Traits and Probability

1- Punnett squares illustrate genetic crosses.

Punnett square is a grid system for
predicting possible genotypes of offspring.
The axes of the grid represent the
possible gamete genotypes of each
parent. Is also show all of the possible
genotypes of offspring from those two
parents.
By counting the number of squares with each genetic combination, we
can find the ratio of genotypes in that generation. The genotype
correspond to the phenotype, we can find the ratio of phentotype in
that generation as well.
2- A monohybird cross involves one trait.
Monohybrid crosses croses that examine the inheritance of only one
specific trait.
- Homozygous-Homosygous
When a parent have a homozygous dominant and the other have homozygous
recessive, you will see in the punnett square that the offspring will have a 100% of
having a heterozygous genotype.

-Heterozygous-Heterozygous
When the both parents have heterozygous, you will see in the punnett square
that there is one homozygous dominant and two hetrozygous and one
homozygous recessive. So the ratio of genotypic is 1:2:1 and the ratio of
phenotypic is 3:1
-Hetetrozygous-Homozygous
When one parent have a homozygous recessive and the other parent have
heterozygous, you will see in the punnett square that the half will be
heterozygous and the other half will be homozygous recessive. So the genotypic
ratio is 1:1 (heterozygous:homozygous recessive). And the phenotypic ratio is 1:1
(for example, according to the color of the flower).

Testcross is a cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an

organism with the recesessive phenotype. The organism with the recessive
pjenotype must be homozygous recessive. The offspring will show whether the
organism with the unknown phenotype is.

3- A dihybrid cross involves two traits

Dihybrid crosses, crosses that examine the inheritance of two different
traits. Mendel preformed many dihybrid crosses and tested a variety of
different combination.
The second law Mendel developed is law of independent assortment,
states that allele pairs separate independently of each other during
gametes formation, or meiosis. That is, different traits appear to be
inherited separately. The grid of the Punnett square is bigger because
two genes are involved.
Probability is the likelihood that particular event will happen. It
predicts the average number of occurrences, no the exact number of
occurrences.