz;ik epwg; gilfshf khwptpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ/ ,iyfs; EdpapypUe;J fPH; nehf;fp fhpe;Jk;/ jphpe;Jk;
fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; jhf;Fjypdhy; kfNy; mjpf mstpy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;

bgz; g{r;rpfs; bgUk;ghYk; ,dr;nrh;;if bra;ahknyna Kl;ilfis ,lf;Toait/ Mz;
g{r;rpfs; bgUk;ghYk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. bgz; g{r;rpfs; Kl;ilfis jsph; ,iyfspd; jpRf;fSf;fs;
brhUfptpLk;. xU g{r;rp 45-50 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;Toait. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 4-9 ehl;fspy; ,sk;
g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit ,sk; k";rs; epwj;jpy; bjd;gLk;. thH;f;ifr; RHy; 11-21 ehl;fs; tiu
ePof;Fk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; kpfr; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk; kpsfha;g; ngd; ngd;Wk;
njhd;wkspf;Fk;.

g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
1. taiyr; Rj;jkhft[k;/ rPuhd ,ilbtspapy; fis vLg;gjd; \yk; ,iyg;ngidf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. g{r;rpj; jhf;fg;gl;l tay;fis bts;sg;ghrd Kiw bra;a ntz;Lk;.
2. ilkPnjhnal; @ 0.06 rjk; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
nkw;Twpa g{r;rpiaj; jtpu g[ifapiyfg; g[Gt[k; / bt';fhag; gapiu jhf;ff; ToaJ.

g{z;L ( Garlic)
bt';fhaj;ijj; jhf;ff; Toa ngd;- jphpg;!; lghir/ g[ifapiyg; g[G- !;nghnlhg;luh ypl;Luh
Mfpa g{r;rpfs; g{z;Lg; gapiua[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ.

157
 26. k";rs; kw;Wk; ,";rpia jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; - nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
k";rs; (Turmeric)
,iyg;ngd;fs; (Thrips)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J k";rs; gapiu khj;jpunk jhf;ff; Toa xU Kf;fpakhd g{r;rp. ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j
g{r;rpfSk; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ ,iyfisr; Ruz;oa[k;/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;Lk;
nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjypdhy; ,iyfs; RUz;L tpLtnjhL/ EdpapypUe;J fPH;
nehf;fp fhpe;J tpLfpd;wd.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; k";rs; fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ ,wf;iffs;
,y;yhkYk;/ kpft[k; Ez;zpaitfsht[k; bjd;gLk;. thH;f;ifr; RHy; 20-30 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. KG
tsh;r;rpaile;j g{r;rpfs; kpft[k; Ez;zpaitfshft[k;/ rptg;g[ fye;j gGg;g[ my;yJ gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/
rPg;igg; nghy; gpst[gl;l nuhk';fisf; bfhz;l ,wf;iffSlDk; bjd;gLk;.

jz;L Jisg;ghd; (Stem borer)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,e;jg; g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; brofspd; eLf;FUj;ijj; jhf;fp/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L mHpj;J tpLtjhy;
FUj;jHpt[ mwpFwp cz;lhFk;. g[Gf;fs; nth;f;fpH';Ffisa[k; Jisj;J cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;ff; Toait.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk; kw;Wk; g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
Mkzf;F gaphpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfis jtpu thiHiaj; jhf;Fk; fz;zho ,wf;if g{r;rpapd; - !;bl@gdpl;o!;
og;gpf;f!; ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ rhw;iw
cwp";Rtjhy;/ ,iyfspy; btz;ik epwg;gilfs; njhd;Wk;.

,";rp (Ginger)
jz;L Jisg;ghd; (Stem borer)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,e;jg; g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; jz;Lg;ghfj;ij Jisj;J/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;.
,jdhy; FUj;jHpt[ mwpFwp cz;lhFk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk; - g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
Mkzf;F gaphpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

158
 27. fUntg;gpy;iy kw;Wk; bfhj;jky;ypia jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

fwpntg;gpiy (Curyy leaf)

vYkpr;ir tifr; brofisj; jhf;ff; Toa rpy;ypl; ehtha;g; g{r;rpfs; - la@nghhpdh rpl;iu
(Diophoorina citri) ,sk; g{r;rpfSk; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; FUj;Jg; gFjpfspy; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf ,Ue;J
bfhz;L Fj;jp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait. vYkpr;ir
tifr;brofisj; jhf;ff; Toa ghg;gpypnah blkhypa!; (Papilio demoleus) vd;Dk; tz;zj;Jg;
g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fSk; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait. ,z;lh;ngyh
bll;nuhdp!; (Indarbela tetraonis) vd;Dk; g{r;rpapd; gl;il Jisf;Fk; g[Gf;fSk; jz;ilj;
Jisg;gJld;/ gl;iliaa[k; mhpj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.

bfhj;jky;yp
bfhj;jky;ypia g{r;rpfs;; mjpfkhf jhf;Ftjpy;iy.

159
 28. kpsF kw;Wk; Ke;jphpia jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
kpsF (Pepper)
kp[sF bghy;Y tz;L (Pollu beetle)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J kpsif khj;jpunk jhf;ff;Toa kpft[k; Kf;fpakhd g{r;rp. ,e;j tz;od; g[Gf;fs; gGf;Fk;
jUthapy; cs;s fha;fisj; Jisj;J/ cs;spUf;Fk; tpijia cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. jhf;fg;gl;l
fha;fspd; btspj;njhL khj;jpunk fhzg;gLk;. Jisf;fg;gl;l fha;fspy; Jthuk; bjspthfj; bjhpa[k;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L gp";Rf; fha;fspd; njhypy; xU Jthuk; cz;L gz;zp/ mjDs; Kl;ilfis
jdpj; jdpahf ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 7-10 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit ,sk; k";rs;
epwj;jpy; bjd;gLk;. mit fha;fisj; Jisj;J/ cl;gFjpfis cz;L tsUk;. Rkhh; 30 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k;. g[G/ Rkhh; 0.5 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ k";rs; epw clYld;/ fUik epwj; jiya[lDk;
bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; kz;zpy; tpGe;J/ kz;zpdhy; TL fl;o/ mjDs; Tz;Lg;g[Gf;fshf
khwp/ Rkhh; 7 ehl;fspy; tz;Lfshf btsptUk;. tz;Lfs; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ kpDkpDg;gft[k;/ k";rs;
fye;j ePy epwj;jpYk;/ Rkhh; 0.25 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;./ gyk; bghUe;jpa gpd;d';fhy;fisf; bfhz;Lk;
fhzg;gLk;. mit btl;Lf; fpspfisg; nghd;W ePz;l J}uk; Js;spf; Fjpf;ff; Toait.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Jiw
bfhofSf;F moapYs;s kz;izf; fpswp/ Tz;Lg;g[Gf;fis btspf;bfhzh;e]J mHpf;fyhk;.

kUe;J Kiwfs;
o njhl;lj;jpd; epHy; cz;lhtij xG';Fg;gLj;Jtjd; \yk; g{r;rpfspd; vz;zpf;iff; Fiwayhk;.
o bfhofspd; mog;gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; kz;iz cHt[k;
o ntk;g[ tifr; rhh;e;j g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia Mf!;L/ brg;lk;ghpy] bjspf;fyhk];.

Ke;jphp (Cashew)
Ke;jphp jz;L Jisg;ghd; (Cashew stem borer)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J Ke;jphp ku';fisj; jhf;ff; Toa kpft[k; Kf;fpakhd g{r;rp/ tz;od; g[Gf;fs; jz;Lg;
gFjpiaa[k;/ fpisfisa[k; Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W gy jpirfspYk; File;J/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;Fk;. ku';fspYs;s rhw;Wf; FHha;j; bjhFjpfis g[Gf;fs; jhf;fp nrjk; cz;lhf;Ftjhy]/
ku';fspd; Cl;lr;rj;J kw;Wk; ePhpd; nghf;Ftuj;J jilgLtjhy;/ fpisfs; tho koe;J tpLk;. mjpfk;
jhf;fg;gl;l tsh;e;j ku';fs; Tl koe;J tplf; TLk;. g[Gf;fs; cl;jpRf;fis Fila[k; nghJ M';fh';n f
jz;od; btspg;g[wj;jpy; jpwf;FkhWk; rpy Jisfis cz;L gz;qk;. ,J nghd;w Jisfs; tHp[ahf
g[Gf;fspd;; fHpt[g; bghUl;fSk;/ rf;ifa[k; btspna js;sg;gl;oUf;Fk;. gjpide;J taJf;F mjpfkhf
cs;s ku';fspy; g[Gf;fspd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhfj; bjd;gLk;.

160
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ kuj;jpd; gl;ilfSf;F ,ilna Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspype;J btsptUk;
,sk; g[Gf;fs; Kjypy; gl;ilapYs;s kpUJthd jpRf;fis mhpj;J cz;L/ gpd;dh; jz;ilj; Jisj;J
cl;brd;W/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L tsUk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; btz;ikahft[k;/ jl;ilahft[k;/ Rkhh; 7.5
br.kP ePsj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. jiyg;ghfk; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ jl;ilahft[k;/ bghpajhft[k;/ clypd; gpd;
gFjp FWfpa[k; bjd;gLk;. mit jz;od; mog;ghfj;jpw;Fs]] File;J brd;W/ fodkhd xL nghd;w
Tl;oDs; Tz;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. tz;Lfs; Rkhh; 5.0 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/
ePskhd bghpa czh; bfhk;g[fs; kw;Wk; fhy;fisf; bfhz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;. thH;f;ifr; rhpjk; \d;W
khjj;jpw;Fk; nky;/ gy khj';fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. xU tUlj;jpy; gy jiy Kiwfs; njhd;wf;TLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
kh ku jz;L Jisg;ghDf;fhd fl;Lg;ghL Kiwfisf; filgpof;f ntz;Lk;.

jz;L kw;Wk; kug;gilg;g[G (Shoot and bark caterpillar)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rp kh/ vYkpr;ir tifr; brofs;/ bfha;ah/ rt[f;F/ fwpntg;gpy;iy/ KU';if/ gyh/
khJis nghd;w gytif ku';fisj; jhf;ff; ToaJ. g[Gf;fs; kug;gl;ilia Ruz;o cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;Fk;. ku';fspd; jz;od; nky; gug;gpy;/ fpisfs; gphpa[k; ,lj;jpypUe;J/ kur;rf;if kw;Wk;
g[Gtpd; fHpt[g; bghUl;fSld; Toa E}yhk; gilapdhy; Md/ tise;J tise;J bry;Yk; Ru'fs; g[G
jhf;fpapUg;gjd; mwpFwp. xU Ru';fj;jpy; xU g[G khj;jpunk fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
Vg;uy; Kjy; $%d; tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy;/ bgz; me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; Kl;ilfis Ftpayhf kuj;jpd;
fpisfs; gphpa[k; ,l';fspYs;s gl;ilfspy; my;yJ ,Lf;Ffspy; ,Lk;. xU g{r;rp 350-600 Kl;ilfs;
tiu ,lf;TLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 8-11 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit Kjypy; rw;W J}uk;
gl;ilia mhpj;J cz;qk;. ,ut[ ntisfspy; mit btspte;J gl;ilia mhpj;J cz;qk;. mit
nghFk; ,lbky;yhk; E}yhk; gilapdhy; Md Ru';fk; tise;J tise;J ePz;L bfhz;nl nghFk;.
tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; Rkhh; 5.0 br.kP ePsj]j;pw;Fk;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. jz;oYs;s Jthuj;jpd;
cs;nsna mJ Tz;Lg;g[Gthf khwp/ 14-28 ehl;fspy;/ me;Jg;g{r;rpahf btsptUk;. thH;f;ifr; RHy; 2-4
khj';fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. xU tUlj;jpy; xU Kiw khj;jpunk njhd;Wk;. me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; ey;y
jokdhft[k;/ ,sk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ nuhk';fSlDk;/ kpDkpDg;ghft[k; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
E}yhk; gilapdhy; Md Ru';f';fspd; cs;ns g[Gf;fs; kiwe;jpUg;gjhy;. ku';fspd; nky;
fhzg;gLk; Ru';f';fis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp vhpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiw
jz;L Jisg;ghDf;fhd fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisf; filg;gpof;f ntz;Lk;.

161
 nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu FUj;J kw;Wk; g{f;fisg; gpizf;Fk; g[G – FUj;J ,iyfisa[k;
g{';bfhj;Jf;fisa[k; E}yhk; gilapdhy; gpd;dpg;gpizj;J/ mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl ,iyfisa[k;/
g{f;fisa[k; foj;J/ cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff] ToaJ. njapiy bfhR ehtha;g;g{r;rp bQnthbgy;o!;
md;nlhdp jsph; ,iyfspypUe;J rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;ff; ToaJ. \f;F tz;L/
kpy;nyhbru!; thpnld!; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;ff; ToaJ.

162
 29.bjd;id kw;Wk; vz;bza; gidiag; jhf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;
bjd;id (Coconut)
Jisg;ghd;fs;
bjd;id fhz;lhkpUf tz;L ( Rhinoceros beetle)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J ,e;jpahtpy; bjd;id gaphplg;gLk; vy;yh khepy';fspYk; fhzg;gLk;. xU epue;jukhd
g{r;rp. tz;Lfs; khj;jpunk nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait. tz;Lfs; bjd;id kuj;jpd;
Edpg;gFjpfSf;F kl;ilfSf;F ,ilna cs;s re;Jf;fSf;Fs; g[Fe;J/ FUj;Jg; ghfj;ijj; Jisj;J
cl;brd;W/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; Jisj;j Jthuk; tHpahf rf;ifa[k;/ fHpt[g;
bghUl;fSk; btspna js;sg;gl;oUf;Fk;. g[jpjhf btsptUk; FUj;J ,iyfs; tphpa[k; nghJ kl;ilapd;
,Ug[wKk; cs;s ,iyfspy; rk mstpy; Jisfs; bjd;gLk;. mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfs; tprpwp
nghd;W btl;lg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;. rpy ntisfspy; btl;lg;gl;l kl;ilfspd; nkw;gFjp Kwpe;J tpGe;J
tpLtjhy;/ nkw;gFjp Kf;nfhz totkhfj; bjd;gLk;;. bjd;idiaj; jtpu ,e;j tz;Lfs; gid kuk;/
nghPr;r kuk;/ vz;iza;g; gid/ md;dhrp/ nghd;witfisa[k; jhf;ff;Toait.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ Kl;ilfis vUf;FHpfspYk;/ mGfpa fhpkg; bghUl;fspd; Ftpay;fspYk;/ 5-15
br.kP MHj;jpy; ,Lk;. xU tz;L 100-150 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;ToaJ. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 10-15
ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btspte;J/ mGfpa fhpkg; bghUl;fis cz;L/ 100-180 ehl;fspy;/ 3 Kiw
njhy; chpj;J KG tsh;;r;rpaila[k;/ tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ ,sk; gGg;g[ epwj; jiyiaf;
bfhz;Lk;/ tH tHg;ghft[k;/ ey;y jokdhft[k;/ rijg;gw;W bfhz;Lk;/ clypy; gy RUf;f';fSlDk;/
tise;Jk;/ Rkhh; 10.0 br.kP. ePsj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mit 5.0-25.0 br.kP MHj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;. tsh;e;j
g[Gf;fs; bgUk;ghYk; cuf;FHpfspd; xu';fspy;/ 30.01-100.0 br.kP MHj;jpy; kz;zpdhy; TL fl;o
mjDs; Tz;Lg;g[Gthf khwp/ 10-25 ehl;fspy; tz;Lfshf btsptUk;. tz;Lfs; bghpaitfshft[k;/
3.5-5.0 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ fUik my;yJ rptg;g[ fye;j fUik epwj;jpYk;/ ey;y gyk;
bghUe;jpaitfshft[k;/ mjpf J}uk; gwf;ff;Toaitfshft[k; fhzg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; nkw;gug;g[ fUik
epwkhft[k;/ tH tHg;ghft[k;/ mog;g[wk; kuj;J}s; epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. jiyapd; nkw; gFjpapy;/ nky;
nehf;fpa[k;/ gpd;ndhf;fpa[k; tise;j xU ePz;l bfhk;g[ fhzg;gLtjhy;/ ,J fhz;lhkpUf tz;L
vdg;gLfpwJ. xnu kuj;jpy; 5-8 tz;Lfs; tiuapy; fhzg;glf;TLk;. tz;Lfs; rkhh; 300 ehl;fs;
tiuapy; capUld; ,Uf;Fk;.
g{r;rp fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 jhf;fg;gl;l koe;Jnghd ku';fis njhg;gpypUe;J mfw;wp mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;. njhg;ig
Rj;jkhf itf;f ntz;Lk;.
 bjd;de; njhg;g[fSf;F mUfpy; vUf;FHpfis mikf;ff;TlhJ.

163
  vUf;FHpfis khjj;jpw;F xU Kiw ed;F fpswp/ g[Gf;fs;/ Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fis btspf;
bfhzh;e;J/ mHpf;fyhk;.
,ae;jpu Kiw
 tz;od; jhf;Fjy; mjpfhpf;Fk; nghJ/ kuj;jpd; FWj;Jg; ghfj;jpy; tsh;e;j tz;L cs;sjh
vd;W ghh;j;J/ ,Ue;jhy; fk;gp my;yJ RSf;fpahy; mijf; Fj;jp btspapy; vLj;Jf; bfhd;W
tpl ntz;Lk;.
 nfhil kw;Wk; kiHf;fhy';fspy; me;jp neu';fspy; tpsf;F bghwpfis njhg;g[f;Fs; itj;J
tz;Lfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
,urhad Kiw
 eLf;FUj;Jg;ghfj;jpy; kl;il ,Lf;Ffspy; gj;J 5 fp mst[s;s me;J cUz;ilia
kzyhy; \o ,lt[k;. ,jid 45 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw ,sk; ehw;Wf;fSf;F kl;il
,Lf;Ffspy; itf;ft[k;.
bghwp mikj;jy;
 xU fpnyh Mkzf;Fg; gpz;zhf;if/ 5 ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; fye;J/ me;j Cwiy
kz;ghidfspy; bjd;de; njhg;gpy; itg;gjhy; tz;Lfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;. ,e;j Cwiy
khjj;jpw;F xU Kiw khw;wntz;Lk;.
 hpndhypa{h; vDk; ,df;fth;r;rpg; bghwpapid bQf;lUf;F 5 vd;w tPjj;jpy; itf;fyhk;.
thuj;jpw;F xU Kiw ,t;thspapidf; ftdpj;J ftug;gl;L ,we;J fplf;Fk; tz;Lfis
mHpf;f ntz;Lk;.
caphpay; Kiw
 fhz;lhkpUf tz;od; thapy; ngf;Fnyhitu!; xiuf]l!; vd;w itui! Crp\yk; brYj;jp
15 tz;Lfs; / 1 bQ vd;w mstpy; bjd;de;njhg;gpy; tpl;lhy; mJ kw;w tz;LfSld; fye;J
nehapidg; gug;gp mtw;iw mHpf;fpd;wJ.
 bkl;lhiurpak; mdpnrhgpny gr;ir k!;fhh;ild; g{";irapid 250 kpyp bkl;lhiurpak; (+) 750
kpy;yp ePh; nrh;j;J vUf;FHpapy; bjspg;gjhy; tz;Lfspd; ,sk;g[Gf;fis mHpf;fyhk;.
 ntg;g';bfhl;ilj; J}isa[k;/ kziya[k; 1:.2 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J/ kuk; xd;wpw;F 150 fp. tPjk;
eLf;FUj;jpd; 3 kl;il ,Lf;Ffspy; itf;fyhk;.

bjd;id rptg;g[ Td; tz;L (Red palm weevil)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjypdhy; kuj;jpd; jz;od; nky; gFjpapy; rpy rpwpa Jthu';fs; fhzg;gLk;.
Jthu';fspd; tha;g;gFjpapy; rf;iffs; btspj;js;sg;gl;L/ xl;obfhz;oUg;gnjhL/ xU tpj gGg;g[
epwj; jpwtKk; toa[k;. g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; nghJ. kuj;jpd; FUj;Jg; gFjpapy;
thly; mwpFwpfs; njhd;Wk;/ fhz;lh kpUf tz;ilg; nghy; my;yhky;/ ,t;tz;od; g[Gf;fs; nrjk;
tpistpf;ff;Toaif. Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; kuj;jpd; jz;od; nky;

164
gFjpapYs;s kpUJthd gFjp tHpahf my;yJ jz;oy; Vw;glf;Toa fha';fs; tHpahf jz;ilj;
Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W/ cl;g[wj;jpy; fPH; nehf;fpa[k;/ nky; nehf;fpa[k;/ File;J. cl;jpRf;fis cz;qk;.
,jdhy; cl;g[wj; jpRf;fs; mGfp/ Jh;ehw;wk; tPRtnjhL/ Jisfs; tHpahf rhWk; toa[k;. jhf;fg;gl;l
ku';fs; gykpHe;J/ tsh;r;rp Fd;wp tho koe;JtpLk;. ,sk; ku';fs; jhf;fg;gLk;nghJ/ mtw;wpd;
Edpg;gFjp xU g[wkhf rha;tnjhL/ mit tpiutpy; koe;JtpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ Rkhh; 7 taJ tiu cs;s ku';fspd; jz;od; nky; gFjpapy; rpwpa Jthu';fspy;
Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. xU tz;L 250-275 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;ToaJ. mit btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ nfhHp
Kl;il totpYk; bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 2-5 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; btspte;J/ jz;ilj;
Jisj;J cl;brd;W cl;jpRf;fisf; File;J cz;L/ 30-75 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j
g[Gf;fs; btspwpa k";rs; epwj;jpYk;/ rptg;g[ epwj; jiya[lDk; Rkhh; 3.5 br.kP. ePsj;jpYk; fhy;fsw;Wk;/
jokdhft[k; bjd;gLk;. g[G kuj;jpDs; kur; rf;iffisf; bfhz;L TL fl;o mjDs; Tz;Lg;g[Gthf
khwp 15-30 ehl;fspy; tz;lhf btsptUk;. tz;Lfs; rptg;g[f; fye;j gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ khh;g[g;gFjpapy; 6
fUk; g[s;spfSlDk;/ Jk;gpf;if nghy; ePz;L fPH; nehf;fp tise;j \f;ifa[k; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. Mz;
tz;Lf;F \f;fpd; nky; xU Fj;J nuhk';fs; njd;gLk;.
,J bjd;idiaj; jtpu gid kuk;/ nghpr;r kuk;/ <r;r kuk; nghd;wtw;iwa[k; jhf;ff;ToaJ.
g{r;rpf; fl;LghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
o Td; tz;L jhf;fp/ koe;J nghd ku';fspd; cl;g[wj;jpy; mndf g[Gf;fSk;/ Tz;Lg; g[Gf;fSk;
fhzg;gLk;. Mfnt mJ nghd;w ku';fis cldoahf mg;g[wg;gLj;jp/ vhpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
 jz;Lg; ghfj;jpy; btl;Lf; fha';fnshL btog;g[f;fs;/ fhzg;gl;lhy;/ mtw;iw rpbkz;l;
my;yJ jhh; bfhz;L g{rp milj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
,ae;jpu Kiw
bjd;id Xiyg;bghwp
fUk;g[r;rhW 2.5 fp.fp + <!;l; khj;jpiu 5 fp + 5 kp.yp mrpof; mkpyk; (my;yJ md;dhrp/
fUk;g[r;rhWld; Cwitj;jJ) + ePsthf;fpy; btl;lg;gl;l Xiy kl;ilj; Jz;Lfs; nghlg;gl;l ghidfs;
Vf;fUf;F 30 tPjk; bjd;de; njhg;gpy; itj;J/ Tz; tz;Lfisf; ftur; bra;J mHpf;fyhk;.
gpunkhd; bghwp
vf;lUf;F xU bghwp fPH]f]fz]l Kiwapy] mikf;ft[k;
 Fwpg;gpl;l rpy thspfspy; 3-4 Jisfs; ,l;L mjid bjd;id ehh; rzy; ehh;fs; bfhz;L
,nyrhf milf;ft[k;. ,jdhy; tz;Lfs; thspa[Ds; Vw VJthFk;.
 thspapDs; @bgh;nuhypa{h;/ 1 yp ePh;/ 100fp md;dhrp (m) fUk;g[r; rhW kw;Wk; 2 fp <!;l;
nghd;wtw;iw itf;ft[k;.
 ,e;j thspapid tz;od; jhf;Fjy; mjpfKs;s ,l';fspy; itf;ft[k;.

165
  thuj;jpw;bfhU Kiw ,e;j thspePiu khw;w ntz;Lk;. ,J bfhRf;fs; cw;gj;jpahtijj;
jLf;Fk;.
,urhad Kiw
 tz;L Jisj;j Jthu';fis Kjypy; milj;Jtpl;L/ gpd;dh; jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpf;F rw;W nkyhf
xU Jthukpl;L. mjd; tHpahf ignuhnfhd; - 1 rj fyit xU kuj;jpw;F 10 – 15 kpy;yp tPjk;
cl;brYj;jpa gpd;dh;. Jthuj;ij g{rzf; bfhy;yp kUe;J fye;J fspkz; bfhz;L
milj;Jtplntz;Lk;.
 Jthuk; tHpahf xU kuj;jpw;F khndhFnuhl;nlhgh!; - 10 kpyp (my;yJ)
khndhFnuhl;nlhgh!; - 5 kpyp + ilFnshh;th!; - 5 kpyp tPjk; cl;brYj;jp gpd;dh;
Jthuj;ij milj;Jtplntz;Lk;.

,iy cz;qk; g{r;rpfs;

bjd;id fUj;jiyg;g[G (Black headed caterpillar)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjyp[d; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fs; bjd;id ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; bky;ypa gl;L nghd;w E}y; ,iHfs; kw;Wk;
rf;ifiaf; bfhz;L/ FHha; nghd;w TL fl;o/ mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl ,iyfspd; gr;iraj;ijr;
Ruz;o cz;L mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait. g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; nghJ/
,iyfs; bgUkstpy; fha;e;J/ jPapdhy; fhpe;jJ nghd;w njhw;wj;ij mspf;Fk;. nfhil fhy';fspy;
,g;g{r;rpj; jhf;FjYk;. nrjKk;. mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
xU g{r;rp Rkhh; 125 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;ToaJ. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 5-7 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[Gf;fs;
btspte;J. bky;ypa/ gl;L nghd;w E}y; ,iHfshYk; ,iyfisr; Ruz;od rf;ifiaf; bfhz;Lk;/
FHha; nghd;w ePz;l TLfisf; fl;o/ mjDs; ,Ue;Jf;bfhz;nl ,iyfspd; gr;iraj;ijr; Ruz;o/
cz;L/ 30 – 40 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;rprpaila[k;/ mit trpf;Fk; TLfspd; cl;g[wj;jpnyna/ bky;ypa
gl;L nghd;w E}y; ,iHfspdhy; TL fl;o mjDs; Tz;Lg;g[Gthf khWk; Tz;Lg;g[Gf;fspypUe;J 10
– 12 ehl;fspy; me;Jg; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit rpwpaitfshft[k;/ btz;ik fye;j rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk;
bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l xiyfis btl;o vhpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiwfs;
 jhf;Fjy; xl;Lz;zpfshy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Koahky; mjpfhpf;Fk;nghJ Xiyapd; mog;gFjpfspy;
ed;F gLkhW khyj;jpahd; 50 EC 0.05% (1kp.yp. / yp) bjspf;ft[k;.

166
caphpay; Kiwfs;
 bgj;jpypl; kw;Wk; gpuhf;fhdpl; vd;w FLk;g';fisr; rhh;e;j xl;Lz;zpfs; 1:8 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;
,iyfspd; mog;ghfj;jpy; ,urhadj; bjspg;g[ bra;j gpd; 3 thu';fs; fHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
 a{nyhgpl;/ gpuhf;fpbkhpah/ rhe;njhgpk;gpsh xl;Lz;zpfs; fUe;jiyg; gGtpd;
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.

rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;

+nfh!; RUs; bts;is <f;fs; (Rugose spiralling whitefly)

bjd;idia +nfh!; RUs; bts;is </ mypnuhilf!; +$pnahbgh;Fnyl;l!; (Aleurodicus

rugioperculatus) vDk; g{r;rp bgUkstpy; jhf;Fjy; Vw;gLj;jp tUfpwJ. ,g;g{r;rpfs;/ bjd;idiaj;
jtpu ,ju gaph;fshd thiH/ rg;nghl;lh Mfpa gaph;fspYk; jhf;Fjy; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. nkYk; btz;il/
rg;nghl;lh/ vYkpr;ir/ kh/ kuts;sp/ brk;gUj;jp Mfpa gaph;fspy; Kl;ilfs; ,l;lhYk; mjDila
tsh;;r;rp jilg;gLfpwJ. Mf!;l; Kjy; ork;gh; khjk; tiu gUtkiH Fiwtpdhy; Vw;gl;l twl;rp/
mjpfst[ btg;gk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk; Mfpad ,g;g{r;rpapd; mjPj bgUf;fj;jpw;F
fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.

jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;

F";RfSk;/ Kjph;e;j <f;fSk; Xiyfspy; moapy; ,Ue;J rhw;wpid cwp";Rfpd;wd. ,it

btspnaw;Wk; njd; nghd;w jputf; fHpt[fs; fPH;kl;l mLf;fpy; cs;s 10 – 12 Xiyfspd; nkw;gug;gpy;
gut[fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; nky; nfg;ndhoak; vDk; fUk;g{rzk; glh;fpwJ. ,g;g{r;rpfspd; ghjpg;ghy; kfR{y;
,Hg;g[ bgUkstpy; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. bts;is <f;fs; midj;J bjd;id ,uf';fspYk; fhzg;gl;lhYk;/
brsfhl; Mu";R Fl;il/ knyrpad; k";rs; Fl;il/ bfd;jhsp Fl;il/ knyrpad; gr;ir Fl;il Mfpa
Fl;il ,uf';fspYk; Fl;il x bel;il tPhpa xl;L ,uf';fspYk; mjpfstpy; jhf;Fjy;
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;

tajpy; Kjph;e;j bgz; <f;fs;/ k";rs; epw Kl;ilfis RHy; tot mikg;g[fspy;/ Xiyfspd;
mog;ghfj;jpy; ,Lfpd;wd. ,k;Kl;ilfs;/ bkGF g{r;Rld; fhzg;gLk;. Kl;ilfspy; ,Ue;J btspg;gLk;
,s';F";Rfs; ,iyfspy; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L ,iyfspd; rhw;wpid cwp";rp tsh;fpd;wd.
ehd;F gUt';fis fle;J Tl;Lg;g[Gg; gUtj;ij mile;J gpd;dh; Kjph;e;j <f;fshf btsp tUfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 20 – 30 ehl;fspy; KG tsh;;r;rpaile;j <f;fshf khwp Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf bjd;id Xiyfspd;
mog;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,itfs; fhw;wpd; jpirapy; vspjpy; gutp mLj;jLj;j njhl;l';fspy; cs;s
bjd;id ku';fspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

167
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;

 k";rs; epwk; tsh;r;rpaile;j bts;is <f;fis ftUk; jd;ika[ilajhy;/ k";rs; epw ghypj;jPd;
jhs;fshy; Md; xl;Lg; bghwpfs; (ePsk; 5 mo mfyk; 1.5 mo) Vf;fUf;F 8 vd;w
vz;zpf;ifapy; 5-6 mo cauj;jpy; M';fh';nf fl;o itj;J g{r;rpfis fth;e;jpGj;J
mHpf;fyhk;.
 bjd;id njhg;g[fspy;/ vd;fhh;!pah xl;Lz;zpfs;/ fhf;!pbdy;ypl; bghwp tz;Lfs; kw;Wk;
fpiunrhgpl; ,iu tpG';fpfs; (gl';fis ghh;f;ft[k;) ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; bjd;id Muha;r;rp
epiyak;/ MHpahh; efh; \ykhf bfhLf;fg;gLk; vd;fhh;!pah xl;Lz;zpfisa[k;/ g{r;rpapay;
Jiw jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ nfhaKj;J}h; \yk; tpepnahfpf;fg;gLk;
fpiunrhgpl; ,iu tpG';fpfisa[k; bjd;id ku';fspy; tpl ntz;Lk;.
 xl;Lz;zpfs; kw;Wk; ,iu tpG';fpfs; bjd;id Xiyapy; fhzg;gLk; bts;is <f;fspd;
Tl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhy; mjDila tsh;r;rpia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tifapy; g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp
kUe;Jfis cgnahfpg;gij jtph;f;fntz;Lk;.

ntiuj;jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs;
bjd;id btz;g[G (White grub)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J jkpH;ehL/ nfush nghd;w khepy';fspy; khh;r; - nk tiuapyhd fhy';fspy; gutyhfj;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tz;od; g[Gf;fs; bjd;id ku';fspd; nth;fisf; foj]Jz]gjhy] fha;g;gpog;g[
Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
$Pd; khjj;jpy; gUt kiHf;Fg; gpd;dh; tz;Lfs; ,dr; nrh;f;if bra;j gpd;dh;/ kz;zpy; 7.0-
15.0 br.kP. MHj;jpy; Kl;ilfis ,Lfpd;wd. Kl;ilfspypUe;J Rkhh; 20 ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;dh;/ ,sk;
g[Gf;fs; btsptUk;. mit bjd;id ku';fspd; nth;fis mile;J. mtw;iwf; foj;J cz;L/ 10-11
khj';fspy; KG tsh;r;rpailfpd;wd. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; kz;qf;F moapnyna Tz;Lg; g[Gthf khwp
Rkhh; 25 ehl;fspy; mLj;j gUt kiHf;fhyj;jpy; tz;Lfshf btsptUk;. xU tUlj;jpy; xU jiy
Kiw khj;jpuk; njhd;Wk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 nfhilapd; Kjy; kiHf;Fg; gpd; thuj;jpw;bfhU Kiw vd 4-5 Kiw epyj;jpid cGJ
tplntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; tz;L kw;Wk; mjd; g[Gf;fs; nkbyGg;gg;gLtjhy; g{r;rp cz;zpfs;
kw;Wk; gwitfSf;F czthfpd;wd.
 bjd;de;njhg;gpy; ntg;g kuf; fpisfs; ,iyfSld; Toatw;iw eLtjhy; tsh;e;j
tz;Lfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 ghjpf;fg;gl;l bjd;idiar; Rw;wpa[s;s kz;iz njhz;otpLtjhnyh (m) cGtjhnyh
(kiHf;Fg; gpd; mt;tg;nghJ) ,g;g{r;rpfis Xust[ fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

168
,ae;jpu Kiw
 bQf;nlUf;F 1 vd;w tPjj;jpy; tpsf;Fg; bghwp (m) jPg;ge;jk; itj]J fth;e;J bfhy;yyhk;.
,urhad Kiw
 khyj;jpahd; 5 D vd;w bghoia fd;Wfis eLtjw;F Kd;g[ kz;zpy; Jht ntz;Lk;. 0.04%
Fnshh;ighp@gh!; fiurypy; fs;wpd; nth;g;gFjpia eidj;jgpd; elntz;Lk;. ,g;bghoia
kiH bga;j cld; Vg;uy; -nk khjj;jpy; 1 Kiwa[k;/ kPz;Lk; brg;lk;ghpy; xU Kiwa[k; ,l
ntz;Lk; (ghpe;Jiu nfus ntshz; gy;fiyf;fHfk);.
gpw Kiwfs;
 ntk;g[/ fUnty;/ nghd;w kuf;fpisfis njhg;gpy; eLtjhy; kiH bga;a[k; khiy neu';fspy;
tz;Lfs; <h;f;fg;gLk;. ,tw;iw nrfhpj;J mHpj;J tplntz;Lk;.

fiuahd; (Termites)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
fiuahd;fs; bjd;d';fd;Wfspd; nth;fisa[k;/ jz;Lg; gFjpiaa[k; mhpj;J/ cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; jhf;Fjypdhy; Rkhh; 20 rjk; tiuapyhd fd;Wfs; koe;Jtplf;TLk;.
tsh;e;j ku';fspYk; jz;Lg; gFjpapd; nky; kz;zhy; TL fl;o/ mjDs; Vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy;
,Ue;Jbfhz;nl/ gl;iliaa[k;/ nth;g;gFjpfisa[k; mhpj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 bjd;de;njhg;gpw;Fs;nsh my;yJ mUfpnyh fiuahd; TLfs; ,Ue;jhy; fz;Lgpoj;J mHpf;ft[k;.
 m';ff cu';fs; kl;fhky; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw mfw;wp rhpahd tofhy; trjp mikj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
mj;Jld; ehw;wh';fypy; tsUk; ehw;Wfspd; fha;fs; kzy; bfhz;L \lg;glntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiwfs;
 Fnshh;ighpgh!; 3 kp.yp./ yp + ntg;g vz;bz 3% fye;J bjspg;gjd; \yk; bjd;id Xiyfisf;
fiuahd; jhf;fhky; jLf;fyhk;.
 kuj;jpd; mog;gFjpapy; Rz;zhk;g[ fiury; g{Rtjd; \yKk; jLf;fyhk;.
 ntg;g vz;bza; fye;J tsh;e;j kuj;jpy; jiyapypUe;J 2 kP cauk; tiu jz;Lg;ghfj;jpy; g{Rtjd;
\yKk; fiuahd; jhf;fhky; jtph;f;f ,aYk;.
nkw;Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu brjpy; g{r;rp – M!;gponahl;l!; o!;ouf;lh;/ fz;zho ,wf;ifg; g{r;rp -
!;bl@gdpl;o!; og;gpf;f!; (Stephamitis)/ ej;ijg; g[G – nfhd;njyh nuhl;ld;lh nghd;wit ,iyfisj;
jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait.

169
 30. njapiy kw;Wk; fhg;gpiag] ghjpf;Fk; Kf;fpa g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

njapiy (Tea)

njapiyf; bfhR ehtha;g; g{r;rp (Tea masquito bug)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ brofspd; FUj;Jg; gFjpfs;/ bkhl;Lf;fs;/ jsph; ,iyfs;
nghd;w ghf';fspy; gy ,l';fspy;/ rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l
,iyfs] Ruz;L/ tho/ koe;J tpLfpd;wd. g{r;rpfs; rhw;iw cwp";Rk; nghJ/ ckpH; ePiua[k;
jpRf;fSf;Fs; brYj;Jfpd;wd. ,jdhy; cwp";rpa gFjpfis mHpf;ff;TLk;. g{r;rp jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk;nghJ/ ,iyfs; cjph;e;J. FUj;Jg; gFjpfSk; fhpe;J/ koe;JtpLk;. kpjkhd btg;g epiya[k;
<ug;gjKk; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ g{r;rpapd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,g;g{r;rp bfha;ah Ke;jphp kw;Wk;
ntW gy gaph]fisa[k; jhf;ff;ToaJ.

g{r;rpapd; thH;f;if rhpjk;

bgz; g{r;rp/ Kl;ilfis bkhl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; ,iyfs; gwpf;fg;gl;l fhk;g[g; gFjpfspy;
brhUfptpLfpd;wd. xU g{r;rp Rkhh; 500 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;ToaJ. Kl;ilfs; ePz;l cUis
totpYk; Edpg;gFjpapy; ,uz;L btt;ntW mst[ ePsk; bfhz;l/ E}y; nghd;w xl;L mikg;g[f;fSld;
bjd;gLk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J ntdpw; fhy';fspy; 5-6 ehl;fspYk;/ Fsph; fhy';fspy; 25-27 ehl;fspYk;
,sk; g{r;rpfs; btsptUk;. mit ,wf;fifsw;Wk;/ ePz;l fhy;fisa[k;/ czh;bfhk;g[fisa[k;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;/ mit ntdpw; fhy';fspy; Rkhh; 2 thu';fspYk;/ Fsph; fhy';fspYk; 6-8 thu';fspYk;/
5 Kiw njhYhpj;J KG tsh;r;rpaila[k;. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfs; 6-8 kp.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ rptg;g[/ fWg;g[/ bts;is
Mfpa epw';fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. mtw;wpd; KJfpy; ,uz;L FkpH; nghd;w nknyGk;gpa
gFjpfs; bjd;gLk;. mit ed;F gwf;ff;Toa/ RW RWg;ghd g[{r;rpfs;/ gfy; ntisfspy; mit
ku';fspd; mog;gug;gpy; kiwe;J gJ';fpapUf;Fk;. mit fhw;wpdhy; vspjpy; mjpf J}uj;Jf;F moj;Jr;
bry;yg;gl;L/ gug;gg;glf;Toait.

g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 if tiy bfhz;L ,sk; g{r;rpfisa[k;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfia[k; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 Xk;g[aph; gaph;fshd ntk;g[/ Ke;jphp kw;Wk; bfha;ah nghd;wit mUfpy; ,y;yhky;
ghh;j;Jf;bfhs;sntz;Lk;.
,urhad Kiwfs;
bfhR ehtha;g; g{r;rpapd; jhf;fk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd; ijahkPj;jhf;rk; 0.6 kp.yp. xU ypl;lUf;F
my;yJ g[nuhgpndhgh!; 2 kp.yp. xU ypl;lUf;F vd;w mstpy; bjspf;ft[k;/

170
njapiy jz;oy; Jis nghLk; tz;L (Shot hole borer)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,e;j tz;od; g[Gf;fs; brofspd; jz;Lg; gFjpapYk;/ fpisfspYk; gythwhf rpWJisfs;
,l;L/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L/ broapd; tsh;r;rpia mjpf mstpy; ghjpf;f Toait/ g[Gf;fSk;/
tz;LfSk; brofis mjpfk; jhf;Fk;nghJ/ jz;Lfs; gytPdkile;J/ gyj;j fhw;wof;Fk; nghJ
Kwpe;Jtplf;TLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;if rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ broapd; jz;Lg; gFjpapy; Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk;
g[Gf;fs; jz;L my;yJ fpisfis Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L tsUk;. tsh;e;j
g[Gf;fs; Tz;Lg; g[Gf;fshf khwp/ tz;Lfshf btsptUk;. ,g;g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; RHy; 30-50
ehl;;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
Mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;L/ fha;e;J nghd fpisfis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;/
nkw; Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu/ ngd;fs; - rph;l;nlhhpjphpa;!; lhh;rhyp!;/ bkhl;Lfs;/ jsph; ,iyfs;/ ,sk;
jz;Lg; gFjpfs; nghd;w gFjpfisj; jhf;fp/ rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. fhg;gp rptg;g[
jz;L Jisg;ghd; - njapiyr; brofspd; jz;Lg; gFjpfisj; File;J cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk;
tpistpf;ff;ToaJ.

fhg;gp (Coffee)
fhg;gp btz;zpw jz;L Jisg;ghd; (White stem borer)
jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
tz;od; g[Gf;fs; tUlj;jpy; 8-9 khj';fs; tiuapy; jz;Lg;gFjpfisj; Jisj;J vy;yh
gFjpfspYk; Ru';f';fis cz;Lgz;qk;. ,t;thW g[Gf;fs; jhf;fpa fpisfs; tho/ kow;JtpLk;.
g[Gf;fspd; jhf;Fjypdhy; rpy ntisfspy; njhl;l';fspYs;s brofs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; mg;g[wg;gLj;jp/
mHpj;Jtpl;L/ g[jpjhf brofis elntz;oa epiy Vw;glf;TLk;.
thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
tz;Lfs; xt;bthU tUlKk;/ Vg;uy; - nk kw;Wk; mf;nlhgh; - etk;gh; Mfpa fhy';fspy;
Vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy; btsptUk;. bgz; tz;Lfs; gl;ilfspd; ,Lf;FfspYk;/ fpisfspYk;
Kl;ilfis ,Lk;. xU tz;L 100 Kl;ilfis/ 3-4 thu';fspy; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfspypUe;J 8-10 ehl;fspy;
,sk; g[Gfs; btsptUk;. mit rpwpJ neuk; kpUJthd gl;ilfis mhpj;J cz;l gpd;dh;/ cl;bry;Yk;.
Mit 8-9 khj';fs; tiuapy; jz;oDs; Ru';f';fis cz;Lgz;zp/ cl;jpRf;fis cz;L tsUk;.
tsh;e;j g[G/ tz;L jz;oypUe;J btsptUtjw;fhd xU Jthuj;ij cz;Lgz;zptpl;L mjd;
mUfpnyna/ Ru';fj;jpDs; Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwp 3-4 thu';fspy; tz;lhf/ Kd;dnu g[G cz;lhf;fpa
Jthuk; \ykhf btsptUk;. tz;Lfs; fUk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epw Kd; ,wf;iffspy; ,sk;
k";rs; epw FWf;Fg; gl;ilfSlDk;/ Rkhh; 1.25 br.kP ePsj;jpYk; xU jiyKiw khj;jpunk

171
njhd;wpdhYk/ bgUk;ghYk; Vg;uy; - nk/ mf;nlhgh; - etk;gh; Mfpa fhy';fspy; khj;jpunk tz;Lfs;
Vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy; btsptUk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
 epHy; jUk; ku';fis eLjy; ntz;Lk;
 g[Gf;fs; jhf;fp thog;nghd fpisfs; kw;Wk; brofis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp vhpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
 Kl;ilfs; ,Lk; jUzj;jpy; tz;Lfisg; gpoj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 jdpahf ,Uf;Fk; kuj;jpd; nkw;gl;ilfis chpj;J Kl;ilfis mfw;w ntz;Lk;.
 gl;ilfspy; ,nyrhd nfhLfs; fpHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;
 bgtphPah bgrpahdh vd;Dk; g{rzk; njspf;f ntz;Lk;.

fhg;gp rptg;g[jz;L Jisg;ghd; (Red borer)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,e;jg; g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs;/ Kjd;ikj; jz;L my;yJ fpisfspd; jz;Lg;gFjpiaj; Jisj;J/
cl;jpRf;fis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l fpisfs; my;yJ bro KGtJk; tho/ koe;J
tpLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; jz;Lg;gFjpia Jisj;J/ cl;brd;W/
cl;jpRf;fis cz;L tsUk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; Mu";R fye;j rptg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ tH tHg;ghft[k;/
jiya[k;/ Kjy; khh;g[f;fz;lKk; fUik epj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. mit jz;od; cs;nsna JisfspDs;
Tz;Lg; g[Gf;fshf khwp/ gpd;dh; me;Jg; g{r;rpfshf khwp/ gpd;dh; me;Jg; g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;.
thH;f;ifr; RHy; 2-4 khj']]fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. me;Jg; g{r;rpfspd; k';fyhd btz;ik epw ,wf;iffspy;/
fUk; ePy my;yJ fhpa epwg; g[s;spfs; bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
btz;zpw jz;L Jisg;ghDf;fhd fl;Lg;ghL Kiwfisf; filg;gpof;f ntz;Lk;.

fhg;gp gr;ir brjps; g{r;rp (Green scales)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;. tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ jsph; ,iyfs;/ jz;Lg;ghf';fs; nghd;wtw;wpy;
epue;jukhf xl;of; bfhz;oUe;J/ rhw;wpid cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l brofs; eype;J
fhzg;gLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; fUk;gly g{rz neha; cz;lhFk;.
g{r;rpa;d; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; rw;W neuk; Ch;e;J jphpe;J/ gpd;dh; xU ,lj;ij
njh;e;bjLj;J. mnj ,lj;jpy; epue;jukhf ,Ue;J bfhz;L rhw;iw cwp";rp cz;L tsUk;. tsh;e;j

172
brjps; g{r;rpfs; Rkhh; 0.3 br.kP. epsj;jpYk;/ ePs; tl;l totpYk;/ k";rs; fye;j gr;ir epwj;jpYk;
bjd;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
kUe;J Kiwfs;
 brjpy; g{r;rpfs; ,Uf;Fk; fpisfis btl;o vhpe;J tplntz;Lk;.
 Ftpdhy;@gh!; 6 kp.yp. / 10 ypl;lh; jz;zPh; vd;w mstpy; fye;j bjspf;ft[k;.

173
 31. \ypif gapu;fs; kw;Wk; g{f;fisj] jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nkthz;ik Kiwfs;

g{f;fis jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs;

nuhrh ,d';fs; (Rosa species)
fk;gspg; g[G (Hairy caterpillar)
g{r;rp jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fs; ,iyfisf; foj;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. nuh$hitj; jtpu ,e;jg; g{r;rp
Mkzf;F/ khJis/ gUj;jp/ kh/ Jtiu nghd;w gaph;fisa[k; jhf;ff; ToaJ.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg; g{r;rp/ jl;ilahd/ tl;l tot/ k";rs; epw Kl;ilfis Ftpayhf ,iyfspd;
mog;gug;gpy; ,l;L/ mtw;iw kyg;g[iHiar; Rw;wpa[s;s k";rs; epw nuhk';fshy; \otpLk;.
Kl;ilfspypUe;J 5-9 ehl;fspy; btsptUk; ,sk; g[Gf;fs; ePskhft[k;/ bky;ypaitfshft[k;/
nuhk';fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. mit ,iufis foj;J cz;L. 27-35 ehl;fspy; KG
tsh;r;rpaila[k;/ tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; Rkhh; 3.75 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ brk;gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ rptg;g[ epwj;
jiya[lDk;/ clypy; Fj;J Fj;jhf nuhkf; bfhj;J gpd;ndhf;fp ePl;of; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. kyg;g[iHf;
fz;lj;jpypUe;Jk;/ xt;bthU nuhkf; bfhj;J Kd;ndhf;fp ePl;of;bfhz;oUf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[G gl;L
nghd;w E}y; ,iHfshYk;/ nuhk';fshYk; xU bky;ypa TL fl;o mjDs; Tz;Lg;g[Gthf khwp/ 10-12
ehl;fspy; me;Jg; g{r;rpahf btsptUk;. me;Jg; g{r;rpfs; eLj;ju mstpYk;/ Mu";R fye;j k";rs; epw
,wf;iffSlDk;/ Kd; ,wf;iffspy; FWf;fhf k';fyhd miy nghy; tist[fisf; bfhz;l
milahs';fSlDk; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf;fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs; (1) ed;F btspj; bjhpaf; Toa Kl;ilf; Ftpay;fis nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.
(2) ,sk; g[Gf;fs; Tl;lkhff; fhzg;gLk;nghJ/ mtw;iwr; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;. (3) tsh;e;j
g[Gf;fisa[k; ifahy; nrfhpj;J mHpf;fyhk;.

Mkzf;F fhtog;g[G (Semilooper)

,g;g[Gf;fSk; ,iyfisf;foj;J jpd;W nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd ,tw;iw iffshy; bghWf;fp
mHpf;fshk;.

,iyg;ngd]
nrjj;jpd; mwpFwp
 F";RfSk; g{r;rpfSk; ,iyf;F moapy; cs;s jpRf;fis Ruz;oj; jpz;qk;
 jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfspy; bts;isf; nfhLfs; fhzg;gLk;.
 ,iyfspy; btSg;g[ epw jpl;Lfs; fhzg;gLk;/ Kotpy; fha;e;J cjph;e;jtpLk;

174
g{r;rpapd; tpguk;
 jpuhl;ir ,iyg;ngd; - g{r;rpfs; fUg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ F";Rfs; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;.
 bt';fha ,iyg;ngd; - F";RfSk;/ g{r;rpfSk; ,sk; k";rs; epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiw
 ilkPnjhal; 2 kp.yp / yp (m) ntg;gk; vz;bza; 3 rjtpfpjk; bjspf;ft[k;

fod brjpd; g{r;rp (Hard scales)

g{r;rp jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,e;jg; g{r;rp/ nuh$h broapy; mjpf njrj;ij tpistpf;ff;ToaJ. ,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j
g{r;rpfSk; Vuhskhd vz;zpf;ifapy;/ jz;Lfs;/ ,iyfs; nghd;w ghf';fspy; xl;of;bfhz;oUe;J/
rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait. jhf;fg;gl;l brofs; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp/ eype;JtpLk;. mjpfk;
jhf;fg;gl;l brofs; fha;e;j koe;JtpLk;. ,J nuh$hitj; jtpu vYkpr;ir tifr; brofisa[k;
jhf;ff;ToaJ.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;if rhpjk;
Kl;ilfspypUe;J btsptUk; ,sk; g{r;rpfs; rw;W neuk; Cu;e;J jphpe;J/ gpd;dh; VjhtJ xU
,lj;ij njh;e;bjLj;J mnj ,lj;jpy; epue;jukhf ,Ue;Jbfhz;nl rhw;iw cwp";rp/ cz;L tsUk;.
tsh;e;j bgz; g{r;rpfspy; fhy;fSk;/ czh;bfhk;g[fSk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy/ mit xU fodkhd/
bkGF nghd;w bghUspdhy; Md brjpspdhy; \lg;gl;oUf;Fk;. Mz; g{r;rpfSf;F ,wf;iffs;
fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
 mjpfk; jhf;fg;gl;l fpisfis btl;o mg;g[wg;gLj;jp/ mHpj;J tplntz;Lk;
 ilbkj;njhnal; 0.06 rjf]fyitiaj; bjspj;J ,e;j g{r;rpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

bts;is < (Whitefly)

g{r;rp jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk;/ tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk;/ ,iyfspy; mog;gug;gpy; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf ,Ue;Jbfhz;L
rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;Fk.; g{r;rp jhf;Fjypdhy; ,iyfs; k";rs; epwkhf khWtnjhL/
broapd; tsh;r;rpa[k; mjpfkhf ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
 ilbkj;njhnal; 0.06 rjf]fyitiaj; bjspj;J ,e;j g{r;rpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

mRtzp (Aphids)
g{r;rp jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g{r;rpfSk; tsh;e;j g{r;rpfSk; nuh$h broapd; jsph; ,iyfs;/ FUj;Jg; gFjpfs;/ g/{
bkhf;Ffs; nghd;wtw;wpy; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf ,Ue;J bfhz;L rhw;iw cwp";rp/ brofis thlr;bra;a[k;.

175
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
cHtpay; Kiwfs;
g{r;rpfs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; fpisfis btl;o/ mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;.
kUe;J rpfpr;ir
ilbkj;njhnal; - 0.06 rjf] fyitiaj; bjspf;fntz;Lk;.
nkw; Twpa g{r;rpfisj; jtpu/ ,iy btl;Lk; Fstp – bkfrhrpyp Me;j;nurpdh (Megachile
anthracina) ,iyfis miu tl;l totpy; btl;obaLj;J nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. btl;oa ,iyj;
Jz;Lfisf;bfhz;L/ Fstp TLfl;of;bfhs;Sk;.

ky;ypif
ky;ypif bkhf;F Jisg;ghd; (Budworm)
g{r;rp jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fs; tphpahj g{ bkhl;Lf;fisj; Jisj;J/ cl; gFjpfis cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. xU
bkhl;ilj; jhf;fp cz;lgpd; g[G xU Jthuk; cz;Lgz;zp mjd; tHpahf btspte;J/ mLj;j
bkhl;ilj; jhf;Fk;. xU g[G 2-3 bkhl;Lf;fisj; jhf;ff;ToaJ. g[Gf;fs; bkhl;Lf;fis
E}yhk;gilapdhy; xd;whfg; gpizj;Jtpl;L mjDs; ,Ue;Jbfhz;nl bkhl;Lf;fisj; jhf;Fk;
E}yhk;gilapDs; g[Gf;fspd; fHpt[g; bghUl;fSk; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
g[Gf;fs; gr;ir epwj;jpYk;/ fUik epwj; jiya[lDk; bjd;gLk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; kz;zpy;
Tl;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khwp/ gpd;dh; me;Jg; g{r;rpfshf btsptUk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
 jhf;fg;gl;l bkhf;Ffis g[Gf;fSld; nrfhpj;J mHpf;ft[k;.
 tpsf;Fg;bghwp mikj;J me;jg;g{r]rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 ntg;g';bfhl;il toePh; 5 rjk; bjspf;fyhk;.
 brofis rPuhd fthj;J bra;J/ njhl;lj;ij Rj;jkhf itj;Jf;bfhs;st[k;.

,iy kw;Wk; bkhf;Fg; g[G (Gallery worm)

g{r;rp jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,sk; g[Gf;fs; bkhf;Ffisj; Jisj;J cl;gFjpfis cz;qk;. gpd;dh; mit
Edpg;gFjpapYs;s ,iyfs;/ FUj;Jg; gFjp/ g{ bkhl;Lf;fs; Mfpatw;iw E}yhk; gilapdhy; gpd;dpg;
gpizj;J mjDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl vy;yhg; gFjpfisa[k; foj;J cz;qk;/ E}yhk;gilapDs;
g[Gtpd; fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; xl;of;bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
g[Gf;fs; gr;ir epwkhft[k; rptg;g[ epwj] jiyiaa[k; Kjy; khh;g[f; fz;lj;ija[k; bfhz;L
bjd;gLk; . clypd; gf;fthl;oy; gGg;g[ epw fPw;Wf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. tshe;j g[G E}yhk; gilapdhyhd

176
Tl;oDs;nsna Tl;Lg;g[Gthf khwp gpd;dh; me;Jg; g{r;rpahf btsptUk;. me;Jg; g{r;rpfs;
rpwpaitfshft[k; mlh; rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
g{r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL
 jhf;fg;gl;l bkhf;Ffis g[Gf;fSld; nrfhpj;J mHpf;ft[k;
 tpsf;Fg;bghwp mikj;J me;Jg;g{r;rpfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.
 ntg;g';bfhl;il toePh; 5 rjk; bjspf;fyhk;.
 brofis rPuhd fthj;J bra;J/ njhl;lj;ij Rj;jkhf itj;Jf; bfhs;st[k;.

177
 32. nrkpg;g[ jhdpa';fis jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fisj; jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; (Pests of Stored Grains)

gaph;fis neuoahfj; jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpg;gnjhly;yhky;/ g{r;rpfs;/ mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dh;
nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; jhdpa';fs; kw;Wk; tpisbghUl;fisa[k; jhf;fp mjpf ehrk; Vw;gLj]Jfpd;wd.
bkhj;jk; ehk; tpistpf;Fk; jdpa';fs; vz;bza; tpj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; gapW tiffspy;/ Rkhh; 5 rj
tpfpjk; g{r;rpfshy; nrjg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;W fzf;fplg;gl;oUf;fpwJ. ,J Vwj;jhH xU tUlj;jpw;F
2.5 kpy;ypad; ld; tiu MFk;. nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; miwfs;/ Fjph;fs;/ nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffs;/ gyruf;Ff;
filfs;/ kht[ miuf;Fk; Miyfs; nghd;w ,l';fspy; mit mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jg;
g{r;rpfs; tsUk; gaph;fis bgUk;ghYk; jhf;Ftjpy;iy.
nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fisj]jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; bgUk;ghYk; nfhypnahg;ouh kw;Wk; byg;gpnlhg;ouh
thpirfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MdhYk; nfhypnahg;gpouh thpiriar; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfs;jhd; mjpfk;
nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j thpiriar; nrh;e;j g{r;rpfspd; g[Gf;fSk;/ KG tsh;r;rp mile;j
g{r;rpfSk; nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait.
,J mhprpiaj; jtpu bey;/ nfhJik/ nrhsk;/ kf;fhr;nrhsk; kw;Wk; ntW gy jhdpa';fisa[k;
jhf;ff;ToaJ. g[Gf;fSk;/ tz;LfSk; jhdpa';fisf; File;J cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd/
bghJthf xU jhdpaj;jpy; xU g[G khj;jpunk fhzg;gLk;. Mdhy; bghpa jhdpa';fspy] xd;wpw;Fk;
nkw;gl;l g[Gf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. mjpfk; nrjkile;j jhdpa';fs;/ bghoahfptpLtnjhL/ mjpypUe;J xU
tpj Jh; ehw;wKk; tPRk;. nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; jhdpa';fspy; <ug;gjk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ.
g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. mjpf btg;gk; kw;Wk; mjpf <ug;gjk; nghd;w fhyepiyfspy;
g{r;rp jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhfj; bjd;gLk;.

g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;

bgz; tz;L/ jhdpaj;jpd; kPJ thahy; Ruz;o/ xU Kl;ilapl;L mij xUtpj jputj;jpdhy;
KotpLk;. xU tz;L 100-400 Kl;ilfis/ 3-4 khj';fspy; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfs; btz;ik epwkhft[k;/ ePs;
tl;l totpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. Kl;ilapypUe;J 4-9 ehl;fspy; ,sk; g[G btsptUk;. mit btz;ik
epwkhft[k;/ fhy;fs; ,y;yhkYk;/ foj;J bkd;W cz;qk; tha;g; ghf';fisf; bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;. Rkhh;
2-3 thu';fspy; KG tsh;r;rpaila[k; g[Gf;fs; btz;ik epwj;jpYk;. jokdhft[k; RUf;f';fSlDk;
njhd;Wk;. mit jhdpa';fspd; cs;nsna Tz;Lg; g[Gf;fshf khWk;. fhy epiyiag; bghWj;J. 10-20
ehl;fspy; Tz;Lg; g[GtpypUe;J/ tz;L btsptUk;. tz;Lfs; 4-5 kp.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ rptg;g[ fye;j gGg;g[
epwj;jpYk;/ Kd; ,wf;iffspd; kPJ 4 k';fpa k";rs; my;yJ rptg;g[g; g[s;spfSlDk;/ jiyapd; Kd;
ghfk; myF nghy; ePz;L/ fPH; nehf;fp tise;Jk; ,Uf;Fk;. tz;Lfs; Rkhh;5 khj';fs; tiuapy;
capUld; ,Uf;Fk;. xU tUlj;jpy; mndf jiyKiwfs; njhd;Wk;. Fsph; fhy';fis tpl ntdpw;
fhy';fspy; ,dg;bgUf;fk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. Fsph; fhy';fspy; tz;Lfs;
nrkpg;g[f;fpl';FfspYs;s btog;g[f;fs;/ ,Lf;Ffs; nghd;w kiwthd ,l';fspy; cw';Fk; epiyapy;
,Uf;Fk;.

178
gaW tz;L (Pulse Beetle)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J fliy/ mtiu/ Jtiu/ nrhah bkhr;ir/ cSe;J/ ghrpg;gapW/ gl;lhzp nghd;w vy;yhg;
gapW tiffisa[k; jhf;ff;ToaJ. g[Gf;fSk;/ tz;LfSk; jhdpa';fisf; File;J/ cs;spUf;Fk;
gUg;g[ KGtija[k; cz;LtpLk;. filrpapy; nky; njhL khj;jpuk; fhzg;gLk;. xU tpijapy; gy g[Gf;fs;
fhzg;gLk;.

bey; me;Jg; g{r;rp (Rice Grain Moth)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; bey;/ nrhsk;/ nfH;tuF/ fk;g[ nghd;w jhdpa';fis taypYk;/ nrkpg;g[f;
fpl';FfspYk; jhf;Ffpd;wd. g[Gf;fs; jhdpa';fisf; File;J cz;L/ mtw;iw gjuhf;fptpLk;. bey;
nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffspy; ,e;j meJg; g{r;rpfs; mjpf mstpy; gwe;J jphptijf; fhzyhk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; me;Jg; g{r;rp Kl;ilfis ghy; gpof;Fk; gUtj;jpy; jhdpa';fspd; nky; ,Lk;. gaph;
mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dh;. jhdpa';fis nrkpj;J itf;Fk; nghJ g[Gf;fspd; jhf;Fjy; Muk;gpj;J/
mjpfhpf;fpwJ. kzpfis g[Gf;fs; jhf;fpapUg;gJ Kjypy; btspj;bjhptjpy;iy. Kl;ilapypUe;J
btsptUk; ,sk; g[G jhdpaj;ijj; Jisj;J. cl;brd;W/ bky;ypa E}yhk; gilapdhy; me;jj;
Jthuj;ij milj;JtpLk;. mjd; gpwF mJ cs;spUf;Fk; kzpia cz;L nrjg;gLj;Jk;. KG
tsh;r;rpaile;j g[G jhdpaj;jpd; cs;nsna Tz;Lg; g[Gthf khWk;. g[Gg] gUtk; 2-3 thuk; tiu
ePof;Fk;. Tz;Lg; g[GtpypUe;J 7-10 ehl;fspy; me;Jg;g{r;rp btsptUk;. g{r;rp jhf;fpapUg;gJ/ btsptUk;
me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; gwg;gjpypUe;Jjhd; bjhpatUk;. me;Jg;g{r;rp btspte;j gpd;dh;/ jhdpaj;jpDs; g[Gtpd;
fHpt[g; bghUl;fSk;/ E}yhk; gila[k; khj;jpunk kp";rpapUf;Fk;. me;Jg; g{r;rp ,sk; k";fs; my;yJ
itf;nfhy; epwj;jpYk;/ ,wf]iffspd; Edpg;gFjp FWfp/ Tuhft[k;/ kpD kpDg;ghft[k;/ gpd;
,wf;iffspd; tpspk;gpy; ePz;l/ rPg;g[ nghd;w nuhk';fSlDk; bjd;gLk;. xU tUlj;jpy; mndf
jiyKiwfs; njhd;Wk;.
rptg;g[ kht[ tz;L (Red Flour Beetle)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fSk;/ tz;LfSk; gy;ntW jhdpa';fs;/ kht[g; bghUl;fs;/ gpz;zhf;F/ gUg;g[fs;/
gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l gH';fs;/ fhl;rp Tl';fspy; ghlk; bra;J tifg;gLk; g{r;rpfs;/ gwitfs;/ tpy';Ffs;
nghd;wtw;iwj; jhf;fp Ruz;o/ cz;L nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;/ bfl;Lg;nghd kw;Wk; cilf;fg;gl;l
jhdpa';fis ,J mjpf mstpy; jhf;Fk;. kht[g; bghUl;fs; mjpf mstpy; jhf;fg;gLk;nghJ mit
rhk;gy; fye;j k";rs; epwkhf khwp/ Jh;ehw;wk; tPRk;.

179
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L/ btz;ik epw/ ePz;l/ cUis tot Kl;ilfisj] jdpj; jdpahf jhdpa';fs;/
kht[g;bghUl;fs; nghd;wtw;wpd; nky; ,Lk;. Kl;ilfs; xl;Lk; jd;ikiaf; bfhz;oUg;gjhy; mtw;wpd;
nky; J}R my;yJ kht[ goe;J mit btspj; bjhptjpy;iy. xU tz;L Rkhh; 450 Kl;ilfs; tiu
,lf;ToaJ. Kl;ilapypUe;J ,sk; g[G ntdpw; fhy';fspy; 4-5 ehl;fspYk;/ Fsph; fhy';fspy; 10-12
ehl;fspYk; btsptUk;. g[Gf;fs; bky;ypaitfshft[k;/ cUis totpYk;/ ,sk; k";rs; epwj;jpYk;
bjd;gLk; fhy epiyfisg; bghWj;J g[Gf;fs; bky;ypaitfshft[k;/ cUis totpYk;/ ,sk; k";rs;
epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. fhy epiyfisg; bghWj;J g[Gg;gUtk; 27-90 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. Fsph;
fhy';fspy; g[Gg;gUtk; mjpf ehl;fs; ePof;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; jhdpa';fs; my;yJ kht[g;
bghUl;fspd; nky; Tz;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. Tz;Lg; g[Gf;fspd; nkYk; nuhk';fs; bjd;gLk;
Tz;Lg; g[GtpypUe;J 6-9 ehl;fspy; tz;L btsptUk;. tz;Lfs; rpwpaitfshft[k;/ 0.3 br.kP
ePskhft[k;/ jl;ilahft[k; rptg;g[ fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. tz;od; jiya[k;/ khh;g[k;/ tapw;Wg;
gFjpa[k; jdpj;jdpahf bjspthfj; bjhpa[k;. czh; bfhk;g[fSk; bjspthfj; bjhpa[k;.

nfhJik tz;L my;yJ fg;uh tz;L (Khapra Beetle)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,g;g{r;rpapd; g[Gf;fs; nfhJik jhdpaj;ij mjpf mstpy; jhf;ff;Toait. Mdhy; rpy
ntisfspy; nrhsk;/ ghh;yp/ gaW tiffs; nghd;wtw;iwa[k; jhf;Fk;. tz;Lfs; jhdpa';fisj;
jhf;Ftjpy;iy. bgUk;ghYk; g[Gf;fs; tpijfspd; Kisf;Fk; gFjpia Kjypy; jhf;fp/ gpd;dh;
cl;g[wkhff; File;Jbfhz;nl bry;Yk;. ,t;thW Filag;gl;l jhdpa';fs; cile;J/ bghoahfptpLk;.
G[Gf;fs; nky; gug;gpYs;s jhdpa';fisna mjpfk; jhf;Fk;. mit mjpf MHj;Jf;Fr; bry;tjpy;iy.

g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;

bgz; tz;L/ jhdpa';fspd; nky; ePs] tot Kl;ilfisj; jdpj;jdpahf my;yJ 2-5 tiu
vz;zpf;ifapy; Tl;lkhf ,Lk;. xU tz;L Rkhh;125 Kl;ilfs; tiuapy; ,Lk;. fhy epiyfisg;
bghUj;J/ 6-16 ehl;fspy; Kl;ilapypUe;J ,sk; g[GbtsptUk;. g[Gf;fs; ,sk; gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/
FWf;fhf k";rs; fye;j gGg;g[ epwj;jpy; gilfSlDk;/ rptg;g[ fye;j gGg;g[ epw/ ePz;l nuhk';fisf;
bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. g[Gg;gUtk; 3-7 thu';fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. ghjfkhd R{H;epiyfspy; g[Gf;fs; ePz;l
fhyk; czt[ cl]bfhs;shknyna cw';Fk; epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; jhdpa']fSf;F
,ilapnyna Tz;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;. mtw;wpd; nkYk; nuhk']fs; bjd;gLk]. Tz;Lg; g[GtpypUe;J
4-6 ehl;fspy; tz;L btsptUk;. bgz; tz;Lfs; rptg;g[ fye;j gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;. ePs;tl;l totpYk;/ 4-
5 kp.kP ePsj;jpYk;. Mz; tz;Lfs;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ bgz; tz;Lfistpl rpwpaitfshft[k;/
2.5 kp.kP ePsj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.

180
rpW jhdpaj; Jisg;ghd; (Lesser Grain Borer)
g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
,J mhprp/ nrhsk;/ kf;fhr;nrhsk;/ ghh;yp/ fliy/ nfhJik/ fha itj;J gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l
gH';fs; nghz;wtw;iw jhf;Fk;. tz;LfSk; g[Gf;fSk; nrjk; tpistpf;ff]Toait. Mdhy;
g[Gf;fistpl tz;Lfs; mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;Fk;. KG jhdpa';fs; jhf;fg;gLk;nghJ mit milj;J
bghoahfptpLk;. cz;gjw;F njitahdijtpl File;J nrjg;gLj;Jk;. g[Gf;fs; jhdpa';fisf;
File;J cs;nsa[s;s kht[g;bghUs;fis cz;l gpd; jhdpa';fspd; nky; njhy; khj;jpunk
kp";rpapUf;Fk;. jhdpa';fisf; File;J cl;bry;y Koahj ,s epiyg;g[Gf;fs; tz;Lfspd;
jhf;Fjypdhy; cile;J bghoahff;fplf;Fk; khit cz;L tsUk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;Lfs;/ bgUk;ghYk; tpijfspd; Kisf;Fk; gFjpia mLj;J Kl;ilfisapLk;.
Kl;ilfis jdpj;jdpahfnth my;yJ rpwpa Ftpay;fshfnth ,l;L tpijfSld; xU tpj gprpd;
nghd;w bghUshy; xl;o itj;J tpLk;. xU tz;L 300-500 Kl;ilfs; tiu ,lf;ToaJ. Kl;ilfs;
nghpf;fha; totpy; bjd;gLk;. ntdpw; fhy';fspy; mit 5-6 ehl;fspy; bghhpj;J/ ,sk; g[Gf;fs; mjpf
RW RWg;ghf efh;e;J/ jhdpa';fspy; kpUJthd Kisf;Fk; gFjpiaj; Jisj;Jf;bfhz;L cs;ns
brd;W tpLk;. rw;W tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; jhdpa';fisj; Jisj;Jf;bfhz;L cl;bry;tjpy;iy. g[Gg;gUtk;
Rkhh; 40 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. tsh;e;j g[Gf;fs; mGf;F btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ ,sk; gGg;g[
epwj;jiya[lDk;/ tapw;Wg;gFjp tise;Jk; nky; gug;gpy; bky;ypa nuhk';SlDk; bjd;gLk;. mit
jhdpa';fspd; cs;ns my;yJ jhdpa';fSf;F ,ilna Tz;Lg;g[Gf;fshf khWk;.
Tz;Lg;g[GtpypUe;J 7-8 ehl;fspy; tz;L btsptUk;. thH;f;ifr; RHy; Rkhh; 2 khj';fs; tiu ePof;Fk;.
xU tUlj;jpy; Rkhh; 5 jiy Kiwfs; njhd;Wk;.

uk;gg;gy; jhdpa tz;L (Saw Toothed Grain Beetle)

g{r;rpj; jhf;Fjypd; mwpFwpfs;
g[Gf;fSk;. Tz;LfSk;/ rptg;g[ kht[ tz;ilg; nghd;nw gy;ntW jhdpa';fs;/ gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l
gH';fs; nghd;wtw;iwj; jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait. jhdpa';fis ,izj;J my;yJ
Jisj;J/ cs;spUf;Fk; kht[g;bghUl;fis cz;qk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; rhpjk;
bgz; tz;L. ePz;l cUis tot Kl;ilfis jhdpa';fspd; nky; ,Lk;. xU tz;L Rkhh;
300 Kl;ilfs; tiu Rkhh; 70 ehl;fspy; ,lf;ToaJ. tz;Lfs; rptg;g[ kht[ tz;iltpl Fl;ilahft[k;/
bky;ypajhft[k; jl;ilahft[k;/ fUk; gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk; bjd;gLk;. tz;od; Kd; khh;g[f; fz;lj;jpd;
xt;bthU gf;fthl;oYk; 6 bghpa gw;fisg; nghd;w ePl;rpfs; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J uk;gg;gy; tz;L
vdg;gLfpwJ. Kjy;khh;g[f; fz;lj;jpd; nky; gug;gpYk; 3 nkbyGk;gpa xG';fw;w nkLfs; fhzg;gLk;.
g{r;rpapd; thH;f;ifr; RHy; 28-35 ehl;fs; tiu ePof;Fk;. tz;Lfs; gy ehl;fs; capUld;
,Uf;ff;Toait.

181
nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fisj; jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;
nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fs;/ vypfs;/ gaph;r;rpye;jpfs; g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; Ez;qaphpfshy;
nrjg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; Ez;qaphpfshy; Vw;glf]Toa nrjk;/ nrkpj;J itf;fg]gLk;
jhdpa';fspy; <ug;gjk;/ nrkpg;g[f; mu';fspYs;s gpuhztha[tpd; mst[ kw;Wk; nrkpg;g[ jhdpa';fspy;
btg;gkhFjy; nghd;w fhuz';fshy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toa mhprp
Td; tz;L/ mhprpg;g[G/ rpW jhdpa';fs; Jisg;ghd; nghd;w g{r;rpfs; jhdpa';fspy; <ug;gjk; 9
rjj;jpw;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ Fiwe;j neuj;jpy; mjpf mstpy; bgUf;fkile;J/ kpFjpahd nrjk;
tpistpf;Fk;. Mfnt nrkpj;J itg;gjw;F Kd;dh; jhdpa';fis <ug;gjk; 9 rjj;jpw;Ff; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;go ed;F fha itf;f ntz;Lk;. <uk; g[fhj nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffspy; jhdpa';fis nrkpj;J
itf;f ntz;Lk;. my;yJ jhdpa';fs; fhw;wpYs;s <uj;ij vLj;J mjdhy; <ug;gjk; mjpfkhf
tha;g;g[z;lhFk;.
g{r;rpfs; caph; thH;tjw;Fk;. bgUf;fkiltjw;Fk; xust[ gpuhztha[ njitg;gLfpwJ.
jhdpa';fis fhw;W g[fhj nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffs; my;yJ Fjph;fSf;Fs; nrkpj;J itf;Fk;nghJ/
gpuhztha[tpd; mlh;j;jp Fiwt[gLtjhy;/ g{r;rpfs; bgUf;fkiltJ jilgLfpwJ. fg;uh tz;od;
Kl;ilfs; capUld; ,Ug;gjw;F 16.8 rjtpfpj gpuhztha[ njitg;gLfpwJ.
nkYk; g{r;rpfs; mjpf mstpy gy;fpg; bgUf xU Fwpg;gpl;l mst[f;F nky; btg;gk;
njitg;gLfpwJ. jhdpa';fspy; rpy gFjpfspy g{r;rpfs; fhzg;gl;L/ mit Rthrpf;Fk;nghJ
me;jg;gFjpfspy; <ug;gjKk;. btg;gKk; mjpfhpg;gjhy; g{r;rpfs; nkYk; mjpf mstpy; bgUFtjw;Fr;
rhjfkhd R{H;epiy cUthfpwJ. kiH ,y;yhj btspr;rKs;s gfy; ntisfspy; nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffis
jpwe;Jtpl;L/ fhw;nwhl;lkhf itg;gJ/ jhdpa';fisf; fpswp tpLtJ nghd;w Kiwfisf; filg;gpoj;J/
xust[ btg;gj;ijj; jzpj;J g{r;rpfspd; bgUf;fj;ijg; gl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
g{r;rpfs; gy;ntW tHpfspy; jhdpa';fis te;jile;J/ mtw;iwj; jhf;Ffpd;wd. gapW tz;L/
mhprp Td;tz;L/ mhprpg;g[G nghd;wit taypypUe;nj jhdpa';fSld; nrkpg;g[f; fpl';FfSf;F te;J
nrUfpd;wd. giHa/ g{r;rp jhf;fpa jhdpa';fisr; nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; nfhzpg;
igfspypUe;Jk;/ g[jpjhfr; nrkpf;fg;gLk; jhdpa';fSf;F g{r;rpfs; gutf;TLk;. jhdpa';fis xU
,lj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU ,lj;Jf;F vLj;Jr; bry;Yk;nghJk; g{r;rpfs; jhf;ff;TLk;. nrkpg;g[f;
fpl';FfspYs;s btog;g[f;fs;/ ,Lf;Ffs; nghd;w kiwthd ,l';fspy;/ cw';Fk; epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;
g{r;rpfs;/ g[jpjhfr; nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; jhdpa';fisj; jhf;ff;TLk;. nkYk; KG tsh;r]rpaile;j
g{r;rpfs; gwe;J/ nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffis te;jile;Jk; jhdpa';fisg; g[jpjhfj; jhf;ff;TLk;.
nrkpg;g[ fpl';Ffspy; jhdpa ghJfhg;g[
jhdpa ghJfhg;g[
jhdpa';fis g{r;rpfsplkpUe;J ghJfhf;f filg;gpof;f ntz;oa bghJthd tHpKiwfs;
1. jhdpa';fis mWtilapy; ed;whf cyh;j;jp <ug;gjk; 8 Kjy; 10 rjj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;FkhW
bra;J nrkpf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. jhdpa';fis nrkpf;Fk; Fjph;fs; kw;Wk; miwfis ed;whf Rj;jk; bra;J ve;jtpj g{r;rpfs;
kw;Wk; mjd; thH;f;ifg; gUt';fs; ,y;yhky; ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

182
 3. etPd nrkpg;g[f; fs";rpa';fis cgnahfpj;jy;/ Fwpg;ghf cnyhf Fjph;fs; rpW tptrhapfSf;F
jhdpa';fis nrkpj;J itj;Jf;bfhs;s rpwe;j rhjdkhf tps';FfpwJ.
4. jhdpa \l;ilfs; jiuapy; itf;fhJ fl;ilfs; kw;Wk; \';fpy; gha;fspd; kPJ mLf;f
ntz;Lk;.
5. \l;ilfs; Rtw;iw xl;o ,y;yhky; jdpj;jdpahf/ mLf;fLf;fhf ey;y ,ilbtsp tpl;L
fhw;nwhl;lkhf itf;fntz;Lk;.
6. Jhdpaf; fjph; mof;Fk; fs';fs;/ nrkpg;g[ miwf;F js;sp ,Ug;gJld;/ ve;jtpj J}Rk;/ khRk;
,y;yhky; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
7. jhdpa nrkpg;g[f;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhf;Fg;igfs; g[jpjhf my;yJ g{r;rpaw;wjhf ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;/ giHa rhf;Fg;igfis khyj;jpahd; my;yJ ilFnshh;th!; 0.1 rjk; fiurypy;
eidj;J cyh;j;jpg; gpd; cgnahfpf;fyhk;.
8. \l;ilfspd; kPJ khyj;jpahd; 0.1 rjk; fiuriy \l;il eidahky; jhdpa';fs; nky; glhky;
msthf bjspj;J tuyhk;.
9. jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jhy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;L ghpe;Jiu bra;ag]gLfpd;w
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fspkz;iz tpijfSf;Ff] Fwpg;ghf gaWtifg; bghUl;fSld; 1:100 vd;w
tpfpjj;jpy; vilf;F vil fye;J itg;gjhy; g{r;rpfs; tuhky; fhg;ghw;wyhk;.
10. gaW tiffshd Jtiu/ cSe;J/ ghrpg;gaW Kjypatw;iw ntg;gk; kw;Wk; czt[
vz;bza;fSld; fyf;fp itg;gjd; \yk; (1:100 vilf;F vil vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;) gaW tz;L
jhf;Ftij fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. ,ijj;jtpu ntg;g';bfhl;il J}is 1 fpnyh tpijf;F 10 fpuhk;
vd;w mstpy; cgnahfpj;J gad; bgwyhk;.
11. g{r;rpfs] \l;ilapDs; fhzg]gl]lhy] mtw;iw mYkpdpak; gh!;igL khj;jpiuapl;L (ld;Df;F
\d;W khj;jpiu tpjk;) ghypj;jPd; ciwfshy; \o 5 ehl;fSf;F tp#g; g[ifapl;L itg;gjd;
\yk; mHpf;fyhk;. bghJthf ,e;j Kiw bghJkf;fs; trpf;Fk; ,l';fspypUe;J js;spa[s;s
jhdpaf; fpl';FfspYk; muR jhdpaf; fpl';FfspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
12. jhtug;bghUl;fs;
jhdpa';fspy; ighpj;jpuk;/ ntg;gk; tpij gt[lh;/ ntk;gpd; ,iy Kjypa/ nrkpf;fg;gLk;
bghUl;fspy; cw;gj;jpahFk; g{r;rpapd';fisf; bfhy;yf; Toait. ,it kl;Lkpd;wp nj';fha;
vz;bza;/ ey;byz;bza; mfpa jhtu vz;bza;fisa[k; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,itfis 1:100 vd;w
tpfpjj;jpy; vilf;F vil cgnahfpf;fyhk;.

jhdpa';fis rhf;F \l;ilfspy; nrkpj;J itf;Fk; nghJ rhf;Ffspd; nky; fPH;fz;l kUe;Jfis
bjspj;jy; mtrpak;.
g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp mst[
khyj;jpahd; 50 <.rp. 10 kpyp kUe;ij xU ypl;lh; jz;zPh; fye;J 3 ypl;lh; fyitia 100
r.kP. gug;gpy; bjspj;jy;

183
,ilbtspfspy; cgnahfg;gLj;j
mLf;fg;gl;l \l;ilfspy; ,ilbtspg;gFjpapYk; nrkpg;g[ miwapd; fjt[/ Rth;fs; MfpaitfspYk;
g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp kUe;Jfis g{r;rpfs; elkhl;lk; mwpe;J clnd mtrpak; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp mst[
khyj;jpahd; 50 <.rp. 10 kpyp kUe;J xU ypl;lh; jz;zPUf;F

g{r;rpfs; te;jgpd; ghJfhg;g[ Kiwfs;

\l;ilfs] mLf;fg;gl;l nrkpg;g[f;fpl';Ffspy; mLf;fg;gl;l \l;ilfspy] g{r;rpfs; ,Uf;fpwjh
vd;gij 15 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw fz;fhzpf;f ntz;Lk;. 1 fpnyh jhdpaj;ij vLj;J mjpy; g{r;rpfs;
cs;sdth vd;gij ftdpf;f ntz;Lk;. fPHf;fz;l ml;ltiz bfhz;L nrj msit bjhpe;J
bfhs;st[k;.
xU fpnyh tpijfSf;F
g{r;rpfs; ,y;iy ; nrjk; ,y;iy
2 g{r;rpfs; ; rhjhuz nrjk;
2 g{r;rpfSf;F nkw;gl;lhy; ; mjpf nrjk;
,itfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j er;R tha[ g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis fpl';F KGtJk; my;yJ fpl';fpy;
\l;ilfs; mLf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy gFjpfspy; jhh;ghypd; bfhz;L \o er;R tha[ brYj;jyhk;. g{r;rpfspd;
nrjj;ij bghWj;J fPH;f;fz;l g{r;rpbfhy;ypfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

mYkpdpak; gh!;igL
m). ciwfs; ,l;L \o ghJfhj;jy; - 3 khj;jpiufs; xU ld; mst[ jhdpaj;jpw;F (fpl';fpd; \l;ilfs;
mLf;fg;gl;l rpy gFjp kl;Lk;)
M). nrkpg;g[ fpl';F KGtJk; - 21 khj;jpiufs; -28 fd kPl;lh; mstpw;F
nkw;Twg;gl;l Kiwapy; 5 ehl;fs; tiu er;Rg; g[if btspnauhky; \o itf;f ntz;Lk;.

184
 33. gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk; rpye;jpfs;/ vypfs;/ ej;ijfs] kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nkyhz;ik Kiwfs;

rpy Kf;fpakhd bll;uhdpf;fpl; gaph]r; rpye;jpfs;

nrhsk; gaph;r] rpye;jp (Jowar mite)
,J nrhsj;ijj; jhf;ff;Toa xU Kf;fpakhd rpye;jp rhk;gy; fye;j gr;ir epwKila ,r;
rpye;jpfs;/ Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ bky;ypa gl;L nghd;w
,iHfshy; tiy TLfisg; gpd;dp./ mtw;wpDs; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl/ rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk;
tpistpf;fpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfspy; rptg;g[ epwg; g[s;spfs; njhd;wp/ ,iy KGtJk; rptg;g[ epwkhf
khwptpLk;. jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ ,itfSk;/ jz;LfSk;/ fha;e;JtpLk;. xU tUlj;jpy;
Rkhh; 40 jiyKiwfs; njhd;Wk;. ,r;rpye;jpfs; fUk;g[ thiH nghd;w gaph;fisa[k; jhf;ff;Toait.

rptg;g[ gaph;r; rpye;jp (Red Spider Mite)

,e;jg; gaph;r; rpye;jpfs; bghJthf vy;yh ,l';fspYk; fhzg;gl;L gUj;jp/ Mkzf;F/
vYkpr;ir tifr; brofs;/ ky;ypif/ nuh$h/ jf;fhsp/ btz;il/ fj;jphp/ g{rzp tifr; brofs;/
jpuhl;ir/ gg;ghsp/ jf;ifg; g{z;L/ ky;ghp/ njapiy/ nrhah bkhr;ir nghd;w gy;ntW gaph;fisa[k;/
mndf fisr; brofisa[k; jhf;ff;Toait. ,sk; rpye;jpfSk;/ tsh;e;j rpye;jpfSk;/ Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf
,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;Jbfhz;L/ rhw;iw cwp";Rfpd;wd. g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLk;nghJ/ ,iyfspd; ,U gug;gpYk; mit fhzg;gLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; gilfs;
njhd;Wk;. xU tUlj;jpy; Rkhh; 40 jiyKiwfs; tiu njhd;Wk;.

bey; gaph;r; rpye;jp (Rice mite)

,e;j rpye;jpfs; ehw;w';fhypYk;/ elt[ taypYk;/ ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf
,Ue;J bfhz;L rhw;iw cwp";rp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd.

fUk;g[ gaph]r; rpye;jp (Sugarcane Mite)

,e;j rpye;jpg; g{r;rpfs; fUk;g[ ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; ,Ue;Jbfhz;L/ rhw;iw cwp";Rtjhy;/
,iygs; epwk; khwpf; fhzg;gLk;. mjpf btg;gKk;/ Fiwe;j <ug;gjKk; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ ,r;rpye;jpfspd;
jfhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.

vYkpr;ir ,iy gaph;r; rpye;jp (Citrus Leaf Mite)

,e;j rpye;jpg; g{r;rpfs; ,iyfspd; nky; gug;gpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L/ rhw;iw cwp";Rtjhy;
,iyfspy; btz;ik epwg; g[s;spfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd. xU tUlj;jpy; Rkhh; 36 jiyKiwfs; tiu
njhd;wf;TLk;. ,r;rpye;jp/ Mkzf;F/ gg;ghsp/ KU';if/ fpishprpoah/ Ig;nghkpah nghd;w
brofisa[k; jhf;ff;ToaJ.

185
njapiy rptg;g[ gaph;r; rpye;jp (Tea Red Spider Mite)
,e;j gaph;r; rpye;jpfs; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ tl;l totpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. mit Kjph;e;j ,iyfspd;
nky; gug;gpy;/ bky;ypa gl;L nghd;w ,iHfshy; tiyfisg; nghd;w TLfisg; gpd;dp/ mtw;wpDs;
,Ue;Jbfhz;L rhw;iw cwp";Rfpd;wd. jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs;/ gGg;g[ epwkhf khwptpLk;. mjpfk;
jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfs;/ fhpe;J/ RUf;f';fSld; bjd;gLk;. jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; nghJ jsph;
,iyfSk; Tl jhf;fg;gLk;. fhg;gpr; brofisa[k; ,J jhf;ff;ToaJ.

rpy Kf;fpakhd vhpnahgpl; gaph;r; rpye;jpfs;

vYkpr;ir gaph;r; rpye;jp (Citrus Rust mite)
,e;jr; rpye;jpfs; Ez;zpaitfshft[k;/ k";fs; epwj;jpYk;/ g[G nghd;Wk; bjd;gLk;. ,tw;wpd;
jhf;Fjyhy; gH';fspd; njhy; Cjh fye;j fUik epwj;jpy; khwptpLtjhy; gH';fspd; juk; kpft[k;
ghjpf;fg;gLk;. rhj;Jf;Fo/ Mu";R ,e;jr; rpye;jpfshy; mjpf mst[ jhf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ky;ypif gaph;r] rpye;jp (Jasmine Eriophyid)

,e;jr; rpye;jpfs; ky;ypif brofis mjpfk; jhf;ff;Toait. ,tw;wpd; jhf;Fjyhy; ,iyfs;/
FUj;Jg; gFjpfs;/ g{ bkhf;Ffs; nghd;w ghf';fspy; bky;ypa fk;gsk; nghd;w/ btz;ik epw nuhk
tsh;r;rp njhd;Wk;. brofspd; tsh;r;rp ghjpf;fg]gLtnjhL/ g{f;fs; njhd;WtJk; bgUkstpy;
ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

njapiy Cjh epw gaph;r; rpye;jp (Purple mite)

,e;jr; rpye;jpfs; fUk; Cjh my;yJ ,sk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ KJFg; gFjpapy; btz;ik epw
nklhd nfhLfSlDk; bjd;gLk;. bgUk;ghYk; mit Kjph;e;j ,iyfspd; mog;gug;gpy; tpspk;g[g;
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk;. rpy ntiyfspy; ,iyfspd; nky; gug;gpYk;/ jsph; ,iyfspYk; fhzg;gLk;.
jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfs; gGg;g[ my;yJ rhk;gy; fye;j fUik epwkhf khwptpLk;.
njapiy ,sk; rptg;g[ gaph;r; rpye;jp (pink Mite)
,e;jr; rpye;jpfs; kpft[k; Ez;zpaitfshft[k;/ ,sk; rptg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ fhul; fpH';fpd;
totpYk; bjd;gLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfspd; tpspk;g[fs; Kjypy; nky; nehf;fp tise;J gpd;dh;
bespt[fSld; fhzg;gLk;. ,sk; ,iyfs; mjpfk; jhf;fg;gLk;. jhf;fg;gl;l ,iyfspd; mog;gug;g[
gGg;g[ epwkhf khwptpLk;. ,J fhg;gpr; brofisa[k; jhf;ff;ToaJ.
nkw; Twpa gaph;r; rpye;jpfisj; jtpu/ bll;uhdpf;f!; rpd;dhnghpd!; gUj;jpg; gapiuj;
jhf;Ffpd;wd. xypnfhdpf;f!; fhgpna fhg;gpr; brofisj; jhf;ff;ToaJ. blDapghy;gpona
FLk;gj;ijr; nrj;e;j gputpghy;g!; m!;onuyp!; vd;Dk; fUk; rptg;g[ epw rpye;jpg;ngd; (Scarlet mite)
njapiyr; broapd; ,iyfspd; eL euk;g[ kw;Wk; fhk;g[g; gFjpfis mLj;J ,Ue;J
bfhz;L rhw;iw cwp";Rtjhy; ,iyfs; gGg;g[ epwkhf khwp tpLfpd;wd. lhh;nrhbdkpona
FLk;gj;ijr; nrh;e;j bQkplhh;nrhdpk!; yhl;l!; vd;Dk; k";rs; rpye;jpg;ngd; FUj;Jg; gFjpiaj;

186
jhf;Ftjhy;/ njapiyr; broapd; FUj;Jg; gFjpfs; Fl;ilahfp. ,iyfs; totpHe;J nuh$h ,jHLf;F
nghd;w njhw;wj;ij mspf;Fk;. ,e;jr; rpye;jpg; ngd;fs; bfha;ah brofisa[k; jhf;ff;Toait.

gaph;r; rpye;jpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;

g[ughu;ifl; 57 ECmy;yJ @bgdrhFapd; 10 EC 2 kpyp / yp bjspg;gjd; \yk; gaph;r;
rpye;jpfis ed;F fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. fe;jfk; g{rzp tifr; brofSf;F jP';F tpistpf;ff;TLk;.
njapiyr; brofSf;Fk; fe;jf kUe;ij gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ. fe;jfk; njapiy ,iyfspy; fiw
cz;Lgz;zp/ mtw;wpd; juj;ij bfLj;JtpLk;.

vypfs; kw;Wk; Rz;blypfs; (Rats and mice)

tay;fspy; bey; gapUf;F kpf mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toa tpy';fpd';fspy; vypfSk;/
Rz;blypfSk; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdit. bey; gaphpy; mit 5-10 rjk; tiuapy; nrjk;
tpistpf;ff;Toait. bey; gapiu vy;yh tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpYk; jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. bey;
gapiuj; jtpu/ gy;ntW fha;fwpg; gaph;fs;/ epyf;fliy. gapW tifg; gaph;fs;/ fUk;g[/ gUj;jp/ nfH;tuF/
vs;/ bjd;id nghd;wtw;iwa[k; mjpf mstpy; jhf;fp nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait. nkYk; nrkpg;g[f;
fpl';FfspYk; mit nrkpg;g[j; jhdpa';fisa[k;/ tpis bghUl;fisa[k; kw;Wk; czt[g; bghUl;fisa[k;
jhf;fp mjpf mstpy; nrjk; tpistpf;ff;Toait. vypfs; bghJthf tay; vypfs;/ tPl;L vypfs;
vd;W ,uz;L gphpt[fshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;oUf;fpd;wd.
(i) tay; vypfs; - ,e;jg; gphpitr; nrh;e;j vypfs; tay;btspfspYk;/
tug;g[fspYk; tisfis mikj;J mtw;wpDs; trpf;Fk;. tay;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gaph;fisa[k;/
gHr;brofisa[k; jhf;Fk;. jkpH; ehl;oy; 4 ,d';fisr; nrh;e;j vypfs; mlh; rhk;gy; fye;j gGg;g[
epwj;jpYk;/ clypd; mog;gFjp rhk;gy; fye;j btz;ik epwj;jpYk;/ nuhk';fsw;w/ bjspthd
tisa';fshfj; bjhpa[k; fz;l';fisf; bfhz;l thy; ghfj;ijf; bfhz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;. jiya[k;/
cly; ghfKk; nrh;e;J 15-23 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ thy; 15-18 br.kP ePsj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
tay; vypfs; bghpa gy tist[fisf; bfhz;l tisfspy; trpf;Fk;. tisfs; 9-12 kPl;lh;
ePsj;jpYk;/ 1.0-1.5 kPl;lh; MHj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. tisfspDs; mtw;wpd; ghJfhg;g[f;bfd mndf kz;
jLg;g[fis mikj;jpUf;Fk;. xt;bthU tisf;Fk; 4-5 jpwt[fs; ,Ue;jhYk; vyp tHf;fkhfg;
gad;gLj;Jk; thapypy; g[jpjhfj; njhz;o btspna js;sg;gl;oUf;Fk; kz] Ftpay; fhzg;gLk;
tay; vypfs; g[w;fs;/ fpH';Ffs;/ jhdpa';fs; nghd;wtw;iw czthff; bfhs;Sk; jkpH; ehl;oy;
bey; gapUf;Fk;. gapW tifg; gaphfSf;Fk; ,it mjpf nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. Kjph;e;j gaphpy;
vypfs; fjph;fis btl;o vLj;J tisfspDs; nrkpj;Jitf;Fk;. xU tisapDs; 2 fpnyh tiuapy;
jhdpa';fs; nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;.
(ii) g[y; vyp (Gerbil Rat) - ,e;j ,dj;ijr nrh;e;j vypfs; tay; vypfis tpl cUtj;jpy; rpwait.
jiya[k;/ clk;g[k; nrh;e;J Rkhh; 13 br.kP. ePsj;jpYk;/ thy; Rkhh; 10 br.kP. ePsj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk; mtw;wpd;
clypd; nky;gFjp fUk; gGg;g[ fye;j rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk;/ mit gaphplg;gLk; epy';fspy;/ taypYk;/ tay;
tug;g[fspYk; tisfs; njhz;o/ mjDs; trpf;Fk;. tisfs; tay; vypfspd; tisfisg;nghy

187
fhzg;gl;lhYk;/ mtw;wpd; ePsKk;/ mfyKk; Fiwthfnt ,Uf;Fk;. xU tisapDs; xd;Wf;Fk;
nkw;gl;l vypfs; trpf;Fk;. xU vyp xnu rkaj;jpy; 1-12 Fl;ofs;tiu nghlf;ToaJ.
(iii) bfh;gpy; vyp (Gerbil Rat) - ,e;j ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j vypfspd; nky; g[wk;/ rptg;g[ fye;j rhk;gy;
epwj;jpYk;. mog;g[wk; btz;ik epwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. mit tPl;L vypfspd; mstpnyna fhzg;gLk;.
jiya[k;/ clYk; nrh;e;J Rkhh;18 br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ thy; gFjp KGtJk; nuhk';fSlDk;/ thypd;
Edpapy; Fj;jhf/ fUik epw ePz;l nuhk';fSlDk; bjd;gLk;. jhdpa';fs;/ bkd;ikahd jz;Lg;
ghf';fs;/ nth;fs;/ ,iyfs;/ gH';fs;/ g[w;fs; nghd;wtw;iw cz;qk;. gaph;fspd; vy;yh tsh;r;rpg;
gUt';fspYk; nrjk; tpistf;ff;Toait.
(iv) tay; Rz;blyp (Field Mouse) - ,e;j ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j vypfs; rpwpaitfshff; fhzg;gLk;.
jiya[k;/ clYk; nrh;e;J Rkhh; 8 br.kP ePsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. thy; bky;ypajhft[k;/ nuhk';fs; ,y;yhkYk;/
ePsk; Fiwthf/ Rkhh; 5 br.kP ePsj;jpYk; rpwpa fhy;fisf; bfhz;Lk; bjd;gLk;. clypd; nky; g[wk;
gGg;g[ epwkhft[k;/ mog;g[wk; btz;ikahft[k; fhzg;gLk;.
(v) tPl;L vypfs; rhjhuz tPl;L vypfs; (Commin House Rats) - ,e;j ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j
vypfspd; nky; ghfk;/ gGg;g[ fye;j rhk;gy; epwj;jpYk;/ mog;ghfk; fUik epwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. jiya[k;.
clYk; nrh;e;J Rkhh; 11.5 br.kP ePsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;/ thy; gFjp bgUk;ghYk; mjpf ePskhft[k;/ 11.5 – 28.3
br.kP ePsj;jpYk;/ bky;ypajhft[k; clypy; bkd;ikahd nuhk';fs; fhzg;gLk;. mit epyj;Jf;F
moapy; tisfspnyh my;yJ tPLfspYs;s Tiug;gFjpfspnyh my;yJ kiwthd ,l';fspnyh
trpf;Fk;. vy;yh tpjkhd fha;fwpfs;/ fhy;eil jPtd';fs;/ jhdpa';fs; kw;Wk; mirt czt[fisa[k;
cz;qk;. nrkpg;g[ miwfs;/ nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffspy; mit mjpf ehrk; tpistpf;ff;Toait.

rhjhuz ,e;jpa vyp my;yJ ku vyp (Common Indian Rat) - ,e;j ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j
vypfspd; nky;ghfk;/ rptg;g[ my;yJ k";rs; fye;J gGg;g[ epwj;jpYk;/ mog;;ghfk; eyy btz;ik
epwkhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. mit bjd;id kuj;jpYs;s ,sk; fha;fisf; foj;J/ Jisj;J cs;spUf;Fk;
,dpg;ghd ,sePiuf; Fof;Fk;. Jisf;fg;gl;l fha;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fPnH cjph;e;J fplf;Fk;.

vypfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;

,aw;if Kiw fl;Lg;ghL
vypfSf;F ,aw;ifapnyna mndf vjphpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit
g{idfs;/ Me;ijfs;/ fPhpg;gps;isfs;/ ghk;g[fs; nghd;wit. ,J nghd;w ,aw;if vjphpfs; Vuhskhd
vz;zpf;ifapy; tay; btspfspy; vypfisg; gpoj;J cz;fpd;wd. kiHa[k;/ ,aw;ifapy; vyp[fis
mHpf;f cjt[fpwJ. mjpf kiHf;Fg; gpd;dh; tisfspDs; fhzg;gLk; mndf vypf;Fl;ofs;
jz;zPhpy; KH;fp koe;J tpLfpd;wd.

bgsjPf Kiwfs;
tPLfis mLj;Jk;/ rhiynahu';fspy;/ nrkpg;g[f; fpl';Ffis mLj;Jk; Fg;ig Ts';fs;/
ntz;lhj bghUl;fs; nghd;tw;iw Ftpay;fshf gy ehl;Lfs; bjhlh;eJ nghl;L itf;fhky;. Rj;jkhfg;

188
guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;. nrkpg;g[g; bghUl;fis jiuapny bfhl;o itf;fhky;/ jiuapypUe;J Fiwe;j gl;rk;
4.5 br.kP cauj;jpy; guz;fspd; nky; nfhzpg;igfspy; fl;o mLf;fp itf;f ntz;Lk;. czt[g;
gz;l';fis cnyhfj;jpdhyhd my;yJ gpsh!;of; bfhs;fy';fspy; itf;f ntz;Lk;. tPLfspy;
kw;Wk; nrkpg;g[f; fpl';FfspYs;s jiufs; kw;Wk; Rth;fspYs;s xl;ilfis milj;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
fjt[/ $d;dy; nghd;wtw;wpy; xl;ilfs; fhzg;gl;lhy; mtw;iw cnyhfj; jfLfs; bfhz;L milj;J
tpl ntz;Lk;. tPl;oy; kw;Wk; tay;fspYs;s vypfig; gpoj;J mHpf;f Tz;Lg; bghwpfs;/ fpLf;fpg;
bghwpfs;/ \';fpy; tpy; bghwpfs; nghd;w gy tifg; bghwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. j";rht{h;
\';fpy; tpy; bghwp bey; tay;fspy; vypfisg; gpoj;J mHpf;f mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
xU tif bfl;oahd/ ed;F xl;lf; Toa gir nghd;w bghUis ml;ilapy; jltp vypfs;
elkhLk; ,l';fspy; itg;gjd; \yk;/ vypfs; mjpy; xl;of; bfhs;Sk; nghJ mtw;iwg; gpoj;J
mHpf;fyhk;. ,J nghd;w xl;Lg; bghwpfs; jw;rkak; cldoahf cgnahfpf;fff; Toa epiyapy;
fpilf;fpd;wd. tPl;L vypfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ,g;bghwpfis gad;gLj;jyhk;.

caphpay; Kiwfs;
tay; btspfspy; M';fh';nf guyhf 1.0-1.5 kPl;lh; caukhd Fr;rpfis el;L/ mtw;wpd; Edpapy;
itf;nfhy; gphpia Rw;wpf; fl;o itf;f ntz;Lk;. ,J Me;ijg; ge;jk; vdg;gLk;. ,ut[ ntisfspy;
Me;ijfs; ,e;jg; ge;j';fspd; nky; mkh;e;jpUe;J./ btspapy; elkhLk; vypfisg; gpoj;J cz;qk;.
Jzpf;Fg; gjpyhf rpwpa ghidfspy; nky; btz;ik epwg; g[s;spfis tiue;J/ Fr;rpfspd; nky;
ftpH;j;Jk; itf;fyhk;.

kUe;Jfisg; gad;Lgj;Jjy;
,e;jpahtpy; vypfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j rp';f; gh!;@igl;/ thh;ghhpd;/ g[nuhkhilyhd; nghd;w
kUe;Jfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

ej;ijfs; (Snails)
rpy tif ej;ijfSk;/ fha;fwpg;gaph;fs;/ bey; ehw;Wf;fs; nghd;wtw;wpd; ,iyfis cz;L
nrjk; tpistpf;ff; Toait. bey; tay;fspy; 15 br.kP-f;F mjpfkhf ePh; nj';fpapUf;Fk; nghJ
ej;ijfspd; nrjk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.

fl;Lg;ghL
(i) ej;ijfs; mjpfkhf; fhzg;gLk; tay;fspypUe;J ePiu toj;J tpl ntz;Lk;. (ii) nfhJikj;
jtpl;Lld; bkl;lhy;oiQl; (MEtaldehyde) my;yJ ghhP!; fphPd; (Paris geen) vd;Dk; kUe;ijf; fye;J/
er;Rf; fth]r;rp czt[ jahhpj;J ej;ijfisf; fth;e;J mHpf;fyhk;.

189
gwitfs; (birds)
rpy khj';fs; tay;fspy; epw;Fk; gaph;fs/; gHr; brofs;/ fha; fwpfs; nghd;wtw;iw jhf;fp mjpf
nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. ntW rpy gwitfs; mWtil rka';fspy; fs';fspYk; kw;Wk; tPLfspYk;
jhdpa';fs; cz;L nrjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. gwits; mit cz;gijf; fhl;oYk; mjpf mstpy; nrjk;
tpistpf;fpd;wd.
gr;irf; fpspfs; kf;fhr;nrhsk;/ nrhsk;/ fk;g[/ nfhJik/ ghh;yp nghd;w gap[h;fspd; fjph;fis
btl;oa[k;/ jhdpa';fis cz;Lk; nrjk; tpistpg;gnjhL/ bfha;ah/ kh/ khJis nghd;w gH
ku';fspYs;s gH';fisf; foj;J cz;Lk;/ bfhj;jp nrjg;gLj;jt[k; bra;fpd;wd.
rpl;Lf; FUtpfs; nrhsk;/ rpW jhdpa';fs; nfhJik bey;/ rpwpa gH';fs; nghd;wtw;iw cz;L
nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. fs';fspYk;/ tPLfspYk; Tl mit jhdpa';fis bghWf;fp cz;fpd;wd.
fhf';fs;/ nrhsk;/ epyf;fliy/ nfhJik/ rpW jhdpa';fs; nghd;wtw;iw cz;gnjhL/ gg;ghsp/ kh/
bfha;ah nghd;w gH';fisa[k; bfhj;jp cz;Lk;/ rpijj;Jk; nrjk; cz;L gz;qfpd;wd. g[whf;fs;/
Kjph;e;j gaph;fspYs;s jhdpa';fis cz;gnjhL/ tpijj;j tay;fspy;/ jhdpa';fisa[k; bghWf;fp
cz;fpd;wd.

fl;Lg;ghL
(i) tay;fis mLj;J fhzg;gLk; gwitfs; j';ff; Toa ,l';fis mHpg;gnjhL/ gwitfspd;
TLfisa[k; mg;g[wg;gLj;jp mHpf;fyhk;. (ii) ftz;fis gad;gLj;jp/ fw;fis vwpjy;/ ntl;L itj;J
xyp vGg;g[jy;/ jfu lg;ghg;ghf;fs;/ bfhl;L nghd;wtw;iw moj;J xyp vGg;g[jy;/ tay;fspy;
bghk;ikfis epWj;jp itj;jy; nghd;w KiwfshYk; gwitfis tpul;lyhk;. (iv) Fwpg;gpl;l 10-15 epkpl
,ilbtspapy; gyj;j ntl;L rg;jk; vGg;gf; Toa gwit tpul;Lk; fUtpia (Bird Scarrer)
gad;gLj;jpa[k; gwitfis tpul;lyhk;.

190
 34. g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfs; tifg;ghL kw;Wk; bray;jpwd;
(g[jpa jiyKiw g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs;)

g{r;rp kUe;Jfs; ekf;F ntz;lg;glhj rpy caphpd';fis mHpf;f cUthf;fg;gl;lit. vdnt

mtw;wpy; er;Rj;jd;ik ,Ug;gjpy; Mr;rhpakpy;iy. Mfnt rhpahd Kiwapy; mitfs; ifahsg;
glhtpl;lhy; ekf;Fk; ek;ikr; rhh;e;j caphpd';fSf;Fk; rpy jPa tpist[fs; Vw;gLj;j tha;g;g[s;sJ.
g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfspy; gy;ntW gphpt[fs; cs;sd mitfs; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l gz;g[fis
cilad. m';fff;Fnshupd/; m';ffg; gh!;gu!;/ fhh;gnkl; kw;Wk; braw;ifg; ighpj;uha;Lfs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp tifg;ghL:
m';fff;Fnshhpd;
O.O.o./ ilnfhghy;/ gp.vr;.rp/ My;ohpd;/ lay;ohpd;/ Fnshh;nld;/ vd;nlh ry;@ghd;/ vd;ohpd;
kw;Wk; lhf;rhgpd; ,t;tiff;F cjhuz';fshFk;. ,tw;wpy; fhh;gd; mjhtJ fhp/ iQl;u$d;/ kw;Wk;
Fnshhpd; vdg;gLk; \yf;Twpd; ghFghLfs; fhzg;gLk;. rpytw;wpy; gpuhztha[t[k; fe;jfKk;
fhzg;gLk;.
,tw;wpd; er;Rj;jd;ik ePz;l fhyk; v";rp epw;f ty;yJ. Mfnt Rw;Wg; g[wr;R{Hypy; mjpf fhyk;
epiyj;J ,Uf;f ty;yjhy; rpy gpd; tpist[fSf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd. vd;ohpd; kw;Wk; lhf;rhgpd;
jil bra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. o.oo. tptrhag; gaphpy; gad;gLj;j jil tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fnshh;nld;/
bQg;lhf;Fnshh;/ My;ohpd;/ kw;Wk; lay;ohpd; Kjypad
1994 k; Mz;Lf;Fg;gpd; cgnahfpf;f jil tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. m';fff;Fnshhpd; er;Rf;fspd;
bghJthd Fztpay;g[fisf; Fwpg;gplntz;Lkhdhy;/
 ,itfs; bgUk;ghYk;/ bjhL/ Fly; kw;Wk; rpwpjst[ tha[ er;rhFk;.
 er;Rj;jd;ik ePz;l ehl;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
 czh; m';f';fisa[k; euk;g[ kz;lyj;ija[k; jhf;Fk;.
 g[{rzp tiff; bfhofSf;F CW tpistpf;ff;ToaJ.
 kht[g;g[{r;rpfs/; brjpy; g[{r;rpfs; Kjypatw;iw mjpfkhff; fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.
 bghJthf ghy;/ bfhGg;g[ kw;Wk; tpy';fpd; bfhGg;g[g;ghf';fspy; j';fp mjd; mst[ bkJthff;
TLk;.
 kz;zpy; ePz;l ehl;fs; er;Rj;jd;ika[ld; ,Uf;ff;ToaJ.
,e;jf;Fz';fs; bghJthditna/ rpy er;Rf;fspy; tpjp tpyf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk;.
m';ff gh!;gu!;
,itfs; gaph; ghJfhg;gpy; xU g[jpa rfhg;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jpait. ,d;iwa mstpy; mjpfkhf
gad;gLj;jf;Toa g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; ,t;tifna ,itfs; m';fff; Fnshhpd; tiffisf; fhl;oYk;
Mw;wy; kpf;f fLk; e";rpypUe;J btF Fiwthd Mw;wYs;s e";R tiu tphpe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

191
,itfspd; er;Rj;jd;ik clypy; khw;wg;gl;L jpRf;fspdpd;Wk; tpiutpy; fHpf;fg;gLtJ Vw;g[ila
rpwe;j gz;ghFk;.
 bgUk;ghyhdit bjhL kw;Wk; Fly; er;Rj;jd;ika[ilad. v.fh khyj;jpahd;/ Ftpdhy;gh!;
 rpy tha[ er;Rj;jd;ika[ilaJ. v.fh ilf;Fnyhh;th!;.
 rpy CLUtpg;gha[k; er;Rj;jd;ik bfhz;lit. v.fh nkhndhFnuhl;nlhgh!;/ nghnul;/ mrpngl;/
ilkpijnahl;.
,itfs; euk;g[ kz;lyj;jpy; cUthFk; nfhypbd!;onu!; vdg;gLk; xU tif behjpg;
bghUis ghjpj;J typg;g[ tur; bra;J bfhy;Yk;.

fhu;gnkl;Lfs;
,it gy gz;g[fspy; m';ffg;gh!;gu!; tifia xj;J cs;sd. mit nghynt
,t;tifapidr;rhh;e;j g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfSk; tpiutpy; er;Rj;jd;ik khw;wg;gl;L clypdpd;W
btspnaw;wg;gl;L tpLfpd;wd. ,itfSk; nfhypbd!;onu!; behjpg;bghUis ghjpj;J ,wg;ig
cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
 rpy bjhL kw;Wk; Fly; er;Rj;jd;ika[ilaJ – fhh;ghpy;.
 rpy cLUtpg; gha[k; er;Rj;jd;ik bfhz;lit – fhh;nghgpa[{uhd;/ fhh;nghry;ghd;.

braw;ifg; ighpj;uha;Lfs;
,itfs; tpiutpy; ,aw;ifahf er;Rj;jd;ik Kwpt[w;W tpLtjhy; m';ffg; gh!;gu!; kw;Wk;
fhh;gnkl;Lfs; nghynt ,itfSk; cly;fspy; nj';fp epw;gjpy;iy. ,itfs; bjhL kw;Wk; Fly;
er;Rj;jd;ik bfhz;lit. my;ypj;hpd/; bgd;thynul;/ irg;gh;bkj;hpd;/ bly;lhbkj;hpd;/ @g[Sntypndl;
nghd;wit ,t;tiff;F cjhuz';fshFk;.
,itfspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;g[fs;.
 g[{r;rpfis clnd kaf;fkilar; bra;a[k;. ,jdhy; bfhRtj;jpfspy; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.
v.fh my;ypj;hpd;.
 kw;w tpy';fpd';fSf;F mt;tsthf jP';F tpistpf;fhJ.
 Fiwe;j mst[ g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;J nghJkhdJ – bly;lhbkj;hpd; 15 fp/bQ – bgd;thyupl;
75 fp/bQ.
 ,tw;why; cz;lhFk; jPait vd;W ghh;j;jhy;/ rhW cwp";Rk; g[{r;rpfis kW vGr;rp
bfhs;sj;J}z;Lk; - v.fh gUj;jp mRtpdp/ ,iyjj;Jg;g[{r;rp/ bey; g[ifahd;.
 mof;fo gad;gLj;jpdhy; g[{r;rpfspy; g[{r;rp kUe;J vjpu;g;g[j;jpwd; bgUf tHpnfhYk; -
Qpypahj;jp!; g[G/ g[Sbly;yhg;g[G.

192
tha[ kUe;Jfs;
,itfs; Mtp epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; jd;ika[ilait. ,J g{r;rpfs;/ E}w; g[Gf;fs;/ vypfs;
Mfpatw;iwf; bfhy;Yk; er;Rg; bghUshFk;.

,itfspd; Kf;fpaj; jd;ikfs;:

 ey;ybjhU tha[ kUe;J rhjhuz btg;g epiyapy; Tl Mtpahff; ToaJ.
 ey;y CLUtpr;bry;Yk; jpwd; gilj;jit.
 rpWff; rpWf MtpahFk; jpwd; cs;sit. kz;zpy; cs;s E}w;g[Gf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
ty;yit.
 tpijfspd; Kisg;g[j;jd;ikiaf; Fiwj;jy; TlhJ.
tha[ kUe;Jfisf; bfhz;L taypy; ,Uf;Fk; vypfisf; bfhy;yyhk; - gh!:gpd; khj;jpiu.
Milfs;/ g[j;jf';fs; Kjypatw;iwj;jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfis mHpf;fyhk; - ghuh ilFnshnuh
bgd;rPd;/ ehg;jypd; (me;J cUz;il).
kz;zpy; ,Uf;Fk; E}w; g[Gf;fisa[k; nrkpg;g[f; fpl';fpy; jhdpa';fis nrjg;gLj;Jk;
g[{r;rpfis mHpf;fyhk; - vj;jpypd; ilg[nuhikl;/ bkj;jpy; g[nuhikL/ gh!;gpd; khj;jpiufs;.

vypf;bfhy;ypfs;
vypfis xHpg;gjw;F gytpj vyp kUe;Jfs; cgnahfj;jpYs;sd. bgUk;ghd;ikahd kUe;Jfs;
VjhtJ xU tif czt[ld; fye;J vypfis fth;e;J bfhy;yg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
$p';f; gh!;igL - ,J fhpg;bgho nghd;wpUf;Fk;. ,j;J}is btspna vLj;jhy; gh!;gPd; vd;Dk;
er;Rg;g[if btsp tUk;. ,uz;L my;yJ \d;W ghfk; kUe;Jld; 98 my;yJ 97 ghfk; jPdp fye;J
itf;fyhk;.
gh!;gpd; - ,J er;Rg; g[if khj;jpiufshf Fg;gp my;yJ lg;ghf;fspy; milj;J tpw;fg;gLfpwJ.
xt;bthU khj;jpiua[k; 8 fpuhk; vila[s;sJ. ,k;khj;jpiuapy; fhw;wpd; <uk; gl;lt[ld; er;R tha[
btspg;gLk;.
g[nuhnkhlayhd; - ,k;kUe;J ,uj;jf; frpt[ Vw;gLj;jp vypfisf; bfhy;y ty;yJ. jPdpapy;
fye;J kUe;J tpy;iyfs; totkhf tpw;gid bra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

Ez;qaph; g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp
ngrpy;y!; Jhp";rpad;rp!; vd;w Ez;qaph; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp/ QPypahj;jp!; kw;Wk;
g[Sbly;yh ,sk; g[Gf;fisf; bfhy;y ty;yJ. Fly; er;Rj; jd;ika[ilaJ.

193
g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; bray;jpwd;:
gaph; ghJfhg;gpy; ,g;nghJ gytifahd g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfs; cgnahfj;jpy; cs;sd. ,itfs;
gy;ntW Fz tiffisr; nrh;e;jdthFk;. ,itfis mtw;wpd; ntjpapay; jd;ik/ gpuntrj;
jd;ik my;yJ bray;gLk; jd;ik bghUj;Jk; gy tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
1. gpuntrj; jd;ik
g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfspd; gpuntrj; jd;ikia xl;o mtw;iw \d;W gphpt[fisg; gphpf;fyhk;.
mitahtd Fly; er;R / bjhL er;R kw;Wk;; tha[ er;R. rpy g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; ,k;\d;W
gphpt[fSf;F cjhuzkhf mika[k; (gp.vr;.rp./). nkYk; XhpU g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; jtpu jw;fhyj;jpy;
g[Hfj;jpy; cs;s g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfs; xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l Fz eyd;fis bfhz;litahFk;.
2. ntjpapay; jd;ik
,j;jd;ikia xl;o mtw;iw md';ff kw;Wk; m';ff g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; vd ,U
bghJg; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. jw;nghJ cgnahfj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUk; bgUk;ghyhd
g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; braw;if m';ff tifapdthFk;. fe;jfk;/ fUe;Jj;jk; Kjypad md';ff
tifapdthFk;.
3. er;rpay; jd;ik
m. cly; er;R
,t;tifg; g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfis ,urhad khw;wkpd;wp g[{r;rpfspd; clypypUe;J ePiu
btspnaw;wp my;yJ Rthrj;ijg; ghjpg;gjd; \yk;; kuzj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; . cjhuzk;: Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l
bts;isf;fsp kz;/ rhk;gy;/ jhJ vz;izfs;/ bgl;nuhypak; vz;izfs;.

M. g[nuhl;nlh gpsh!;kpf; er;R

,t;tifg; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfs; Flypd; vgpjPypa jpRtpYs;s bry;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
g[nuhl;nlhgpshrj;ij jhf;fp mJ bfl;oj;JtpLk;go bra;J tpLfpwJ. cjhuzk;: ghjurk;/ jhkpuk; fye;j
er;Rfs;/ Mh;ridl;Lfs;.

,. euk;g[ er;R
,t;tif er;rhdJ euk;g[ kz;lyj;ij jhf;fp kuzj;ij cz;lhFk;. g[w euk;g[ kz;lyj;jpy; cly;
,a';Fk; bjhFjp kw;Wk; jhzpa';F bjhFjp cs;sd. jhzpa';F euk;g[ kz;lyj;jpy;/ ghpt[ euk;g[ kw;Wk;
vjph;g;ghpt[ euk;g[g; gFjpfs; vd ,Utiffs; cs;sd. jhdpa';F euk;g[ kz;lyj;jpy; ,t;tpU gFjpfSk;
xd;wpw;F xd;W vjpuhf ntiy bra;git. ghpt[ euk;g[j;J}z;Ljy; fz; ghh;itiar; tpuptilar;;
bra;fpwJ. vr;rpy; kw;Wk; fz;zPh; CWjiyj; jLf;fpwJ. vjpu;g;gupt[ euk;g[j;J}z;Ljy; fz;ghu;itia
RU';fr; bra;fpwJ. vr;rpy; kw;Wk; fz;zPu; CWjiy ntfg;gLj;JfpwJ. jir re;jpg;g[fspy; cs;s
flj;Jk; bghUs; ehh;vgpbeg;hpd; MFk;. cly; ,af;f euk;g[/ vjph;g; ghpt[ euk;g[ jir re;jpg;g[fspYk; cly;
,af;F euk;g[ jir re;jpg;g[fspYk; kw;Wk; ghpt[/ vjph;g;ghpt[ euk;g[j; jpus;fspy; mrpily; nfhiyd;
flj;Jk; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,f;flj;Jk; bghUs; nfhypbd!;onu!; vdg;gLk; behjpg; bghUs;
czh;t[ th';fpfspy; nrh;e;J czh;tiyfs; vGg;g J}z;Ljy; bra;J Koe;jt[ld; behjpg; bghUshy;

194
rpijf;fgl;L brayw;wjhf Mf;FfpwJ. m';ffg; gh!:gu!; kw;Wk; fhh;gnkl; tifiar; rhh;e;j
g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; nfhypbd!:onu!; behjpg; bghUis bray;gltplhky; jLf;fpwJ. ,jdhy;
mrpily;nfhypd; bjhlh;e;J J}z;Ljy; bra;tjdhy; czh;tiyfs; njitapd;wp mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd.
,jdhy; euk;g[ kz;lyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;L typg;g[ my;yJ ,Gg;g[ cz;lhFfpwJ. gf;fthjk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
euk;g[ kz;lyj;jpy; czh;tiyfs; xG';fhf mDg;gg;gLtjw;F madpfspy; Fwpg;ghf nrhoak;/
bghl;lhrpak; kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; fl;Lg;ghlhd CLUty; Kf;fpakhFk;. O.O.o. kw;Wk; braw;if
ighpj;jpuha;L kUe;Jfs; madpfspd; gut[jy; my;yJ CLUtiy (fl;Lg;ghlw;wjhf)
xH';fPdg;gLj;Jtjd; \yk; bjhlh;e;J ghjpf;fg;gl;L kuzk; rk;gtpf;fpwJ.
rpytifg; g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs; (epnfhod;)/ mrpily;nfhypd; nghd;W ghtidiar; bra;J czh;t[
th';fpia mile;J J}z;Ljiyr; bra;fpwJ. mrpily; nfhypbd!:onu!: behjpg;bghUs; ,jid
brayw;wjhf;f ,ayhjjhy; njitapd;wp bjhlh;e;J czh;tiyfs; Vw;gl fhuzkhfp euk;g[ kz;lyk;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

<. tsh;r;rpij khw;wj; jLg;ghd;

g[{r;rpapd; tsh;r;rpapy; vf;iln!hd; kw;Wk; $^tidy; Qhh;nkhd; nghd;w Qhh;nkhd;fs;
Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpd;wd. ilg[~nuh bgd;rPd; nghd;w kUe;Jfs; g[{r;rpfspd; btspj; njhy;
tsh;r;rpapy; ,ila[{W Vw;gLj;jp kuzk; Vw;gl tHp tFf;fpwJ.

c. Rthr er;Rfs;
Rthr cWg;g[fspd; tHpahf cl;brd;W bry;fspy; Vw;gLk; Rthrj;ij jil bra;Jk;/
Rthrj;jpw;Fhpa vd;i!k;fisr; bray;glhky; jil bra;Jk; kuzj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;. tha[
g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; ,t;tifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;.

195
 35. g[jpajiyKiw g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp

Mf;rhilmrpd;fs;
,z;lhf;nrhfhu;g;: ,jd; tPupa \yf;TW nrhoak; madp euk;g[ bry;fSf;Fs; g[Ftij jLg;gjd;\yk;/
,yf;F g[{r;rpfis gf;fthjj;jpw;F cs;shf;fp kuzpf;fr;bra;fpwJ.

!;gpnehrapd;fs;: ,it !f;fhnuhghyp!;nghnuhvdg;gLk; kz; Ez;zpapupapdhy; behjpj;jy;

Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLk; vl;L TWfspd; fyitahFk;. v.fh. !;gpndhrhl;

mtu;bkf;od;fs;: ,it E}w;g;g[Gf;bfhy;yp/ rpye;jpf;bfhy;yp kw;Wk; g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp gz;g[fisf;

bfhz;l g[jpa tif \yf;TwhFk;. ,it !;l;bug;nlhikrp!; mtu;kpoyp!; vdg;gLk; kz;
Ez;zpapupapdhy; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLk;. mtu;bkf;od;fs; fhgh nfl;ll; FnshiuL ghijiaj;
jLf;Fk; tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,J mjpfg;goahFk; nghJ g[{r;rp kuzpf;fpwJ. v.fh. ,khbkf;od;
bgd;nrhnal; kw;Wk; mghbkf;od;.

epnahdpf;nfhl;odhapLfs;: bts;is <f;fs;/ mRtpzp kw;Wk;; ,iyj; jj;Jg;g[{r;rpfs; nghd;w

rhWz;zpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;/ kpft[k; gaDs;s g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp FGthFk;. ,it
epf;nfhodhapoypUe;J braw;if Kiwapy; bgwg;gl;l g[jpa Kf;fpa tu;f;fg; g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs;. ,it
g[{r;rpapd; epf;bfhl;oepf; mrpilapy;bfhypd; Vw;gpia ghjpf;fpwJ. v.fh. mrpl;lhikgpupl;/
Fnshjahepod;/ ,kplhFnshgpupl;/ iel;bld;gapbuk;/ jahFnshgpupl; kw;Wk; jahkPj;jhf;!k;.

ignuhy;fs; : ,it Mf;!p$ndw;w gh!;ghupny#d; jLg;ghd;fs;. ikl;nlhfhz;oupahtpy;

Mf;!p$ndw;w gh!;ghupny#dpd; vyf;l;uhd; nghf;Ftuj;J bray;Kiwapy; ,izg;g[ ePf;fpahf
bray;gLfpwJ. mJ jir RUf;fj;jpw;F mtrpakhd Vogp cUthf;fj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ. v.fh.
Fnshu;gpdhgapu;.

g[{r;rp tsu;r;rp Cf;fpfs;

ifl;od; cUthf;fj; jLg;ghd;fs;: ,it g[{r;rpapd; g[wvYk;g[ cUthf;fj;jpy; ifl;od; jahupg;ig epWj;jp
njhy; cupg;igj; jLg;gjhy;/ tpiutpy; kuzpf;ff;Toa KGik bgwhj g[{r;rpia cUthf;FfpwJ. ,J
Kl;ilapLjiyj; jLg;gnjhL Kl;ilapy; kyl;Lj;jd;ikia/ ,uz;lhk;epiy tsu;r;rpa[{f;fp
eltof;ifapd; \yk; bra;fpwJ.
bray;gLk; Kiw: ifl;od; kPjhd ghjpg;g[ - Kd;ndhofisf; Ftpj;jy; (DFB f;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l
g[{r;rpfspy; FSf;bfh!kpd; Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ)
v.fh. il@g;Sbgd;rpa[{uhd;/ il@g;Sbgd;rpa[{uhd;/ ehty;a[{uhd;

196
$^tdapy; Qhu;nkhd; (JH;) nghd;W njhw;wkspg;git :
xU tsh; epiyapypUe;J kw;w epiyf;F khwhky; xU g[G bjhlu;e;J g[Gthfnt ,Uf;fr;bra;a[k;.
,jdhy; njhy; cjpu;f;fnth/ cz;znth/ ,dg;bgUf;fnth Koahj FiwghLs;s ,ilepiy
tot';fs; cUthfpd;wd.
i. g[Gf;fisf; bfhy;Yk; tpist[
ii. Kl;ilfisf; bfhy;Yk; tpist[
iii. lahgh!; ClWf;Fk; tpist[
iv. fU cUthtijj; jLf;Fk; tpist[
v.fh. kPj;njhgpupd; (My;nlhrpl;)/ Qapl;nuhgpupd; (b$d;uhy;/ My;nlhru;)/ fpndhgpupd; (vd;r;lu;)/
gpndhf;rpfhu;g;/ igapupg;nuhf;!pbgd;.

@ghu;kikod;fs;: Fnshu;ilkp@ghu;k; kw;Wk; mkpl;uh!; nghd;w ,it jdpj;jd;ika[s;s

gapiuj;jhf;ff;Toa rpye;jp/ cz;zp kw;Wk;; g[{r;rp tiffspd; (byg;gplhg;ouh kw;Wk; bQkpg;ouh)
Mf;lhghikd; Vw;gpapd; ,af;fpahf bray; gLfpwJ.

fPl;nlh<dhy; : ,it bll;uhdpf; mkpy tifg; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp MFk;. ,it g[{r;;rpapd; midj;j
gUt';fspd; kPJk; bray; glf;Toa g[{r;;rpf; bfhy;yp kw;Wk; rpye;jpf;bfhy;ypahft[k;/ nkYk; gapu; vjpu;g;g[
nkyhz;ikapd; g[jpa mk;rkhft[k; tps';FfpwJ. v.fh. !;ignuhnkrp@bgd;/ !;ignuhilFnsh@bgd;
kw;Wk; !;ignuhbll;uhkl;.

@gpidy;igunrhy;fs; : ,e;j tifapd; ,yf;fhdJ fhgh nfl;ll; FnshiuL ghij MFk;.

,t;tifapy; @gpg;nuhdpy; kl;Lnk xnu g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypahf cs;sJ. ,J fhgh nfl;ll; FnshiuL ghij
kw;Wk; FSl;lhnkl; nfl;ll; FnshiuL (GluCl) ,tw;iw jil bra;J/ kj;jpa euk;g[ kz;lyj;ij
ghjpf;Fk; gue;j mstpyhd g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypahf cs;sJ.

ilmikl;fs;: ,J euk;g[ kz;lyj;jpd; Ca2+ rkepiyia ghjpf;fpwJ. v.fh. Fnshuhd;l;uhdpypg;nuhy;/

@g;Sbgd;ilmikL.

197
 36. g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp cUtf';fs; (Pesticide Formulations)/
g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp fyd;fs;; kw;Wk; jfty;fs;

ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfs; ed;F gyd; mspf;ft[k;/ gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfis

vspjhf;ft[k; ntz;o mit gy tpj cUtf';fspy; (Formulations) jahhpf;fg; gLfpd;wd. g[{r;rpf;
bfhy;yp cUtfk; vd;why; vd;d? xU g[{r;rp bfhy;ypia tzpf tpw;gidg; bghUshf khw;w mjDld;
jpl ePh;g;ghd; (Diluent) fisr; nrh;j;J miuj;Jk; my;yJ jput fiug;ghd; kw;Wk; vky;!pigah;
(Emulsifier)/ !;blgpiyrh; (Stabiliser) ,tw;iw nrh;j;J fyf;fpa[k; J}s; (Powder) my;yJ jput (liquid)
cUtf';fs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw th';fp neuoahf J}tnth my;yJ ePhpy; fiuj;J
bjspf;fnth gad;gLj;jyhk;.
g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp cUtf';fspy; cs;s tPhpag; gFjpf;F Mf;ot; ,d;fphPoad;l; (Activeingredient)
vdg; bgah;. ,ij RUf;fkhf V.I. (a.i) vdyhk;. g[{r;rpfis mHpf;Fk; jpwd; cila ,j;jifa tPhpag;
gFjp jpl/ jput my;yJ tha[UgKilaJ. ,tw;wpy; gy/ cUtf';fshf (Formulation) khw;wg;glhky;
neuoahf g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfshf gad; gLj;jKoahJ. fhuzk; mit bfhoa er;Rj; jd;ika[k/; ePhpy;
fiuahj;jd;ika[k; gaph;fis ghjpf;Fk; (Phytotoxicity) jd;ika[k; cilad.

g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp cUtf';fs;

bgUk;ghYk; J}t[ J}s; (dust) eid J}s; (WettablePowder) FUiz (Granule) kw;Wk; jputj;
jpul;L (EmulsionConentrate) fshf Mf;fg; gLfpd;wd.
(m) J}t[ J}s;fs; (Dusts)
tPhpag; gFjp (V.I) iaa[k;/ ePh;g;ghida[k; njitg;gLk; tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J 3 Kjy; 30
ikf;uhd; Jfs; mst[ (Particlesize) tUkhW ge;J kpy;ypy; (Ballmill) miuf;fg;gLk;. bghJthf
khf;fy; (Talc)/ ignuhgpy;iyl; (Pyrolphylhite)/ fnahypidl; (kaolinite) kw;Wk; bgz;nlhidl;
(bentonite) nghd;wit ePh;g;ghd;fshf gad;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; Kjy; ,uz;Lk; ePh; xl;lh
(Hydrophobic) jd;ika[k; gpd; ,uz;Lk; xl;Lk; (Hydrophillic) jd;ika[k; cilad. J}s;fis
gad;gLj;Jtjpy; rpy ed;ikfs; cs;sd. ,it kypthdit. mtw;wpd; ,LKiw Rygk;.
ePh;j;jl;Lg;ghL cs;s ,lj;jpw;F Vw;wit.
(M). eida[k; J}s;fs; (Wettable powders)
eida[k; J}s;fspy; tPhpag;gFjp (V.I) ePh;g;ghd; ,it jtpu xU eidg;ghDk; (Wettingagent)
xU fiyg;ghDk; (Dispersingagent) nrh;f;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypj; J}s;fs; ePhpy; ed;whf gphpe;J
rpwe;j fy';fiy (Suspension) jUk;. bgUk;ghYk; fnahypd; (Kaolin) ePh;g;ghd; Mf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
eida[k; J}s;fs; fPH;tUk; rpy jFjpfis bgw;wpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
 itg;gpy; (Storage) mit fl;oglhky; (Cake) ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.

198
 ePhpy; ,l;L fyf;Fk; nghJ mit clnd fy';fiy (Suspension) njhw;Wtpf;f ntz;Lk;.
,y;iybadpy;; mjpy; cs;s J}s;fs; bkJthf fPnH goa ntz;Lk;.
 bjspf;fg; gl ntz;oa gFjpfs; ed;whf eidf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;. bjspf;fg; gl;l kUe;J/ ,iy
Kjyhd nkw;gug;g[fspy; ehl;gl xl;o ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
 eida[k; J}s;fs; bghJthf 50 Kjy; 80 rjkhd tPhpag;gFjp (V.I) ,Uf;FkhW
jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. bgUk;ghd;ikahd g[{":rhzf; bfhy;yp/ fisf; bfhy;yp kw;Wk; rpy g[{r;rp
bfhy;ypfSk; eida[k; J}s;fshf jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
eida[k; J}s;fisg; gad; gLj;Jtjpy; gy ed;ikfs; cs;sd. njitahd mst[ kUe;Jfis
rhpahf gad;gLj;jp gyd; milayhk;.

(,). jputj;jpul;Lfs; (EmulsionConcentrates)

xU jputj;jpy; kw;bwhU jputk; tpua[k; (Disperse) nghJ Vw;gLk; ftiy (Colloid) jputj; jpul;L
(Emulsion) vdg;gLk;. xU jputj;jpl;od; gFjpahd jput';fs; mtw;wpd; jdpj;jd;ikia ,Hg;gjpy;iy.
jpl my;yJ jputj; jd;ika[ila blf;dpf;fy; (Technical) g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp. epyf;fhp jhh; vz;iz
(CoalTaroil)/ iQl;nuhfhh;gd; (Hydrocarbon) nghd;w fiug;ghd; (Solvent) kw;Wk; vky;!pigah;/
!;blgpiy!h; Mfpatw;iw njitg;gLk; tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J br';Fj;J (Vertical) cUis tot
nl';f;Fspy; ,l;L gy kzp neuk; fyf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW jahhpf;fg;gLk; jputj; jpul;Lfs; ePhpy; fye;J
bjspg;gjw;Fj ; jFe;jjhf cs;sd.

(<). FUizfs; (Granules)

bth;kpFiyl; (vermiculite) nghd;w fspkz;/ kzy;/ jhtuf; fHpt[fs;/ jz;zPUld; gpire;J
FUizfshf Mf;fp/ mtw;wpd; kPJ g[{r;rp bfhy;yp fiuriyj; bjspj;J FUiz tot cUtf';fs;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw jahhpg;gjpy; gy tpj ,ae;jpu Kiwfs; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd.
FUiz tot cUtk; gy mDTy';fis bfhz;lJ. CLUt[k; e";Rfs; (SystemicPesticides) FUiz
totpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L kz;zpYk; broapd; FUj;Jg; gFjpapYk; ,lg;gLfpd;wd. gaph; ghJfhg;g[j; jpwd;/
nrjhuf; Fiwt[/ fhw;W kiHahy; ghjpg;gpd;ik itg;g[ epiyg;ghL Mfpa ed;ikfs; FUiz tot
cUtf';fSf;F cz;L.

(c). Vnuh!hy;fs;; (Aerosols)

Vnuh!hy; vdg;gLtJ jplg;bghUs; xU tha[g; bghUspy; tputp epw;Fk; xU tif bfhyha;L
(Colloid) MFk;. gp.vr;.rp/ o.o.o nghd;w jpl epiy g[{r;rp bfhy;ypfis vhp bghUl;fnshL nrh;j;J vhpf;Fk;
nghJ mit Ez; nehf;fpw;F mg;ghh;g;gl;l (Ultramicroscopic) Ez; Jfs;fshf khw;wg;gl;L fhw;wpy;
kpjf;Fk; jd;ik milf;fpd;wd. ,it \lg;gl;l fl;ol mikg;g[ nghd;w ,l';fspy; </ bfhR kw;Wk;
gwf;Fk; g[{r;rpfis mHpf;f gad;gLk;.

199
(C) tha[ tiffs; (Fumigants)
tha[ er;R vdg;gLtJ g[{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nth;g;g[G Mfpatw;iw bfhy;yf; Toa tha[ +g
er;Rg; bghUs; MFk;. ,ij kz;zpy; ,l;Lk; / fl;olj;jpw;Fs; itj;Jk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy;
,tw;iw jpwe;J itj;jhy; vspjpy; er;R tha[it btspapLk; ,tw;wpw;F cjhuzk; fhh;gd; il
!y;igL/ fhh;gd; bll;uh FnshiuL/ kpijy; g[nuhikL MFk;.
g[{r;rp bfhy;yp cUtf';fis gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ehk; fPH; tUk; rpy tpjpKiwfis ftdj;jpy;
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
1. eid J}s; kw;Wk; jputj;jpul;L Mfpatw;iw fhyhtjp (Expirydate) Kotjw;F Kd;ng
gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
2. jput +g cUtf bfhy;fsd; ed;whf FYf;fpa gpwF ePhpy; fyf;f ntz;Lk;.
3. g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp fy';fy; (Suspension) jahhpf;fg;gLk; fyd;fs; gpsh!:of; my;yJ
mYkpdpaj;jpy; Mdjhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk.; $p.$. (G.I) gad;gLj;Jk; nghJ mit JU ,y;yhky;
,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;gij ftdj;jpy; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

200
 37.gyjug;gl;l g[{R;rpf;bfhy;yp bjspg;ghd;fSf;F cfe;j bjspf;Fk; jputk;

xU';fikj;jy;/ bjspg;ghdpd; bjspg;g[j;jpwd; Fwpj;j fzf;fPL/ btt;ntW ,yf;FfSf;F

cfe;jJspaps; mst[fs;
bjspg;ghdpd; Kf;fpagzpfiuriyrpWJspfshfcilj;JnkYk; rPuhfxnumsthf
,yf;Fgug;gpd; nky; gutr;bra;jy; MFk;. nkYk; jP';Ftpistpf;Fk; my;yJtpuakhfr;bra;a[k;
mjpfg;goahdkUe;Jbjspg;igfl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. kpfEz;zpaJspfs; (100 ikf;uhepw;Fk; Fiwt[)
fhw;wiyfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;LtPzhfpwJ. Koe;jmst[/ gapu; rPuhdgl;ilfshy; gaph;
eidf;fg;glntz;Lk;.g[{k; (boom) vdg;gLk; bjspf;Fk; FHy; gad;gLj;Jjy; \yKk;/ rPuhd
,ae;jpugad;ghLkw;Wk; rPuhdeil \yKk; rPuhdkUe;JbtspaPl;ilbgwyhk; .
tifg;ghL Jsp mst[ (ikf;uhd;)
kpf mjpf bgupa Jsp 600
kpft[k; bgupa Jsp 500
bgupa Jsp 400
kpjkhd Jsp 300
bghoahd Jsp 200
kpft[k; bghoahd Jsp 100
kpf mjpf bghoahd Jsp 50

bjspg;ghd; kw;Wk; bjspg;g[ jputk;

tif bjspg;g[ jputk; Jspapd; mst[ gug;gst[ / ehs; cgfhuzk;
(yp / Vf;) (ikf;uhd;)

cau;bfhs;sst[ ehg;rhf;/ uhf;fu;

bjspg;ghd; 200 -400 150 2.5 Vf;fu; bjspg;ghd;
Fiwe;j gtu; bjspg;ghd;/
bfhs;sst[ 40 – 60 70 – 150 5.6 Vf;fu; kp!;l; g;nshau;
bjspg;ghd;
jPtpu Fiwe;j ULV bjspg;ghd;/
bfhs;sst[ 2-4 yp 20 -70 20 Vf;fu; vyf;l;nuhild;
bjspg;ghd; bjspg;ghd;

,yf;F g[{r;rpfs; Jsp mst[ (ikf;uhd;)

gwf;Fk; g[{r;rpfs; 10 -15
Cu;e;J bry;Yk; kw;Wk; rhWz;zp g[{r;rpfs; 30 -50
gapu; gug;g[fs; 60 -150
kz;zpy; ,Ljy; fisf;bfhy;yp ,Ljy; nghy; 250 – 500

201
bjspg;g[f; fiury; jahupj;jy;
1. njitahd g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp mst[
njitahd tpw;gidj;ju g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypapd; mst[ EC, SL,SC,WP nghd;w cUtf';fSf;F
kl;Lk; gpd;tUk; R{j;jpuk; bfhz;L fzf;fpg;gLk;.
V1N1 = V2N2
V2N2
V1 =
N1
V1 : tpw;gidj;ju g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypapd; bfhs;sst[ (kp.yp / fpuhk;)
N1: tpw;gidj;ju g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypapd; mlh;j;jp (% fpuhk;)
V1:bjspg;g[f; fiurypd; mst[ (kp.yp.)
N1: njitahd bjspg;g[f; fiurypd; mlh;j;jp[ (%)

2. jahhpf;fg;gl;l bjspg;g[f; fiurypd; mlh;j;jp

g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp kw;Wk; bjspg;g[ ePhpd;wp mst[ bjhpe;jpUg;gpd;/ jahhpf;fg;gl;l kUe;J
fiurypd; mlh;j;jpia fPH;fz;lyhW fzf;fplyhk;.
g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypapd; mst[ (V1) X g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypapd; mlh;j;jp (%) (N1)
N2 =
bjspg;g[f; fiurypd; mst[ (V2)

3. FUiz kw;Wk; J}s; cUtf';fSf;F

V1N1 = RA100
R X 100
V1= XA
N1
V1 : njitg;gLk; g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp cUtfj;jpd; mst[ (fpuhk; / fpnyhfpuhk;)
N1: g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp cUtfj;jpd; mlh;j;jp (%/ fpuhk;)
R: gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl g[{R;rpf;bfhy;yp mst[ (v.I./ bQf;lu;)
A: bjspf;f ntz;oa gug;gst[ (bQf;lu;)

bjspg;g[f;fiury; jahupg;gpd; nghJk; bjspf;Fk; nghJk; fUj;jpy; bfhs;s ntz;oait

 bjspg;g[f; fiury; jahupg;gpw;F jukhd ePiu cgnahfg;gLj;jt[k;
 bjspg;g[f;fiuriy Rj;jkhd fydpnyh/ gpsh!;of; thspapnyh jahupf;ft[k;.
 fyf;Ftjw;F ePskhd gpoa[ila fyf;fpia gad;gLj;jt[k;
 vg;nghJk; bjspg;gjw;F rw;W Kd;djhf fiury; jahupf;ft[k;.
 Vw;w thdpiyapd; nghJ kl;Lnk bjspf;ft[k;
 fiurypd; bjspg;g[ KG gug;gpYk; rPuhf ,Uf;f bjspg;gtupd; eil ntfk; rPuhf ,Ug;gij
cWjp bra;Jbfhs;st[k;.

202
 38. Rw;Wr;R{HYf;F g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfshy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;g[fs;

g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs; midj;ija[k; g[{r;rpfis kl;Lk; mHpg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jpdhYk;/ njitf;F

mjpfkhd my;yJ njitaw;w cgnahfk; ekf;Fk;/ ekJ Rw;Wg;g[wr; R{H;epiyf;Fk; jPikfis
tpistpf;fpwJ.
cjhuzkhf ehk; bjspf;Fk; kUe;jpy; xU rjtPjk; jhd; ekJ vjphpfshfpa gaph;fisj; jhf;Fk;
g[{r;rpfspd; kPJ gLfpwJ. kPjKs;s kUe;J epyj;jpnyh my;yJ fhw;wpnyh fye;J tpLfpwJ. xG';fhf
g[{r;rp kUe;J bjspj;jhny epiyik ,t;thW ,Uf;f/ njitaw;w kUe;J bjspg;gJ ekJ Rw;Wr;RHiy
nkYk; khRgLj;Jfpwnj my;yhky; ed;ik gag;gjpy;iy.
ve;j xU g[{r;rp kUe;ija[k; bjspf;f ntz;o rhpahd mstpy; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;. njitf;F
mjpfkhfj; bjspg;gjhy; g[{r;rpfSf;F kUe;J vjph;g;g[ rf;jp mjpfkhtnjhL kl;Lky;yhky; gzKk;
tpiuakhfpwJ. fhw;wpy; fyf;Fk; kUe;J mUfpy; cs;sth;fspd; clypnyh my;yJ Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;wpd;
\ykhf clypd; cs;Sk; bry;fpwJ. ,it cldoahf ve;j jPika[k; tpistpf;fhtpl;lhYk; fhyg;
nghf;fpy; gytpj cly; neha;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ.
epyj;jpy; kUe;J ,Lk;nghJ my;yJ broapd; kPJ bjspf;Fk; nghJ epyj;jpd; kPJ tpGk;
kUe;jhdJ rhpahd msthf ,Ug;gpd; Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;Fs; rpije;J tpLfpwJ. mstpw;F
mjpfkhdhy;/ kUe;J mg;gona j';fptpLfpwJ. kiH ePhpdhy; mk;kUe;J moj;Jr; bry;yg;gl;L Fs';fs;/
MWfs; kw;WKs;s ePh; ePiyfspy; fyf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; ePhpYs;s kPd;/ ez;L/ nghd;w caphpd';fspy;
goe;J tpLfpwJ my;yJ mitfis bfhd;WtpLfpwJ. ,j;njhL ,y;yhky; epyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; kUe;J
mLj;j gUtg; gaph; bra;a[k; nghJ me;jg; gapupd; \ykhf cwp";rg;gl;L mJ kdpjh;fSf;nfh kw;w
fhy;eilfSf;nfh brd;wilfpwJ. ,g;gog;gl;l kUe;Jfspy; Kf;fpakhdit m';fff; Fnshhpd;
kUe;jhFk;.
,g;gog;gl;l neuog; ghjpg;g[ ,y;yhky; kiwKfkhf rpy jPikfSk; ekf;F Vw;gLfpwJ.
g[{r;rpfSf;Ff; nfw;w rhpahd kUe;ij bjspf;fhky; ntW VjhtJ kUe;ij bjspg;nghkhdhy;
g{r;rpfisj; jhf;Fk; ,aw;if vjphpfshfpa bghwptz;L kw;Wk; gpw rhWz;zpfs;/ xl;Lz;zpfs;
nghd;witfis mHpj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; ekJ kUe;Jr; bryt[ mjpfkhtJld;/ ,aw;ifr;
rkepiya[k; ghH;gLj;jg;gl;LtpLfpwJ. ,J kl;Lky;yhky; kfue;jr; nrh;f;iff;F cjtp bra;fpd;w
njdPf;fs; nghd;w g[{r;rpfSk; bfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; gaphpd; kfR{Yk; FiwfpwJ.
tPLfspy; czt[ jhdpa';fs; kw;Wk; ,ju tpisbghUl;fis nrkpf;Fk; nghJ neuoahf kUe;J
fyg;gJ kpft[k; Mgj;jhd brayhFk;. ,t;thW bra;a[k;nghJ kUe;Jfs; jhdpa';fshy;
cwp";rg;gl;LtpLfpd;wJ. czt[ jahhpf;Fk;nghJ rhpahf fGthjjhYk;;ntfitf;fhjjhYk; kUe;jpd;
e";Rfs; ekJ clypy; brd;W cly;eyj;jpw;F nfL tpistpf;fpwJ. rpy ,l'fspy; fha;fwpfis
mWtil bra;jgpd;g[ kUe;J fye;j ePhpy; Cw itj;J vLg;gJ mitfspd; gr;ir epwj;ij mjpf
ehl;fSf;F itg;gnjhL fha;fwp clnd bfl;Lg;nghfhkYk; ,Ug;gjhf brhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,J nghd;w
bray;fs; kdpjh;fSf;F neuoahf g[{R;rp kUe;ij cz;zf; bfhLg;gJ nghd;wjhFk;. ,jdhy; ekf;F

203
mof;fo jiytyp/ clw;nrhh;t[ nghd;w bjhe;jut[fs; Vw;gl tha;g;g[ mjpfkhfpwJ. FHe;ijfSf;F ,J
jP';if tpistpf;Fk;.
tPLfspy; czt[g; bghUl;fs; jpd;gz;l';fs;/ ghy; nghd;witfspy; vWk;g[ nghd;w g[{r;rpfisj;
jLf;f g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis mijr; Rw;wpYk; ,LtJ/ czt[g; bghUl;fspy; kUe;J fyg;gjw;F
VJthtnjhly;yhky; tPl;oYs;s FHe;ijfs; neuoahf kUe;ij clbfhs;s tha;g;g[ Vw;gLfpwJ.
fhy;eilfSf;F tH';Fk; jPtd';fspy; VjhtJ g[{r;rpkUe;J ,Ue;jhy; ,tw;wpd; \ykhf fhy;
eilfSf;F brd;wilat[k; gpwF gRk;ghy; khRglt[k; tha;g;g[s;sJ. vdnt ehk; gaph;fSf;F bjspf;Fk;
kUe;jhdJ epyf;fliy nghd;w gaph;fshy; cwp";rg;gl;L mitfs; khl;Lj;jPtdj;jpy; fyf;f
tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ. ,t;thW kUe;J fye;j czt[g; bghUl;fis cz;qk;nghJ kdpjh;fisa[k; g[{r;rp
kUe;Jfs; brd;wilfpd;wd.
rpy tUl';fSf;F Kd;g[ nghghypy; cs;s g[{r;rp kUe;J bjhHpw;rhiyapy; Vw;gl;l tpgj;jpdhy;
Mapuf;fzf;fhdth;fs; ,we;jnjhly;yhky; ,d;Wk; mjd; gpd; tpist[fs; bjhlh;fpd;wd. ,J g[{r;rp
kUe;jpw;F gad;gLk; xU tp#tha[ mjpf mstpy; fhw;wpy; fye;jjpdhy; Vw;gl;lJ.
vdnt Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s kUe;ij msthd mstpy; bjspg;gJ g[{r;rpfisa[k; mHpj;J Rw;Wr;
R{Hiya[k; ghJfhf;fpwJ. njitf;F mjpfkhfj; bjspg;gJ/ gupe;Jiu bra;ahj kUe;ij bjspg;gJ/ g[{r;rp
tUk; Kd;ng bjspg;gJ nghd;w bray; jtph;f;fg;glntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; kdpj rKjhaKk; ,aw;ifa[k;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.

204
 39. g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfspd; ,iza[k; gz;g[fs;

xd;;Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis fye;J gad;gLj;Jtd; \yk; ekf;F neuk; Fiwthf

brytplg;gLfpwJ nkYk; kUe;J bjspg;gjw;fhd bryt[k; FiwfpwJ. Mdhy; ,e;j eilKiwapy; cUtf
,zf;fkpd;ik/ ,urhad ,zf;fkpd;ik/ caphpay; ,zf;fkpd;ik nghd;w FiwghLfs; ,Uf;fpwJ.
1. ,uz;L g[{R;rpf;bfhy;ypfis kl;Lk; fye;J bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. ,uz;L ghy;kkhFk; jputkUe;J brwpt[fis fye;J bjspf;f TlhJ.
3. fhuj;jd;ik kw;Wk;; mkpyj;jd;ik cs;s kUe;Jfis fyf;ff;TlhJ.
4. ghy;kkhFk; jputkUe;J brwpt[ld; eida[k; E}s; cUtj;ij nrh;f;ff;TlhJ
5. Koe;jtiu xnu cw;gj;jpahshpd; btt;ntW cUt';fis kl;Lnk fye;J bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.

,zf;f nrhjid
Kg;gJ kp.yp. cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,urhadf; fiury; kw;Wk; Kg;gJ kp.yp. nru;f;if
,uhradj;Jld; nru;j;J xU cyu;e;j/ Rj;jkhd/ mst[ Fwpf;fg;gl;l cUisapy; fye;J nkYk; fod
ePu; nru;j;J E}W kp.yp. msthf;fg;gl;L/ gpd; ed;whf fye;J bju;nkh!;lhoy; 30 ± 1 °C– y; ve;j
mirt[k; ,d;wp xU kzp neuk; itf;ft[k;. gpd;du; nkny Eiunghd;w bghUs; kw;Wk; moapy; cs;s
gotk; ,tw;wpd; bfhs;sst[ Fw[j;Jf;bfhs;sg;gl ntz;Lk;. Eiunghd;w bghUs; kw;Wk; / my;yJ
gotk; ,it 2 kp.yp. -iaj; jhz;lhky; ,Ug;gJ ,zf;fkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

205
 39. g[{r;;rpf;bfhy;ypfspd; ,iza[k; gz;g[fs;
g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp;; kw;Wk; g[{":rzf;bfhy;ypapd; ,zf;fk;

fhg;gh; Mf;!PFnsiuL

ijnahngndl;bkj;jpy;

Mf;!pfhh; ghf;!pd;
nghhPlhf;;fyit

ilnjd; vk; 450

oiuokhh;g; - 25
fhh;bgd;lhrpk;

vobgdlgh!:

nkd;nfhbrg;
fhh; ghf;!pd;
ilnjd; 278
bgndhiky;

ignlhyhd;
Fkhd; - vy;
gpuhrpnfhy;

fuhj;njd;
nfg;lghy;

brurhd;

nfg;lhd;
vkprd;

nkdk;

ry;gh;

rpdg;

jpuk;
rpuk;
ilnfhghy; √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Fnshh;;ighpgh!: √ √ √ √ √ √ √
larpndhd; √
ilFnshnuhth!; √ √ √ √ √ √ √
ilkPnjhnal; √ √ √ √ X √ √ √ √ √ √
vl;hpk;gh!: √ √ √
ghh;nkhjahd; √ √ √ √ √ √
khyj;jahd; √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
bkj;jkplgh!; √ √ √ √
bkj;jpy; - blkl;lhd; √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
bkj;jpy; - gphpkpgh!; √
nkhndhFnuhl;lgh!; √ √ √ √ √ x √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
bgd;Rnahl; √
gh!;nghkplhd; √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
ghrnyhd; √ √ √ √ √ √
g[ugndhgh!: √ √
Fapdhy;gh!; √ √
irg;gh;bkj;hpd; √ √ √ √ √ x x
bly;lhbkj;hpd; √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
bgd;tynul; √ √ √ √ √ √
g[Sirj;hpndl; √ √ √ √ √ √ √

206
 fhh;giuy;

gphpkpfhh;g;
My;ofhh;g;

fhh;nghg[{ud;
fhh;nghry;ghd;
bgndhiky;

nghhPlhf;;fyit

gpuhrpnfhy;

fhh;bgd;lhrpk;

√
√

nfg;lghy;

brurhd;

fhg;gh; Mf;!PFnsiuL

Fkhd; - vy;
√

ilnjd; vk; 450

√
√

ilnjd; 278

207
fhh; ghf;!pd;

vobgdlgh!:

vkprd;

ignlhyhd;

fuhj;njd;
√

nkdk;
√

nkd;nfhbrg;
√
√

ry;gh;
√

ijnahngndl;bkj;jpy;

rpuk;

rpdg;
√
√
√

jpuk;
√

nfg;lhd;

oiuokhh;g; - 25

Mf;!pfhh; ghf;!pd;
 g[{r;;rpf;bfhy;ypapd; ,zf;fk; (jhturj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; fiyf; bfhy;yp)

ohpgpy; R{g;gh; gh!:ngl;

bkl;lf;Fnshh;
R{g;gh; gh!;ngl;

mnyf;Fnyhh;
bgu!;ry;ngl;

rpd;f;ry;ngl;

nkl;hpg[{rpd;

bgh;g[{l;hpd;
ila[{uhd;
ml; urpd;

ypDuhd;
nghuf;!;

nehhpna
lyghd;
vk; xgp

a[{hpah

$pV3
oVgp
mrpngl; √ √
My;ofhh;g; √ √
fhh;giuy; √ √
fhh;nghg[{uhd; √
fhh;nghry;ghd; √ √
Fnshh;bgd;tpd;gh!; x x
Fnshh;ighpgh!; √ √ x x
larpndhd; √
ilFnshnuhth!; √
ilbkj;njhnal; √ √ √
ilry;gl;lhd; √ √ x x x
bgd;ry;nghjahd; √ √
khyj;jpahd; √ √ √ √ √
bkj;jkpnlhgh!; √
bkj;jpy;blkl;lhd; √

208
 nghnul;

blg[gh!:
Fapdy;;gh!:
bgd;njhnal;

g[ug;g[ndhgh!;
gh!;nghkplhd;

oiunahnrhgh!:
bkj;jpy; ghuhjpahd;

x - ,zf;fk; mw;wit
nkhndhFnuhl;lgh!:

√ - ,zf;fk; cs;sit
nghuf;!;

bgu!;ry;ngl;

√
√
vk; xgp
√

R{g;gh; gh!;ngl;

√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√

a[{hpah
√
√

rpd;f;ry;ngl;
x
x

ohpgpy; R{g;gh; gh!:ngl;

209
√

oVgp

$pV3

ml; urpd;

mnyf;Fnyhh;
x

lyghd;
x

ila[{uhd;
x

ypDuhd;
x
x

bkl;lf;Fnshh;
x
x

nkl;hpg[{rpd;

nehhpna

bgh;g[{l;hpd;
 40. g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfspd; v";rpa er;R/ v";rpa e";rpid mfw;Wk; Kiwfs;

 ehk; jpdk; cz;qk; czt[g; bghUl;fspy; v";rpa e";R rpwpa mstpypUe;J kpjkp";rpa mst[fs;
fhzg;gLfpwbjd mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs;/ J}s;fshfnth/ jputepiyapnyh/ FUiz totpnyh brofspYk;/ g[{kpapYk;
,lg;gLfpwJ. mitfs; me;j ,lj;jpnyna epiyj;J epd;W tpLtjpy;iy. khwhf fhw;wpd; \ykhf
gf;fj;jpYs;s ,l';fSf;Fk;/ Mtpahtjd; \ykhf Mfhaj;jpw;Fk;/ kiH/ ePh; Kjypatw;wpd;
tHpahf epyj;jpy; ntWgl;l MH';fSf;Fk; e";rhdJ gut[fpwJ. Fsph; gpunjr';fspy; ,l;l
kUe;jhdJ btF ehl;fs; epiyj;J epw;fpwJ. ,t;thwhf fhw;W/ thd;btsp/ ePh; epiyfs;/ epyk; bro/
bfho/ ku';fs; ekf;F md;whlk; njitg;gLk; czt[g; bghUl;fs;/ nrkpj;J itf;Fk; bghUl;fs;
midj;Jnk khRgLfpwJ.
 nkYk; czt[ r';fpypapy; ,k;khjphp er;Rg; bghUl;fs; rpwpa mstpypUe;J tp!;t+gk; vLj;J
bgUk; mst[f;F cUg;bgUfpd;wd(Biomagnification).
 jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg;gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; kz; kw;Wk; jhtu';fspy; Vw;gLk; v";rpa kUe;jpid
fz;Lgpof;Fk; gzp 1973k; Mz;LKjy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ. btz;il/ fj;jhp/ jf;fhsp/
kpsfha;/ bt'fhak;/ Ks;s';fp/ nghd;w fha;fspYk;/ nrhsk;/ uhfp nghd;w jhdpa';fspYk;/ gaW
tiffspYk;/ vz;bza; tpj;Jf; fspYk;/ fpH';Fg; gaph;fspYk;/ gHtiffspYk;/ kpsF/ k";rs;/
Vyf;fha;/ btw;wpiy nghd;w gaph;fspYk;/ ghpe;Jiu bra;ag;gLk; kUj;joj;J mjd; v";rpa
e";Rfisa[k;/ mWtil bra;tjw;F ntz;oa fhj;jpUf;Fk; fhy';fisa[k; Jy;ypakhf
fzf;fpl;Ls;sdh;. mWtilf;F fhj;jpUf;Fk; fhyk; vd;gJ kUe;J filrpahf moj;j ehspUe;J
mWtilf;fhf fhj;jpUf;Fk; ehs;tiu cs;s fhykhFk;. ,e;jf; fhyj;jpw;Fs; mWtilg;
bghUl;fspy; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfspd; v";rpa e";R mjd; jh';Fk; mstpw;F fPH; te;JtpLk;. ,J
g[{r;rp bfhy;ypfis bghWj;J xd;W Kjy; ehw;gJ ehl;fs; tiu khWk;. cjhuzkhf khyj;ijahd;/
ghrnyhd;/ fhh;ghhpy; nghd;w kUe;JfSf;F ,J Fiwt[. ilbkj;njhnal;/ bkl;lh rp!;lhf;!;/
vr;.rp.vr;/ o.O.O nghd;w kUe;JfSf;F ,J mjpfk;. fhj;jpUf;Fk; fhyk; gaph;fis bghWj;Jk;/
kUe;jpd; mst[fis bghWj;Jk;/ Rw;Wg;g[w jl;gbtg;g epiyfis bghWj;Jk; khWk;.

e";R ePf;f Kiwfs;

 fha; fdpfis jz;zPhpypl;L ey;y Kiwapy; fGtt[k;. rpytw;iw bte;ePhpYk;/ fGtyhk;.
mWtilf;fhf fhj;jpUf;f ntz;oa fhyj;ij mDrhpj;nj mWtil bra;;a ntz;Lk;. ntfitj;J
rhg;gpLtjhdhy; v";rpa e";rpd; mst[ Fiwa[k; bgUk;ghd;ikahd g[{r;rp kUe;Jfspd;; v";rpa
e";R rpy ehl;fspy; gog;goahf Fiwe;J kdpjd; jh';Fk; mst[f;F bghJthf te;JtpLk;.
 v";rpa e";ir gw;wp kf;fSf;Fs; xU tpHpg;g[zh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j ntz;oaJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
mjhtJ kUe;Jfspd; tp#j;jd;ik (bjhL/ Fly;/ tha[ g[nuhl;nlh gpsh!;kpf; euk;g[ er;Rfs;)/
ve;bje;j g[{r;rpfSf;F vjpuhf ve;j mstpy; ve;j neuj;jpy; mof;fyhk; vd;w tiu Kiw/

210
kdpjDf;Fk; kw;w tpy';FfSf;Fk; ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; jP';Ffs;/ ghJfhg;ghf ifahSk; Kiwfs;/
bjspf;Fk; nghJk; nrkpf;Fk; nghJk; filg;gpof;f ntz;oa Kd;bdr;rhpf;iffs/; g[{r;rp
bfhy;ypfspdhy; Vw;gLk; Mgj;Jf;F KjYjtp/ er;R Kwpt[ kUe;Jfs;/ Kjypatw;iw kf;fSf;F
mt;tg;nghJ vLj;Jzh;j;jpa[k; Fwpg;ghf g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfisg; gw;wpa vr;rhpf;iffis kdjpy;
vd;Wk; gjpa itf;FkhW tpHpg;g[zh;t[ Vw;goj;jpdhy; Mgj;ij Fiwj;J epiwa gyid bgwyhk;.

211
 41. g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis ifahSk; Kiwfs; nrkpg;g[ Kd;bdr;brupf;if eltof;iffs;

czt[ cw;gj;jpapy; g[{r;rp neha;fis rpwg;ghf fl;Lg;gLj;jp ey;y kfR{iy bgw ntz;Lkhdhy;
xU';fpize;j gaph;ghJfhg;g[ Kiwfis filgpog;gJ kpft[k; mtrpakhd xU eltof;if MFk;;.
xU';fpize;j gapu;ghJfhg;gpy; g[{r;rp kUe;Jfspd; cgnahfk; kw;w gaph;ghJfhg;g[ Kiwfspy;
bray;jpwd; Fiwa[k; bghGJ ,d;wpaikahj xd;whf tps';FfpwJ. ,e;jr; bray;ghl;oy; g[{r;rpfis
guhkhpg;gjw;F jFe;j g[{r;;rp kUe;ij nju;e;bjLj;jy; kpft[k; mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. g[{r;rp kUe;Jfspd;
,urhad ntjpapay; jd;ik kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; g[{r;rp/ ed;ik bra;a[k; ,aw;if vjphpg;
g[{r;;rpfs; kw;Wk; kdpju;fs;/ tPl;L tpy';fpd';fs; kw;Wk; ek;ik rhu;e;Js;s Rw;Wr; RHy; ghjpf;fhj
td;dk; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfis gad; gLj;Jjy; mtrpak;.
14.C & 14.d g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis rpwg;ghf bjspj;jpLk; Kiwfspy; fPH;f;fhqk; ehd;F mk;r';fSk;
,d;wpaikahjit
 jFe;j fUtpia nju;e;bjLj;jy;
 jFe;j g[{r;rp kUe;ij nju;e;bjLj;jy;
 jFe;j neuj;jpy; cgnahfg;gLj;Jjy;
 kUe;J bjspg;gtu; rpwe;j gapw;rp bgw;wpUj;jy;

g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis ifahSk; Kiwfs;

 g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis vg;nghJk; mjDila bfhs;;fyj;jpnyna itg;gnjhly;yhky; ghJfhg;ghd
miwfspy; g[{l;o itj;J FHe;ijfs; kw;Wk; tPl;L tpy';fpd';fs; mqfhj tifapy; ghJfhg;ghf
itj;jpUj;jYk; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 g[{r;;rp kUe;Jfis czt[g;bghUl;fs; kw;Wk; kUe;Jg; bghUl;fSf;F mUfhikapy; itf;ff; TlhJ.
 g[{r;rp kUe;J Fg;gpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gupe;Jiufis kpft[k; ftdkhf filgpoj;jy; Kf;fpak;
 fhypahd bfhs;fyid ntbwe;j cgnahfj;jpw;Fk; gad; gLj;jhky; mHpj;J tpl ntz;Lk;
 g[{r;rp kUe;J fyit jahhpf;Fk;; nghJ iffis neuoahf cgnahfpf;ff; TlhJ
 clypd; kPnjh my;yJ mzpe;Js;s Milfspy; kPnjh g[{r;rp kUe;J rpjWjiy jtpu;j;jnyhL
Milfis ey;y Kiwapy; xt;bthU Kiwa[k; Jitj;J cgnahfg;Lj;j ntz;Lk;.
 g[{r;rp kUe;J Jspfs; jtWjyhf fz;fspy; gl;Ltpl;lhy; mjpfkhd ePiu tpl;L fz;fis ed;whf
fGt ntz;Lk;.
 bghJthf er;Rj;jd;ik bfhz;l g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis cgnahfpf;Fk;bghGJ ghJfhg;g[ cilfs;
kw;Wk; rhjd';;fis mzptjd; \yk; kUe;J bjspg;g[ jput';fs; clypy; gotijj; jtpu;f;fyhk;.
 J}t[thd;fs; my;yJ bjspg;ghd;fis vg;bghGJk; fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;F vjpuhf gad;gLj;Jjy;
TlhJ. Fspu;r;rpahd ey;y mikjpahd R{H;epiyfspnyna cgnahfg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.

212
 g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis cgnahfg;gLj;jpa gpd;du; iffs;/ Kfk; kw;Wk; cly; GKtija[k; Rj;jkhf fGtp
ntW cilfis mzpantz;Lk;.
 g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis ifahs;gtu;fs; bjhlu;r;rpahd kUj;Jtg; gupnrhjidfis bra;Jbfhs;s
ntz;Lk;.
 xd;Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l g[{r;;rp kUe;Jfis fye;J bjspf;ff; TlhJ.
 Fwpg;gpl;l mst[ ePUld;jhd; g[{r;rp kUe;ij fyf;f ntz;Lk;.
 g[{r;rp kUe;ij ePUld; fye;jt[ld; clnd cgnahfg;gLj;jptpl ntz;Lk;. neu';fHpj;njh my;yJ
ehl;fs; fHpj;njh cgnahfg;gLj;Jtjhy; g[{r;rp kUe;jpd; bray; jpwd; Fiwe;J tpLk;.
 fhw;nwhl;lk; cs;s jpwe;jbtsp ,lj;jpy; kUe;jpidf; fyf;ft[k.; kUe;ij Fr;rpahy; fyf;ft[k;.
 g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;jpidf; ifahSgtu;fs; g[if gpof;fnth/ czt[ cl;bfhs;tnjh my;yJ
jz;zPu; mUe;jnth TlhJ.
 kUe;J bjspg;ig Jt';FKd; bjspg;g[ fUtpapDs; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpgu';fis mwpa ntz;Lk;.
 ePiu cgnahfpj;J bjspg;ghdpy; xGfy; vJt[k; cs;sjh vd;W gupnrhjpf;f ntz;Lk;.
 kUe;J bjspg;gtu; ghJfhg;g[ cilfis mzpe;Jbfhz;l gpd;dnu kUe;Jfis ePUld; fye;J
bjspg;ghdpy; Cw;w ntz;Lk;.
 rupahd kUe;ij gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l mstpy; vLj;J bjspf;ft[k;.
 g{[r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;jpd; e";R jhf;fg;gl;l mwpFwpfs; cgnahfj;jpd; nghJ bjupe;jhy; cldoahf
kUj;Jtiu mqft[k;.

213
 42. g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp fyd;fis Kiwahf ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; gad;ghl;ow;F
gpd; mfw;Wk; Kiwfs;

g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; bghJthfnt mjpfgoahd er;Rj;jd;ik tha;e;jnjhL vspjpy;

jPgpof;ff; Toait. g[[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfis fyd;fis jFe;j Kiwapy; nrfupj;J itg;gjhy; ekf;F
eyk; nru;j;J/ g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfspd; jpwid mjpf ehl;fSf;F ePoj;jpUf;f bra;tJld;/ Rw;Wg;g[wr;
RHYf;F Vw;gLk; khRk; jLf;fgLfpwJ . rpwe;j nrfhpg;g[ Kiwfs;/ g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfspd; frpt[
kw;Wk; mjd; \yk; Vw;gLk; jP tpgj;JfSf;F vjpuhf ghJfhg;g[ mspf;fpwJ.

1. g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp fyd;fis nrfupg;gjw;fhd ,l';fs;

g[{r;rp bfhy;yp kUe;J jahhpg;ghsu;fs;/ tpw;gidahsu;fs;/ kiyj;njhl;l kw;Wk; bgupa
tptrhapfs; nghd;nwhu; mjpf mstpy; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfis nrkpf;f neUk;. me;j rkaj;jpy;
nrkpg;g[ fpl';Ffspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fg;gl ntz;oa ,l';fshd fpzWfs;/ ePu; nrkpg;g[ bjhl;ofs;/
kPd; Fl;ilfs;/ trpf;Fkplk; kw;Wk; fhy;eilf; bfhl;oy;/ nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J Fiwe;j gl;rk; 200 kPl;lu;
J}uk; js;sp mike;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. nrkpg;g[ fpl';Ffs; Fspu;e;j/ cyu;e;j kw;Wk; fhw;nwhl;lk;
ciladthf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. $d;dy;fs; itg;gjd; \yk; ey;y fhw;nwhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;j Koa[k;.
Tiufs; XGfhkYk; jiu <ukhfhkYk; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. rpbkz;l; js';fs; jiu kl;lj;jpypUe;J rw;nw
cau ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. jiuapd; <uk; Rtw;Wf;F Vwh tz;zk; rpwe;j kpd;rhu ,izg;g[fs; ,Uf;FkhW
ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. jz;zPu; trjp jFe;j ,lj;jpy; mikf;f ntz;Lk;. fpl';FfSf;F btspna
“tp#j;jd;ik tha;e;j g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; nrkpg;g[f; fpl';F” vd;gij bjspthf cs;~u;
bkhHpfspy; vGjp vr;rupf;if bra;a ntz;Lk;. tPl;L cgnahfj;jpw;F njitahd g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs;
kw;Wk;; rpW mst[ g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfis jdp miwfspnyh my;yJ g[{l;oa mykhupfspnyh itf;fyhk;.

2. nrkpg;g[ epu;thf tHp Kiwfs;

g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfis Fiwe;j mstpy; nrkpf;Fk; bghGJ kUe;Jfis mtw;Wf;Fupa
bfhs;fyd;fspnyna nrkpf;f ntz;Lk;. mf;bfhs;fyd;fspy; vy;yh tptu';fSk; ml';fpa rPl;L
xl;lg;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk;. fhy;eilj; jPtdk;/ neha; jPu;f;Fk; kUe;Jfs;/ Fojz;zPu; kw;Wk; tpij
nghd;wtw;iw g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfSld; nru;j;J nrkpf;fTlhJ. g[if gpoj;jy;/ rhg;gpLjy;/ jz;zPu;
mUe;Jjy;/ nghd;wtw;iw nrkpg;g[f; fpl';fspy; mDkjpf;ff; TlhJ.
3. mtru epiyfis rkhspj;jy;
g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfs; vspjpy; jPg;gw;wf;Toaitahjyhy; vg;bghGJk; xU jPaizg;ghid
jahuhf nrkpg;g[f; fpl';fspy; itj;jpUg;gJ mtrpak.; jtWjyhf g[{r;rpkUe;J bfhl;otpl;lhy; mjid
Rj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;F nrhoak; igfhu;gndl;/ kuj;J}s;/ Rz;zhk;g[/ Kjypatw;iwj; jahuhf itj;jpUf;f
ntz;Lk;. jput g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypfs; bfhl;oa clnd/ cwp";rpf; bfhs;Sk;; kuj;J}s; J}tp jpl totkhf;fp
mg;g[wg; gLj;j ntz;Lk;. kUe;J fye;j kz;/ kuj;J}s; nghd;wtw;iw xU Fwpg;gpl;l mjw;bfdt[s;s

214
ghj;jpuj;jpy; nrfupj;J Rz;zhk;g[f; fiuriy nrh;j;J er;R Kwpt[ bra;J jiuapy; g[ijj;J tpl
ntz;Lk;. kUe;J bfhl;oa jiuia Rz;zhk;g[f; fiury; g[{rp xU kzp neuk; fHpj;J ePu; tpl;L Rj;jk;
bra;a ntz;Lk;. Rz;zhk;gpw;F gjpyhf fhuk; (5%) my;yJ 10 % nrhlhf; fhuk; Kjypatw;iw
cgnahfpf;fyhk;.

4. nrkpj;j g[{r;rp kUe;Jfspy; juk; mwpjy;

rpwpa 100 kpyp mst[ fydpy; 80 kp.yp. mst[ cg;g[ ePiu vLj;Jf; bfhz;L mjDld; 2 kp.yp.
g[{r;rp kUe;ij fyf;f ntz;Lk;. gpd;g[ miu kzp neuk; fHpj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; bghGJ fydpy; nky; Eiu
nghd;w bghUs; epw;Fkhdhy; me;j kUe;jpd; tPupak; Fiwe;J tpl;lJ vd;W bghUs; vdnt mij ehk;
cgnahfpf;ff; TlhJ.

5. g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp bfhs;fyd;fis mHpj;jy;

g{[r;rpf; bfhy;yp bfhs;fyd;fis ek;khy; Kw;wpYk; Rj;jg;gLj;JtJ KoahJ. g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp
bfhs;fyd;fis czt[g; bghUl;fis itj;jy; my;yJ Fojz;zPu; vLj;J bry;tJ/ nfhHp
nghd;wtw;wpw;F jPtdk; itg;gJ nghd;w fhupa';fSf;F gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ/ g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypf;fiury;
jahupj;j gpd;ngh my;yJ kUe;J bjspj;J Koj;j gpd;ngh me;j bfhs;fyd;fis m';nfna
nghl;Ltplf;TlhJ. mtw;iw gj;jpukhf vLj;J fz;zhoahy; Mdbjdpy; cilj;Jk;/ jfuk; kw;Wk;;
gpsh!;of;fpy; Mdbjdpy; ed;F Jisapl;Lk; my;yJ nrjg;Lj;jp kz;zpy; 50 br.kP.f;Fk; fPnH g[ijj;J
tplntz;Lk;. fhypf; bfhs;fyd;fisg; g[ijf;Fk; bghGJ/ mit FoePu; bjhl;o/ fpzW kw;Wk;
MWfSf;F mUfpy; g[ijf;fg;glhky; ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. nklhd gFjpfspy; kdpj elkhl;lk;/
gpuhzpfs; kw;Wk; gwitfs; elkhl;lk; ,y;yhj ,l';fisj; nju;t[ bra;tJ ed;W.

215
 43. g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp gad;ghl;od; \yk; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;g[fs;/ jw;fhg;g[ Kiwfs;/ cilfs;;/ g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp
e":Rghjpg;g[fs; kw;Wk; KjYjtp Kiwfs;

tptrhaj;JiwapYk; Rfhjhuj;JiwapYk; Mapuj;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;l m';ff md';ff bghUl;fs;

cgnahfj;jpYs;sJ. jhtu tifapid nrh;e;j g[{r;rpbfhy;ypfSk; gH'; fhyj;jpypUe;nj jPik bra;a[k;
g[{r;rpfis mHpf;fnth/ Vw;gLk; nrjj;ij Fiwf;fnth gad; gl;L te;jJ vd;whYk; OOO. 1942k;
tUlj;jpy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;lJjhd; g[{r;rp g[{";rhdf;bfhy;ypfspd; xU vGr;rpia (Pesticide Revolution)
Vw;gLj;jpa fhyk; vdyhk;. ,ij bjhlh;e;J gp.vr;.rp/ m';ffgh!:gu!; kUe;Jfs;/ braw;if
ighPj;jpuha;L kUe;Jfs; nghd;wit fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;ld.
xU kpy;ypad; bkl;hpf; ld; tiu gytpj kUe;Jfs; ,e;jpahtpy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpYs;s midj;J tptrhapfSk; Kf;fpakhf kQhuh#;ouh/ g";rhg;/ F$uhj;/ jkpH;ehL/ Me;jpug;
gpunjrk;/ fh;ehlfh nghd;w khepyj;jpYs;nshh; mjpfkhf ,e;j ,urhadf; bfhy;ypfis
cgnahfpf;fpd;wdh;.

1. bjhHpy; Kiw ghjpg;g[fs;

,k;kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;fg;gLk; ,lj;jpYk; cgnahfpf;fpd;w ,l';fspYk; kdpjUf;Fk;/
tpy';fpd';fSf;Fk;/ nfL tpistpf;fpwJ. g[wj;J}a;ika[k; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf a[{dpad; fhh;igL vd;w epWtdk;/ nghghypy; fhh;gnkl;L g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfis
jahhpj;J te;jJ. ,jw;F kPijy; irndl; vd;w ,ilepiy tha[g; bghUs; njit. ,t;tha[f;frpt[ ork;gh;
khjk; 1984k; Mz;L gy Mapuk; caph;fis gypth';fptpl;lJ. gy iky; J}uk; tiu ,t;tha[ (vk;.I.rp.)
gutp ,aw;if R{H;epiyia ghjpj;jJ. nkYk; Mapuf;fzf;fhndhh; cly; epiy ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,th;fSf;F ePz;l fhy kUj;Jt rpfpr;irfs; mspf;f ntz;oa[s;sJ.
g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs; Xhplj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhhplj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLk;nghJk;/ fpl';Ffspy;
itj;jpUf;Fk; nghJk; frpt[fs; Vw;gl;L/ cld; mDg;gg;gLk; my;yJ mg;nghJ nrkpj;J itf;Fk;
bghUl;fSld; fye;J tpLfpwJ. nfushtpy; ,k;khjpup g[{r;rp kUe;J fye;j czit cl;bfhz;ljhy;
E}w;Wf; fzf;fhndhu; ,we;J nghapdh;.
rpy rka';fspy; kUe;jof;Fk; nghJk/; bjhpe;njh bjhpahknyh kUe;jog;gth;fSk; er;Rf;F
,iuahfpd;wdh;.
g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;Fk; ,l';fspy; ntiy bra;gtu;fs; gy tpjkhd jPikfSf;F
Mshfpd;wdh;. mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit.

(1) euk;g[ kz;lyk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ

(2) ,Uja bray;ghl;oy; nfhshW
(3) Rthrg;ig ghjpg;g[
(4) tapW Fly; ghjpg;g[

216
 (5) nfhypid!;onu!; behjpg;bghUspd; braiy jLf;fpwJ.
,itay;yhky; rPuk; ouhd;!; mkpnd!; My;fiyd; gh!;gnl!; nghd;w behjpg;bghUspd;
mst[fis ,aw;iff;Fk; mjpfkhf cz;lhf;fptpLfpwJ. nkYk; Rthrj;Jf;Fhpa vd;i!k;fisa[k;
bray;gltplhky; jLf;Fk;.
nkYk; ,J nghd;w bjhHpypy; bjhlh;e;J ,Ug;gth;fisg; gw;wp mQkjhghj;jpYs;s
midj;jpe;jpa bjhHpyhsh; ey epWtdk; xU Ma;t[ 1988y; nkw;bfhz;lJ.

g[{r;rpbfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;Fk;; epWtd bjhHpyhsh;fSf;Fk; Vw;gLk; jPikfs;.

rjtpfpjk;
jPikfs;
bjhHpypy; <Lgl;lth;fs; bjhHpypy; <Lglhjth;fs;
euk;g[ kz;ly ghjpg;g[ 50 12
md neha; 34 3
tapW Fly; ghjpg;g[ 8 -
,Uja \r;R ghjpg;g[ 8 2

,nj epWtdk; kw;Wk; xU Muha;r;rp nkw;bfhz;lJ. mjpy; ,.rp.$p khw;w';fis m';ff

gh!;gu!;/ fhh;gnkl; g[{r;rp bfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; bra;a[kpl';fspy; cs;stu;fis fz;fhzpj;jJ. ,jpy;
gpnuofhh;oah (Bradycardia) 60 Jog;g[k;/ nlfpfhh;oah (Tachycardia) 100 Jog;g[k; xU epkplj;Jf;F
,Ue;jbjd mwpag;gl;lJ. mnj khjphp hpjk; (Rhythem) ,Uja Jog;g[ Kjyhdit
ntiyapYs;sth;fSf;F mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ.
1988 tUlk; mbkhpf;fh g[w;W neha; fHfKk; mbkhpf;fh kUj;Jtg; bgU';FGt[k; nrh;e;J g[{r;rp
g[{";rhd kUe;Jfspd; v";rpa e";rpdhy; Vw;gLk; jPikfis ,uz;L tUlk; Muha;e;J xU Kot[
je;Js;sJ. mjpy; fhg;gp Fog;gjhy; Vw;gLk; jPikfSf;F mLj;j goahf g[{r;rp bfhy;yp e";rpdhy; g[w;W
neha;fs; kdpjUf;F tUfpd;wd vdf; fzf;fpl;Ls;sd.
cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (World Health Organization) xU Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu btspapl;Ls;sJ.
mjpy; g[{r;rp kw;Wk; g[{";rhd kUe;Jfshy; Vw;gLk; neuoahd jPikfshy; cyfk; KGtJk; 80/000 Fk;
nkw;gl;nlhh; ,wf;fpwhh;fs;. ,jpy; ,wg;g[ rjk; Kd;ndwpa ehLfspy; 0.25 rjtpfpjj;jpdUk;/ 0.5
rjj;jpdh; Kd;ndWk; ehLfspYkpUe;jhFk;. Mfnt g[{r;rp kw;Wk; g[{";rhd kUe;Jfshy; Vw;gLk;
ghjfkhdJ cyfshtpa xU bghpa gpur;ridahFk;.

Kjy; cjtp/ ghJfhg;g[ cil

mUfpy; cl;bfhs;sg;gl;l my;yJ bjspf;fg;gl;l g[{r;rp kUe;J (tp#k;) ,Ue;j fhyp ghl;onyh
my;yJ od;ndh ,Ue;jhy; mij vLj;J itj;J nehahspa[ld; kUe;Jthplk; bfhz;L tut[k; .
 mUfpy; g[l;onah my;yJ lg;ghnth fpilf;fhtpl;lhy; cl;bfhs;sg;gl;l my;yJ bjspf;fg;gl;l kUe;J
jplg;bghUsh/ jputkh/ my;yJ tha[th vd;gijf; fz;lwpf.

217
 mJ ve;jg; bgahpy; tpw;fg;gLfpwJ (c.k;) khyijahd;/ nuhfhu; Kjypad.
 mjd; cgnahfk; (c.k;) g[{r;rp bfhy;yp/ cuk;
 mjpy; mgha rpd;dk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh?
 mJ btof;Fk; jd;ika[s;sjh?
tp#k; ehd;F tHpfspy; clypDs; bry;y tha;g;g[z;L
m. tha; tHpahf cl;bfhs;Sjy;
M. \r;R tHpahf Rthrpj;jy;
,. njhy; tHpahf ,uj;jj;jpy; fye;JtpLtJ
<. fz;zpy; gl;L mjd; tHpahf fye;J tpLtJ.

tha;tHp
 czt[g;ghij tHpahf cl ;bfhs;sg;gl;l tp#k; nehahsp epidt[ ,He;J ,Ue;jhnyh my;yJ typg;g[
,Ue;jhnyh kpFe;j ftdj;Jld; nehahspf;F KjYjtp mspf;f ntz;Lk;.
 typg;g[ cs;stUf;F ehf;F gw;fspilna foglhky; jLg;gjw;F gw;fSf;F ,ilna Jzpg;ge;ijnah
my;yJ rpwpa kuf;fl;ilnah bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;.
 epidtpHe;J ,Ue;jhy; tapW fGt[k; bghGnjh my;yJ mth; vLf;Fk; the;jpnah g[iunawp
tplhky; ,Ug;gjw;F jiyia rpwpJ cauk; Fiwthft[k; xUgf;fkhf jpUg;gpa[k; itf;f ntz;Lk;.
nehahsp czh;t[ld; ,Ue;jhy; cg;g[f;fiuriyf; bfhLj;J mtu; the;jp vLg;gijj; J}z;o
mth; tapw;wpy; kpr;rkpUf;fpd;w tp#g; bghUis btspapy; bfhz;Ltu ntz;Lk; my;yJ mth;
epidtpHe;jpUe;jhy; tha; tHpahf ug;gu; FHhia brYj;jp mjd; tHpahf cg;g[f; fiuriy Cw;wp
tp#j;ij fGtp vLf;fyhk;. ,J jhd; tapW fGt[tJ vdg;gLtJ.
\r;R tHpahf
 nehahspia Kjypy; fhw;nwhl;lkhd ,lj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; bry;yt[k;.
 mtu; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; cilfisj; jsh;j;jptpl;L mth; rhptu Rthrpf;f trjp bra;at[k;.
 mtUila RthrkhdJ nghjpa mst[ ,y;yhtpl;lhy; braw;if Kiwapy;
Rthrpg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr; bra;a ntz;Lk;.
 thapy; nrh;e;jpUf;fpd;w the;jp my;yJ ntW VnjDk; bghUl;fs; ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iw
mfw;wp \r;R tHpiar; Rj;jk; bra;a ntz;Lk;.
 gpwF jhilia cah;j;jp jiyiag; gpd;g[wkhfr; rha;j;Jg; gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L
nehahspapd; thapy; ekJ thia itj;J fhw;iw Cjp mtuJ be";Rf;TL
tphptila[k;go bra;;a ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW epkplj;jpw;F 20 Kiw bra;;a ntz;Lk;. trjp
,Uf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; ifapy; vLj;J bry;yf;Toa (Portable) Rthrf; fUtpfis th';fp
mijg;gad; gLj;JtJ \yk; mtUf;F gpuhztha[ fpilf;f tHp bra;;ayhk;.

218
njhy; tHp
 nehahspapd; njhypy; ghjpg;g[ Vw;gl;oUe;jhy; mtuJ cilfspy; jz;zPiuj; bjspj;J
midj;J cilfSk; fHw;wg;glntz;Lk;.
 rhjhuz Fspay; nrhg;g[ bfhz;L mtuJ clk;g[ KGtJk; ghpg[{uzkhff; fGtg;glntz;Lk;
 fz;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;oUf;Fkhdhy; ,ikfis ed;whff; jpwe;J itj;Jf; bfhz;L bkJthf
XLfpd;w jz;zPiu xU ug;gu; FHha; tHpahf fz;zpd; kPJ bjhlu;r;rpahf 10 my;yJ 15
epkpl';fs; tpGk;go bra;;a ntz;Lk;.
 mjw;Fs; me;j nehahspia gj;jpukhf tp#Kwpt[r; rpfpr;ir KGtJk; mspf;ff;Toa
kUj;Jtkidf;F vLj;Jr; bry;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr; bra;;a ntz;Lk;

ghJfhg;g[ cilfs;
g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;jpd; jd;ik/ mjid cgnahfpf;Fk; mst[/ bjspg;ghd;fs;/ kUe;J
bjspg;gtupd; jdpg;gl;l Fzhjpra';fs;/ bjspg;ghd;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; Xl;il/ XGfy;fs;/ kUe;J
bjspg;gtu;fspd; ftdf;Fiwt[ nghd;wit fhuzkhf mtu;fs; vjpu;bfhs;Sk; er;rpd; mst[
ntWgLfpd;wJ. bghJthf kUe;J bjspg;gtu;fspd; khu;g[/ KJF/ cs;s';if/ bjhil/ KH';fhy;
nghd;wit mjpfkhf g[{r;rp kUe;J gLk; ,l';fs;.
ekJ gFjpf;F Vw;w ciwfs; fPH;fz;l Fzhjprpa';fs; bfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
 fhw;nwhl;lk; trjp
 vil Fiwt[
 gy;ntW g[{r;;rpf;bfhy;yp kUe;JfspypUe;J ghJfhg;g[
 Jitj;J gyKiw cgnahfpf;Fk; trjp
 bjhlu;e;J ciHf;Fk; jpwd;
 g[{r;;rp kUe;J bjspg;gtu;fs; Vw;Wf;bfhs;Sk; jd;ik
 vspjhff; fpilf;Fk; trjp
 kypt[ tpiy
 mjpf mst[ g[{R;rpf;bfhy;yp kUe;Jfis vjpu;bfhs;Sk; clw;ghf';fis \Lk; jd;ik

,t;thW ghJfhg;g[ cilfs; mzpe;J gzp g[upe;jhYk; jtWjyhf rpe;Jk; kUe;J clk;gpy;
gl;lhnyh/ bjspg;ghid rup bra;J mjpf e";rpid vjpu; nehf;f ntz;oa tha;g;g[ te;jhnyh/ clnd
ed;whf nrhg;g[ nja;j;J Fspf;f ntz;Lk;. eff;fqf;fs;/ mf;Fs;/ tpuy; ,Lf;Ffs;/ cs;SWg;g[fs;/ fhy;
ef';fs;/ jiy kapu; nghd;wtw;iw ed;whff; fGt ntz;Lk;. er;Rj; njha;e;j Milia nrhg;g[/ th#p';
nrhlhtpy; xd;wiuapypUe;J ,uz;L kzptiu Cw itj;J fhag;nghl;L cgnahfpf;f ntz;Lk;.
kUe;joj;j gpd;du; xt;bthU Kiwa[k; Jitj;nj gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.

219
 44. g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp rl;lk; kw;Wk; juf;fl;LghL

1968 Mk; Mz;oy; Kjd; Kjypy; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp rl;lk; ,e;jpa murh';fj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
mjd;go g[{R;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfspd; ,wf;Fkjp/ cw;gj;jp/ tpw;gid/ nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; tpepnahfk;
kw;Wk;; gad;gLj;jJjy; gw;wpa tpjp Kiwfs; jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; go kdpj Fyj;jpw;Fk;/ cWJizahf cs;s tpy';fpd';fSf;Fk;; CW
tpistpf;Fk; g[{r;;rpfs;/ vypfs;/ g[{":rhz tiffs;/ fisfs;/ Mfpatw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; bjhy;iyfisj;
jLf;f/ mHpf;f/ tpyf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;Lk; ve;j xU tpjg; bghUSk; bfhy;ypfs; vd;W fUjg;gLk;. ,e;jpa
murh';fk; mt;tg;nghJ kj;jpa g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;J thhpaj;jpdhy; ghpe;Jiwf;fg;gLk; kUe;Jfis
m';fPfhpf;Fk;;.
,r;rl;lk; fPH;f;fz;zl Fwpf;nfhs;fis miltjw;fhf ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd;go
1. jpwik tha;e;j g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfis kl;Lnk gjpt[ bra;jy;
2. cgnahfpg;gth;fSf;Fk; tptrhapfSf;Fk; juk; tha;e;j g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia mspg;gJ.
3. v":rpa e":R cs;s czt[ kw;Wk; jz;zPh; ,tw;iw Kiwahf Rj;jk; bra;j cz;qjy;
4. g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;go milf;fg;gl;L/ tpyhrkpl;L/
gad;gLj;Jk;nghJ ifahs ntz;oa Kd;bdr;rhpf;iffis mr;rpl;Lj;jUjy;.
,J nghd;w Fwpf;nfhs;fis epiwntw;w kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp
thhpaj;jpd; cjtpa[ld; gy;ntW eltof;iffis nkw;bfhz;L mtw;iw epiwntw;wp tUfpwJ.

kj;jpa g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak;

,t;thhpak; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;F g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfis jahhpj;jy;/ nrkpj;jy;/
itj;jy;/ nghf;Ftuj;J/ tpepnahfk; kw;Wk;; ghJfhg;g[ld; cgnahfpg;gJ ,it nghd;wtw;wpy; mwpt[iu
tH';FfpwJ. kpf Kf;fpakhf g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;jpd; epiyg;g[j; jd;ik kw;Wk; v";rpa e";rpd; mst[
,tw;iw cw;gj;jpahsh; kw;Wk; tp";"hdpfspd; mwpt[iuapd;go Rfhjhu eyj;Jiwapd; bghJ
bewpahsh; Vida kj;jpa murpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; cjtpa[ld; brayhw;wp tUfpwhh;.

g[{r;rp kUe;J tpw;gidahsh;fs; filgpof;f ntz;oait

1. g[{r;;rp kUe;J ,Ug;g[ gyifapy; md;iwa ,Ug;g[fSk;/ mtw;wpd; tpiy tpgu';fYk; vy;nyhuJ
ghh;itapYk; gLk;goahf itf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. g[{r;rp kUe;J chpkk; vy;nyhUk; ghh;f;Fk;go khl;lg;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk;.
3. ,Ug;g[ gjpntLfs; rhpahd Kiwapy; vGjg;gl;L md;whl tpw;gid tpgu';fs; Fwpf;fg;glntz;Lk;.
4. tpw;gid urPJfspy; njjp/ th';Fgthpd; tpyhrk;/ bghUl;fspd; tpguk;/ tpiy/ th';Fgthpd;
ifbaGj;J/ tpw;gthpd; ifbaGj;J Mfpait ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
5. chpkj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtd';fspd; g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs; kl;Lnk tpw;f ntz;Lk;.

220
6. ,Ug;g[fs; xt;bthU tifa[k; vspjhf vz;qk;goahf itj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
7. g[{r;rp kUe;J th';fpa gl;oay;fs; jdp nfhg;gpy; itj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
8. vy;yh g[{r;;rp kUe;J tpw;gidahsh;fSk; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l gotj;jpy; khje;njhWk; 20 k; njjp
tiua[s;s tpw;gid tpguj;jpid me;je;j gFjp ntshz;ik mYtyu; (juf;fl;Lg;ghL) mth;fSf;F
mDg;g ntz;Lk;.

g[{r;rp kUe;J rl;lg;go

1. chpkk; ,y;yhj g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis ,wf;Fkjp bra;tnjh jahhpg;gnjh/ tpw;gid bra;tnjh TlhJ.
2. juf;Fiwthd g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis jahhpg;gnjh/ tpw;gid bra;tnjh TlhJ.
3. jil bra;ag;gl;l g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis tpw;gid bra;af;TlhJ.
4. g[{r;rp kUe;J rl;lj;jpw;F khwhd tpjj;jpYs;s ve;j g[{r;rp kUe;jpida[k; jahhpj;jnyh tpw;gid
bra;jnyh TlhJ.
5. g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs; rl;lg;go gjpt[ bra;ag;glhj g[{r;rp kUe;jpid jahhpj;jnyh/ tpw;gid br;ajnyh
TlhJ.
6. g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs; ,Ug;g[/ tpw;gid/ Mfpatw;wpw;F jFe;j gjpntLfs; itj;jpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
7. fhyhtjpahd g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis tpw;gid bra;jy; TlhJ.

g[{r;;rp kUe;J Ma;thsh;

1. xt;bthU jhY}f;fhtpw;Fk; xU ntshz;ik mYtyh; (juf;fl;Lg;ghL ) xU ntshz;ik mYtyh;
(gaph; ghJfhg;g[) g[{R;rp kUe;J Ma;thsh;fs; Mth;.
2. g[{r;rp kUe;J rl;lj;jpw;F khwhf Fw;wk; eil bgWtjhfnth / eilbgwtpUg;gjhfnth vz;zpdhy;/
mth; ve;j ,lj;ija[k; nrhjid ,lyhk;.
3. njitg;go ve;j j!;jhnti$a[k; fhz;gpf;Fk;;go g[{r;rp kUe;J jahhpg;ghsiunah/ tpw;gidasiunah
g[{r;rp kUe;J Ma;thsh; nfl;fyhk;. gjpt[ VLfisa[k; nrhjpf;fyhk;. efy; vLf;fyhk;. njitg;god;
mtw;iw gwpKjy; bra;ayhk;.
4. g[{r;rp kUe;J rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;L cs;sjh vd epr;rapj;J f; bfs;s g[{R;rp kUe;J Ma;thsh; ve;j xU
thfdj;ija[k; epWj;jyhk;.
5. xU g[{R;rp kUe;J g[{r;rp kUe;J rl;lj;jpw;F khwhd Kiwapy; ,Ug;gjhf vz;zpdhy; / g{[r;rp kUe;J
Ma;thsh; me;j g[{R;rp kUe;jpid/ tpw;gid bra;tij jLf;fyhk;.
6. ve;j xU g[{r;rp kUe;jpd; khjphpfisa[k; vLj;J nrhjidf;F mDg;gyhk;
7. g[{R;rp kUe;J Ma;thsh; g[{r;rp kUe;J jahhpf;Fk; my;yJ g[{r;rp[ kUe;J itj;Js;s ,l';fs; tpgu';fis
nfl;lhy; jahhpg;ghsh; my;yJ tpwgidahsh; mij bjhptpf;f rl;lg;go flikg;gl;ltuhth;
8. g[{r;rp kUe;J Ma;thsiu mtUila gzpapid bra;atplhJ jLg;gth; jz;lidf;F chpatuhth;.

221
 45. gjpt[ Kiwfs; kw;Wk; gaph; bjhw;W jil fhg;g[

gjpt[ bra;a[k; FGkk;

kj;jpa murhy;,aw;wg;gl;l,f;FG kj;jpa g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpy; ,lk;bgw;w 5
ngh[; Vida jdpg;gphptpd; ty;Ydh;fspd; cjtpa[ld; g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfspd; jd;ik/ g[{r;rpia
jLf;Fk; er;Rj; jd;ik mij gad;gLj;Jk; bghGJ filg;gpof;f ntz;oa Kd;bdr;rhpf;iffis
tw;g[Wj;JfpwJ.
kj;jpamurpd; bfhs;if go gjpt[f; FGtpy/;[ xU jiyth; cl;gl 5 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
,jpy/; fz;fhdpg;ghsh; kw;Wk; jhtughJfhg;g[ Mnyhrfh; (,e;jpahmuR) kw;Wk;
gjpthsh;/ g[{R;rpbfhy;yp jahhpg;g[ Kiw kw;Wk;; mjd; tpist[fis fz;fhdpg;gh;. ,it midj;Jk;
,e;jpamuR tFj;Js;s rl;lg;go gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;.
g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp kUe;J gjptpd; nghJ gpd;gw;wgl ntz;oa eilKiwfs;
1. btspehl;oypUe;J ,wf;FkjpahFk ; ve;j g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp kUe;Jk; gjpt[f; FGtpy;
Kd;gjpt[f;FmDkjp bgw ntz;Lk;.
2. xt;bthU tpz;zg;gjhspy; nfl;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; midj;JFwpg;g[fSk; epug;gg;gl ntz;Lk;.
3. tpz;zg;gj;ij bgWk;nghJ/ xU gjpt[ vz; bfhLf;fg;gLk; (tpz;zg;gk; bgw;W 12 khj;jpw;Fs;)
4. Kjd; Kiwahf xU g{r;rpbfhy;ypia ,e;jpahtpy; gjpt[ bra;a[k; nghJ/ 2 tUl mtfhrk;
kl;Lnk jug;gLk; (rpy tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;lJ).
5. gjpt[f; FGtpd; fUj;Jfs; Vw;g[ilajhf ,y;iybadpy; tpz;zg;gjhuh; jdf;F fUj;J
bjhptpf;fg;gl;l 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; KiwaPL bra;ayhk;.
6. kj;jpa g[{R;rpf; bfhy;yp thhpaj;jpw;F fPH;f;fz;l jfty;fs; rkh;gpf;fgl ntz;Lk;
tay;btspr ;nrhjid Kot[fs; Fiwe;jJ 2 gUt';fs; kw;Wk;; \d;W khWgl;l ,l';fs;
jhtu er;R jd;ik xU gUtk; x xU ,lk;
,zf;fj; jd;ik xU gUtk; x xU ,lk;
xl;Lz;zp kw;Wk; ,iwtpG';fpfspd; kPjhd xU gUtk; x xU ,lk;
tpist[
kz;zpy; v":rpa e":rpd; j';Fk; jpwd; xU gUtk; x xU ,lk;
jz;zPhpy; v":rpa e":rpd; xU gUtk; x xU ,lk;
gaphpy; v":rpa e":rpd; j';Fk; jpwd; xU gUtk; x xU ,lk;
mWtilbra;ag;gLk; bghUspd; cs;s xU gUtk; x xU ,lk;
v":rpae":R
mWtilapd; nghJ kz;zpy; cs;s v":rpae":R xU gUtk; x xU ,lk;

222
 g[{r;rpf; bfhy;yp kUe;Jfis gjpt[ bra;jy;
jahhpg;ghsh;fs; gjpt[ bra;tjw;fhf bfhLf;fpd;w g[{r;rp kUe;Jfis/ FG mjDila
jdpj;jd;ik/ er;Rj;jd;ik/ KiwapLfpd;w er;Rtpd; mst[ ,tw;iw ghprPyid bra;J Xuhz;Lf;Fs;
gjpt[ bra;a[k;. ,wf;Fkjp bra;ag;gl;L nehpilahf tpw;gid bra;ag;gLk; g[{r;;rp kUe;JfSf;F Kjy;
,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F kl;Lk; tpw;gidf;F mDkjp mspf;fg;gLk;. mjw;Fs; tpepnahfpg;ghsh;fs;
ek;ehl;onyna cw;gj;jp bra;tjw;fhd Mtd Vw;ghLfis bra;J tpw;gid bra;antz;Lk;.

g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs; tpw;gid

1. g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs; tpw;gid bra;a jFe;j chpkk; bgWjy; ntz;Lk;.
2. g[{r;rp kUe;J tpw;gid bra;a[kplKk; FoapUg;g[k; xd;whf ,Uf;ff;TlhJ.
3. g[{r;rp kUe;J tpw;gid bra;a[kplj;jpy; czt[g; bghUl;fnsh/ fhy;eil jPtd';fnsh tpw;gid
bra;af; TlhJ.

g[{R;rp kUe;J ngf;fp';Fk; tpyhrkplYk;

vy;yh g[{R;rpkUe;JfSk; rl;lg;goahd ngf;fp';fspYk; tpyhrk; ,l;Lk; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
vy;yh g[{r;rp kUe;JfSlDk; fPH;fhqk; tpgu';fSld; Toa rP;L ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
1. g[{r;rp kUe;J ve;j g[{r;rpf;F my;yJ neha;f;F cgnahfpf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. g[{r;rp kUe;jpdhy; kdpjh;fSf;F Vw;gLk; nfL mjd; milahs';fs; mjw;fhd epth;j;jp tHpfs;
,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
3. g[{r;rp kUe;jpd; vhpaf;Toa jd;ik nkYk; ,Ug;g[ itf;Fk;; nghJ ftdpf;f ntz;oait
4. g[{r;rp kUe;jpid cgnahfpj;j gpd;dh; ngf;fp';Ffis mHpf;Fk; Kiw.
vy;yh g[{r;rp kUe;J fyd;fspYk; fPH;fhqk; tpgu';fs; mr;rpl;Lg;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk;.
1. jahhpg;ghshpd; bgah;
2. g[{r;;rp kUe;J bgah;
3. g{[r;rp kUe;J jahhpg;gpd; chpk vz;
4. g[{r;;rp kUe;jpy; cs;s ,urhadg; bghUl;fspd; bgaUk; rjtPjKk;
5. g[{r;;rp kUe;jpd; epfu bfhs;sst[
6. ngl;r; vz;
7. g[{r;;rp kUe;J jahhpj;j njjp
8. g[{r;;rp kUe;J fhyhtjpahFk; njjp
9. er;R Kwpg;g[fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[
10. er;Rj; jd;ik
11. g[{r;;rpf; bfhy;ypapd; totk;
12. ve;j ve;jg; g[{R;rpfSf;F vjpuhf gad;gLj;jyhk;
13. g[{r;rpf; bfhy;ypia bjspf;Fk; my;yJ ,Lk; Kiw

223
g[{r;rp kUe;Jfs; mtw;wpd; tp#j;jd;ikia bghWj;J fPK;f;fz;lthW gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. vy;.o.50(kp.fpuhk: / fp.fp) : 1-50 rptg;g[ epw Kf;nfhzk; - kpff; fLikahd tp#k;
2. vy;.o.50(kp.fpuhk: / fp.fp): 51 -500 k":rs; epw Kf;nfhzk; - fLikahd tp#k;
3. vy;.o.50(kp.fpuhk: / fp.fp): 501 - 5000 ePy epw Kf;nfhzk; - tp#k;
4. vy;.o.50(kp.fpuhk: / fp.fp): 5000 f;F nky; gr;ir epw Kf;nfhzk; - Fiwe;j tp#k;
nkny cs;s tpgu';fs; jtpu fPH;f;fhqk; tpgu';fs; fz;og;ghf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
nygpspd; 1/16 g';Ff;Ff; Fiwahky; ,Jnghd;w fl;lk; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
1. ,jd; nkw;gFjpapy; kpff;fLikahd tp#j;jd;ika[s;s g[{r;rp kUe;JfSf;F
FWf;bfYk;g[fSld; Toa kz;ilnahLk; rptg;g[ vGj;jpy; tp#k; vd;Wk; mr;rpl;oUf;f
ntz;Lk;/ nkYk; fl;lj;jpw;Fbtspna fPH;f;fhqk; thrf';fSk; mr;rplg;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk;.
"FHe;ijfSf;F vl;lhj ,lj;jpy; itf;ft[k;."
"kUe;jpd; tp#j;jd;ik jhf;fpdhy; clnd kUe;Jtiu mqf;ft[k;."
fl;lj;jpd; fPH;g;gFjp "rptg;g"[ epwj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. fLikahd tp#j;jd;ika[s;s g[{r;rp kUe;JfSf;F fl;lj;jpd; nky; gFjpapy; 'tp#k; ' vd;Wk;/
fl;lj;jpw;F btspna 'FHe;ijfSf;F vl;lhj ,lj;jpy; itf;ft[k;.' vd;Wk; fl;lj;jpd; fPH;g;gFjp
k":rs; epwj;jpYk; mr;rplg;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk;.
3. tp#j;jd;ika[s;s g[{r;;rp kUe;JfSf;F nky; gFjpapy; 'mghak;' vd;Wk;/ fl;lj;jpd; cs;nsna
'FHe;ijfSf;F vl;lhj ,lj;jpy; itf;ft[k; ' vd;Wk;/ fl;lj;jpd; fPH; gFjpapy; 'ePy ' epwj;jpYk;
mr;rplg;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk;
4. Fiwthd tp#j;jd;ika[s;s g[{r;;rp kUe;JfSf;F fl;lj;pd; nky; gFjpapy; 'vr;rhpf;if ' vd;Wk;;
fl;lj;jpd; fPH;g;gFjp 'gr;ir' epwj;jpYk; mr;rplg;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk;.
nkny Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sitfis ahUk; mHpf;fnth jpUj;jnth TlhJ.

224
 46. kj;jpa g[{r;;rpf;bfhy;yp thhpaj;jpd; \yk; jilbra;ag;gl;l kw;Wk; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
g[{r;;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; (Mf!;l;/ 2018 tiu)

gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; 261

cw;gj;jp/ ,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk;; cgnahfk; jil bra;ag;gl;l g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; 46
cgnahfk; jil bra;ag;gl;l Vw;Wkjp g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; kw;Wk; g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp 2
cUtf';fs;

cw;gj;jp/ ,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk;; cgnahfk; jil bra;ag;gl;l g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp cUtf';fs; 4

gjpt[ bra;a kWf;fg;gl;l g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; 18
gad;ghL tiuaWf;fg;gl;l g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; 13
cw;gj;jp/ ,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk;; cgnahfk; jil bra;ag;gl;l g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; 46
cgnahfk; jil bra;ag;gl;l Vw;Wkjp g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; kw;Wk; g[{r;rpf;bfhy;yp 2
cUtf';fs;

gad;ghL tiuaWf;fg;gl;l g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs;

vz; g[{r;;rpf;bfhy;yp tptu';fs;
1. mYkpdpak; gh!;igl; 3 fpuhk; khj;jpiufis bfhz;l oa[{g;; ghf;bfl;Lfs;
jilbra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
2. nfg;lhghy; tpij neh;j;jpf;F kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. bjspf;f mDkjp
fpilahJ.
3. irbgh;bkj;hpd; 3% g[if cUtfk; - bghJ Rfhjhuj;jpw;F kl;Lk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;
4. nlnrhbkl; O gaphpy; gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ
5. ilmrpdhd; ntshz; gaph;fspy; jilbra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
6. O.O.o bghJ Rfhjhuj;jpw;F kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jyhk;
7. bgdpl;onuhijahd; bghJ Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk;; ghiytd';fspy; njhd;Wk;
btl;Lf;fpsp Tl;lj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jyhk;
8. bgd;jpahd; ghiytd btl;Lf;fpsp/ tPl;Lg;g[{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; bghJ
Rfhjhuj;jpw;F kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jyhk
9. kPj;jhf;rp ,ijy; bkh;Fhpf; fUk;g[ kw;Wk; cUis tpij neh;j;jpw;F kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jyhk;
jndhiul;
10. kPijy; g[nuhikl; muR eph;zapj;j CHpah;fs; kl;Lk; ,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp
bghUs;fspy; tha[ \l;lk; nghLtjw;F gad;gLj;jyhk;
11. kPj;ijy; ghuhj;jpahd; 50% EC kw;Wk; 2% DP cUtf';fs; fha;fwp kw;Wk; gH

225
 gaph;fspy; jilbra;agl;Ls;sJ.
12. nkhndhFnuhl;lhgh!; fha;fwp gaph;fspy; jilbra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ
13. nrhoak; iraidl; gUj;jp ngy;fis tha[ \l;lk; nghLtjw;F kl;Lk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;

jilbra;ag;gl;l g[{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfs; (Mf!;l;/ 2018 tiu)

1. My;ofhh;g; 2. iel;onuhbgd;
3. My;ohpd; 4. ghuhFnshnuh ilkPj;ijy; ry;ngl;
5. O.vr;.rp 6. gpidapy; bkh;Fhp mrpnll;
7. fhy;rpak; iraidl; 8. nrhoak; kPj;njd; Mh;rndl;
9. Fnshh;bgd;rpnyl; 10. lhf;rhgPd;
11. Fnshh;nld; 12. oiuFnshnuh mrpl;of; Mrp
13. Fnshh;bgd;tpd;ghy; 14. gpndhkpy;
15. fhg;gh; mrpl;nlh Mh;rpndl; 16. fhu;gupy;
17. ilMy;ohpd; 18. larpdhd;
19. vd;ohpd; 20. @bgdupkhy;
21. bgd;lhFnshnuh iel;nuhbgd;rPd; 22. @bgd;jahd;
23. bgd;lhFnshnuh gPdhy; 24. ypDuhd;
25. bll;uhilghd; 26. kpjhf;!p ,ijy; bkh;Fhp FnshiuL
27. iel;onuhbgd; 28. kpijy; ghuijahd;
29. ,ijy; bkh;Fhp Fnshiul; 30. nrhoak; raidL
31. ,ijy; ghujpahd; 32. jabklhd;
33. vj;jpypd; g[nuhikl; 34. oiuokhu;@g;
35. bg;lhFnyhh; 36. oiu@gSuhypd;
37. ypz;nld; 38. myhf;nshu;
39. nkypf; iQiluirl; 40. ilFnshu;th!;
41. bkdrhd; 42. nghnul;
43. bkl;lhf;R{uhd; 44. gh!;nghkplhd;
45. oiuanrhgh!;
46. oiuFnshu;@ghd;

226
 47. gaph; bjhw;W jil ghJfhg;g[

cyfr; re;ijapy; tptrha bghUl;fspd; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp mjpfhpj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpwJ.

,g;go Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp bra;a[k; bghUl;fs; (tpijfs;/ ehw;Wfs;/ gUg;g[ kw;Wk; jhdpa';fs;/ gH';fs;/
kyh;fs;/ kz; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp jhtu';fs;/ g[{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; kugq khw;wg;gl;l brofs;/ ngf;fp';fpw;F
gad;gLk; ku ml;ilfs;/ kw;Wk; kug;gyiffs;/ kuj;Jz;Lfs;) \yk; kw;w ehLfisr; nrh;e;j g[{r;rp/
neha;fs; xU ehl;ow;Fs; EiHtjw;fhd rhj;jpa';fs; mjpfk;. ,g;go EiHaf;Toa me;epa ehl;od;
my;yJ mz;il khepyj;jpd; g[{r;rp/ neha;fis jLf;f xt;bthU ehl;oYk; gaph; bjhw;W jil ghJfhg;g[r;
rl;lk; cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gaph; bjhw;W jil ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk; - 2003 mkypy; cs;sJ. cyfshtpa
gaph; ghJfhg;g[ Tl;likg;gpy; (1951) ,e;jpaht[k; xU m';fj;jpduhf bray;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,jd;\yk;
cyfshtpa rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;L ,e;jpahtpypUe;J tptrha bghUl;fs; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp
bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,jw;F Ke;ija fhyfl;l';fspy; btsp ehLfspypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; EiHe;J bgUk;
nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa Kf;fpa g[{r;rpfs; fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
vz; g[{r;rpapd; bgah; jhf;fg;gl;l gaph; njhw;Wtpj;j ehL
1. bjd;id ,hpnahigapl; rpye;jp bjd;id -
2. RUs; bts;is < fha;fwp gaph;fs; ,y';if
3. fhgp gr;ir brjpy; g[{r;rp Fhgp ,y';if
4. fk;gsp mRtzp Mg;gpy;; ,';fpyhe;J
5. rpy;ypl; g[{r;rp mfj;jp ,y';if
6. fhgp bfhl;il Jisg;ghd; Fhgp ,y';if
7. ghk;g;g[f; nfhL g[{r;rp fha;fwp gaph;fs; -
8. cUis fpH';F me;Jg; g[{r;rp cUis ,j;jhyp
9. itu KJF g[[{r;rp Kl;il nfh!;/ g[{ nfh!; -
10. jf;fhsp Crp Jisg;ghd; jf;fhsp bjd; mbkhpf;fh
11. fhl;yp'; me;Jg; g[{r;rp Mg;gpy;; ghfp!;jhd;
12. +nfh!; RUs; bts;is < bjd;id mbkhpf;fh

13. gilg;g[G kf;fhr;nrhsk; mbkhpf;fh

,e;jpahtpy; ghpjhghj;jpy; bray;gl;L tUk; gaph; ghJfhg;g[/ gaph; bjhw;W jil ghJfhg;g[ kw;Wk;
nrkpg;g[ jhdpa ghJfhg;g[ ,af;Fdufk; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp bra;ag;gLk; tptrha bghUl;fSf;F
jur;rhd;Wjy; mspj;J/ mtw;iw fz;fhzpj;J tUfpwJ. ,e;j ,af;Fdufj;jpd; xg;g[jy; bgw;nw rl;l
jpl;l';fSf;F cl;gl;L kw;w ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp bra;a Koa[k;. mnj nghy; ,wf;Fkjp bra;ag;gLk;
bghUl;fSk; jPtpu fz;fhzpg;g[f;F cl;gl;l gpd;dnu mDkjpf;fg;gLk.;

227
,e;jpahtpy; mkypy; cs;s cs;ehl;L gaph; bjhw;W jil ghJfhg;g[ rl;lk;
vz; g[{r;rp jilbra;ag;gl;l bghUs; jilbra;ag;gl;l gFjp
1. g[Sl;ll; brjpy; g[{r;rp g[Sl;ll; brjpy; g[{r;rp jhf;fg;gl;l fh;ehlfk;/ jkpH;ehL
gHr; brofs; kw;Wk; ehw;Wfs; nfush
2. nrd; n$h!; brjpy; g[{r;rp Mg;gpy; cl;gl;l jhf;fg;gl;l gH g";rhg;/ jkpH;ehL/ nkw;F
tiffspd; brofs; ehw;Wfs; t';fk;/ mrhk;/ xhprh/
,khr;ry gpunjrk;/
$k;K&fh!;kph;
3. thiH bkhirf; itu!; thiH ku';fs;/ fd;Wfs; kw;Wk; kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;
ehh;fs;
4. cUis kU neha; cUis fpH';F nkw;F t';fk; (lhh;$pyp';
khtl;lk;)
5. Mg;gps; brhwpneha; Mg;gpy; ehw;Wfs; $k;K & fh#;kph; ,khr;ry
gpunjrk;
6. fhl;yp'; me;Jg; g[{r;rp Mg;gpy; kw;Wk; thy;el; ehw;Wfs;/ $k;K &fh#;kph;
ku';fs; (ylhf; khtl;lk;)
7. thiH Ko bfhj;J itu!; thiH fpH';F/ thiH fd;Wfs; mrhk;/ nfush/ xhprh/
jkpH;ehL/ nkw;F t';fk;
8. cUis E}w;g[G cUis tpij fpH';Ffs; jkpH;ehL
9. fhgp bfhl;il Jisg;ghd; fhgp bfhl;il tpijfs;/ ePyfphp (jkpH;ehL)/
brofs; kw;Wk; fhgp bgho FlF(fh;ehlfk;)/ taehL
(nfush)
gaph; bjhw;W jil ghJfhg;g[ rl;lk; 2003 d; go/ tpij kw;Wk; ehw;Wfs; mk;hp!;lh;/ brd;id/ fy;fl;lh/
Kk;ig kw;Wk; g[J jpy;ypapy; cs;s mYtyf';fs; \ynk ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; mDkjpf;fg;gLk;.
czt[g; bghUshf ,wf;Fkjp bra;gtw;iw vy;yh mDkjpf;fg;gl;l EiHthapy;fs; tHpahft[k;
bfhz;Ltu Koa[k;. jkpH;ehl;il bghWj;jtiu/ brd;id kPdk;ghf;fj;jpy; cs;s gpuhe;jpa gaph; bjhw;W
jil ghJfhg;g[ epiyak; \yk; tptrha bghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp bra;a Koa[k;.

228
 48. g{r;rp nkyhz;ikapy; g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp gad;ghl;ow;fhd cgfuz';fs; kw;Wk; bghwpfs;

bghwpfspd; bghJthd gad;ghLfs;

 g{r;rpfs; vz;zpf;ifia fz;lwpa gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 bghwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mst[/ mt;tp;lj;jpd; mikg;g[/ kw;Wk; fhw;nwhl;lk; nghd;wtw;iw
fUj;j;py; bfhz;L mikag;gLk;. Kjw;fl;lkhf 1000 rJu mof;F 1 bghwp vd;w fzf;fpw;F
gad;gLj;jp mjd; gpwF nkw;Twpa njitf;nfw;g mjpfg;gLj;jp bfhs;syhk;.
 Fwpg;ghf bghwpfs; cauj;jpy; bjhl';Fk; mikg;g[ld; kw;Wk; fhw;nwhl;l trjpa[ld; mikf;fg;gl
ntz;Lk;. bghwpfspy;/ g{r;rpfs; cs;ns tUk; tHp milglhky; ghJfhf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
tupir vz; bghwpfspd; tiffs; fLg;gLj;jg;gLk; g{r;rpfs;
1 befpHp g[zy;bghwp (befpHp ciwa[ld;) me;Jg;g{r;rpfs;

2 gira[ld; Toa bly;lhbghwp me;Jg;g{r;rpfs;

3 bts;is befpHp gH <f;fs;
4 k";rs; epw xl;Lg;bghwp rhW cwp";Rk; g{r;rpfs;/
me;Jg;g{r;rpfs; kw;Wk; gH<f;fs;
5 gf;bfl; bghwp rptg;g[ Td;tz;L;/ fhz;lhkpUf
tz;L
bghwpfshy; fth;e;J mHpf;ff;Toa g{r;rp ,d';fs;
1) bey; FUj;Jg;g{r;rp
2) mbkupf;fd; fha;gg
; [G
3) g[ifapiy btl;Lg;g[G
4) kf;fhr;nrhsg; gilg;g[G
5) fj;jhp jz;L kw;Wk; fha;j;Jisg;ghd;
6) nfhnfh fhaj;; Jisg;ghd;
7) fhl;yp'; me;Jg;g{r;rp
8) fhgpr; brofis jhf;Fk; bts;is jz;Lj;Jisg;ghd;
9) itu KJFg;g{r;rp
10) gH <f;fs;
11) jf;fhsp Crpg;g[G
12) rh;f;fiu ts;spf; fpH';ifj; jhf;Fk; Td;tz;L
13) ,s";;rptg;g[ fha;jJ
; isg;ghd;
14) fUk;g[ ,ilf;fqg;gG
[
15) bjd;id fUe;jiyg;g[G
16) bjd;id rptg;g[ Td;tz;L
17) bjd;id fhz;lhkpUf tz;L

229
bjspg;ghd;fs;
ehg;rhf; bjspg;ghd;
1. ,J KJfpy; Rke;J kdpj Mw;wyhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
2. ,jndhL bghUj;jg;gl;oUf;Fk; ifgpoia tYthf mirf;Fk;nghJ mGj;jk; cz;lhfp FHha;
tHpahf g{r;rpbfhy;yp btsptUfpwJ.
3. fyf;fj; njitapy;yhj g{r;rp bfhy;ypfis ,jd; \yk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

gf;bfl; bjspg;ghd;
1. ,J thyp \ykhf neuoahf g{r;rpbfhy;ypfis gad;gLj;j cjt[fpwJ.
2. thypapy; kUe;ij epug;gp mjw;Fs; iQl;uhypf; gk;ig \H;f itj;J ,izf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;
ifg;gpoia nkny ,Gf;Fk; nghJ mGj;jk; cz;lhfp g{r;rpbfhy;yp btspna brYj;jg;gLfpwJ.

uhf;fh; bjspg;ghd;
1. ,J caukhd ku';fspy; g{r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. bghJthf ,jpy; 14 to 18 fp/cm2 mGj;jk; cz;lhfpwJ.

fhyhy; bray;gLj;jg;gLk; bjspg;ghd;

1. ,jd; gk;g; br';Fj;jhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2. uhf;bfh; bjspg;ghdpd; khWgl;l totk;.
3. fPnH bghUj;jg;gl;oUf;Fk; bgliy fhyhy; mGj;Jk;nghJ mGj;jk; Vw;gl;L kUe;J nky;nehf;fp
brd;W FHha; tHpahf btsptUfpwJ.
4. cUthFk; mGj;jk; - 17 to 21 fp/cm2
kpd;rhuj;jhy; ,a';Fk; bjspg;ghd;
1. ,J vy;yh tptrhapfshYk; mjpf mst[ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. 1.2 – 3HP ,d;$pd; bghUj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. ,d;$pd; ,a';fpa Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jp g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp; bjspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gth; l!;lh;
1. ehg;rhf; bjspg;ghd;fid ika <h;g;g[; tpirahy; bray;gLj;jpdhy; mJ gth; l!;luhf
bray;gLk;.
2. ,jd; bfhs;sst[ - 500 kpyp – 1000 kpyp
3. ,J tPl;Lj;njhl;lk; kw;Wk; nrhjidf; Tlk; nghd;w rpwpa ,l';fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
4. rpwpajhf/ fdkw;wjhf/ vspjpy; vLj;Jr; bry;yf; Toajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

230