TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-II (THEORY)

ASSIGNMENT NO.1

Pavement Design Standards

SUBMITTED BY:
Muhammad Shaharyar Toor
17-CE-07

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Naveed Ahmed

SECTION:
C

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
TAXILA
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION: .................................................................................................................. 3
PAVEMENT DESIGN STANDARDS: ................................................................................. 3
1. Standards by ASTM:....................................................................................................... 3
2. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG): ......................................... 3
Major improvements: ......................................................................................................... 4
Overview of the MEPDG Design Procedure:..................................................................... 4
3. AASHTO Design Procedure (For Flexible and Rigid Pavement Designs): ................... 4
4. WSDOT HMA Overlay Design Standard: ..................................................................... 5
5. The Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB): ................................................... 5
Basis of design: ................................................................................................................... 5
Standards used: ................................................................................................................... 5
6. New Zealand & Australian Design Standards: ............................................................... 6
Standards used: ................................................................................................................... 6
General design principal: .................................................................................................... 6
7. Indian Standards: ............................................................................................................ 6
CONCLUSION: ....................................................................................................................... 6
REFERENCES: ....................................................................................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION:
In this report we will enlighten about pavement design standard
used all over the world. As we know that Pavement engineering is an important section in the
growth of the streets. Almost thirty three percent or one-part of the absolute cost of
development, so careful thought should be given to the design of the pavement. The objective
of the basic design is to determine the number, the material, and the thickness of the various
layers inside the pavement structure needed to oblige the stacking system. Overall design is
essentially concerned with the option of appropriate layer thickness and materials. Counts are
essentially concerned with traffic stress; other naturally associated stress e.g. temperature, are
reflected in the option of blend design asphalt fastener.
As we know that, all over the world
different design standards are used for making of pavement designing. The main reason is
that every area or country have its economy, weather, climate conditions, soil properties and
compositions, population density, different traffic sense, different transport trucks etc. So,
make it all these scenarios in under observations, engineers need different standards of
pavement designs to achieve good pavement properties like ride quality and load spreading
criteria etc. Therefore, designers need to develop the standards solutions that are relating to
their problems. So, in all over the world different standard designs of pavements are used to
accomplish all problems which were faced by past engineers.

PAVEMENT DESIGN STANDARDS:

In all over the world different standard
pavement designs are used which are following as:
1. Standards by ASTM:
The road and pavement standards of ASTM include measurements
and test methods related to the material, physical, mechanical, functionality and application
criteria of road surfaces and pavements. These geotechnical surfaces are laid down locations
designed to serve either foot or vehicle traffic. Typically, the forms of flooring protected by
these standards are composed of asphalt, concrete, and bituminous materials. This road and
pavement requirements enable geotechnical engineering firms and construction companies to
inspect and test pavement materials to ensure their reliability and longevity for safe
installation and usage.
(ASTM, 2018)
2. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG):
The purpose of the Mechanistic-
Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) is to define and calibrate the physical causes of
stress in pavement systems with observed pavement efficiency. These two components
characterize this approach to the design of the pavement: the emphasis on physical factors is
the "mechanistic" component, and the "empirical" component is the use of observable
performance to assess relationships. The MEPDG is intended to upgrade the 1993 AASHTO
Guide to the Design of Pavement Systems, which is largely focused on the analytical findings
of the AASHO Road Test that started in the 1950s. By using the newer data obtained as part
of the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) scheme, the MEPDG allows for design
inferences that would be more difficult to explain from the restricted design and traffic
volumes protected by the Road Test. In accordance with the MEPDG research project,
software was also developed to assist in the coordination and implementation of these
concept calculations. (Interactive, 2012)
Major improvements:
One of the major improvements in the MEPDG is that the approach to
the design of the pavement is essentially reversed. Various inputs are considered and used for
the development of design criteria for the pavement system in traditional design methods. In
the mechanical-empirical configuration, the configuration of the pavement system is initially
assumed on a trial basis, along with traffic and environment inputs. MEPDG Programme will
measure how the architecture of the test can react to the load and environmental stress
induced by these inputs. This refers to an estimation of the amount of degradation that the
pavement would have to suffer over time, in terms of pavement pain and decline in the
quality of the ride. (Interactive, 2012)
Overview of the MEPDG Design Procedure:
The Pavement design using the MEPDG is an
iterative process — the outputs of the procedure are pavement troubles and smoothness, not
layer thicknesses. In the first place, the designer considers the site conditions (i.e. Traffic,
atmosphere, subgrade, current pavement requirements for rehabilitation) in proposing a
research plan for a new technique for paving or reconstruction. The configuration of the test
is then tested for suitability against user feedback, performance parameters and reliability
values by forecasting discomfort and smoothness. If the specification does not meet the
desired performance requirements for the specified reliability, it shall be revised, and the
assessment process shall be replicated as appropriate. The manufacturer is also completely
engaged in the design process and has the freedom to consider alternative design elements
and materials to meet the performance criteria for the requirements of the site. (Guide, 2008)
3. AASHTO Design Procedure (For Flexible and Rigid Pavement Designs):
The AASHTO
Pavilion Concept Guide was first published as an interim guide in 1972. Subsequently,
revisions to the Guide were released in 1986 and 1993. The AASHTO concept technique is
based on the findings of the AASHTO Road Test performed from 1958-1960.
Approximately 1.2 million axle load repetitions were applied to specially designed test tracks
in the most comprehensive pavement test experiment design ever conducted. The initial
AASHTO design method was purely analytical in nature; subsequent updates also
incorporated certain mechanistic provisions, such as, classifying the subgrade stiffness in
terms of resilient modulus and accounting for seasonal variance in material stiffness.
The architecture of the AASHTO invented the idea of pavement loss based on the
degradation of the quality of the ride as viewed by the rider. As a result, performance is
related to a deterioration in the quality of the ride or serviceability over time or to traffic
loading applications also developed at the AASHTO Road Test was the rendering of
cumulative traffic loading in terms of a single statistic known as the 18-kip equivalent single
axle load (ESAL). (AASHTO, 1993)
4. WSDOT HMA Overlay Design Standard:
The 1993 AASHTO Guide to the Design of
Pavement Structures (the 1993 AASHTO Guide) is the current primary pavement design tool
for most State highway agencies. While use of this empirical method has been successful, it
has several generally acknowledged shortcomings including being based on a limited number
of pavement sections at one location, one climate, limited traffic, and one set of materials.
Currently, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) uses Darwin 3.01
(based on the 1993 AASHTO Guide) as well as a structural thickness catalogue developed as
a guide for WSDOT pavement designers. For construction tables, which are basically the first
choice for state-of-the-art pavement architecture, pavement thicknesses were based on a set
of typical durability thresholds, subgrade durable moduli and comparable single-axle load
(ESAL) thresholds for Washington State. Since the current table's inception in 1992, changes
in materials, mix designs, traffic loading and local practices for both rigid and flexible
pavements warrant an update (minor changes have been done in earlier years). (WSDOT,
n.d.)

The 1993 AASHTO Guide and MEPDG were used in tandem to help create an updated
WSDOT pavement catalogue. The underlying design process for the updated design
catalogue remains the 1993 AASHTO Reference. The MEPDG was used to verify the 1993
AASHTO Guide thicknesses at all ESAL speeds. Depending on the 1993 AASHTO Guide
inputs (such as reliability levels or layer coefficients) thicker pavement sections can result.
Owing to subsequent improvements to MEPDG after the previous WSDOT calibration, this
phase involved a re-calibration of the Programme version 1.0. This calibration effort, which
was made to match MEPDG outputs with observed WSDOT field performance, as seen in
WSPMS, essentially incorporates WSDOT historical performance into the model. Finally,
such minimum layer thicknesses and maximum lift thicknesses are governed by the WSDOT
Standard Standards for Road, Bridge and Municipal Construction and the WSDOT
Construction Manual. (WSDOT, n.d.)
5. The Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB):
The Design Manual for Roads
and Bridges (DMRB) contains information about current standards relating to the design,
assessment and operation of motorway and all-purpose trunk roads in the United Kingdom.
Philosophy:
o Based around the concept of a “surface modulus” (half space)
Basis of design:
o Surface deflection (relates to surface modulus).
o Sub-grade strain (relates to rutting).
o Practical minimum thickness.
Standards used:
o BS EN 13108-4:2006 Hot Rolled Asphalt
o BS 434-1:2011 Bitumen road emulsions. Specification for anionic bitumen road
emulsions
o BS 434-2:2006 Bitumen road emulsions. Code of practice for the use of cationic
bitumen emulsions on roads and other paved areas
o BS EN 13108-7:2006 Porous Asphalt
(UK, 2012)

6. New Zealand & Australian Design Standards:

Standards used:
o AS 1348:1 Road and Traffic Engineering - Glossary of Terms, Road Design and
Construction, Standards Australia.
o AS2150-1995 Hot mix asphalt, Standards Australia.

General design principal:

• Provide safe and comfortable riding conditions to all road users, being motor vehicles,
cyclists, and pedestrians, optimized for the road’s intended function and the level of use.
• Provide low cost of ownership (i.e. minimum whole of life cost) to the ACT
Government.
• Comply with these Standards and relevant AUSTROADS and other State Road
Authorities’ Guidelines and/or Standards.
(Guide, 2018)

7. Indian Standards:
The Indian standard IRC 37 - 2012 is used for guidelines for the
design of flexible pavements. The Standards shall refer to the construction of new versatile
pavements for Expressways, National Highways, State Highways, Main District Roads and
other types of roads mainly carrying motor vehicles. These recommendations do not form a
static standard and sound engineering judgement considering the local climate and the
historical performance of the pavement in the respective regions should be given due
consideration when choosing the composition of the pavement. (IRC, n.d.)

CONCLUSION:
At last, we conclude that making of different standards across the world
is to solve the problems regarding the design of rigid and flexible pavements. As we all know
that it is very difficult to apply a specific standard of design for an area on some other area. In
this way, engineers develop some rules and standards to make a good quality ride pavement
which can bear the load and have a good capacity of load spreading across the layers of
pavements.

REFERENCES:

AASHTO, 1993. Pavement Interactive. [Online]

Available at: http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/1993-aashto-rigid-pavement-
structural-design/
[Accessed 1993].
ASTM, 2018. Road Standards and Paving Standards. [Online]
Available at: https://www.astm.org/Standards/road-and-paving-standards.html
[Accessed 25 May 2018].
Guide, A. P. S. D., 2018. Pavement Science. [Online]
Available at: https://pavement-science.com.au/pavement-design-guides/austroads-pavement-
design-guide/
Guide, M. P. D., 2008. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. In: Mechanistic-
Empirical Pavement Design Guide. s.l.:AASHTO, pp. 1-2.
Interactive, P., 2012. Pavement Designs. [Online]
Available at: 3. http://www.pavementinteractive.org/2012/10/02/what-is-mechanistic-
empirical-design-the-mepdg/
[Accessed 2012 2012].
IRC, n.d. Manual for Road Pavements. [Online]
Available at: https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/irc/irc.gov.in.sp.073.2007.pdf
UK, S. f. H. i., 2012. Standards for Highways in UK. [Online]
Available at: https://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/dmrb/
WSDOT, n.d. WSDOT. [Online]
Available at: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/D7971B81-5443-45B9-8B9B-
BFC0D721F5A1/0/WSDOTPavementPolicyFinal71211.pdf