Industry and Immigration

Lesson 1 Innovation Boosts Growth

Key Terms
entrepreneur a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses,
taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.
free enterprise an economic system in which private business operates in
competition and largely free of state control.
laissez faire a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without
interfering.

protective tariff tariffs that are enacted with the aim of protecting a domestic
industry.
patent a government authority or license conferring a right or title for a set period,
especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an
invention.
Thomas Edison lit up the world with his invention of the electric light.
Bessemer process a steel-making process, now largely superseded, in which
carbon, silicon, and other impurities are removed from molten pig iron by
oxidation in a blast of air in a special tilting retort
suspension bridge a bridge in which the weight of the deck is supported by
vertical cables suspended from larger cables that run between towers and are
anchored in abutments at each end.
time zone an area or stretch of land having a particular characteristic, purpose, or
use, or subject to particular restrictions.
mass production the production of large quantities of a standardized article by an
automated mechanical process.
cash crop a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the
grower.

Academic Vocabulary
stimulate: to excite to action
component: any of the main parts of a whole
diversify: to add variety or balance
dominate: to be more powerful or successful than others

Lesson Objectives
1. Analyze the factors that encouraged industrialization in the United States
in the late 1800s.

Interactive Reading Notepad • Lesson 1

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2. Explain how new inventions, scientific discoveries, and technological
innovations fueled growth and improved the standard of living.
3. Explain the challenges faced by the South in industry and agriculture in
the late 1800s.
4. Describe the impact of industrialization in the late 1800s.

American Industry Grows: Text

1. Identify Cause and Effect As you read “American Industry Grows,”

use this graphic organizer to record factors that encouraged the growth of
industry in the United States (the causes of industrialization) as well as
industrialization’s effects.

2. Analyze Interactions Among Events What technological innovation

changed the oil industry in the mid-1800s? How did this change
encourage the growth of industry in general?

The steam engine encouraged the growth because it brought more immigrants.It
also increased transportation.

3. Summarize the impact of immigration on the U.S. workforce and the

growth of industry during the nineteenth century.

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Huge amounts of immigrants led to growth of industry. More people = More jobs
and more room for growth.

4. Integrate Information From Diverse Resources Use evidence from the

text and the excerpt from Horatio Alger’s Ragged Dick, or Street Life in
New York to describe the rags-to-riches idea that captured the American
imagination. According to the idea, what personal qualities lead to
success?

Innovation Drives Economic Development: Text

5. Draw Conclusions Several major inventions during the Industrial

Revolution had an important impact on life in the United States. In your
opinion, which single innovation had the biggest impact on the nation and
why? Cite evidence from the text to support your conclusion.

6. Identify Supporting Details How did railroads and factories cause a

“spiral of growth” during the Industrial Revolution? Identify details that
explain and support this idea.

Interactive Reading Notepad • Lesson 1

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Industrialization and the New South: Text

7. Compare and Contrast As you read “Industrialization and the New

South,” use this graphic organizer to compare and contrast
industrialization and agriculture in the old and new South. Consider factors
such as what the South did with raw materials like cotton, wood, and iron
ore; what kinds of crops southern farmers grew; and what transportation
systems linked major southern cities.

8. Explain an Argument The text asserts that southern farmers’

overdependence on one major crop—cotton—was extremely risky. What
evidence is given to support this claim?

The Effects of Industrialization: Text

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9. Identify Cause and Effect During the Industrial Revolution, many people
moved away from farms and into cities. What caused this migration? What
effects did moving into the city have on the people who chose to do this?

10. Draw Inferences What were some benefits of industrialization to the

United States? What were some problems that it caused? Use details
from the text as well as your own ideas and experience to list and explain
at least two significant “pluses” and two possible “minuses” of
industrialization.

Interactive Reading Notepad • Lesson 1

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