COURSE PROJECT

Laqueo, Maryrose A. June 19,

2021
Ethics - GE6107_PSCI (-:

Question:

Research about types of justice, egoism, and altruism. Based on your understanding,
answer the following questions listed below.

Answer the following:

1. Define distributive justice and procedural justice
2. Explain the characteristics of egoism and its impact on the human being
3. Discuss egoism through the philosophical point of view
4. Elaborate on the different types of egoism
5. Analyze and discuss altruism according to Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer

DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

When all members of a community are guaranteed a minimum level of basic

needs, an equal chance to obtain additional goods, and the same quantity of goods for
the same amount of effort, distributive justice has been achieved. Equality,
proportionality, and fairness are the three main concepts of distributive justice. In social
psychology, it is perceived as the fairness of how benefits and expenses are shared
amongst the people.

PROCEDURAL JUSTICE

It focuses on how police and other legal authorities engage with the public and
how the aspects of such interactions influence the public's perceptions of the police.
The peoples desire to obey the law, and the scale of actual lowering crime rates.
Evidence shows that indicating how a community views procedural justice can have a
substantial influence on public safety, when implemented, it is a notion that fosters good
organizational development and strengthens relationships.
EGOISM AND ITS IMPACT ON THE HUMAN BEING

Implies that all behaviors are motivated self-interest.  In other words, it implies

that every person's activity, behavior, or decision is motivated by self-interest.
Furthermore, it emphasizes that all actions must be propelled by self-interest. The idea
of selfish motivation is basically a psychological natural law, a natural law that all
motivations are ultimately selfish.
Everything we do is self-serving, even if we believe otherwise. Self-sacrificial
actions, such as using one's body to defend others during a hostage situation, cannot
disprove psychological egoism, because those who sacrifice themselves do not do so
out of altruistic motivation. Rather than that, they simply do what they want, what one
desired in that certain moment. Given that pursuing one's highest desires is in one's
self-interest, "self-sacrificing" behavior is egoistic.

EGOISM THROUGH THE PHILOSOPHICAL POINT OF VIEW

is the belief that even if we could be selfless, we can ignore any ethical demands
placed on us since we should prioritize ourselves. The idea is that egoism does not
always contradict one's conventional notions of right and wrong. Furthermore, several of
the world's important ideals, such as civil rights, independence, and democracy, are
dependent on egoistic concepts. All of these ideas are founded on the idea that
individuals generally pursue their own well-being and happiness. The issue arises, of
course, when your welfare clashes with that of another.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF EGOISM

1. PSYCHOLOGICAL EGOISM
A position about how people behave. Every individual acts solely in his or her
own self-interest. Even when individuals appear to be acting selflessly, they are actually
only caring for their own self-interest. Someone who works for the benefit of others is
actually doing it for themselves, either to make themselves feel better (ego-boost) or to
gain acknowledgment for their efforts. Whatever the circumstances may be, their
actions are ultimately driven by their self interests.

2. ETHICAL EGOISM
A viewpoint in which one believes that it is always right to do what is most
beneficial to oneself. It is morally correct to do whatever will work in your best interest.
One would be morally obligated to act in their own self interest.   Addressing the issue
by asserting that their viewpoint does not imply that It is ethical in doing whatever you
desire, but rather that that It is ethical in doing what is best for oneself in the long run.
Additionally, one may argue that activities such as aiding others and being
compassionate will benefit one more in the long run than simply doing whatever one
wants. As a result, what you would do is far beyond than what you desire.

3. RATIONAL EGOISM
While some may argue that acting in one's own self-interest is reasonable or
logical, doing what is best for one's well-being is the most rational course of action. The
Instrumental Theory of Rationality asserts that acting to increase the probability of your
goals being achieved is rational. An example is when you desire something that will not
improve your quality of life, such as stealing jewelry. he Instrumental Theory  would
argue that this is reasonable since it is as it is in line with what you want, however the
Rational Egoist would argue that It would be irrational as it will not benefit your well-
being if you are caught red-handed in the act.

ALTRUISM ACCORDING TO AUGUSTE COMTE AND HERBERT SPENCER

Altruism, refers to the belief that the good of others is a fundamental principle
that motivates moral behavior. Altruism was a term used by the 18th-century
philosopher Auguste Comte, a notion that stood in opposition to egoism, the latter
represented his perspective on societal growth, with Altruism defining the ideal state of
humanity in the future. According to him, both types of behavior are prevalent in
humans and animals, but only the former may reach the pinnacle of Altruism due to the
fact that humans are intellectual and have morality.
 In Herbert Spencer’s view, Altruism is a product of social evolution and coexists
in large part with egoism throughout the late stages of social development. Moral
advancement occurs as a result of social and economic advancement. Per this view,
Altruism is a dynamic value set by societal standards, and at the same time, a
psychological state imposed on a person and his ego by society. Spencer believed that
altruistic behavior can be understood from an individual’s perspective.