J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298 3

Fig.. 1. CPS arch

Fig architect
itecture
ure for maintena
maintenance
nce and PdM (adapted [3]).
(adapted from [3]).

physic
phy sical
al sys
systems
tems,, whe where re sen
sensor
sorss mon
monito itorr the behavio
behaviorr of mac machin hines
es is detecte
detected.First,the
d.First,the CMM CMMS S systemreceivesarepairrequest.Thus,a
an
and d co
comp
mpon onen ents.
ts. The
The data
data co coll
llect
ected
ed by th thes
ese e se
sens
nsororss ca
cann ev
even entu-
tu- technic
tech nicianian ass
assesse
essess the anomal
anomaly y to determ
determine ine the critic
criticall
allyy and the
al
ally
ly papass
ss thro
throug ugh h a prpre-
e-pr
proc
ocess
essin
ingg ste
step p be
befofore
re bei
beingng store
stored d in th thee po
potetent
ntiaiall root
root causcauses es.. Th
The e next
next stestepp co
consnsisists
ts on the elab elabor orat
atio
ionn of 
Cyber
Cyb er layer
layer of the arc archite
hitectu
cture.
re. Thi
Thiss layer
layer is respon
responsib sible
le for stostorin
ring g a mai
maintentenan nance ce plan,
plan, con conside
siderin
ringg pre-co
pre-condit ndition
ions,s, suc
such h as how lon long g
da
datata to feed
feed da datata miminining
ng tech
techni niqu
queses and
and ML ML modemodels ls traini
training.ng. The on
onee sh
shou ouldld wa
wait it to diss
dissip ipat
atee fla
flamm
mmab able le ga
gasesess in the en enviviro
ronmnmenent,
t,
Ph
Physysic
ical
al laye
layerr rece
receiv ives
es repo
report rtss re
rega
gard
rdiningg ththee cucurr
rrent
ent cocondndititio
ion
n of  or wh
whic ichh are
are th the e step
step by step step proc
proces essesess to diag
diagno nosese it. ThThe e pla
plan
the
the mach
machin inee or co compmpon onenentt and
and is cacapapablblee of prprovovididin
ingg pr
prog
ognonosisis-
s- also
also care
caress for for popost st-c
-conondit
ditio
ions
ns,, in
inclcludi
uding ng tests
tests requ
requir ired
ed to en ensu
sure
re
rela
relatetedd ininfo
form
rmat atioion,
n, su
such
ch as thethe rema
remain inin
ing g us
usefeful
ul life
life esesti
tima
matestes.. the reso
resolu lutition
on of the prob proble lem.
m. Foll
Follow
owin ingg the
the esesta
tablblis
ishm
hmen entt of the
the
Beside
Bes ides,s, in the Cyber
Cyber layer,there
layer,there may be a decisio decision n sup
suppor
portt system,
system, main
mainte tenanancnce e plan
plan,, the pr prococes
esss co
contntin
inueuess by allo
alloca catin
ting g an exexpe
pertrt
which
whi ch dep
dependiending ng on the res result
ultss gen
generaerated
ted by the dataanalysis
dataanalysis,, can tec
technhnicicia
ian,
n, therequir
therequired ed sp
spararee pa
parts
rts,, an
and d th
thee tool
toolss neneede
eded d to fix the
the
schedu
sch edule le fut
future
ure maimainten
ntenancance e and sugsuggesgestt mai
maintenntenancance e rou
routes.
tes. pr
prob
oblelem.
m. Th Thisis prprococes
esss ususuauall
lly
y in
invovolv
lved
ed sesevevera
rall peop
people le an
and d ca
cann be
Be
Befo
forere appl
applyi yingng PdM,
PdM, it is ne nececess
ssararyy to cons
consid iderer ho
how w crit
critic
ical
al quite labor
labor-inten
-intensive. sive.
the
the eqequ uipme
ipment nt is in th thee cont
contexextt of its opera perati tion
on.. For
For ex examampl ple,
e, if  On
One e of th thee coconcncepepts ts of Indu
Indust stry
ry 4.
4.0 0 is that
that th the e cy
cybe
ber-r-ph
physysic
ical
al
the
the cocoll
llap
apsese of the the pipiec
ecee of eqequiuipm
pmenentt dodoes es no
nott imimpapactct the
the pl plan
antt sy
syst
stem
emss (or(or dig
digit ital
al twin
twins) s) ca
can n take
take actio
actions ns anandd co
commu
mmuni nica
cate
te wi
with
th
operation, a stra stratetegygy ca
cann be to op opererat
atee it to fa fail
ilur
uree an
andd fix it whenwhen each othe
other, r, ex
exec ecututin
ing g a gigive
venn en
end- d-to
to-e
-endnd proc
proces esss auauto
tononomo
mous usly
ly..
the
the fafail
ilur
ure e occu
occurs rs.. On the
the othe
otherr ha
handnd,, a pipiec
ece e of equi
equipm pmen entt can
can be Fig.
Fig. 3 illus
illustra
trates
tes an exa exampl mple e of thi
thiss pro
procescess.s. Cog
Cogniti
nitiveve mainte
maintenan nancece
cr
crit
itic
ical
al.. In this
this case
case,, a fail
failur
uree co
coul
uldd lead
lead to a sign signifiificacant
nt impa
impact ct on is a cy
cybeber-r-ph
phys ysicical
al sy
syste
stem m that
that cocombmbin ines
es a pred
predicictitive
ve mode
modell wi with
th
plant
plant ope
operat ration
ion.. If tha
thatt is thecase, com compan paniesshoul
iesshould d con
considsider
er usi
using
ng a co
cogngniti
itive
ve sysyststem
em thathatt ca cann deter
determi minene the se seveveri
rity
ty of the
the ananomomalalyy
predic
pre dictivemodel
tivemodelss tha thatt canprovi
canprovide de an earearlyly ind
indicaicatio
tion n of anypoten
anypoten-- and the potent
potential ial rootcauses. This cybermodel automa automaticall tically y opens
tial anoma
anomaly. ly. Some compa companies,however,
nies,however, use redund redundant ant equip
equipment ment a re
rep pair
air ord rderer in th thee CMM MMS S th
that
at feeds
feeds a sc sched
hedululining g model
model,, wh whicich
h
that
that opoper erat
ates
es in casecase of the the prprim
imararyy hahardrdwa
ware re fail
fails,
s, al
allo
lowi
wingng thethe aims
aims to mini minimi mize ze ththe e impa
impact ct of ththee re
repapairir in th
the e pla
plant’
nt’s pro
produc-
duc-
co
comp
mpan any y to kekeepep the
the opopererat
atio
ions
ns runn
runnin ing g wh
whil ile
e it repa
repair irss the prprob
ob-- tion
tion.. More
Moreov over er,, this
this mo mode dell ca
care
ress for
for thethe avai
availalabi
bilility
ty of qual
qualifiified
ed
lemati
lem aticc uni
unit.t. In thi
thiss case,
case, the critic
criticall
ally
y is red
reduce
uced d by eli
elimin
minati ating
ng the ma
main inte
tenanancnce e tech
techni nicician
ans,s, tool
tools,s, an
and d sp
spararee part
parts.s. At thethe momome mentnt
sin
single
gle point
point of failur
failure. e. of the
the repa
repair ir,, the cy cyber
ber-p -phy
hysisica
call sy
syste
stem m guguidides
es the
the main
mainte tena
nanc
nce e
Predict
Pre dictive
ive mod
models els are usu
usuallally
y data-d
data-driv rivenen mode
models ls tha
thatt req
requir
uire ea te
tech
chni
nicician
an to exec execut ute e the
the repa
repair ir and
and autoautoma matitica
calllly
y co
collllec
ects
ts the
the
vari
varietetyy of data
data str streaeams
ms prprovovid
ided
ed by mu multi ltipl
plee real
real-t-tim
imee anand d offli
offlinene inform
informati ationon req
requir uired
ed to upd updateate the CMMCMMS S reco
record rds.
s. Afte
Afterr the co com-
m-
sour
source ces.
s. Data
Data al also
so cocome
mess frfrom
om Comp
Comput uter
erize
ized d Ma
Main inte
tena
nanc ncee MaMan-n- pletio
pletion n of the rep repair air,, thi
thiss inform
informati ation
on feeds
feeds ano another
ther cybcyber-er-phy
physic
sical
al
ag
agem
ementent Sy Syste
stemsms (C (CMM
MMS) S).. Fail
Failur
ure-e-re
relalated
ted data
data is also also nece
necess ssar
aryy sy
syst
stem
em thatthat co contntrorols
ls the st stat
atus
us of ththe e pa
partrtss in
inve
vento
ntory ry,, opti
optimimizi
zing
ng
to buil
buildd and
and testtest thethe prprededic
icti
tive
ve momode delsls.. As eq equiuipm
pmen entt beco
become mess the spspararee pa
partrtss ininve
vento
ntory ry for
for a gi
givevenn se
servrvic
icee leve
level. l.
more
more relireliabablele,, on
one e of ththee cha
challllen
engegess data
data scie
scientntisists
ts fa
face
ce whwhen en cre-
cre-
ating
ating thes
these e mod
models els is the lack
lack of failur
failure-r
e-rela
elated
ted data.
data. One app approaroachch
to overcome this challenge is to consider a cohort of similar 3. Re
Rese
searc
arch
h me
meth
thod
odol
olog
ogy 
y 
eq
equiuipm
pmen entt an
and d gene
genera rate
te a meta
meta-m -mododel el tha
thatt refle
reflect ctss th
the e co
coll
llec
ectitive
ve
lear
learnining
ng frfrom
om the the ga gath
thererin
ingg and
and then
then applapplie iess the
the me meta ta-m
-mododel el to An SL
SLRR is an apappr
proa
oach
ch us
used
ed to iden
identi
tify
fy,, ev
eval
alua
uate,
te, an
and
d in
inter
terpr
pret
et
th
the
e pap
aper
erss publ
publisishe
hedd in a gi
give
venn fie
fielld of re
resesea
arch.
rch. Th
This
is app
approroac
ach
h
thePr
spe
specific
Predicific
edict
ctinpiece
pie
ing ceuipm
g eq
equiof equ
equipm
entipment
pmen t fa ent.
fail
ilure. is ju
ure just
st on
one
e ste
stepp in the tr
trad
aditi
ition
onal
al enab
enable
less th
thee iden
identitific
ficaation
tion of ex
exiistin
sting
g ga
gaps
ps anandd point
ointss out new
new
process
proce ss to perfo
perform
rm mainte
maintenance.
nance. Fi
Fig.
g. 2 desc
escrib
ribes
es sev
severa
erall step
stepss per-
per- res
resear
earch
ch opp
opport
ortuni
unities
ties [28].
[28]. In this article, we follow the SLR  
formed
formed to fix a piece
piece of equ
equipm
ipment,whenev
ent,whenever er an ano
anomal
maly y or failur
failure
e ap
appr
pro
oac
achh prop
propoose
sed
d by Kitch
itchen
enha
ham m et al.
al. [27]
[27].. We apappl
plie
ied
d the
the
methodo
meth odolog
logica
icall step
stepss as follow
follows.
s.
 

4  J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298

Fig.. 2. Trad
Fig Tradition
itional
al process
process to perform
perform maint
maintenan
enance.
ce.

Fig.. 3. Cybe
Fig Cyber-ph
r-physica
ysicall proc
process
ess to perform
perform main
maintena
tenance.
nce.

1. Definit
Definition
ion of res
researc
earch h que
questio ns: it gu
stions: guid
ides
es the
the elab
elabororat
atio
ion
n of 
re
rese
sear
arch
ch qu
ques
esti
tion
onss to be used
used to searsearch
ch for
for re
rele
leva
vantnt pape
papers
rs in What are
What are th
the
e chall
hallen
enge
gess an
and
d op
open
en qu
ques
esti
tion
onss rega
regard
rdin
ing
g
the litera
literature;
ture; mac
machi
hine
ne le
lear
arni
ning
ng an
andd reas
reason
onin
ing
g for
for pr
pred
edicicti
tive
ve main
mainte
te--
2. Search process
process:: it pr
pres
esent
entss the rese
researarch
ch str
strat
ateg
egyy an
and d th
the
e scie
scien-
n- nanc
nance
e in In
Indu
dust
stry
ry 4.
4.0?
0?
tific
tific so
sour
urce
cess us
used
ed in the se
sear
archch fo
forr rele
releva
vant
nt pa
pape
pers
rs;;
3. Studie
Studiess selecti on: de
selection: defini
finitio
tionn of th
the e crit
criter
eria
ia ap
appl
plie
ied
d to sele
select
ct rel-
rel-
evant pape
papers;
rs; •
  SQ
SQ1:
1: Whahatt are th
the
e ch
chaallen
llenge
gess of apply
pplyining
g mach
machin inee lear
learni
ning
ng
4. Quality
Quality assess ment: quan
assessment: quanti
tita
tati
tive
ve an
anal
alys
ysis
is of th
the
e qu
qual
alit
ity
y of th
the
e towards
towar ds predictive
predictive mainte
maintenance
nance??
selected
selected studies
studies;; • SQSQ2:
2: Whic
Which h mach
machin
ine
e lear
learni
ning
ng techn
techniqique
uess are
are us
usua
uall
lly
y in the
the con-
con-
text
text of pre
predic
dictiv
tive
e mai
mainten
ntenanc
ance?
e?
We disc
discus
usss ea
each
ch of th
the
e ste
steps
ps in the fo
foll
llow
owin
ing
g subs
subsec
ecti
tion
ons.
s. •   SQ
SQ3:
3: In wh
whicich
h co
cont
ntex
exts
ts are
are onto
ontolo
logi
gies
es us
used
ed for
for pr
pred
edicictiv
tivee ma
main
in--
tenance?
 3.1. Research questions
 3.2. Search process
A crucial part of an SLR is the the elaboratio tion of research ques-
[28].. In thi
tions [28] thiss art
articl
icle,
e, the res
resear
earch
ch que
questi
stions
ons sho
should
uld provide
provide the The pur
purposposee of SQ1 is, meemeetin
ting
g the gen
genera
erall que
questi
stion
on elabor
elaborate
ated,
d,
mean
meanss to unde
undersrsta
tand
nd ththee use of ML al L  alon
ong g with
with ononto
tolologi
gies
es in the
the to iden
identi
tify
fy th
thee tech
techni
nicacall ch
chal
alle
leng
nges
es that
that rese
researarch
chererss en
enco
coun
unteterr
co
conte
ntext
xt of PdPdM
M in In Indu
dustr
stry y 4.
4.00 sc
scen
enar
ario
ios.
s. wh
whenen prop
propos osin
ingg so
solu
lutio
tions
ns for
for Pd
PdMM us
usin
ing
g ML.
ML. Movi
Movingng forw
forwarardd on
To elab
elabororat
atee the
the rese
researarch
ch ququesesti
tion
ons,
s, we ca carr
rrie
ied
d ououtt pr
prel
elim
imi-i- thi
this issue, in SQ2, we seek to identif tify which ML algL  algori
orithms
thms are
na
nary
ry rese
researarch
ch and
and the an analalys
ysis
is of th
the
e resu
result
ltin
ingg pa
pape
pers
rs.. Be
Besi
side
des,
s, th
thee emplo
emp loye
yed d to veri
verifyfy if the
therere is an
anyy co
cons
nsen
ensu
suss in the scscie
ient
ntifi
ificc co
com-
m-
author
aut horss als
alsoo use
usedd thei
theirr experi
experienc encee to cre
create
ate the resear
researchch que
questistions
ons.. muni
mu nity
ty.. Fi
Fina
nall
lly,
y, SQ3
SQ3 ai aims
ms to unde
undersrsta
tand
nd whet
whethe herr on
onto
tolo
logi
gies
es or
We spe
specif
cify
y a genera
generall quequestio
stion n to gui
guidede the sea
search
rch for cha
challe
llenges
nges reas
reason
onin
ing g ha
have
ve an
any y sp
spacace
e in the
the area
area of Pd
PdM,
M, an
and d wh
whatat role
role it play
plays.
s.
in the fie
fieldld of rese
researarch
ch.. Ba
Basesed
d on the ce centr
ntral
al qu
ques
esti
tion
on,, we est
estab
ablilish
sh
spec
specifi
ificc on
oneses to em
emph phasasize
ize ex
exisisti
ting
ng so
solu
luti
tion
onss an
andd to iden
identitify
fy gaps
gaps on
oneeWe perf
pe
is the
th e rfor
crorm
crea m
eati two
two
tion
on ofst
step
a eps
se sarch
sear to
chco
cond
stnduc
stri
ringuct
ng,, twh
th
the
whileese
ilesear
tharch
theech
se proc
prnd
seco oces
cond ess.
ins.
invo Th
The
volv e first
lves
esfir
thst
thee
and dir
directi
ections
ons for future
future resresear
earch.
ch. sele
select
ctio
ionn of the
the so
sour
urce
ces.
s. Th
Thee de
desisign
gn of th thee se
sear
arch
ch st
stri
ring
ng dedema
mandndss
With
With ththee ge
gene
nerarall rese
researarch
ch ques
questition
on in mi mind
nd,, we crea
create
tedd th
thee a prel
prelim
imin inar
aryy re
rea
ading
ding of selselec
ecte
tedd pap aper
erss rela
relate
ted
d to thethe fie
field
ld of 
follow
following
ing spe
specifi
cificc que
questi
stions
ons (SQ).
(SQ). inter
interes
est.
t. Bool
Booleaeann oper
operatator
orss ar
aree ap
appl
plieied
d to impr
improvove
e sea
searcrch
h str
strin
ingg
 

 J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298 5

perfor
performan
mance.
ce. The
These
se ope
operat
rators
ors con
contemp
templat
latee ter
terms
ms tha
thatt are synony
synony-- Thefollowin
Thefollowing
g que
questi
stionsapplyto
onsapplyto sel
selectpaper
ectpaperss tha
thatt mee
meett thequali
thequality
ty
mous wit
mous with
h the key
keywor
words
ds alr
alread
eady
y defi
defined.
ned. requirements.

•   Is the
the pu
purp
rpos
ose
e of the
the rese
researarch
ch pres
presen
ented
ted?
?
(‘‘Ind
(‘‘Indus
ustr
try y 4.0’
4.0’’’ AND
AND (‘‘M
(‘‘Mac
achihine
ne Lear
Learni
ning
ng’’
’’ OR ‘‘De
‘‘Deep
ep •   Is there an architecturture/framework proposal or a research
Learning’’
Learn ing’’)) AND ‘‘Pre
‘‘Predicti
dictive
ve Maintenan
Maintenance’’
ce’’ AND (‘Àrc
(‘Àrchi-
hi-
tect
tectur
ure’
e’’’ OR ‘‘Fra
‘‘Framemewo
work
rk’’
’’)) AND
AND (‘Òn
(‘Ònto
tolo
logy
gy’’’’ OR ‘‘Rea
‘‘Rea-- methodology?
•   Are the resear
research
ch result
resultss pre
presen
sented
ted and disc
discuss
ussed?
ed?
soning’’))
•  Doe
 Doess th
the
e pa
pape
perr us
use
e reas
reason
onin
ing
g or an onto
ontolo
logy
gy?
?

In th
this
is arti
articl
cle,
e, all the
the re
resu
sult
ltss obt
btai
aine
ned
d ca
came
me from
from elec
electr
tro
onic
nic Based on Kitche
Kitchenham’s
nham’s methodo
methodology [27],, we defin
logy [27] define
e th
thre
ree
e po
pos-
s-

sour
so
puurce
publ ces.
blis s. dTh
ishe
hed Thee jour
in choi
churna
jo oice
celsofand
nals anthe
th
decodata
da
conftaba
nfer base
eren ses
encessai
ces aime
med
atdco
that
th at
veran
coveanalalyz
eyzin
r the
th ing
g epts
conc
co nceppape
pats
pers
rs
of  sibl
sible
No= e0.an
answ
swerers,
s, ea
Aftertwo
Af tertwo each
chsear
rese
re one
on echershavegrad
rece
receiv
arche ivin
ing
g a grad
grade:
rshavegraded ede:thepap
Ye
Yess = 1,ers,
thepaper Pa
Part
s,rtia
weialldeal
= 0.
de 0.5,
alt5, an
and
t wi
withd
th
Industr
Indu stryy 4.0
4.0.. The sel
select
ecteded electro
electronic
nic data
databas
bases
es wer
weree IEEE, 1
IEEE, Google the discre
discrepan
pancie
ciess in a discuss
discussion
ion mee
meeting
ting.. In a few cas
cases,
es, where
where the
Scholar,2 Springer,3 ACM Dig Digita Library4 and Scienc
itall Library ScienceDirec
eDirect.t.5 two rese
resear
arche
chersrs did
did not
not reac
reachh co
cons
nsen
ensusus,
s, a third
third rese
researarch
cher
er read
read
the pa
pape
pers
rs to reso
resolvlvee the disc
discre
repa
panc
ncie
ies.
s. At the
the en
end d of su
suchch a meet
meet--
 3.3. Papers selection process ing,
ing, to deci
decide
de wh
whet ethe
herr ea
each
ch stu
study
dy sh
shou
ouldld be kept
kept or ex excl
clud
udeded frfrom
om
the origin
original
al cor
corpor
pora,
a, we the
thenn applie
appliedd cri
criter
teria
ia for exc
exclud
luding
ing articl
articleses
Foll
Follow
owin ing
g the
the dedefin
finit
itio
ion
n of ththe
e sesea
arch
rch st
stri
ring
ng and
and gath
gathererin
ing
g acco
accordrdin
ing
g to the grad
grade.e. Mo
More
re form
formal
ally
ly,, su
such
ch crit
criter
eria
ia are:
are:
ar
arti
ticl
cles
es fr
from
om the
the sele
select
cted
ed el
elec
ectr
tron
onic
ic da
data
taba
base
ses,
s, it is ne
nece
cess
ssar
ary
y to
rem
emo ove all stud
studie
iess th
that
at are not
not rerele
leva
vant
nt to th
the
e go
goal
alss of th
thiis ar
arti
ti-- •  Articl
Articles
es mai
mainly
nly org
organi
anized
zed as commen
comments ts or per
person
sonal al opinio
opinions ns are
cl
cle.
e. To re
remo
move ve the
thesese pa
pape
pers
rs,, the fo
foll
llow
owin
ing
g ex
excl
clus
usio
ion
n crit
criter
eria
ia (EC)
(EC) ex
excl
clud
uded
ed from
from ththe
e se
sett si
sinc
ncee the
they
y us
usua
uall
lly
y do no
nott pres
presen entt a vali
valida
da--
applies. tion methodo
methodology;
logy;
• Arti
Articl
cles
es th
that
at are
are gr
grad
aded
ed bebelo
low
w 2.
2.5
5 by the
the rese
resear
archcher
ers,
s, si
sinc
ncee at
•   EC 1: pa
pape
pers
rs not
not di
dire
rect
ctly
ly rela
related
ted to PdPdM.
M. leas
leastt 2 of the
the qu
ques
esti
tion
onss rece
receiv
ived
ed ‘n
‘no’
o’ or ‘par
‘parti
tial
al’’ as th
thee an
answ
swerer,,
•   EC 2: pa
pape
pers
rs not
not di
dire
rect
ctly
ly rela
related
ted to MLML.. in
indic
dicat
atin
ing
g a not
not very
very rele
releva
vant
nt pu
publ
blic
icat
atio
ion
n for
for this
this SLSLR;
R;
•   EC 3: pa
pape
pers
rs that
that pr
pres
esen
ented
ted resu
result
ltss of surv
survey
eyss or revi
review
ews.
s.
•  EC 4: pa
pape
pers
rs publ
publis
ishe
hedd bef
befor
oree th
the
e year
year 201
2015.
5.
Afte
Afterr ap
appl
plyi
ying
ng the
the me
ment
ntio
ione
nedd crit
criter
eria
ia onto
onto th
the
e orig
origin
inal
al se
sett of 
pa
pape
pers
rs,, we read
read the
the rema
remain
inin
ing
g on
ones
es to an
answ
swer
er the
the rese
resear
arch
ch qu
queses--
Tw
Two o re
rese
sear
arch
cher
erss cond
conduc
uctt the
the filte
filteri
ring
ng pr
proc
oces
esss foll
follow
owin
ing
g the
the
tio
tion.
n. We disc
discus
usss th
the
e resu
results
lts in Se
Sect
ctio
ion
n 4.
st
step
epss pre
rese
sent
nted
ed belo
below.
w. The
The resul
esults
ts ar
are
e ana
naly
lyze
zed
d by a thir
third
d one
whenev
whe never
er a disc
discrep
repanc
ancyy occurr
occurred.
ed.
4. Se
Sear
arch
ch resu
result
ltss
1. Remova
Removall of dup duplica tes:: in so
licates some
me situ
situat
atio
ions
ns,, the
the same
same pa pape
perr is
avai
availalabl
ble
e in di diff
ffer
eren
entt sour
sourceces,
s, like
like in IEEE
IEEE and
and GoGoog
oglele Sc
Scho
holalar,
r, This
This sec
sectio
tionn discus
discusses
ses the result
result of the sea
search
rch process
process,, the sel
selec-
ec-
fo
forr ex
exam
ampl
ple.e. In thi
thiss ca
casese,, we remo
remove ve the dup
duplilica
cates
tes;; tio
tion
n proces
process,s, andthe quaqualit
litati
ative
ve ana
analys
lysis
is of the sel
select
ected
ed pap
papers
ers.. We
2.  Title and abstract analysis: theresea theresearchrcherer rea
reads
ds thetitleand the summar
sum marize resultss in Fig.4
ize the result Fig.4.. The desc
descrip
riptio
tion n of eac
eachh ste
step
p and the
ab
abststra
ract
ct of thepape
thepaperr an and d judge
judgess wh
wheth
ether
er or no
nott it is suffi
suffici
cien
entt to nu
numbe
mberr of rema
remain inin
ingg pa
pape
pers
rs are
are al
also
so in th
thee fig
figur
ure.
e.
as
asse
sess
ss the
the impo
importartanc
ncee of the papapeperr to the stu
study
dy;; We deta
detail
il th
thee appl
applicicat
atio
ion
n of ththee SLR
SLR me
meth thod
odol
olog
ogy
y as foll
follow
ows. s.
3. Ent
Entire
ire tex
textt anal ysis:: it ap
analysis applplie
iess in situ
situat
atio
ions
ns whwherere
e th
thee title
title an
andd Section 4.1 disc
iscuss
usses
es releva
relevant
nt papersthat
papersthat areappli
areapplied ed to the context
context
the abstra
abstract ct are not very
very clear
clear abo
about
ut the pro
propos
poseded sol
soluti
ution.
on. Nev- of Industry
try 4.
4.00 bu
butt do not meet all the criteria to be part of this
erthel
ertheless
ess,, the pre
presen
sented
ted ide
ideasas look
look pro
promis
misingfor
ingfor the goals
goals of thi
thiss SLR.
SLR. Af
Afte
terr an
anal
alyz
yzin
ingg th
thee excl
exclususio
ion
n crit
criter
eria
ia,, de
deta
tail
ilss on the
the qu
qual
alit
ity
y
literature
liter ature revie
review.w. as
asse
sess
ssme
mentnt of the
the pa
papepers
rs are
are pres
presen
ented
ted in Se
Secti
ction
on 4.2.
4.2.

As pa
part
rt of the
the SL
SLR
R me
meth
thod
odol
olog
ogy,
y, we ex
excl
clud
ude
e from
from the
the corp
corpor
ora
a
4.
4.1.
1. Excl
Exclus
usio
ion
n of pa
pape
pers
rs from
from th
thee in
init
itia
iall corp
corpor
ora
a
pape
papers
rs pu
publ
blis
ishe
hed
d be
befo
fore
re 2015
2015 an
andd thos
thosee clas
classi
sifie
fiedd as surv
survey
eyss or
review
reviews.s. Besides
Besides,, we dis
disreg
regard
arded
ed any wor
workk wit
with
h no sci
scienti
entific
fic cha
char-
r-
Fig. 4 shows the number of articles obtai tained in each of the
acte
acter,
r, such
such as a blblog
og po
post
st or ma
maga
gazi
zine
ne ar
arti
ticl
cle.
e. We also
also re
remo
move ve th
thee
databas
data bases es sel
selecte
ectedd in the Initia Search stage.
Initiall Search stage. We group
group thes
these e arti-
arti-
dupl
duplic
icat
ates
es of pape
papers
rs tha
thatt ap
appe
pear
ar in more
more tha
than n on
onee data
databa
base
se.. After
After
cles in thethe step
tep called Dat Databa
abase
se Joi nt , resulting in a total of 562
Joint 
the
the co
conc
nclu
lusi
sion
on of this
this step
step of th
thee SL
SLR,
R, the rema
remaininin
ing
g pa
pape
pers
rs pa
passss to
pa
pape
persrs.. Th
Thee filte
filterr of Impu
Impurities
rities Remov
Removal al rem
remove
ovedd dup
dupliclicate
atess eve
even-n-
the pha
phasese of qua
quanti
ntitati
tative
ve eva
evalua
luatio
tion.
n.
tua
tuallyfound
llyfound in mor more e tha
thann one databa
database,se, and sur
survey
veys,s, review
reviews,s, boo
book k
chapte
cha pters,rs, or non
non-sc
-scien
ientific
tific papers
papers like
like mag
magaziazine
ne articl
articles,
es, result
resulting
ing
 3.4. Quality assessment 
in a tota
totall of 288 out of 562 papers. The next step comprised the
applic
app licati
ationon of the Exclu
Exclusion
sion Crite ria men
Criteria mentio tioned
ned in Sec
Sectio
tionn 3.3.
3.3. The
According
Accord ing to the meth
methodo
odolog
logy
y [27]
[27],, in th
this
is st
step
ep,, we defin
definee the
the
nu
numbe
mberr of pa pape
pers
rs co
consnside
idereredd rele
releva
vant
nt for
for th
thes
ese
e revi
reviewewss redu
reducecedd
criter
criteria
ia for qua
qualit
litati
ative
ve eva
evalua
luatio
tion
n of the sel
select
ected
ed pap
papers
ers.. The evalu-
evalu-
do
down
wn to 15 155 5 in this
this phas
phase.e.
ation
ation takes
takes into
into acc
accoun
ountt the follow
following
ing poi
points:
nts: (I) the purpos
purpose e of the
We remoremove vedd so
some
me papape
persrs be
beca
caus
use,
e, des
despi
pite
te cl
clea
earlrly
y ad
addr
dres
essi
sing
ng
resear
research;
ch; (II) whethe
whetherr the author
authorss contem
contempla plate
te a resear
research ch meth
method-od-
issu
issues
es rela
relatetedd to PdM,the
PdM,they y do not
not refle
reflectct the
the use
use ofML 
ofML models
models.. For
ol
olog
ogyy or pr
prop
opos
osee an ar
arch
chit
itec
ectu
ture
re or a fram
framew ewor
ork;
k; (I
(III
II)) the
the re
resu
sult
ltss
exampl
exa mple, e, Stojan
Stojanovi
ovicc et al. [29] created
reated an archit
architectu
ecturere tha
thatt app
applie
liess
acc
accomp
omplis
lished;and
hed;and (IV (IV)) whe
whetherthe
therthe sel
select
ected
ed wor
work k uses
uses ontolo
ontologie
gies.
s.
the co
conc
ncep epts
ts of bi
bigg data
data in the cont
contexextt of se
self
lf-h
-hea
eali
ling
ng manu
manufa factu
ctur-
r-
ing.
ing. Th
The e so
solu
luti
tion
on,, name
named d PREM
PREMIu IuM,
M, brie
brieflyfly ment
mentio ions
ns ML 
ML models
models
1
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/. as
PR pa
part
PREM rt
EMIu of
M,athe
IuM, pr
pred
edic
clicti
cloution
ouddon archi
architec
laye
layerr istectu
reture
respre.
spon . sibl
onsiBetw
Be twee
ble een
e for
fo rnan
the
anal se
seve
alyz
yzinvera
gral
ing l laye
la
ta,yers
data
da rsing
, us
usinof 
g
2
https://scholar.google.com/.
3 https://link.springer.com/.
https://link.springer.com/.
a stra
strateg
tegy
y th
that
at in
invo
volv
lves
es at leas
leastt tw
twoo ML 
ML meth
methods
ods.. Des
Despit
pite
e tha
that,t, the
4
https://dl.acm.org/
https://dl.acm.org/.. pa
pape
perr does
does not
not pro
provivide
de deta
detaiils on th
the e ML mo
L  modedels
ls or th
the
e trai
traini
ning
ng
5 https://www.sciencedirect.com/. process.
 

6  J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298

Fig.. 4. Filte
Fig Filterr proc
process
ess of selected
selected artic
articles
les by data
database
base..

The
The exclexclu usion
sion cr crit
iter
eria
ia al
also
so rem
emo ove
ved d a sosolu
luti
tio
on proproposed
osed by Tree
Trees,s, k-k-Nea
Neare restst NeNeig
ighbo
hborsrs,, an
and d Ne
Neig ighb
hbororho
hoodod Comp
Compon onen
entt Fea-
Fea-
Ze
Zeni
nise
sek k et alal.. [30].
[30]. ThThisis so
solu
luti
tion
on gene
genera rates
tes th
the
e fir
first
st data
data ststre
ream
amss as ture
turess Sele
Select ctioionn alalgo
goririth
thms
ms to obtaobtainin ththee reco
recomm mmen endadatition
ons.s. Th
The e
a way of hel helpin
ping g time ser series
ies res
resear
earche
chersrs to sim
simula
ulate
te scenar
scenarios ios wit
withh resulting
result ing soluti
solution on predic
predicts ts whetherthe machin machine e specifi
specificatiocations,
ns, e.g.,
realis
realistic
tic monmonito itorin
ring g conditi
conditionsons.. We also
also remo
remove ved d th
the e intel
intellilige
gent
nt th
the
e numb
number er of bl blaades,
des, spspee
eed,
d, an
andd shshaf
aftt si
size
ze,, matc
match h ththee oper
perat-
at-
main
maintentenan ance
ce susupp
ppor ortt fr
fram
amewewor orkk pr
prop
opososed
ed by BuBumbmbla laus
uska
kass et al.
al. ing
ing papararame
mete ters
rs,, like
like torq
torqueue,, flo
flow,w, pr
presessu
surere,, an
andd gate.
gate. Th The e au
autho
thorsrs
[31]
[31].. In thi
thiss ca
casese,, th
the e au
auth
thor
orss pr
prop
opos
osed
ed an algo
algoririth
thmm to mini
minimi mizeze claim
claim thathatt the sol solutiution
on pro
provid
vides
es eas
easierdecisi
ierdecision on mak
makinging,, conser
conservinving g
co
costs
sts acro
across ss the
the supp
supply ly chai
chain n an
andd a metho
methodo dolo
logy
gy fo
forr es
esta
tabl
blis
ishi
hing
ng company
compa ny knowl
knowledge,saving
edge,saving worki working ng hours
hours,, and increasing
increasing compu-compu-
pred
predicicti
tive
ve main
mainte tena
nanc ncee pl
plan
ans.s. Bo
Both
th appr
approa oach
cheses fail
fail to appl
apply y ML  tationa
tati onall speed
speed and acc accura
uracy.
cy.
mode
models ls,, so we ex exclclud
uded ed them
them fr from
om ththee co
corp
rpor
ora.
a. Zh
Zhan ang g et al al.. [35] proporoposese an appr
approaoachch to appl
apply y ML 
ML techniques
techniques
May et al. [32] pro roppos
osed
ed a no nove
vell ap
appr
prooach
ach to prevprevenentt fa
fail
il-- in the
the in indu
dust stry
ry.. Th
The e so
solu
luti
tion
on cons
consisists
ts of a framframew ewor orkk to prov
provididee
ures
ures,, comp
compos oseded of a set set of stra
stratetegi
gies
es,, ca
call
lled
ed Z-st
Z-strarate
tegy
gy,, inte
intendnded
ed a re
refe
fere
rencnce e to pla plan, desi
design
gn,, anandd impl
implem emen entt inindu
duststri
riaal arti
artific
ficiaiall
to exte
extend nd thethe lilife
fe of pr prod
oducucti
tion
on syst
system
ems. s. Z-st
Z-stra
rate
tegy
gy is ca
capapabl
blee of  intelligencein
intell igencein different
different area areass of manuf
manufacturi
acturing. ng. The proposalis
proposalis the-
pred
predicicti
ting
ng fail
failur
ures
es at the the cocomp
mpon onen
ent,t, ma
mach chin
ine,
e, or syst
systemem leve
level.
l. oretic
ore tical
al and bro broadl adly y cov
covers
ers sev
sevenen dimensi
dimensions ons relate
related d to indindust
ustria
riall
This platfo tform matches the the subje bject of PdM but is not related to art
artific
ificial
ial intell
intelligeigencence:: objects
objects,, dom
domainain,, app
appliclicati
ation
on sta
stages
ges,, applic
applica-a-
ML. Goli
Goligh ghtltly
y et al al.. [33] conce
oncent ntra
rate
ted
d on hu huma
man n fact
factor
ors,
s, such
such as tion requi
requirement
rements, s, intell
intelligent
igent technology,
technology, intelligent
intelligent function,
function, and
data interp
interpretati
retation on and visualizati
visualization.on. The studyidentified factor factorss to solutions.
soluti ons. The framework
framework was evalu evaluated
ated consid
consideringering five industrial
industrial
help the implem
implementatientation on of predic
predictive
tive asset manag
management.
ement. Throu
Through gh fiel
fields
ds anand d sh
show owed ed to be effeeffect
ctiv
ive
e in he
helplpin
ingg in
indu
dustr
strie
iess to plan
plan how
how
interv
interview
iewss witwith h exp
expert erts,
s, the aut
author
horss identifi
identified ed the org
organi
anizati
zationa
onall to use artifi
artificialcial intelligence
intelligence-rela-related
ted solut
solutions.
ions.
pr
prob
oblelems
ms as assosoci
ciat
ated
ed wi with
th the deve
develolopm
pmentent an
andd ad
adop
optition
on of Pd PdMM Ali
Ali et al al.. [4] desiesigne
gned d a sof
softwa
twarere midd
middlew lewareare to col
collec
lectt and ana
ana--
systems.Theresultsarerecommendationsonhowtomitigatethese lyze
lyze dadata ta from
from diff differ
eren
entt appl
applicicat
atio
ions
ns in a re real
al-t
-tim
ime e fafash
shio
ion.
n. Th
The e
problems. au
auth
thororss ev
evalalua
uate te the so solu
luti
tion
on in a scscen
enarario
io wh
wher eree the middl
middlew ewararee

go
goesTh
The
es e so
be solu
beyo
yondlutio
ndtions
nse sh
the
th show
usow
use e ofse
seve
vera
ML  ral
ML mode l ca
case
models. ses
ls.s wh
wher
Thesere
These ee sol
th
theeutions
solutiap
applplic
onsicat
atio
areionn oferally
gen
genera Pd
PdMM
lly provided
provi
th
thou
oughded
gh infor
informatio
not
no demation
t dea aling n to
ling wi thensur
with ensure
Pd
PdM,M,eth
optim
optimal
thee us ealof
use produ
production
ML  ction
ML for
for proforec
forecasts.
produc asts.
ductio
tion Even
n fore-
for e-
re
rela
late
tedd to the
the elelab
abororat
atio
ionn of frfram
amew ewor orks
ks that
that intr
introd
oduc
uce e the
the con-
con- castin
casting g presen
presents ts some
some cha
challe
llenge
ngess tha
thatt loo
look k like
like tho
those
se of PdM
PdM.. The
Thesese
cept
ceptss of PdM
PdM withwith a mo more re ho
holilist
stic
ic view
view.. We ca cann also
also find op oppo
posisite
te challe
cha llenge
ngess inc
includ
lude e the difficul
difficulty
ty of obt
obtain
aining
ing releva
relevantnt datawithout
datawithout
approa
app roache
chess in the litera
literatur
ture.
e. The
Thesese sol
soluti
utions
ons,, alt
althou
houghgh addr
address
essing
ing lacksorgapsandtheneedfordomainknowledgefortheselectionof 
ML in
ML  in thecontex
thecontextt of Indu Industrstryy 4.0,do notapplyfor PdM PdM.. The
Thesese wor
works ks variab
variablesand
lesand constr
construct uctionof
ionof mode
models.Accor
ls.Accordinding g to thenatur
thenature e of the
appear
app eared
ed in the ini initia
tiall cor
corpor
pora a bec
becaus
ause e the
they y ment
mention ion PdM-re
PdM-relat lated
ed col
collec
lected
ted data,
data, Mul
Multiptiple
le Lin
Linear
ear Reg
Regres
ressio
sion,
n, Sup
Supporportt Vec
Vector
tor Reg
Regresres--
term
termss in se secti
ction
onss li
like
ke rela
relateted
d woworkrk or refe
refererenc
nces.
es. sio
sion,
n, Dec
Decisi
ision
on Tree,
Tree, and Ran Random
dom Forest
Forest alg
algori
orithm
thmss were
were appapplie
lied
d by
In thi
thiss con
contex
text,t, Sya
Syafru
frudin
din et al. [34] desi esigne
gned d a rea
real-t
l-time
ime system
system the mid
middledlewar
ware e to mak
make e pre
predic
dictio
tions.
ns.
to im
imprprov
ove e deci
decisision
on maki
making ng.. Th
This
is syst
system
em he help
lpss to prprev
even
entt lo
loss
sses
es Ma
Male lek al.. [36] prop
k et al ropose
osedd a failur
failuree pre
predict
diction
ion met
method
hodoloology
gy to
due to unpunplanlanned
ned manufa
manufactu cturin
ringg failur
failures.
es. The system’
system’ss worworkflo
kflow w provide
pro vide reliab
reliabili
ility
ty in differ
different
ent scenar
scenarios
ios.. The aut
author
horss eva
evalua
luated
ted the
cons
considider
erss thre
three e step
steps.s. Th
Thee first
first one
one is thethe sele
select
ctioion
n of Io
IoTT devi
device
cess performance
perfo rmance consid
considering
ering two scescenar
narios
ios:: (I) mal
malwar
ware e dete
detectio
ction n and
to moni
monito torr an au autotomo
motivtivee manu
manufa fact
ctur
urin
ingg en
envi
viro
ronme
nmentnt.. The
The sec-
sec- (II)computerfail
(II)comp uterfailuredetec
uredetectio tion.To
n.To dothat,the aut author
horss applie
applied d Nai
Naive
ve
on
ondd on
onee in
invo
volvlves
es prproc
ocesessi
sing
ng larg
largee am
amou ounts
nts of gene
genera rated
ted data
data.. The
The Ba
Baye
yes,s, Lo
Logi
gist
stic
ic Regr
Regresessi
sion
on,, and
and J4
J488 Deci
Decisision
on Tree
Tree algo
algoririth
thms
ms.. Th
Thee
final
final step
step is thethe cr
crea
eatition
on of a hybr
hybrid id momode
dell for
for faul
faultt dete
detectctio
ion.
n. Th
Thee paper
pap er briefly
briefly men
mentio tions
ns con
concep
cepts
ts relate
related d to Ind
Industr
ustry y 4.0 and PdM in
hybrid
hyb rid model
model use usess den
density
sity-ba
-based
sed spa
spatia
tiall cluster
clusteringing of app
applic
licati
ations
ons the litera
literatur
turee review
review..
for
for anoma
nomaly ly de
detetect
ctiion
on,, and
and Ra Randndoom Fo Fore
rest
st to claclassif
ssifyy ev
even
ents
ts as A frame
framework
work combini
combining ng data colle
collection,pre-proce
ction,pre-processing,and
ssing,and ML 
normal or abn
normal abnorm
ormal.
al. mo
modedels
ls trai
traini
ning
ng to iden
identi
tify
fy beha
behavi
vior
orss th
that
at ma
may y in
influ
fluen
ence ce ma
manunu--
Romeo et al. [5] prov
providides
es an ML
ML-e
-ena
nabl
bled
ed fram
framew
ewor
ork
k to help
help fact
factur
urin
ingg is th
thee prop
propos
osal
al of Carb
Carber
ery
y et al
al.. [37].
[37]. ThThee so
solu
luti
tion
on us
uses
es
desi
design
gner
erss and labo
labora
ratotorry tech
techni
nici
cia
ans to ma
make
ke th
the
e be
best
st opera
perat-
t- ar
arti
tific
ficia
iall in
inte
tell
llig
igen
ence
ce to assi
assist
st en
engi
gine
neer
erss in inincr
crea
easi
sing
ng ma mach
chin
ine
e
ing descripti
tio
on of a machine. The solution relies on Decision pe
perf
rfor
orma
mancncee an
andd su
supp
ppor
orti
ting
ng deci
decisi
sion
on maki
making ng.. It resu
result
ltss in a four
four--
 

 J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298 7

 Table 1 •   Is the
the pu
purp
rpos
ose
e of the
the rese
resear
arch
ch pres
presen
ented
ted??
Answers
Answers and grades.
grades. •   Is there an architectur ture/framework proposal or a research
Answer Description Grade methodology?
•  Are resear
research
ch result
resultss pre
presen
sented
ted and discus
discussed?
sed?
Y (Y
(Yes) The pa
paper ex
explicitly an
answers th the qu
question 1.0
•   Doe
Doess the paper
paper imp
implem
lement
ent the concep
concepts
ts of reason
reasoning
ing or pro
propos
poses
es
P (Partial) The pa
p aper an
a nswers to
t o pa
p art of
o f th
t he qu
q uestion 0.5
N (No) The paper does not mention the topic 0.0 an ontology?
ontology?

stage wor
stage workflo
kflow: w: (I) dat
data a col
collec
lectio
tion,
n, (II)pre-p
(II)pre-proc rocessi
essing,
ng, (III
(III)) tra
traini
ining
ng
data
dat a gen
genera
eratio
tion,
n, and (IV(IV)) art
artific
ificial
ial int
intell
ellige
igence
nce mod
model el cre
creati
ation.
on. The We present the answers to the questions and the result-
authors
autho rs focus
focused ed on challe
challengesand
ngesand solutsolutionsfor
ionsfor datapre-proce
datapre-processing ssing ing
ing sc
scor
ores
es in Ta
Tabl
ble
e 2, in desc
descen
endi
ding
ng orde
order.
r. Refe
Refere
renc
nces
es [16,41,42]
and fea
featur
turee sel
selecti
ection.
on. re
rece
ceiv
ived
ed an aster steriisk (*)(*) beca
becau use,
se, accor
ccordi dingng to th thee filte
filtersrs,, th
thes
esee
To de
demo
mons nstr
trat
atee the rorole
le of cl
clou
oudd cocomp
mput utin
ingg an
andd the us
use e of ararti-
ti- papers should be out of the corpora. However, we kept them
ficial
fici al int
intell
ellige
igence
nce to impimprovrove e fac
factor
tory y per
perfor
forman
mance, ce, Wan et al al.. [38] becausethey
beca usethey pro propos
pose e theuse of ont ontoloologie
giess to impimplemlementreaso
entreasonin ning g
proposed
prop osed a vertic
vertically
ally integrated,
integrated, four-
four-tier
tier cloud
cloud-assi
-assisted
sted smart fac- in the
the cocontntex
extt of PdM,
PdM, whic
which h is a topi
topicc of in intetererest
st for
for th
thisis SL
SLR.R.
to
tory
ry ar
arch
chit
itec
ectuture
re.. Th
The e la
laye
yers
rs that
that comp
compos osee the
the ararch
chit
itec
ectuturere ar
are:
e: Afte
Afterr the
the ququalalit
ityy asse
assessssme
ment nt pe perfrfor
orme
med d ov
over er 44 pape
papers rs,, 6 ref-
ref-
(I)
(I) Smar
Smartt DeDevivice
ce Laye
Layer,r, (I
(II)
I) Netw
Networ ork k Laye
Layer, r, (I
(III
II)) Clou
Cloudd Laye
Layer, r, and
and erences [63,64,61,62,11,10] were ere remo
remove ved d due
due to the the scscor
oree metr
metric ic..
(IV) Appli
Application
cation Layer
Layer.. ML 
ML mod
models els areimple
areimplemen mented ted in the Networ
Network k The38 rem remainainingpape
ingpapersare rsare claclassi
ssifiedby
fiedby yea yearr anddatab
anddatabasein Fig.5,,
asein Fig.5
Layerto perfo
perform rm tasksinvolving networ network k optimi
optimization
zation.. Thesemod- wh
wher eree the  x-a -axi
xiss repr
represesenentsts the rangrange e of year
yearss co cons
nside
idere redd in ththis
is
el
elss ar
aree al
also
so prpres
esen
entt in the
the ApApplplic
icat
atio
ionn Laye
Layer,r, wher
where e the
the us
use e of ML  rese
researarchch proc
proces ess,
s, from
from 20 2015 15 to Ju June
ne 2022020. 0. Disc
Discus ussi
sion
onss rega
regard rdin
ingg
aimss to per
aim perfor
formm failur
failure e dete
detecti
ction,
on, but not pre predict
dictive
ive mai
mainten
ntenanc ance.e. these
thes e papers
papers are pre presen
sented
ted in SecSectio tionn 5.
Cost
Costaa et al. [39] int ntro
rodu
ducecedd a fram
framew ewor orkk for
for kn
know
owleledgdge e re
rep-
p- Fig. 6 pre rese
sent
ntss an illu illust
stra
rati
tioon wh wher ere e we gr grou
oupp thethe arti
articlcles
es
res
esen
entatati
tio
on th that
at trtraansfo
nsforrms unst unstruructctur
ureded data
data su such
ch as lo logs
gs or acco
accord rdin
ing g to the
the tota
totall sc
scor
ore e obta
obtain ined
ed.. Th
The e sh
shapape e of the
the ic icon
on ididen
en--
machine
machi ne documen
documentatio tation n into highly-stru
highly-structured
ctured data. The approach
approach tifies
tifies thethe pupublblic
icat
atioionn so
sour
urcece of ea eachch arti
articlcle.
e. Th
The e resu
result ltss sh
showow that
that
usess an ont
use ontolo
ology
gy to assassist
ist in structu
structurinring g and enr
enrich
iching
ing inform
informati ation.
on. onl
only y four
four pappapersfullyanswe
ersfullyansweredall redall qua qualitlityy ass
assess
essmen
mentt que
questistions
ons.. In
It als
alsoo applie
appliess ML 
ML techni
techniquesques to proce
process ss natura
naturall langu
language.
age. Althou
Although gh the
the seseco
condnd co
colulumn
mn ofthe gr grap
aph, h, on
one e ca
cann se
see e th
thatat more
more thanthan ha halflf of 
the sol
soluti
ution
on use
usess reason
reasoning ing,, its pur
purpos
pose e is not relate
related d to pre
predic dictiv
tive
e the papapepersrs sc
scor
ored
ed 3 poinpoints.ts. Th
Thesese e resu
result ltss allo
allow w us to co concnclulude
de ththat
at
onl
only y releva
relevant nt pap
papersers rem
remain ained
ed in the corporcorpora a after
after the app applic
licati
ation
on
maintenance.
Finall
Finally,y, we cancan cicite
te the
the work
work de devevelo
lope
ped d by Sala
Sala et al al.. [40]
[40].. The of the filtfilteri
eringng pro
process
cess..
sol
soluti
ution
on app
applieliess a data-d
data-driv rivenen strate
strategygy to pre
predicdictt temp
tempera eratur
turee and Fig.
Fig. 7 sho howsws th the e impo
import rtan
ancece of eacheach qu ques esti
tion
on in th the e se
sele
lect
ctio
ionn
ch
chem
emic ical
al co
concncenentrtrat
atio
ion n in the
the BaBasi
sicc Ox
Oxygygenen FuFurn
rnacacee Stee
Steelm lmakakining
g of paper
apers. s. Th
The e ima
image pres presen entsts ththe e gr
grad
ade e receceieive
vedd by th thee pap aper
erss
pr
proc
oces
ess.
s. To do that that,, the
the au autho
thorsrs co
cons
nsidider
er diff
differerent
ent mach
machin inee lear
learn-n- grou
groupe ped d by qu quesestition
on.. It is poss
possib ible
le to co conc
nclu lude
de that
that SQ1
SQ1 and and SQ SQ2 2
ing
ing momodedelsls,, li
like
ke RiRidg
dge e Regr
Regres essi
sion
on,, Ra
Rand
ndom om Fo Fore
rest
st,, and
and GradGradie ient
nt ar
aree ve
veryry impo
import rtan
antt to thethe resu
result ltss of this
this SLR.
SLR. Th Thee sc
scor
oreses in
indi
dica
catete
Boos
Booste ted
d Regr
Regres essision
on Tr
Treeees.s. As in seve
severa rall ot
otheherr work
works, s, the
the auth
author orss that
that alalll pape
papers rs sa
satitisfi
sfied
ed SQ1,
SQ1, an and d at momost st,, two
two pape
papers rs did
did not
not sasat-
t-
only
only men
mentio tionn PdM
PdM-re -relat
lateded terms.
terms. isfy
isfy SQ
SQ2.2. Th
Thisis be
behahavivior
or sh
show owss that
that ques
questiotionsns SQSQ3 3 an
andd SQ
SQ4 4 we
were re th
thee
As shown in Fig. 4, af afte
terr appl
applyiying
ng thethe Exclus
Exclusionion Cri
Criter ia, we
teria main
main reasreason onss for
for the
the exexclclus
usioionn of pa papepersrs from
from the in inititia
iall co
corprpor
ora.
a.
sc
scre
reene
ened d the 155 rema remain inin
ingg pa
pape
pers
rs co
cons
nsididererin
ingg thr
three
ee filte
filters rs men
men-- Anotherconcl
Ano therconclusi usion
on is tha
thatt the majori
majority ty of the papers
papers foc focusus on praprac-c-
tion
tioneded in Se Secti
ction
on 3.3
3.3:: (I) Fi
Filt
lter
er by Ti tlee, (II
Titl II)) Fi
Filte
lterr by Abst
Abstra ct , and
ract  ticall asp
tica aspectects.
s. One canconclude
canconclude thisbecau thisbecause se a pos
positi
itive
ve eva
evalualuatio
tionn of 
(III) Fi
Filte
lterr by Full Text . Afte
Full Text  Afterr theappl
theapplic icat
atio
ion n of the
thesese thr
three
ee filter
filters, s, we SQ3 means
means tha thatt the paper
paper prepresensents ts the result
resultss of a use use-ca
-case.Final
se.Finally, ly,
cla
classi
ssified
fied the 44 rem remain
ainingpaper
ingpaperss accord
accordingtoingto quaqualitlity
y par
parameametersters.. a clos
close e look
look at thethe ev eval
alua
uati tion
on of SQ4 SQ4 al allo
lows
ws us to dedu deduce ce that
that rerea-a-
In this
this case
case,, we sc scor
oree ea
eachch pape
paperr acco
accord rdin
ingg to a meth
method odol ologogyy an
andd so
soni
ning
ng anand d onto
ontolo logigies
es did
did notnot rerececeivivee much
much focu focuss in thethe ananalalyz
yzed
ed
eli
elimin
minateate tho
thosese graded
graded below
below a pre pre-de
-define
fined d thr
thresh
esholdold.. pe
peririod
od.. On
Onlyly fiv
fivee pa
pape pers
rs full
fullyy an
answswer ered
ed the
the ques
questiotionn or at most
most ten ten
partia
par tially
lly ans
answer
wered ed the que questistion.
on.
There
The re is gro
growinwing g intere
interest st in the applic
applicatiationon of ML 
ML andand reaso
reasoning
ning
4.2
4.2.. Per
Perfor
formin
ming
g the qua
quality
lity assess
assessmen
mentt to select
select rele
relevan
vantt pap
papers
ers fo
forr pr
predi
edicti
ctive
ve main
mainte tena
nancnce.e. Th
This is fie
fieldld of rese
resear arch
ch did
did notnot rece
receiv ivee
at
atte
tent
ntio
ion n in 20
201515 and
and ststar
arteted
d grow
growin ingg in 20201616 to a peak
peak of 14 pub- pub-
Th
This
is se
secti
ction
on foll
follow
owss the qualqualitity
y crit
critereria
ia defi
definenedd in Se
Secti
ction
on 3.4 licati
licationsin
onsin 2018
2018.. SplSplitti
itting
ng theperio
theperiod d into
into twotwopar parts,we
ts,we cansee tha thatt
to cocond
nducuctt th
thee quali
ualita
tatitive
ve ananaly
lysi
siss of the the pa pape
pers
rs.. Re
Rese
sear
arch
cher
erss thefirst thr three
ee yea
years rs of resear
research ch rep
repres resentonly
entonly 24%of thetotalnum-
an
answ
swer ered
ed to ea each
ch ques
questi tion
on acco
accordrdin
ing g to Kitc
Kitchehenh
nhamam’s’s meth
method odolol-- berof se sele
lect
cted
ed pu
publ blic
icat
atio
ions
ns.. On thethe othe
otherr hahand nd,, thelast thre three e year
yearss
ogy [27]
[27].. We present
present the possi possible
ble answer
answerss and the respe respectivegrades
ctivegrades of the perperiod
iod con
concen
centratrate
te 76% of the tota totall num
number ber of con
contritributi
butionsons..
in Tabl
Table e 1. Rele
Relevavant
nt pa
papepersrs for
for this
this SLR ar aree th
thosose
e th
that
at rece
receiv
ived
ed 2.5
2.5 Amo
mon ng the five sources considered to carry out the search
poin
points ts or more
more.. We sele selectected
d thes
these e th
thre
resh shol
old d valu
values
es to guar
guaran
anteteee pr
proc
ocesess,
s, four
four hahad d pape
papers rs se
sele
lect
cteded in thisthis SL SLR.
R. Goog
Google le Sc
Schohola
larr co
col-
l-
that
that at leas
leastt one
one of the the qu ques
esti
tion
onss re
receceivives
es mamaxiximu
mum m eval
evalua
uatition
on labo
laboraratetedd wi
withth si
sixx contr
contribuibutio
tionsns.. In Sp Spriring
nger erLiLink
nk,, we fo foun
und d eigh
eightt
in the
the wowors rst-
t-ca
case
se.. Also
Also,, we ideident
ntifi
ified
ed tha
thatt allall pa
pape
pers
rs tha
thatt ob
obta
tain
ined
ed pu
publblic
icat
atio
ions
ns,, wh
whil ile
e ninine
ne manu
manusc scriript
ptss ca
cameme from
from IEEEIEEE Xplo
Xplore re.. Th
The e
les
esss th
tha
an tw twoo po
poinints
ts do no nott pres
presenentt resu
result ltss base
based d on a us use-
e-ca
case
se.. onl
only y sourcethat
sourcethat did notpubli notpublish sh resear
research ch con
considsidere
ered d in thisSLR was
Be
Besi
sides
des,, al
alll pa
pape
pers
rs gr
grad
adeded le
less
ss tha
than n 2.5do no nott prpres
esentthe
entthe co conc
ncep
eptsts the ACM digitadigitall librar
library. y.
of reason
reasoning ing or pro
propospose e an ont
ontolo
ology.
gy.
To gr
grad
ade e the pape
papers rs,, th
thee rese
resear
archchererss fir
first
st apappl
plie
iedd a filter
filter by th thee
ti
titl
tle,
e, re
redu
duci cing
ng the
the nunumbmber er of st
stud
udieiess from
from 155 155 to 124.
124. Th
Thes
esee 124
124
papers
pap ers wen
wentt thrthroug
ough h the absabstra
tract
ct filte
filterinring g pro
proces
cess,
s, whi
whichch sel
selecte
ected d
60 releva
relevant nt one
ones.s. At thefinal filt filteri
ering
ng pro
procescess,s, theremai
theremainin ningg pap
papers
ers 5. Answ
Answer
er to th
the
e re
rese
searc
arch
h ques
questio
tions
ns and discu
discuss
ssio
ion
n
we
wentnt th
thro
rougughh a comp
comple lete
te an
analalys
ysis
is of the te text.
xt. This
This ph
phasasee ex
excl
clud
udeded
16 stud
studieiess an
andd resu
result lted
ed in th thee 44 pa
papepersrs cons
consid ider
ered
ed the most
most rele
rele-- Th
This
is se
sect
ctio
ion
n anal
analyz
yzeses the
the co
cont
ntri
ribu
buti
tion
onss of th
the
e mo
mostst rele
releva
vant
nt
vant
vant for
for thi
thiss SLR.
SLR. papersselected
papersselect ed in thi
thiss SLR
SLR.. To do tha
that,
t, in eac
each
h subsect
subsection
ion,, oneof the
Th
Thee rese
researarch
ch team
team an answswerered
ed ththee fo
follllow
owin ingg qu
ques
esti
tion
onss to asse
assessss res
resear
earch
ch que
questi
stions
ons defined
defined in SectSection
ion 3.1 is ans
answer
wered,
ed, con
consid
sideri
ering
ng
the
the qual
qualitity
y of the 44 remaremain inin
ingg pa
papepersrs.. the co
contr
ntribu
ibutio
tions
ns of the pa
papepers
rs foun
found d in the liter
literat
atur
ure.
e.
 

8  J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298

 Table 2
Quality
Quality asse
assessme
ssment
nt scor
scores.
es.

Ref. Year Authors SQ1 SQ2 SQ3 SQ4 Score

[43] 2019 Cao et al. Y Y Y Y 4.0
[44] 2019 Ansari, Glawar and Nemeth Y Y Y Y 4.0
[41]*
[41]* 2018 ˜ ez and Borsato
Nuñ
ne Y Y Y Y 4.0
[42]
[42]** 2016 Schmidt, Wang and Galar Y Y Y Y 4.0
[45] 2020 Cheng et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[46] 2020 Calabrese et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[47] 2020 Daniyan et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[48] 2020 Hoffmann et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[49] 2020 De Vita et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[50] 2020 Chen et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[51] 2019 Huang et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[52] 2019 Rivas et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[24] 2019 Xu et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[53] 2019 Cerquitelli et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[54] 2018 Ding et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[8] 2018 Carbery, Woods and Marshall Y Y Y N 3.0
[55] 2018 Yuan et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[26] 2018 Schmidt et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[56] 2018 Strauss et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[14] 2018 Zhou et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[57] 2018 Peres et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[22] 2018 Liu et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[13] 2018 Adhikari et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[12] 2018 Schmidt et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[20] 2018 Kiangala et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[18] 2018 Hegedus et al. Y Y N Y 3.0
[21] 2018 Kaur et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[58] 2017 Diez-Olivan et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[59] 2017 Li et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[19] 2017 Ferreira et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[23] 2017 Crespo et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[60] 2016 Gatica et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[9] 2016 Chukwuekwe et al. Y Y Y N 3.0
[16]*
[16]* 2020 Ansari et al. Y Y P N 2.5
[17] 2019 Sarazin et al. Y Y P N 2.5
[15] 2019 Bousdekis et al. Y Y P N 2.5
[3] 2018 Cachada et al. Y Y P N 2.5
[32] 2018 May et al. Y Y P N 2.5
[61] 2019 Glawar et al. Y Y N N 2.0
[62] 2019 Talamo et al. Y Y N N 2.0
[11] 2018 Balogh et al. Y Y N N 2.0
[63] 2018 Issam et al. Y Y N N 2.0
[64] 2015 Gao et al. Y Y N N 2.0
[10] 2017 Wang et al. Y N N N 1.0

Fig. 5. Publ
Fig. Publicati
ication
on year of sele
selected
cted arti
articles
cles by data
databas
base.
e.
 

 J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298 9

Fig.. 6. Publ
Fig Publicati
ication
on score of sele
selected
cted arti
articles
cles by data
database
base..

Th
Thee first
first sp
spec
ecifi
ificc ch
chalalle
lenge
nge in the taxo
taxono
nomy
my is dire
directl
ctlyy rela
related
ted
to pre
predic
dictive
tive mai
mainten
ntenanc
ance e and con
concer
cerns
ns to integration iss
issues
ues.. Thi
Thiss
kind
kind of pro
proble
blem
m typ
typica
icallyaffec
llyaffects
ts the compan
company y as a whole.
whole. The liter-
liter-
at
atur
ure
e pres
presen
ents
ts se
seve
vera
rall so
solu
luti
tion
onss to bui
build
ld in
integ
tegra
rate
ted
d so
solu
luti
tion
onss an
andd
methods
metho ds that
that areare ca
capa
pabl
blee of ha handndli
ling
ng diff
differ
eren
entt proc
procesesse
sess rela
related
ted
to PdM
dM.. The mos most common approach of these works is to pro-
po
pose
se arch
archititec
ectuture
res,
s, st
stra
rate
tegigies
es,, prin
princicipl
ples
es,, and
and tool
toolss that
that se
seek
ek to
unif
unifyy eaeach
ch step
step of th thee proce
rocess ss for
for dep
deploy
loyin
ing
g sy
syst
stem
emss to enenabable
le
predictive
predic tive mainte
maintenance [15–18,3,19–21,45,47,48,50].. The
nance [15–18,3,19–21,45,47,48,50] Thesese too
toolsls
ar
aree gene
genera rall
lly
y ca
capa
pabl
ble
e of inintetegr
grat
atin
ing
g proc
procesesse
sess su
such
ch as se
sens
nsor
or data
data
co
coll
llec
ecti
tion
on on machi
machine nes,s, data
data pr proc
oces
essi
sing
ng,, crea
creati
tion
on anandd trai
traini
ning
ng of 
ma
machchininee lea
learnrnin
ingg mode
models ls,, as well
well as th thee in
inte
tegr
grat
atio
ion
n wi
with
th ot
othe
herr
info
inform
rmat atio
ionn so
sour
urce
ces,
s, e.g.
e.g.,, ER
ERP P sy
syst
stems
ems to se send
nd Pd
PdM-
M-rerela
lated
ted alaler
ertsts
in a use
user-fr-frie
riendl
ndly y inte
interfa
rface.
ce.
Fig.. 7. Tota
Fig Totall score by ques
question
tion..
Bi
Big data is one of the more challenging areas in the contex
g data text
of PdM.
PdM. Some
Some is issu
sues
es co
conc
ncer ernn the
the need
need forfor real
real-t
-tim
ime e moni
monito tori
ring
ng
an
andd co
cons
nseq
equeuentntly
ly pr
proc
oces
essising
ng a larg
largee am
amouount
nt of data
data gene
generarated
ted by
the se
sensnsor
ors.
s. In this
this co
cont
ntex
ext, t, guar
guaran ante
teei
eing
ng good
good vavalu
lues
es on metr
metric icss
5.1.
5.1. Wh
Whatat ar
aree th
thee chal
challe
leng
nges
es an
and
d op
open
en qu
ques
esti
tion
onss re
rega
gard
rdin
ing 
g 
like Latency, Scalability, an and d ne
netwo
twork rk Bandwidth is a problem as
ma
machi
chine
ne learni
learning
ng and rea
reason
soning
ing for predic
predictiv
tivee mai
mainte
ntena
nance
nce in
so
some
me pr predi
edicte
cted d ev
even
entsts requ
requir ire
e imme
immedi diat
atee actio
actionn to prprev
evenentt fa
fail
il--
Industry
Indu stry 4.0?
ur
ures
es.. Wo
Workrkss like
like Liu
Liu et al
al.. [22] and Zhou hou et al. [14] proporopose
se the ususe e
Th
Thisis re
rese
sear
arch
ch quques
esti
tion
on cocont
ntri
ribu
bute tess to the
the scie
scient
ntifi
ificc co
comm
mmu- u- of edg
edge e comput
computing ing to bring
bring the proces
processin sing g closer
closer to the datacollec-
datacollec-
tion
tion poin
pointt and
and dele
delegagate
te to the
the cl
clou
oud d on
onlyly task
taskss that
that do no nott requ
requir ire
e
nity
nity by ide
identi
ntifyi
fying
ng and classi
classifyi
fying
ng the cur curren
rentt cha
challe
llenge
ngess and ope
openn
im
immed
media iate
te actio
action.n. On ththe e othe
otherr hahand,
nd, Cres
Crespo al. [23] prop
po et al. ropose
osed da
is
issu
sues
es re
rega
gard
rdin
ingg ML 
ML a and reasoning in the the context of PdM. To do
fra
framew
mework ork tha
thatt imp
implemlemententss the concep
conceptt of dist
distrib
ribute
utedd com
comput puting
ing,,
that
that,, we pr
propopos
osee the
the taxo
taxononomymy prpres
esen ente
tedd in FiFig.
g. 8.
so when
when the sys system
tem cap
capaciacity
ty reache
reachess highigh h usage
usage val
values
ues,, the sys
system
tem
We desi
designe
gned d the tax
taxono
onomy my con
conside
siderin ringg two types
types of eleelemen
ments.
ts.
manage
man agess the result
resulting
ing ove
overherhead
ad by distri
distribut
buting
ing the proproces
cessin
sing.
g.
The blu
blue e box
boxeses rep
repres
resent
ent bro
broad
ad fields
fields relate
related d to predic
predictiv
tivee mai
mainte-
nte-
Stil
Stilll in th
the e co
cont
ntex
extt of Big Data
Data, ano
anothe
therr ope
openn cha
challe
llenge
nge conconcer
cernsns
na
nanc
ncee tha
thatt can
can have
have didiff
ffer
eren
entt kinds
kinds of ch chal
alle
leng
nges
es rela
related
ted to ththem.
em.
Data acqu
acquisitio
isitionn. Th
The e open
open is issu
sueses in
incl
clud
ude e the
the diffi
difficucult
lty
y of obta
obtain in--
On the
the otothe
herr ha
hand,
nd, the
the gree
green n bo
boxe
xess arare e sp
spec
ecifiificc ch
chalalle
leng
ngeses or op
open
en
ing
ing qual
qualit ity
y data
data anandd in
inter
terpr
pret
etin
ing g it.
it. A co
consi
nsider
derabablele port
portio ionn of the
the
is
issu
sues
es th
that
at we id iden
enti
tifie
fied d ba
basesed
d on th the e resu
resultltss of the SLSLR.
R. The
The nunum-
m-
coll
collec
ectetedd da
datata has
has miss
missin ingg va
valu
lueses,, is poor
poorly ly st
stru
ructctur
ured
ed,, or has
has no
be
bers
rs unde
underr ea each
ch grgree
eenn box
box are
are cita
citatitio
ons to pa pape
perrs th
that
at pro
propopose
se
an
anno
notatati
tion
ons.s. To dea
deall wi
with
th this
this is
issu
sue,
e, He
Hegegedh
dhus
us et al.
al. [18] proposed
sol
soluti
utions
ons to tackle
tackle tha
thatt spe
specifi
cificc cha
challellenge.
nge.
a soluti
solutionon to pre
prepro
proces
cesss dataand turn turn it usausable
ble forpredic
forpredictiv tivee mai
main- n-
The
The firfirstst el
elem
emen entt of ththee taxo
taxono nomymy refereferss to th thee ge
genenera
rall fie
field
ld
te
tena
nancnce.e. Anoth
nother er appro
pproa ach to dea deal with
with data
data acqui
cquisi siti
tion
on is the
the
of  Predic
Predictive
tive Main
Maintenan
tenance ce. The
The a na
nal lysis
ys is o f th
thee lite
litera
ratu
ture
re sh
showowed
ed
fram
framewewor orkk de
desisign
gned
ed by StraStraus
usss et alal.. [56] thahatt enab
enable less th
thee mon-
mon-
that
that thi
thiss fie
fieldld us
usuauall
lly
y pose
posess chchal
alle
leng
nges es rela
related
ted to th thee reduc
reducti tion
on of 
ito
itori
ring
ng an andd data
data acqu
acquis isit
itio
ionn in lega
legacy cy mach
machin iner
ery.y. Alth
Althououghgh so
some
me
main
maintentenan
ancece-r
-rel
elat
ated
ed cocost
stss or aims
aims at im impr
provoviningg pr
prod
oducucti
tion
on effi-
effi-
pi
piec
eces
es of eq equi
uipm
pmen entt do nonott ha
have
ve data
data from
from cocondnditi
ition
on moni
monito tori
ring
ng
cie
ciencyby
ncyby prepredic
dictingnecess
tingnecessarymainte
arymaintenan nance.
ce. Sol
Soluti
utionsto
onsto deal
deal wit
with
h
sensor
sen sors,s, suc
suchh as vib
vibrat
ration
ion and tempera
temperatur ture,
e, som
some e altern
alternati
atives
ves can
thes
these
Dataeanaly
ge
gene
neri
ricc chal
analytics,
tics,ch alle
(II) leng
ngesesine
Machine
Mach can
caLearn
n be ing 
divi
divide
Learning  dedd els,
models
mod into
into thre
three
, and e )grou
(IIIgrOntology
(III) oups
ps:: (I
(I))and
Big  be put into
into pra
practi
ctice
ce as demons
demonstra trated
ted by CalCalabr ese et al. [46],
abrese [46], which
makes
mak es useof eve eventnt logdata pro provid
videded by diagno
diagnostisticc sys
system
temss alread
already y
reason
reasoning
ing-re
-relat
lated
ed pro
propos
posals
als.. Eac
Each
h of the
these
se thre
three e are
areas
as has specifi
specificc
attache
atta ched d to the mac
machinhine,e, cre
creati
ating
ng a low
low-co-cost
st altern
alternatiative
ve to pre
predict
dict
ch
cha
allen
llenge
gess in th
thee cont
contexextt of PdM.
PdM. We pr pres
esen
entt an
andd disc
discus
usss th
thes
esee
failures.
challe
challenge
ngess as follow
follows. s.
 

10  J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298

Fig.. 8. A taxono
Fig taxonomy
my to cla
classi
ssify
fy challe
challeng
nges
es an
and
d open
open iss
issuesin
uesin PdM.
PdM.

Another maj
Another majoror cha
challe
llenge
nge in pre
predic
dictiv
tive
e mai
mainten
ntenanc
ance e is to esta
estab-b- showedthat it is also
showedthat also notfeasi
notfeasibleto
bleto tra
train
in ML m
modelsusingdata
odelsusingdata pro pro--
li
lish
sh th
thee grou
groundndss fo
forr ap
appl
plyi
ying
ng Mach
Machineine Learn ing model
Learning  models. s. Lik
Likee in th
the e vided
vide d by onl
only
y onemodel of equ equipm
ipment.Anoth
ent.Another er asp
aspect
ect emp
emphashasize
izedd
contextt of BigData, the nee
contex needd forreal-
forreal-timedecisi
timedecisionon mak
makinging req
requir
uires
es in rela
relatedworkis
tedworkis that
that the
the pr
proc
oces
esss ex
exec
ecututed
ed by a gigive
venn mach
machin ine
e ca
cann
highlevelsof Scalability
Scalability and network
network Bandwidth. In thi thiss sen
sense,train
se,train-- also
also cha
change
nge dynami
dynamicalcally
ly [24].
[24]. Alte
Altern
rnatativ
ives
es to deal
deal wi
withth th
this
is ch
chal
al--
ing
ing lear
learni
ning
ng mo
mode dels
ls in the
the edge
edge of thethe netw
networorks
ks is a solu
soluti
tion
on th
thatat lenge
lenge inc
includ
ludee traini
training
ng mul
multiptiple
le learni
learningng mode
models [13],, utili
ls [13] utilizing
zing data
has
has been
been pr
prop
opos osed
ed by Liu al.. [22] and by Cerq
Liu et al Cerquiuitel
telli
li et al.
al. [53]
[53].. produce
pro ducedd by the pieces
pieces of equ
equipm
ipment
ent tha
thatt hav
have e operat
operated ed in com
compa-
pa-
Imbal
Imb alan
ance
ced d data
data appe
appeararss as a ch
chal
alle
lenge
nge rela
related
ted to data
data ququal
alit
ity.
y. rable condit
conditions
ions [26]
[26],, app
applyi
lying
ng data min
mining
ing techni
techniquequess to gen
genera
erate
te
Carb
Carberery
y et al
al.. prop
propososee a fr
fram
amewewor ork
k us
usin
ing
g mu
multltip
iple
le st
stagages
es of pr
pre-
e- context infor
information
mation [57]
[57],, or ap
applply
y st
stra
rateg
tegie
iess us
usining
g deep
deep lear
learni
ning
ng
pr
proc
oces
essi
sing
ng,, fe
feat
atur
uree sele
selecti
ction
on,, an
andd comb
combininin
ingg fa
fact
ctor
or leve
levelsls to deal
deal [55]..
algorithms [55]
with
wit h data
datasets
sets thathatt sho
show w smasmall ll amo
amountsunts of failur
failures es com
compar pared
ed to the Anot
Anothe herr ch
chalalle
lenge
nge rela
relateted
d to ML ML co conc
ncer
erns
ns the
the la lack
ck of a univ
univer er--
quantity
quanti ty of ope
operat ration
ionaldata.Anothe
aldata.Anotherr cha challellengein
ngein thecontex
thecontextt of ML  sal model
model tha thatt app
applieliess to mul
multiptiple
le sce
scenar
narios
ios.. In thi
thiss contex
context, t, Ans
Ansariari
is to ob
obtatain
in data
data thatthat sh showowss th the e tend
tendencency y of no
norm rmal al stat
state e beh
behav avioiorr et al. [16] disc discusussesed d the
the poss
possib ibil
ilit
ity
y of prprop
opososiningg ne
new w momode delsls to
to fa
fail
ilur
ure,
e, call
called ed rurun n to failfail (R2F ). Xu et al. [24] and Adhi Adhika kariri et al al.. deall with data
dea data hethetero
erogen
geneiteityy issues
issues.. Xu et al. [24] use dee deep p transf
transfer er
[13] deepl
eeply y expl
explor ore e R2F.
R2F. Th This is ki
kind
nd of da datata is impo
import rtan
antt to iden
identi tify
fy learni
learningng to extr
extract
act a highigh-l
h-leve
evell rep
repres
resenta
entatio
tionn from
from a large
large amo
amount unt
prob
proble lems
ms beca
becaus use, e, in this
this case
case,, it is ne nece cess
ssararyy to trtrai
ainn the
the mode
models ls of data
data from
from a sp spececifi
ificc doma
domain in and trantransfsfer
er th
tha at kn
know
owle ledg
dge e to a
wi
with
th anannonotatated
ted fail
failurure-e-re
relalate
ted d data
datasesets.
ts. In this
this se sense
nse,, Gati
Gaticaca et al. al. ta
targ
rgetet doma
domain in.. Tran
Transf sfer
er lea
learnin
rning g mak
makes it poss possib iblle to us usee mod-
mod-
[60] propo
roposedsed a top-d
top-down own strateg
strategy y consis
consisting ting of firstunderstandi
firstunderstanding ng els
els tr
trai
aine
ned d in a gi giveven n doma
domain in to perf
perforormm task
taskss in othe
otherr scscen
enar ario
ioss
machin
mac hine e ope
operat rationand
ionand the then n takingactio
takingaction n to dea
deall wit
with h the problem
problem.. thatt are
tha are rela
related
ted to the the orig
origininal
al one.
one. Othe
Otherr apapprproaoach
cheses ad
advovoca
catete in
Besides
Bes ides,, the heterogeneity of the the da
data tase
setsts al
also
so poposesess as an issuissue e favor
favor of appapplyilying
ng existin
existing g models
models to new scenar scenarios ios [52,8,9]
[52,8,9].. Gener-
that
that dese
deserv rves
es atte
attent ntio
ion n frfrom
om the the scie
scientntifi
ificc comm
commun unitity.
y. Bo
Both th the
the ally,
ally, thes
these e approa
approache chess test
test differ
differentent mod
models
els to evaevalua
luatete whi
which ch one
lack
lack and th the e exce
excess ss of hetehetero rogegene
neiity ha harrm th thee ML 
ML mo mode delsls.. The
The fit
fitss bett
better er for
for a spspececifiificc si
situ
tuat
atio
ion.
n. Fo
Forr exam
exampl ple,
e, ScSchm
hmid idtt et al
al.. [12]
lack
lack of hete
hetero rogegeneneit ity
y was
was expl explor ored
ed by SchmSchmid idtt et alal.. [65] and by pr
prop
opososee a clclas
assi
sific
ficat atio
ionn ba
basesedd on vi vibr
brat
atio
ionn limi
limitt vavalu
lues
es to prpred edic
ictt
Nu
Nunenezz et al [41].. In both
al.. [41] both appr approa oach
ches
es,, the
the au auththororss conc
concluludede that
that failur
failure,e, and Che
Cheng ng et al. [45] compare
ompare two alg algori
orithmsto
thmsto pre predic
dictt the
thi
thiss cha
characracteri
teristic
stic turns
turns traini
training ng the ML ML mod models els mor
more e difficu
difficult. lt. The HVAC
HV AC sysyste
stemm cond
conditi ition
on.. Ding
Ding et al.al. [54] propo
ropose se Knowl
Knowledge-b
edge-based ased
au
autho
thors rs al
also
so foun
found d ou
outt that
that in se sevevera
rall case
cases, s, on
onlyly on
one e data
data sosoururcece is reas
reasononiningg to pr predi
edictct ste
steel
el br
brid
idge
ge peperfrfor
orma
manc nce e deter
deterio iora
ratio
tion.
n. ThThee
av
avai
aila
labl
ble,
e, e.g.
e.g.,, all
all data
data co comeme fr from
om onone e speci
specific fic mach
machin ine.
e. Ex
Exces
cessi sive
ve comput
com putatiationa
onall cost
cost for traini
trainingng the
thesese ML 
ML mod
models els is also
also a cha
challe
llenge
nge
he
hete
teroroge
geneneitityy al
alsoso impa
impact ctss nenegagati
tive
vely
ly on th thee ML 
ML modmodel el traini
training. ng. to be adaddrdres
essesed,
d, acco
accord rdining
g to Xu et al. al. [24] and to Nu Nune ness et al
al.. [41]
[41]..
In this
this dire
directctioion,
n, SaSararazizinn et al.al. [17] and Ga Gatitica
ca et al.al. [60] analyzed The last area identifi tified in thi this SLR refers to the applicatio tion
the
the beha
behavi vior
or of ML  ML mo mode dels ls tha
thatt rece
receivive e larg
large e am
amou ountntss of trtrai
aini
ning
ng of on
ontotolo
logi
gies
es for
for prprededic
icti
tive
ve mamain inte
tena
nanc
nce.
e. Th
Thisis scscen
enar
ario
io ty
typi
picacall
lly
y
dat
datase
asetsts fro
from m many
many dif differ
ferent
ent sousource
rces.s. Ano
Anotherther proproble
blem m rel
relate
ated d to asso
associciaates
tes onontotolo
logi
gieses with
with th thee need
need to un undedersrsta
tand
nd ththee data
data,, as
thi
thiss top
topicic was invest
investiga igated
ted by Ans Ansariari et al. [16].
[16]. The wor work k con
considsidersers an ex
examampl ple,
e, we have have th thee Meas
Measur urem
emen entt On
Ontotolology
gy,, pres
presen ente
ted d by
the cha
challe
llenges
nges relate
related d to proproces cessin
singg data wit with h multip
multiple le str
struct
ucture
uress Schmi
Sch midtdt et al.
al. [42]
[42],, whi
which ch relate
relatess mea
measur sureme
ementsnts to othotherer data
data sucsuch h
of mainte
maintenance nance data. These struct structuresures includ
include e sensor
sensorss infor
information
mation,, as date
date of co collllect
ectioion,
n, the mach
machin inee that
that gegene
nerarate
tedd the data
data,, an
and d th
thee
main
mainten tenanancece text
text repo
reports rts,, an
and d multi
multimo moda dall data
data wh wher eree a mach
machin ine e pr
proc
ocess
ess exexececututed
ed at thathatt time
time.. It cacann also
also sto
store
re ininfo
form
rmatatio
ionn ab
abououtt
sensorsigna
sen sorsignall canprovi
canprovide de mor
more e tha
thann oneinfor
oneinformat mationand
ionand canresul
canresultt the en
enviviroronm
nmen ent,t, su
suchch as temp
temper erat
atur
uree an
andd ph
phys ysic
ical
al loca
locatition
on [42].
[42].
in inapp
inappropri
ropriate ate plann
planning,monitoring
ing,monitoring,, or contro controllingthat
llingthat decrea
decreases ses This
This fiel
field d ofresear
ofresearch ch isstillincip
isstillincipien ient,t, butsome wor worksalrea
ksalreadyinves-
dyinves-
the
the rema
remain inin
ing g us
usefeful
ul lilife
fe.. This
This larglargee am
amou ount nt of data
data is ad addrdres
essesedd by tiga
tigate
tedd ththee topi
topicc (H(Hegegededusus et alal.. [18],
[18], Cao et al. [43] [43],, Nune
Nunezz et al. al.
Huan
Huang g et alal.. [51]
[51],, sin
sincece usi
using ng the ori origin
ginalal dat
datase
asett for diagno
diagnosis sis and [41]).
[41]).
faul
faultt pr
predi
edictctioion n is didiffifficucultlt,, so the au autho
thorsrs prprop
opos osed
ed an algoalgori rith
thmm
for data
data fusion
fusion pro procescessinsing.g. 5.2
5.2.. Whic
Whichh mach
machininee lea
learn
rnin
ing
g techn
techniq
ique
uess ar
aree usua
usuall
lly
y in th
thee
Th
The e gene
genera rall co
concnclulusision
on we ca cann re
reac
ach h on thisthis totopi
picc is that
that bothboth context
conte xt of predi
predictive
ctive main
maintenan
tenance?
ce?
lack
lack and
and exceexcess ss of heterogeneity ca cann imp
impac actt on the pr prededic
icta
tabi
bilility
ty
of the
the al algo
goririth
thmsms.. Prop
Propos osalalss to mi mititiga
gatete this
this prob
proble lemm araree avai
avail- l-
able.
ble. Diff
Differerenentt au auththororss fofounund d out th thatat onone e of th thee caus
causes es of datadata sp
specThe
Th
ecifiecliter
ific lich
terat
atur
char
aracure
acteerist
cove
co
teri vers
icsrs
stic a wi
s an
andwide
deplic
d ap vari
va
appl rietyof
icatetyof
atio ns.. ML 
ions Th
Theettechniques,
echniq
focu ues,
focuss of each
thi
this
s se with
secti
ction
on
he
hete
tero
rogegeneneitityy is thethe fact
fact tha thatt manu
manufa factu
cturiring
ng pl plan
ants
ts araree dyna
dynami micc is the ap
appl
plic
icat
atio
ionn of thes
these e model
modelss for
for pr
predi
edictctivive
e main
maintetena
nanc
nce.
e. We
enviro
env ironme
nments.nts. SchSchmidt
midt et al. [12] cla laim
im it is no nott reco
recomm mmen endeded d to intend
inte nd to hig
highli
hlight
ght the com
common
monly
ly use
usedd ML 
ML tec
technihnique
quess and the rea-
rea-
use
use dadatata obta
obtain ined
ed only
only in the the la labo
borarato
toryry.. Mo
More reov
overer,, Li et alal.. [59] sonss for sel
son select
ecting
ing spe
specifi
cificc tech
techniq
niques
ues..
 

 J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298 11

Fig.. 9. Taxo
Fig Taxonomy
nomy of machine
machine learning
learning technique
techniques.
s.

ML  al
algo
goririth
thms
ms appl
apply y to seve
severarall st
stag
ages
es of pr pred
edicicti
tive
ve ma
maininte
te-- els
els were
were applapplieied
d beca
becaususee th
they
ey impl
implememen
entt th
thee ab
abililit
ity
y to cocons
nsid
ider
er
na
nanc
nce,
e, su
such
ch as dia
diagn
gnososis
is,, pr
prog
ogno
nosisis,
s, and
and est
estim
imatatio
ion
n of usef
useful
ul life
life.. histo
histori
rica
call data
data to pred
predic
ictt futu
future
re beh
behav
avio
ior.
r. Se
Seve
vera
rall au
auth orss [12,14]
thor
In Fi
Fig.
g. 9, we pr pres
esen
entt a taxo
taxono nomy
my of thes
thesee ML 
ML alg
algori
orithm
thms. s. The tax
tax-- asse
assess
ss ththee perf
perfo orm
rmanance
ce of ANNANN an andd comp
compar aree it wi
with th ot
othe
herr tech
tech--
onomy
ono my highli
highlight
ghtss the con
connecnectio
tion
n amo
among ng classe
classess of algori
algorithms
thms.. niques
niques like
like Sup
Suppor
portt Vec
Vector
tor Mac
Machinhinee (SV
(SVM)
M) and RanRandondon Forest
Forest (RF
(RF).
).
Se
Seve
vera
rall au
autho
thors
rs us
use e Artifi
Artifici cial
al Ne
Neurural
al Net
Netwoworkrkss (A
(ANN
NN)) to tatack
ckle
le Yet in the area
area of ANN
ANN,, some
some wor worksks con
consid
sider
er the implem
implement entati
ation
on of 
proble
pro blems
ms relate
relatedd to pre
predic
dictive
tive mai
mainten
ntenanc e. Li et al. [59] proposed
ance. Auto-A
Aut o-Assossocia
ciativ
tivee Neural
Neural Netw
Networkorkss (AA NN).. Liu et al. [22] proposed
(AANN)
a framewo
framework rk for fault
fault dete
detectio
ction
n and prepredict
diction
ion,, whi
whichch is cap
capabl
ablee of  a PdMframewor
PdMframework k in whi
whichch an AANN
AANN idenidentifi
tifies
es irregu
irregularlariti
ities
es in rail-
rail-
perfor
per formin
ming g err
error
or cor
correc
rectio
tionn reg
regard
ardles
lesss of mac
machin
hine e or pro
proces
cesss typ
type.
e. wa
waysys.. Th
This
is in
info
form
rmat atio
ion
n is us
used
ed to prpredi
edict
ct fa
fail
ilur
ures
es an
and d su
sugg
gges
ests
ts the
the
Accord
Acc ording
ing to the author
authors, s, an ANN mod model el canexecut
canexecute e the predic
predictio
tionn acti
action
onss to be take
taken n in ad
adva
vanc
nce.
e.
task
task thr
throu
oughgh trai
traini
ning
ng with
with ba back
ckla
lash
sh erro
errors
rs of the lalast
st th
thre
reee we
weekekss As an alternative to using raw sensor data, which can be
to predic
predictt the bac
backla
klash
sh error
error of the subseq
subsequenuentt wee
week.k. The sel
selecti
ection
on co
comp
mpos osed
ed of dif
diffe
fere
rent
nt ty
type
pess of ininfo
form
rmat
atio
ionn comi
coming ng from
from vavari
riou
ouss
of the
the AN
ANN N tech
techni
niqu
que e occu
occurr rred
ed beca
becaususee it is al
alre
read
adyy wide
widelyly us
used
ed se
sens
nsor
ors,s, raw
raw data
data cancan pa
pass
ss thro
throug
ugh h a fusi
fusion
on proc
procesess,s, co
condu
nductcted
ed by

to
ce
centcomp
coers.
ntermpen
s. ensa
Cr sate
Cres
espote fo
po for
etral.
alsl
slac
. ackk erro
[23] er
arors
pprs
pplilied
edinANN
comp
comput
AN N touter
er-c
-con
iden
id ontr
enti
tifytrol
fyinolle
inggledd machi
wh
whenma
en chine
as
assenet
set a co
corr
neurarrel
neural lelat
atio
ion
networ n algo
networks,alks,
goririth
thm.
Back-m.Propagatio
Back-PropHu
Hung
ng et al.
agational
n. Neural
[51] ulse
Neura sed
d algo
algori
Networ
Network rith
k thms
ms ba
(BPNN)
(BPNN), base
,sedd onl
Radia
Radial
be
beha
havivior
or ab
abnonormrmalalit
itie
iess ca
cann ap
appe
pear ar in th
the
e co
conte
ntextxt of Ind
Indusustr
tryy 4.0.
4.0. Ba
Basi
siss Func
Functiotion
n Neu
Neura rall Net
Netwo
workrk (RBF
(RBFNN)
NN),, Elma
Elman n Neu
Neura rall Net
Netwoworkrk
The ANN is com combin bineded with
with ass
associ
ociati
ationon rul
rules
es to determi
determine ne the oper-
oper- (ENN),
(EN N), Probab
Probabiliilistic
stic Neural
Neural Net
Networ
work k (PN
(PNN),
N), Fuz
Fuzzyzy Neu
Neural
ral Netw
Networkork
ating condit
conditions
ions consi
considereddered abnor
abnormal. mal. The framework
framework proposed
proposed by (FNN)) andWave
(FNN andWaveletNeuraletNeurall Net
Networ
work k (WN
(WNN)to
N)to imp
implem
lementthe
entthe fusion
fusion
Cheng
heng et al al.. [45] uses
uses ANN ANN andand SV SVM.M. The
The resul
esultsts pro
prove th thaat the
the pr
proc
oces
ess. s. Th
The e au
auththor
orss us
usee the resu
result
ltin
ingg to perf
perfor
orm
m fa faul
ultt pr
pred
edic
icti
tion
on
fr
fram
amew ewororkk is cacapa
pablble e of prpred
edic
icti
ting
ng the
the futu
futurere cond
condit itio
ionn in MEP
MEP and detecti
detection. on.
compon
com ponent
entss and
and,, con
conseq sequen
uently
tly ext
extend
end the RUL of the com componponents
ents.. Table3 summarizes
ummarizes the worksthat appl applyy neura
neurall networ
networks, ks, spec-
Daniya
Dan iyan n et al. [47] also lso prpresesen
entt a fram
framew ewor
orkk usin
using g ANN,
ANN, butbut in thi
thiss ifyi
ifying
ng theitheirr cl
clas
asse
ses,s, and
and whic
which h task
task th
thee ne
neur
ural
al ne
netwtwororkk perf
perfor
orms
ms
case
case,, the
the mo
mode dell esti
estimamate tess the
the RU
RULL of a bear
beariningg usin
using g a da
data
ta se
seri
ries
es withi
thin each paper. As can be seen, an ML al L  algo
gori
rith
thm m ca
cann be used
used
of temperature
temperature.. in se
sevevera rall st
stag
ageses in the
the PdM
PdM proc
proces
esss to perf
perfor
ormm clclas
assi
sific
ficat
atio
ionn or
Other soluti
solutions
ons invol
involve ve the implem
implementatientationon of Recur
Recurrentrent Neural prediction
predic tion tasks.
Networks (RNN) tha that are a type of ANN capable of incorporat- An
Anot othe
herr co
comm
mmon on apappr
proa
oach
ch iden
identitifie
fiedd in the
the SLSLRR is th
thee appl
appli-i-
ing me
memo morry. Riva
Rivass et al al.. [52] ad
adopopted
ted Lo
Long
ng ShShor
ort-t-Te
Termrm Memo
Memory ry cation of ML  mode models ls to va
vali
lida
date
te prop
propos osed
ed fram
framewewor orks
ks.. Schmi
Schmidt dt
(LST
(LSTM)M) RNRNN N model
model for for fail
failur
uree pr
pred
edicicti
tion
on.. The
The auautho
thorsrs fo
focu
cuse
sedd on et al
al.. [12] evalvaluat
uateded the per
perfor
forman
mancece of k-N
k-Near
earest
est Nei
Neighbo
ghborr (kN
(kNN),
N),
cr
crea
eati
ting
ng an LS LSTM
TM model
model to id ident
entif ify
y a po
poss
ssib
ible
le futu
future re malf
malfununcti
ction
on Back-p
Bac k-propropagaagatio
tion n Fee
Feed-f
d-forw
orward
ard Neu
Neural
ral Netw
Network ork (FF
(FFNN)
NN),, Decisi
Decision
on
usin
using g tw
twoo mo
mode dels
ls.. Th
The e first
first one
one clas
classisifie
fiess whet
whethe herr the
the engi
engine
ne ha
hass Tree
Tre e (DT
(DT), ), Ran
Random
dom Forest
Forest (RF),
(RF), Sup
Suppor
portt Vec
Vector
tor Mac
Machin
hine e (SVM),
(SVM), and
more tha
more thann 100 lif
life
e cyc
cycles(class
les(classific
ificati
ation
on pro
problem
blem), ), while
while the sec
second
ond Naïv
Naïvee Baye
Bayesi
sian
an (NB)
(NB) in vari
variou
ouss sc
scen
enar
ario
ioss to obta
obtainin the
the best
best com-
com-
one pre
predic
dicts
ts the rem
remain
aining
ing num
number
ber of cyc
cycles
les (regre
(regressi
ssion
on pro
proble
blem).
m). binatio
binat ionn of techn
techniq
ique
uess to dea
deall with
with time
time-s -ser
erie
iess pred
predic
icti
tion
on.. Zhou
Zhou
Cach
Cachad
adaa et al
al.. [3] als
lso
o used
used LSTM
LSTM alalon
ong
g with
with a seco
second
nd tech
techniniqu
que
e et al. [14] als
lso
o used
used kN
kNNN and
and DT al
alon
ong g with
with SVSVM M an
andd Mu
Multlti-
i-la
laye
yerr
cal
called
led Gate
Gatedd Rec
Recurrurrent
ent Unit
Unit (GRU
(GRU)) fora simila
similarr pur
purpos
pose.
e. Bot
Both
h mod-
 

12  J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298

 Table 3  Table 5
App
Approac
roaches
hes base
based
d on NN. Approach
Approaches
es based
based on DL.

Paper ML me thod Application Paper ML m  ethod Application

Liet al
al.. [59] ANN Fault Prediction [55] CNN RUL  
Crespoet
Crespoet al. [23]   ANN Anomaly detection [49] DNN Anomaly Detection
Rivas
Rivas et al. [52] LSTM RUL estimation [24] DNN, DTL Fault Diagnosis
Ca
Cacha
chada
da et al. [3] LSTM/GRU Failure prediction [51] CNN, L ST
STM, D B
BN
N, D N
NN
N Fault D ia
iagnosis/Prediction
Sch midtt et al. [12]
Schmid FFNN Time-series prediction
Zh
Zhouet
ouet al.al. [14] MLP Fault classification
Li
Liu
u et al.
al. [22] ANN Anomaly detection
Li
Liu al. [51]
u et al. BPNN, E
ENNN, R
RBBFNN, Data fu
fusion pr
proc
oces
esse
sess like
like diag
diagno
nosi
sis,
s, prog
progno
nosi
sis,
s, an
and
d RU
RUL.
L. Amon
Among g th
the
e work
workss
PNN,
PNN, FNNand WNN iden
identi
tifie
fiedd in this
this SL
SLR,
R, we cacan
n me
ment
ntio
ion
n th
the
e use
use of a Conv
Convol
olut
utio
iona
nall
Cheng
Cheng et al. [45]
Daniyan et al. [47]
Daniyan
ANN
ANN
Condition prediction
RUL estimation Ne
Neuural Ne Nettwork (CNN) in the the task of extractin ting features from
data
databa
basesess wi
withtho out ththee need
need forfor pri
prior knkno owlwled
edge
ge of th thee data
data.. In
this
this sens
sense, e, Yu
Yuan an et al.
al. [55] automat
utomate e the discov
discovery
ery of new featurfeatures es
 Table 4 hidde
hidden n in the data databa base
se to perf
perfor
ormm flaflaww detec
detectition
on anandd predi
predict ctio
ion.
n.
App
Approac
roaches
hes base
based
d on ML. Anothe
Ano therr app
approaroachch regard
regardss ano
anomalmaly y dete
detecti
ction
on usi
using
ng DL techni
technique ques.s.
In thi
thiss cont
contexext,t, De Vita al. [49] apply
Vita et al. pply a deep
deep autautoen
oencod
coderer con
consissist-
t-
Paper ML me thod Application
ingof a Dee
Deep p Neu
NeuralNetwo
ralNetwork(DNN)
rk(DNN) to red reducethe
ucethe dime
dimensi nsiona
onalitlity
y of 
Schmid
Schmidtt et al. [12] kNN, FFNN, DT, RF, NB Time to fail class
the data
data,, gene
genera rati
ting
ng a ne
neww data
datasesett for
for furt
furthe
herr trai
traini
ning
ng of det
detecectio
tionn
classification
Zh
Zhouet
ouet al.
al. [14] kNN, FFT
T, S
SV
VM Fault C
Cllassification algori
algorithms
thms such
such as k-mean
k-means. s.
Ca
Carbery et al. [8]
rbery BN Diagnosing and Th
Thee lalack
ck of trai
traini
ning
ng da
data
ta or ev
evenen diff
differ
eren
entt da
datata dist
distri
ribu
butition
on in
Predicting faults pr
prac
actic
ticalal ap
appl
plicicat
atio
ion
n are
are ch
chal
alle
leng
nges
es that
that DL trie
triess to so
solv
lve,
e, as ca
can n be
Ans
Ansariet
ariet al. [16] DBN Prediction of failure seen in the two two-ph-phase
ase Digita
Digital-t
l-twin
win-as-assis
sisted
ted Fault
Fault Dia
Diagno
gnosissis usi
using
ng
events
Deeptransferlearn
Deeptrans ferlearning(DFDD)propo
ing(DFDD)proposed sed by Xu et al. al.[24]
[24].. Inthefirst
Chukwuekwe
Chukwuek we et al. [9] ARMA Fault Prediction
Adhika
Adh ikari
ri et al. [13] SVM Anomaly Detection ph
phas
ase,
e, ex
expe
pertrtss mode
modell a vi virt
rtua
uall Deep
Deep NeuNeura rall Net
Netwo
work rk (DNN)
(DNN),, wh whil ile
e
Adhika
Adh ikari
ri et al. [13] ARIMA RUL   in the seseco
cond
nd phphas ase,
e, the
the au
autho
thorsrs us
usee Deep
Deep Tran
Transf sfer
er Lear
Learnining
ng (DT
(DTL)L)
Adhika
Adh ikari
ri et al. [13] DT, S
SVVM, N
NBB, R
RFF Fault cl
classification ooff   to transf
transfer er the knowle
knowledge dge previo
previousl
usly y create
created d to the physic
physical al world,
world,
Calabres
Calabresee et al. [46] GBM, D DR
RF, X
XG
GBosot RUL   ov
over
erco
comi
mingng the lacklack of data
data.. Hu
Huanangg et al.
al. [51] deaealtlt wi
with
th a us
use-
e-cacase
se
that
that dema
demand ndeded da
data
ta fusi
fusion
on to al
allo
low
w prog
progno
nosisiss and
and diag
diagno
nosi
sis.
s. To
Perc
Percep
eptrtron
on (MLP
(MLP), ), to eval
evalua uatete a fram
framew ewororkk for
for diag
diagno noststic
icss an
and d do th
that
at,, the autho
authors
rs ap
appl
plie
ied
d so
solu
luti
tion
on as CNCNN,
N, Deep
Deep Beli
Belief
ef Net
Netwo
workrk
prognostics. (DBN),
(DBN ), DNN, Aut Automa
omatic
tic Enc
Encode
oderr (AE
(AE),), and LST
LSTM.M.
De
Deal
alin
ingg with
with lalarg
rgee am
amou ountntss of dadatata to prpred
edic
ictt fail
failur
ureses was
was the Desp
Despit ite
e th
the
e promi
romisising
ng us
usee of DL alalgo
gori
rith
thms
ms in th the
e cont
contex
extt of 
goall ofCarber
goa ofCarbery al. [8].. Todo tha
y et al.[8] that,t, theautho
theauthors rs use
used d a Bay
Bayesiesian
an Net- PdM, we founfound d relat
elativ
ivel
elyy few
few woworrks that
that addre
ddressssed
ed th
the
e us
usee of 
work
work (BN)
(BN).. Th
Thee sele
select
ctio
ionn of this
this tech
techni niqu
que e was
was ju just
stifi
ifieded beca
becaus usee these algor
algorithms
ithms to perfo
performrm predi
predictive
ctive mainten
maintenance-
ance-relate
related
d tasks.
BN is knknow
own n fo
forr pe
perfrfor
ormimingng well
well un undederr un
uncecert
rtai
ainti
nties
es.. Mo
More reovover
er,, In Tabl
Table
e 5, we sumsummar
marize
ize the pro
propos
posals
als tha
thatt app
applyly DL.
this
this tech
techniniqu
quee ca
can n de
deco
compmpos osee comp
comple lex
x pr
proboble
lems
ms in mo more re maman- n-
ag
agea
eabl
blee on
oneses usin
usingg co
condi
nditio
tionanall pr
probobababil
ilit
itie
ies.
s. A sp
spececia
iall BN
BN,, call
called
ed 5.3.
5.3. Wh
What
at are
are th
thee co
cont
ntex
exts
ts in the
the use
use of onto
ontolo
logy
gy in pred
predic
icti
tive
ve
Dy
Dyna
namimics
cs Ba
Baye
yesi
sian
an Netw
Networ orkk (D
(DBNBN), ), is prop
propos osed
ed by An Ansasari
ri et alal.. maintenance?
[16].. Th
[16] Thee prop
propos osal
al is pa
part rt of a fr
fram
amew ewor orkk de
desisign
gneded to prprededicictt fail
fail--
ur
ures
es an
and d to meas
measur uree the impa
impact ct of such
such a pr prededic
ictio
tion n on ththe e qual
qualit ity
y Pre
redi
dict
ctiv
ivee main
mainte tena
nanc
ncee can
can rel rely on on onto
tollog
ogieiess for
for vavaririo
ous
of produc
productio tion
n planni
planning ng pro
proces
cesses
ses and mai mainten
ntenancance e cos
costs.
ts. purposes. Fig. 10 pres presenents
ts a taxo
taxono nomy
my ththatat desc
descriribe
bess ththe
e main
main
An
Anotothe
herr cl
clas
asss of mo
mode delsls that
that is gain
gaininingg at
atte
tent
ntioionn from
from thethe sci-
sci- applic
app licati
ations
ons of ont ontolo
ologie
giess in pre
predict
dictive
ive mai
mainten
ntenancance.e. This
This sec
sectio
tionn
enti
entific
fic comm
commun unitity
y is Auto
Auto-r -reg
egre
ressssiv
ivee Mo
Movi ving
ng Av Avererag
age e (ARM
(ARMA) A).. discusses
discuss es these applicatio
applications. ns.
Chuk
Chukwu wuekekwe
we et al. al. [9] pres
presen ente
tedd a solusolutition
on that
that cons
consid ider
erss the
the One of the main goals of an ontology is to provide context 
awareness
vi
vibr
Aubra
Auto a-regr
tio
tiegres
to-r on essi
da
datetevetoInt
sive pred
pr
Integ edic
egraict
ratet dfa
ted fail
ilur
ures
Movi
Mo esnginAver
ving Avth
thee age
eragcont
coentex ext
(A
(ARIt MA),
RIMAof In
Indu
), dust
wh
whicstry
ry
ich 4.0.
4.0.
h is a els rea
real-w . Prima
l-worlPri
orlddma objfra
framew
object
ectsmework
s acc ork
accord [44]to
ording
ing applies
ppl
theies
their thi
thissperties
ir pro
proper concep
con cept.
ties t. Prima
and Prifunctio
mactions.
fun mod
mod-
ns.-
vari
variat
atio
ionn of ARMA
ARMA,, wa wass ap
applplie
iedd by Adhi
Adhika kari al. [13] in a pr
ri et al. prededic
ic-- Th
Thee solu
soluti
tion
on is ca capapabl
blee of gath
gathereriningg and
and asso
associciat
atin
ingg se
sens
nsoror da
datata..
tiv
tive
e mai
maintentenan
nance ce fra
framewo
mework rk to pre
predic
dictt the remain
remaining ing use
useful
ful life
life of  Th
Thee fram
frameweworork k al
allo
lows
ws,, for
for exam
exampl ple,
e, th
thee as
asso
soci
ciat
atio
ionn of a mo moti tion
on
comp
compon onenentsts.. Th
Thee sele
selectctio
ionn of AR ARIMIMAA was
was du due e to ititss abil
abilit
ity
y to use
use sen
enssor with a speci cific
fic machine process and, at the same time, me,
hist
histor
oric
ical
al data
data to es esti
tima
mate te futu
future re be
beha
havivior
or.. In ad
addi
ditio
tion n to RUL
RUL es esti-
ti- with ene
energy
rgy con
consum
sumpti ption
on inform
informati ation.
on. This
This kind
kind of appapproaroach
ch mod-
mati
mationon,, the frfram
amewewor orkk pr
propopososed
ed by Adhi
Adhika kariri et al.
al. [13] uses ses SVM
SVM els know
knowleledg
dge,
e, an
and d sh
shar es it for
ares for deci
decisision
on-m
-mak akin
ingg pu
purprpos
oseses.. Pr
Prim
imaa
to iden
identif
tifyy possib
possible le anomal
anomalies ies and to claclassi
ssify
fy algori
algorithmthmic ic failur
failures.
es. also store
storess info
informati
rmation on seman
semantical
ticallyly. The sol
soluti
ution
on mod
modelsels and stores
stores
Appl
Applyiying
ng tree
tree-b
-basased
ed algo
algori rithm
thmss to pr pred
edicictt the prprobobab
abil
ility
ity of a data
data in a stan
standa darrdize
dized d mann
manner er,, wh
whiich allollows thethe fram
framew ewor ork
k to
failur
failure,
e, Cal
Calabr ese et al. [46] pres
abrese resent
ent an arcarchit
hitectu
ecturere tha
thatt use
usess thr
three
ee acce
access
ss vari
variou
ouss dadatata so
sour
urce
ces.
s. Th
Thisis ch
char
arac
acte
teri
rist
stic
ic al
also
so co
copepess with
with
diff
differ
eren
entt algo
algori rith
thms
ms to cl clas
assi
sify
fy ma
machchin
ines
es with
with 30 da days
ys of less
less of  anot
anothe
herr feat
featurure,e, wh
whicich
h is to pro rovivide
de interoperability am amon ong g dif
dif--
RUL.
RUL. Th
The e Grad
Gradie ient
nt Boos
Boosti ting
ng Mach
Machin ine
e (G
(GBMBM)) gene
genera rate
tedd the model
modelss fere
ferent
nt doma
domain ins,
s, achi
achieveveded by impimple leme
menti
nting
ng the
the soso-c-cal
alle
ledd doma
domain in
that
that ob
obta
tain
ined
ed th the
e bes
bestt resu
result ltss for
for clas
classi
sific
ficat
atioionn wh
when en cocomp
mpar ared
ed to ontology
ontolo gy concep
concept. t.
theDistribute
theDistri buted d Ran
RandomForest(DRF)modelsand
domForest(DRF)modelsand Ext Extrem
reme e Gradie
Gradient nt Cao et al. [43] explore the ability to stor storee info
informrmatatio
ion
n
Boosting
Boost ing (XGBoo
(XGBoost) st) models
models.. semantically. Th The e wo
workrk expl
explo oreress th
thee cont
contexextt of cond
condit itiion
on-b-bas
ased
ed
Table
Tabl e 4 preseresent
ntss a susummmma ary of ththee re
rese
seararch
ches
es ththat
at ap
app ply ML  main
mainten
tenan
ancece.. Us
Usiningg the coconc
ncepeptt of  rules, the
the auth
autho ors prop
ropos osee an
with
withououtt im
implplememenentiting
ng NN or DL DL.. The
The ApApplplicicat
atio
ionn colu
columnmn show
showss algo
algori
rithm
thm th that
at gene
genera rates
tes Se
Sema
mant nticic We
Web b Ru
Rulele La
Lang
nguauagege (SWRL
(SWRL). ).

wh
whic
ML ich
ah
lgtask
ta
lgorsk
orit thecan
ithm
hm ML 
ML per
ca n perfor
forms
exec
execut ms
ute wit
within
e mo
morehin
re th eac
each
than hne
an o pap
paper.
er.
proc
pr We
oces s,ca
ess,can
asnwe
see
seellthat
well th
asatth
an
the
e This
Thi
ral sco
ral soluti
sol
cons ution
nstr on
trai imp
implem
aints
nts.
. Thlement
The ents
e resu
re sltsreason
sult rea
s fasoning
faci
cili ing
lita teto
tate des
descri
dec
decis cribe
isionbe
ion eve
events
maki
ma ntsthro
king
ng and
th tem
tempo-
roug
ughh po-
th
the
e
execut
exe cution
ion of tha
thatt pro
proces
cess,
s, may dema
demand nd more
more tha
thann on
one e ML 
ML model.
model.  prediction of failu
failures.
res.
De
Deep
ep lear
learni
ning
ng (DL)
(DL) is an ar
area
ea that
that is begi
beginn
nnin
ingg to re
rece
ceiv
ivee mo
morere A ch
chal
alle
leng
ngin
ingg is
issu
sue,
e, wh
whic ich
h af
affe
fect
ctss bo
both
th ML 
ML mod
models
els and ontolo
ontolo--
at
atte
tenti
ntion
on in th
the
e co
conte
ntext
xt of pr
pred
edic
icti
tive
ve main
mainte
tena
nanc
nce,
e, es
espe
peci
cial
ally
ly fo
forr gies
gies,, is the
the need
need for
for expert users to an analalyz
yze
e the
the conte
context
xt an
andd pr
prov
ovid
ide
e
 

 J. Dalzochio, R. Kunst, E. Pignaton et al. / Computers in Industry 123 (2020) 103298 13

Fig.. 10. Taxo

Fig Taxonomy
nomy of ontologie
ontologiess app
applicat
lications
ions in predictiv
predictive
e maintena
maintenance.
nce.

crucia
cruciall inform
informati
ation
on to set the par
parame
ameter
terss of the mode
modelsls [66]
[66].. In the
the mention the data col
mention collec
lectio
tionn to per
perfor
form
m the dete
detecti
ction
on of ano
anomal
malies
ies,,
context
con text of predic
predictiv
tivee mai
mainte
ntenan
nance,
ce, thi
thiss nee
need
d is discus
discussed
sed by NunNunezez dia
diagn
gnos
osis
is,, an
and
d fa
faul
ultt is
isol
olat
atio
ion,
n, an
andd the es
esti
tima
mati
tion
on of rema
remainin us
usef
eful
ul
et al.
al. [41].
[41]. In thei
theirr solu
soluti
tion
on,, the
the auth
author
orss us
usee expe
expert
rt kn
know
owleledg
dgee to life.
life. Theconstr
Theconstructi
uction
on of ML 
ML mod
modelsin
elsin thisfirst sta
stage
ge uses
uses datacom-
fo
form
rmal
aliz
ize
e an onto
ontolo
logy
gy to peperf
rfor
ormm vibr
vibrat
atio
ion
n anal
analys
ysis
is of ma
mach
chin
ine
e ing
ing ma
main inly
ly from
from equi
equipm pmen entt an
and d ma
machchinines
es in the
the phys
physicical
al worl
world. d.
co
comp
mpon
onen
ents
ts.. The au
autho
thors
rs use
use info
inform
rmatatio
ionn st
stor
ored
ed in th
thee on
ontol
tolog
ogyy While ano
While anomal
maly y dete
detectio
ctionn and fault
fault isolat
isolation
ionss are gengenera
erall classi
classifica
fica--
to crea
create
te SW
SWRL RL ru
rule
less for
for fail
failur
uree pr
pred
edic
icti
tion
on and
and to dete
determrmin
ine
e the
the tions or cluster
clusteringing probl
problemsems and prognprognosticsis
osticsis a regression-
regression-relate
related d
cause
cau se of the pot
potent
ential
ial fai
failur
lure.
e. pro
problblem
em.. In the the cont
contex extt of pro
progn gnos
osti
ticc tech
techniniqu
queses,, we ca cann cl
cla
as-
sif
sify
y them
them in thre threee catego
categorie ries:
s: (i) sim
simila
ilarit
rity-b
y-base
ased,
d, (ii)
(ii) extrap
extrapolaolatio
tionn
based,
bas ed, and (iii)
(iii) mode
modell identifi
identificat cation
ion and est estima
imatiotionn bas
based.
ed.
6. Conc
Conclu
lusi
sion
on
This
This articl
article e sho
showed
wed thathatt pre
predicdictivemainte
tivemaintenan nance ce is a hot toptopic
ic in
the
the co
cont ntex
extt of Indu
Indust stry
ry 4.4.0.
0. We co concl
nclud
ude e th
that
at beca
becaus use
e th
thee pa
pape
persrs
Th
Thee devel
developopme
ment nt of thi
thiss sy
syst
stema
emati ticc lite
litera
ratu
ture
re revi
review
ew aime
aimedd to
that
that brin
bring g nove
novelt lty
y to ththee field
field ar aree co
conc
ncenentrtrat
ated
ed in th thee year
yearss 20
201818
discus
discusss the mai
mainn iss
issues
ues rel
relate
atedd to mac
machin hine e learni
learning
ng and reason
reasoning
ing
and 2019
2019.. Many
Many releva
relevant nt works
works are ava availa
ilable
ble so far
far.. How
Howeve ever,
r, the
there
re
for
for pr
pred
edic
icti
tive
ve main
maintentenan
ancece in the coconte
ntextxt of Ind
Indus
ustr
try
y 4.0.
4.0. We dis-
is stil
stilll room
room to dealdeal wi
withth se
seve
vera
rall ch
chalalle
leng
ngeses in this
this fie
fieldld.. Taki
Takingng in
into
to
cu
cuss
ssed
ed the coconc
ncep
epts
ts and
and tech
technonolo
logi
gies
es appl
applieied
d in th
this
is ar
area
ea.. We also
acco
accoun untt the achi
achieveved
ed resu
resultslts,, we enenvi
visi
sion
on the necneces essi
sity
ty of impl
imple-e-
pr
pres
esen
ented
ted the cha
challllen
enge
gess fa
face
cedd in its
its ap
applplic
icat
atio
ionn in th
thee real
real wo
worl
rld.
d.
menti
men ting
ng the theotheorereti
tica
call fram
framew ewor orks
ks foun
found d in the
the lite
litera
ratuture
re in real
real
Th
This
is re
revi
view
ew focu
focused
sed on id iden
enti
tify
fyin
ingg ar
archchit
itect
ectur
ures
es or fram
framew ewor
orks
ks
industri
indu strial
al env
enviroironme
nments.nts. This
This implem
implementaentatiotionn wou
would ld all
allow
ow a mor
more e
that
that us
use
e re
reas
ason
oniningg base
based d on ML 
ML momodeldelss or ththro
roug
ughh the ad adop
optio
tion
n
pr
prec
ecis
isee ev
eval
alua
uatition
on of the
theirir effe
effectctiv
iven
enes
esss thr
throuough
gh metri
metrics cs su
suchch as
of on
onto
tolo
logi
gies
es.. Th
Thee stu
study
dy wawass li
limi
mited
ted to pr prededic
icti
tive
ve main
mainte tena
nanc
nce
e of 
costt red
cos reduct
uction
ion and tim time e spe
spentnt on the mainten
maintenanc ance e tas
task.
k. Cha
Challe
llenge
ngess
cyber-phys
cyber -physical
ical system
systems, s, not including
including relate
related d worksthat applypre-
re
rela
late
ted d to bibig g data
data are also also of inte
intere
rest
st beca
becaus use e pred
predic icti
tive
ve ma
mainin--
dictiv
dic tive
e mai
failures. mainten
ntenanc ance e in other
other concontext
texts,s, suc
such h as pre
predic
dicting
ting sof
softwa
tware re te
tena
nanc
nce
e is a fie
field
ld th
that
at relie
eliess on large
arge amo
amoun
unts
ts of data
data.. Th
Ther
eref
efo
ore
issu
issues
es like
like sc
scal
alab
abil
ilit
ity,
y, laten
latency
cy,, an
and
d data
data se
secu
curi
rity
ty deser
deserve
ve furt
furthe
herr
Three
Thr ee res
resear
earch ch que
questio
stions
ns wer
were e defi
definedned to guiguide
de thi
thiss systema
systematic tic
investigation.
liter
literat
atur
uree revi
reviewew.. Th
The e an
answswerer to ththes
esee ques
questi tion
onss sh
show
owed ed tha
thatt th
the e
ne
need
ed for
for data
data in inte
tegr
grat
atio
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