!V

'>K
8>K

AFPPBOQ>QFLK
PR?JFQQBA
FK
M>OQF>I
CRICFIIJBKQ
LC

QEB
OBNRFOBJBKQP
CLO
QEB
ABDOBB
LC

W
IE
#L@QLO
LC
/EFILPLMEV

"EFKBPB

EV

>Q
QEB

4-(5$12(38
.%
6(2".-2(- , #(2.-

PR



#>QB
LC
CFK>I
LO>I
BU>JFK>QFLK





3EB
AFPPBOQ>QFLK
FP
>MMOLSBA
?V
QEB
CLIILTFKD
JBJ?BOP
LC
QEB
%FK>I
.O>I
"LJJFQQBB













9E>KD
'LKDJFKD
/OLCBPPLO
PF>K
+>KDR>DBP
>KA
"RIQROBP













'RKQFKDQLK
1>KF>
/OLCBPPLO
PF>K
+>KDR>DBP
>KA
"RIQROBP













9ER
6BFER>
PPL@F>QB
/OLCBPPLO
PF>K
+>KDR>DBP
>KA
"RIQROBP













+F
8>CBF
/OLCBPPLO
+>KDR>DB
2@FBK@BP



W








IE




EV








PR

^
"LMVOFDEQ
?V
'>K
8>K


II
1FDEQP
1BPBOSBA


F



W











IE



EV

 

PR



 




FF

 


(Q
FP
>
DBKRFKB
MIB>PROB
QL
DFSB
JV
ABBM
QE>KHP
>KA
DO>QFQRAB
QL
J>KV
MBLMIB
TFQELRQ
TELJ

QEFP
AFPPBOQ>QFLK
TLRIA
KLQ
E>SB
?BBK
MLPPF?IB

%FOPQ
>KA
CLOBJLPQ
(
TLRIA
IFHB
QL
BUMOBPP
JV
ABBM
>KA
PFK@BOB
DO>QFQRAB
QL
JV
>ASFPLO

/OLCBPPLO
'LKDJFKD
9E>KD
CLO
DFSFKD
JB
@LKPQ>KQ
PRMMLOQ
>KA
MOLSFAFKD
FKS>IR>?IB
DRFA>K@B
FK

ALFKD
QEFP
OBPB>O@E
>KA
QEOLRDELRQ
JV
DO>AR>QB
PQRAFBP
(Q
T>P
>
DOB>Q
MOFSFIBDB
>KA
ELKLO
QL
PQRAV

RKABO
EFP
DRFA>K@B
>KA
EFP
FKPFDEQ
SFPFLK
>KA
>QQFQRAB
QLT>OAP
ALFKD
OBPB>O@E
E>SB
ABBMIV
FKPMFOBA

W
JB
(
TLRIA
>IPL
IFHB
QL
QE>KH
EFJ
CLO
IB>AFKD
JB
QL
QEB
CFBIA
LC
"EFKBPB
IFKDRFPQF@P
FK
TEF@E
EB

E>P
Q>RDEQ
JB
ELT
QL
>MMIV
QEB
>MMOLMOF>QB
JBQELALILDV
QL
J>HFKD
>ODRJBKQP
>KA
QEFKHFKD

IE
@OFQF@>IIV
,LOBLSBO
/OLCBPPLO
9E>KD
FP
>IPL
>
JBKQLO
FK
JV
BUMBOFBK@B
LC
"EFKBPB
I>KDR>DB

QB>@EFKD
FK
TEF@E
EB
E>P
LCCBOBA
JB
S>OFLRP
>KA
DOB>Q
LMMLOQRKFQFBP
CLO
MOLCBPPFLK>I
QO>FKFKD
>KA

EV

MO>@QF@B
(
>J
BUQOBJBIV
DO>QBCRI
CLO
EFP
EBIM
>KA
DRFA>K@B
FK
BSBOV
PQ>DB
LC
JV
DO>AR>QB
PQRAFBP

>KA
AFPPBOQ>QFLK
TOFQFKD
(Q
T>P
EFP
BUMBOQFPB
PRMMLOQ
>KA
BK@LRO>DBJBKQ
QE>Q
J>AB
JV
QFJB
>Q
QEB

PR

4KFSBOPFQV
LC
6FP@LKPFK ,>AFPLK
BKGLV>?IB

(
>IPL
TLRIA
IFHB
QL
PELT
JV
PFK@BOB
>MMOB@F>QFLK
QL
JV
@LJJFQQBB
JBJ?BOP
/OLCBPPLO
1>KF>

'RKQFKDQLK
/OLCBPPLO
6BFER>
9ER
>KA
/OLCBPPLO
8>CBF
+F
CLO
QEBFO
QFJB
EBIM
>KA
PRMMLOQ
>P
TBII

>P
QEB
FKPFDEQCRI
@LJJBKQP
LK
JV
AFPPBOQ>QFLK
,V
PFK@BOB
DO>QFQRAB
DLBP
QL
/OLCBPPLO
'RKQFKDQLK

CLO
EBO
EBIM
>KA
BK@LRO>DBJBKQ
AROFKD
QEBPB
VB>OP
3EB
BUMBOFBK@B
LC
PE>OFKD
>KA
IFPQBKFKD
QL
>

PQLOV
LC
J>OSBILRPKBPP
FK
EBO
PBJFK>O
T>P
>IT>VP
FJMOBPPFSB
>KA
BKGLV>?IB
(
>J
SBOV
DO>QBCRI
QL

/OLCBPPLO
9ER
CLO
EBO
@IB>O
FKPQOR@QFLKP
S>IR>?IB
BUMBOQFPB
>KA
ABSLQBA
BKQERPF>PJ
FK
"EFKBPB

I>KDR>DB
QB>@EFKD
>KA
FQ
T>P
JV
ELKLO
QL
TLOH
>P
EBO
QB>@EFKD
>PPFPQ>KQ
(
TLRIA
>IPL
IFHB
QL
DFSB

QE>KHP
QL
/OLCBPPLO
+F
CLO
DFSFKD
JB
QEB
LMMLOQRKFQV
QL
PFQ
FK
LK
EFP
@I>PP
LC
2VKQ>@QF@
3EBLOFBP
FK


FFF

JV
CFOPQ
PQ>DBP
LC
TOFQFKD
QEFP
AFPPBOQ>QFLK

(K
>AAFQFLK
(
TLRIA
IFHB
QL
BUMOBPP
DO>QFQRAB
>KA
QE>KHP
QL
QEB
C>@RIQV
JBJ?BOP
FK
QEB

#BM>OQJBKQ
LC
PF>K
+>KDR>DBP
>KA
"RIQROBP
,V
PMB@F>I
QE>KHP
DL
QL
,P
3BOBP>
-B>ILK
QEB

CLOJBO
ABM>OQJBKQ
>AJFKFPQO>QLO
>KA
QEB
SBOV
CFOPQ
C>@RIQV
JBJ?BO
QE>Q
(
Q>IHBA
QL
LK
JV
CFOPQ
A>V

LC
DO>AR>QB
P@ELLI
CLO
EBO
HFKA
>PPFPQ>K@B
>KA
@LKPQ>KQ
PRMMLOQ
(
>J
SBOV
QE>KHCRI
QL
,P
'>FV>K

6BF
QEB
CFK>K@F>I
PMB@F>IFPQ
CLO
EBO
T>OJ
>KA
@>OFKD
PRMMLOQ
AROFKD
QEBPB
VB>OP
TEBK
(
TLOHBA
>P

>
IB@QROBO
>P
TBII
>P
QB>@EFKD
>PPFPQ>KQ
(
>IPL
T>KQ
QL
DFSB
QE>KHP
QL
,P
1>@EBI
6BFPP
QEB
DO>AR>QB

MOLDO>J
@LLOAFK>QLO
CLO
EBO
HFKA
EBIM
6FQELRQ
QEB
@LLOAFK>QFLK
>KA
>PPFPQ>K@B
LC
1>@EBI
JV

DO>AR>QB
PQRAFBP
TLRIA
E>SB
KLQ
PJLLQEIV
JLSBA
LK

W






,>KV
QE>KHP
DL
QL
JV
COFBKAP
>KA
@I>PPJ>QBP
TEL
E>SB
LCCBOBA
JB
@LKQFKRBA
EBIM
@>OB
>KA

IE
PRMMLOQ
(
TLRIA
IFHB
QL
QE>KH
'LKD
8>K
%>KD
8>K
8>KTBK
6R
>KA
6BKQFKD
)F
JV
CBIILT
3 P

FK
AFCCBOBKQ
PBJBPQBOP
LC
"EFKBPB
I>KDR>DB
QB>@EFKD
CLO
QEBFO
>PPFPQ>K@B
>KA
@LKQOF?RQFLK
,V

EV
EB>OQCBIQ
>MMOB@F>QFLK
DLBP
QL
!OBKA>K
#LTIFKD
TEL
E>P
EBIMBA
MOLLCOB>A
>KA
BAFQ
JV
AFPPBOQ>QFLK

(
T>KQ
QL
QE>KH
7F>KD
+]
CLO
>KPTBOFKD
NRBPQFLKP
OBD>OAFKD
JV
CFK>I
LO>I
ABCBKPB
LC
QEFP

AFPPBOQ>QFLK
,V
BU@BMQFLK>I
>MMOB@F>QFLK
>IPL
DLBP
QL
3F>KIFK
6>KD
'BKDER>
2R
8R IFK
"EFR

PR

%BKDJBF
#R
'RF
8R
8RUF>
8FK
9EB
,>
'>F
+FR
8LRVLKD
0F>K
+R
+R
2ERUF>KD
8LR
1RF

6>KD
8>KDQF>K
+RL
!L
9E>K
>KA
)RK
6>KD
CLO
QEBFO
@LKQFKRBA
PRMMLOQ

(
TLRIA
>IPL
IFHB
QL
DFSB
JV
PMB@F>I
QE>KHP
QL
/OLCBPPLO
'LKDJFKD
9E>KDiP
TFCB
,OP
,FKER>

+F
,V
QFJB
>Q
QEB
4KFSBOPFQV
LC
6FP@LKPFK ,>AFPLK
TLRIA
KLQ
E>SB
?BBK
PL
ABIFDEQCRI
>KA

JBJLO>?IB
TFQELRQ
EBO
@LKPQ>KQ
PRMMLOQ
HFKA
EBIM
>KA
T>OJ
BK@LRO>DBJBKQ

+>PQIV
LO
O>QEBO
CFOPQIV 
(
>J
DOB>QIV
FKAB?QBA
QL
JV
C>JFIV
3EFP
AFPPBOQ>QFLK
TLRIA
KLQ
E>SB

?BBK
@LJMIBQBA
TFQELRQ
QEBFO
PRMMLOQ
RKABOPQ>KAFKD
>KA
ILSB
(
TLRIA
IFHB
QL
BUMOBPP
JV
PFK@BOB

DO>QFQRAB
QL
JV
M>OBKQP
TEL
E>SB
?BBK
LCCBOFKD
JB
BKAIBPP
PRMMLOQ
>KA
RK@LKAFQFLK>I
ILSB
COLJ


FS

QEB
JLJBKQ
(
AB@FABA
QL
IB>SB
ELJB
>KA
PQ>OQ
>
IFCB
QELRP>KAP
LC
JFIBP
>T>V
COLJ
QEBJ
(
>IPL

T>KQ
QL
DFSB
PMB@F>I
QE>KHP
QL
JV
FK I>TP
CLO
QEBFO
RKABOPQ>KAFKD
>KA
PRMMLOQ
AROFKD
QEB
VB>OP

TEBK
JLPQ
LC
JV
QFJB
T>P
ABSLQBA
QL
PQRAVFKD
%FK>IIV
(
TLRIA
IFHB
QL
BUMOBPP
JV
ABBMBPQ
QE>KHP

QL
JV
ERP?>KA
8FKDR>KD
>KA
JV
A>RDEQBO
/>JFK>
6EBK
JV
A>RDEQBO
T>P
?LOK
>KA
TB
HKBT

QE>Q
TB
E>A
QL
Q>HB
@>OB
LC
BSBOVQEFKD
LK
LRO
LTK
8FKDR>KD
PELRIABOBA
>II
QEB
OBPMLKPF?FIFQFBP

TEBK
(
T>P
PQORDDIFKD
TFQE
?LQE
QEB
MLPQM>OQRJ
>KUFBQV
>KA
QEB
MOBPPROB
COLJ
AFPPBOQ>QFLK
TOFQFKD

(K
QEB
I>PQ
PQ>DB
LC
JV
AFPPBOQ>QFLK
TOFQFKD
JV
A>RDEQBO
E>A
QL
PQ>V
TFQE
JB
>Q
ELJB
ARB
QL
QEB

@LSFA 
M>KABJF@
P
>
QTL VB>O
LIA
QLAAIBO
PEB
PELTBA
DOB>QBO
J>QROFQV
>KA
RKABOPQ>KAFKD

QE>K
BUMB@QBA
TEBK
(
E>A
QL
TLOH
LK
JV
AFPPBOQ>QFLK
>KA
IBQ
EBO
MI>V
>ILKB
(
Q>HB
QEFP
LMMLOQRKFQV

W
QL
>@HKLTIBADB
QEB
DOB>Q
AB?Q
LC
DO>QFQRAB
(
LTB
QL
JV
ERP?>KA
>KA
JV
A>RDEQBO
(
TLRIA
IFHB
QL

ABAF@>QB
QEFP
AFPPBOQ>QFLK
QL
QEBJ


IE


EV

PR


S





0/4.,=498

4

.589@6020708=<

44

&,-60
91
98=08=<

?

-<=;,.=

4A

W
3,:=0;



8=;9/>.=498



3EB
MROMLPB
LC
QEFP
PQRAV




!>@HDOLRKA
LC
QEBLOBQF@>I
CO>JBTLOH



IE

4KABOPQ>KAFKD
QEB
MLBQF@
BIBJBKQP
>KA
EFBO>O@EV




/OBSFLRP
PQRAFBP
LK
MLBQF@
OBDRI>OFW>QFLK
FK
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV



EV








3EB
PQOBPP LOFBKQBA
JLABIP




3EB
JBQOF@>I
DOFA




.QEBO
QEBLOBQF@>I
FPPRBP



PR


3O>AFQFLK>I
SFBTP
LC
"EFKBPB
OBDRI>QBA
SBOPB




3LKB
OB>IFW>QFLK
FK
"EFKBPB
SBOPB




.OD>KFW>QFLK
LC
QEFP
PQRAV





3,:=0;



"90=4.
0.3,84<7
,8/
";9<9/4.
0,=>;0<
-0B98/
><4.




./0/4-iP
CLOJ>QFLK
>KA
@>QBDLOFW>QFLK




3EB
JRPF@>I
>PMB@Q
LC
./0/4-




3EB
JRPF@
PBQQFKD




3EB
JRPF@>I
CLOJP




3EB
QO>KPFQFLK
LC
QEB
JRPF@>I
P@LOBP
LC
./0/4-




,LABP
QLKBP
>KA
QEBFO
OBI>QFLK
FK
./0/4-




"EFKBPB
MBKQ>QLKF@
P@>IB
>KA
FQP
JLABP




SF


"EFKBPB
EBMQ>QLKF@
P@>IB
>KA
FQP
JLABP




#>Q>
@LIIB@QFLK




3LKBP
JLABP
>KA
OBI>QFLKP
$SFABK@B
COLJ
./0/4-
-;6;




(KQOLAR@QFLK
QL
QEB
>KKLQ>QFLKP




#>Q>
>K>IVPFP




-LQB QLKB
OBI>QFLK
>KA
JLAB
C>@QP




(KQBOFJ
PRJJ>OV
>KA
CROQEBO
AFP@RPPFLKP





3,:=0;



"08=,<B66,-4.
"907<
,8/
&98,6
$02>6,;4C,=498
48
,8
7-;B984.
%=,20




3EB
LOFDFKP
LC
"EFKBPB
MBKQ>PVII>?F@
MLBJP




K
FKQOLAR@QFLK
QL
QEB
PLKDP
LC
QEB
,RPF@
!ROB>R



W

'VMLQEBPFP
LK
QEB
PRMBOFLOFQV
LC
MBKQ>PVII>?F@
MLBJP
FK
OBDRI>OFW>QFLK




+9./
>KA
8LKDJFKD
PQVIB
MLBJP



IE

%LRO
QLKBP
>KA
QEB
MBKQ>QLKF@
P@>IB




$FDEQ
ABCB@QP
>KA
NR
OBDRI>QFLKP




1EVQEJ
FK
JBQOF@>I
M>QQBOK
>KA
IVOF@
PQOR@QROB



EV

4K>KPTBOBA
NRBPQFLKP
OBD>OAFKD
QEB
MLBQF@
OEVQEJ




0RBPQFLKFKD
QEB
B@ELBP
?BQTBBK
IVOF@
PQOR@QROBP
>KA
JBQOF@>I
M>QQBOKP
FK
SBOPB




,LOB
BSFABK@B
COLJ
"EFKBPB
JLABOK
PLKDP



PR


K
FKQBOFJ
PRJJ>OV
?>PBA
LK
QEB
MOBSFLRP
QTL
@>PB
PQRAFBP




1RIBP
FK
MLBQF@
MO>@QF@B
LK
QEB
PLKDP
LC
QEB
,RPF@
!ROB>R




/OBM>O>QFLK
CLO
QEB
QBPQ




3EB
ABPFDKBA
QBPQ
FK
MO>@QF@B




K
LSBO>II
A>Q>
>K>IVPFP
?>PBA
LK
QEB
QBPQ
OBPRIQP





PQ>QFPQF@>I
PFDKFCF@>K@B
QBPQ
Q QBPQ
?>PBA
LK
QEB
LSBO>II
A>Q>
@LIIB@QFLK




"LK@IRPFLKP





3,:=0;
'


$02>6,=0/%=B60
'0;<0
%=,8/,;/4C,=498
48
,
%.307,=4C0/
!0@
9/06





(KQOLAR@QFLK




3EBLOBQF@>I
CO>JBTLOH





?OFBC
FKQOLAR@QFLK
QL
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB




SFF


3EB
SBOFCF@>QFLK
LC
IBSBI
QLKB
>KA
L?IFNRB
QLKB
FK
MLBQF@
MOLPLAV




$@ELBP
?BQTBBK
?B>QP
FK
JRPF@
>KA
OEVQEJ
FK
OBDRI>QBA
SBOPB





EVMLQEBPFP
LC
ARO>QFLK>I
>@@BKQP
>P
>
CLRKA>QFLK




.K
QEB
>PPRJMQFLK
LC
f?>K
VLR
AFKD
M>Fg
pmKc




3EB
ARO>QFLK>I
?LRKA>OV
J>OHBO
FK
"EFKBPB
OBDRI>QBA
SBOPB




#>Q>
>K>IVPFP




#>Q>
FKQOLAR@QFLK
>KA
ABJLKPQO>QFLK
ABPFDK




2>JMIB
A>Q>
>K>IVPFP




2Q>QFPQF@>I
>K>IVPFP
TFQE
/B>OPLK
"LOOBI>QFLK
"LBCCF@FBKQ
>KA
EVMLQEBPFP
QBPQ




#FP@RPPFLK




$UMIF@>QFLKP
>KA
EVMLQEBPFP



W

%LO
CRQROB
AFP@RPPFLK





3,:=0;
'


%B8=,.=4.
98<4<=08.B
,8/
%B8=,A 0=;4.<
4<7,=.3
48
'0;<0





IE

(KQOLAR@QFLK




2VKQ>@QF@
@LKPFPQBK@V
COLJ
LIA
MLBJP
QL
OBDRI>QBA
SBOPB



EV



PQ>QFPQF@>I
PFDKFCF@>K@B
QBPQ
Q QBPQ
?>PBA
LK
QEB
LSBO>II
A>Q>
@LIIB@QFLK




"LK@IRPFLKP
COLJ
QEB
PQ>QFPQF@>I
PFDKFCF@>K@B
QBPQ




3EBLOBQF@>I
?>@HDOLRKA
LC
PVKQ>U JBQOF@P
JFPJ>Q@E



PR


1BSFPFQFKD
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB




.OFDFKP
>KA
?>PF@
ORIBP
LC
"EFKBPB
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB





?OFBC
OBSFBT
LC
QEB
MLBQF@
MOLPLAV
LC
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB




"LIIB@QFLKP
LC
QEB
3>KD
MLBQOV
>KA
QEB
QO>KPI>QBA
SBOPFLKP




!>PF@
ABCFKFQFLKP
>KA
@OFQBOF>
LC
MLBQOV
FK
$KDIFPE




*BV
QBOJP
LC
PLRKA
M>QQBOKP




/LBQF@
PQ>KW>
>KA
PQ>KW>F@
CLOJP




2QOBPP
FK
$KDIFPE
MLBQOV




3EB
JBQOF@>I
CLLQ
>KA
ALJFK>KQ
MLBQF@
JBQBOP




/LBQF@
PVKQ>U
>
S>OF>QFLK
LC
QEB
PVKQ>U
FK
KLOJ>I
PMBB@E





@>PB
PQRAV
LC
QEB
PVKQ>@QF@
CB>QROBP
>KA
QEB
JBQOF@>I
P@EBJBP




2BIB@QFLK
LC
A>Q>




SFFF


,B>KP
>KA
MOL@BPP




3EB
>K>IVPFP
LC
QTL
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPBP




"LK@IRPFLKP





3,:=0;
'


98.6>/482
$07,;5<



$010;08.0<



::08/4A




::08/4A




W
::08/4A


 

::08/4A




IE
::08/4A



EV

PR


FU



3EFP
PQRAV
PBQP
LRQ
QL
PBBH
CLO
QEB
K>QROB
LC
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
LSBO
>
TFAB
O>KDB
LC
QFJB
PM>K

QEOLRDE
PVKQ>@QF@
>K>IVPFP
MOLPLAF@
>MMOL>@E
>KA
JRPF@>I
BUMILO>QFLK
&FSBK
QEB
BUFPQBK@B
LC

J>KV
AFSBOPB
DBKOBP
>KA
QBJMI>QBP
LC
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
TEF@E
E>P
AO>TK
QEB
>QQBKQFLK
LC

FKQBOAFP@FMIFK>OV
PQRAFBP
QEFP
PQRAV
ILLHP
QL
QEB
ABSBILMJBKQ
LC
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
>KA
QOFBP
QL
MOLSFAB

PLIFA
BUMI>K>QFLKP
CLO
QEB
MLBQF@
OBDRI>OFQFBP
COLJ
AFCCBOBKQ
>KDIBP
"E>MQBO
(
FKQOLAR@BP
QEB
?>PF@

BIBJBKQP
PQOR@QROB
>KA
HBV
QBOJP
LC
MLBQOV
FK
DBKBO>I
TFQE
PLJB
PFJFI>O
@LK@BMQP
FK
MLBQF@
MOLPLAV

W
MOLPLAF@
MELKLILDV
>KA
JBQOF@>I
MELKLILDV
@LJM>OBA
3EB
TFABIV
>@@BMQBA
QEBLOBQF@>I

CO>JBTLOHP
LK
"EFKBPB
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB
FK
MOBSFLRP
PQRAFBP
FK@IRAFKD
QEB
PQOBPP LOFBKQBA

IE
JLABIP
QEB
JBQOF@>I
DOFA
>KA
LQEBO
QO>AFQFLK>I
MBOPMB@QFSBP
>OB
FKQOLAR@BA
>KA
AFP@RPPBA
2Q>OQFKD

TFQE
QEB
FKQOLAR@QFLK
LC
./0/4-iP
LOFDFKP
>KA
@I>PPFCF@>QFLK
@BOQ>FK
LABP
>OB
PBIB@QBA
QL
AFP@RPP
QEB

EV

MLBQF@
JB@E>KFPJ
>KA
QEB
MOLPLAF@
CB>QROBP
OBCIB@QBA
FK
QEB
JRPF@ OBI>QBA
C>@QP
FK
"E>MQBO
((
3EB

JRPF@>I
JLQFS>QFLK
>KA
CB>QROBP
LC
./0/4-
>OB
BUMILOBA
>P
TBII
3EB
@ILPB
OBI>QFLKPEFM
?BQTBBK

PR

MLBQF@
CB>QROBP
LC
./0/4-
>KA
QEB
"EFKBPB
@I>PPF@>I
JRPF@
M>SBP
QEB
T>V
CLO
OBSB>IFKD
QEB
QOFDDBO

FK
QEB
OBDRI>OFW>QFLK
LC
"EFKBPB
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB
"E>MQBO
(((
MOL?BP
FKQL
QEB
JBQOF@>I
P@EBJBP

LC
PBIB@QBA
MBKQ>PVII>?F@
PLKDP
LC
QEB
,RPF@
!ROB>R
>KA
FKSBPQFD>QBP
QEB
CB>PF?FIFQFBP
LC
QEB
PQOBPP

LOFBKQBA
JLABIP
3EB
OBPRIQP
LC
QEB
QBPQP
@E>IIBKDB
QEB
>MMIF@>QFLK
LC
QEB
JBQOF@>I
QEBLOV
LC
$KDIFPE

SBOPB
QL
"EFKBPB
SBOPB
FKAFP@OFJFK>QBIV
(K
"E>MQBO
(5
>
P@EBJ>QFWBA
KBT
JLABI
QL
PQ>KA>OAFWB

QEB
MLBQF@
MOLPLAV
LK
JBQOF@>I
M>QQBOKP
LC
BDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB
FP
BPQ>?IFPEBA
3EB
QEBLOV
LC

))+4:+*
;8':/54'2
5;4*'8?
 #!
ABSBILMP
>
KBT
T>V
LC
>K>IVWFKD
QEB
OBDRI>OFW>QFLK
LC

"EFKBPB
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB
"E>MQBO
5
@BKQBOP
>OLRKA
QEB
OLIB
QE>Q
MLBQF@
PVKQ>U
MI>VP
FK
QEB

MOL@BPP
LC
@LJMLPFKD
>
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB

@LJM>OFPLK
LC
QEB
PVKQ>@QF@
@LKPFPQBK@V
LC
>K@FBKQ


U

MLBJP
>KA
MBKQ>PVII>?F@
OBDRI>QBA
SBOPB
FP
@>OOFBA
LRQ
AAFQFLK>IIV
QEB
OBI>QFLKPEFM
>KA
JFPJ>Q@E

?BQTBBK
QEB
PVKQ>@QF@
CB>QROBP
>KA
QEB
JBQOF@>I
P@EBJBP
OBCIB@QBA
?V
"EFKBPB
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB

>KA
QEB
@LOOBPMLKAFKD
QO>KPI>QBA
$KDIFPE
SBOPB
FK
AFCCBOBKQ
SBOPFLKP
>OB
BU>JFKBA
3EB
PQRAV

@LKAR@QBA
FK
QEFP
@E>MQBO
FP
>K
BUQBKPFLK
LC
QEB
JLAFCFBA
JLABIP
LC
QEB
MLBQF@
MOLPLAV
PMB@RI>QBA

FK
QEB
MOBSFLRP
@E>MQBOP
>KA
FQ
>IPL
OBPMLKAP
QL
QEB
@E>IIBKDB
LC
PFJMIV
>KA
RK@LKAFQFLK>IIV

>MMIVFKD
QEB
JBQOF@>I
PVPQBJ
LC
PQOBPP QFJBA
I>KDR>DBP
QL
"EFKBPB
SBOPB

W

IE

EV

PR




3,:=0;



8=;9/>.=498


3EB
MROMLPB
LC
QEFP
PQRAV

3EOLRDE
@LIIB@QFKD
>KA
BU>JFKFKD
TLOHP
COLJ
./0/4-
QL
"EFKBPB
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB
QEFP

AFPPBOQ>QFLK
>FJP
>Q
RKABOPQ>KAFKD
QEB
K>QROB
LC
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
FK
AFCCBOBKQ
CLOJP
>KA
PE>MBP
LSBO

>
TFAB
O>KDB
LC
QFJB
PM>K
QEOLRDE
PVKQ>@QF@
>K>IVPFP
MOLPLAF@
>MMOL>@E
>KA
JRPF@>I
BUMILO>QFLK

#BPMFQB
QE>Q
QEBOB
>OB
PQRAFBP
LK
QEB
MLBQF@
CB>QROBP
LC
AFCCBOBKQ
QVMBP
LC
"EFKBPB
SBOPB
JLPQ
LC

QEBJ
BFQEBO
CL@RPBA
LK
TLOHP
COLJ
>
IFJFQBA
KRJ?BO
LC
MLBQP
LO
J>AB
@LJ?FKBA
PRJJ>OFBP
?V

W
FKEBOFQFKD
MOBSFLRPIV
>ALMQBA
QEBLOBQF@>I
CO>JBTLOHP
(K
QEFP
AFPPBOQ>QFLK
>
@LJMOBEBKPFSB

PQRAV

LK
@BOQ>FK
QLMF@P
OBI>QBA
QL
AFSBOPB
CLOJP
LC
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
FK
AFCCBOBKQ
BO>P
FP
@LKAR@QBA
2R@E
>K

IE
>K>IVPFP
FP
ALKB
FK
LOABO
QL
MOL?B
FKQL
QEB
K>QROB
LC
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
LK
QEB
?>PFP
LC
QEB
FKQBOC>@B

>JLKD
IFKDRFPQF@P
JRPF@
>KA
MLBQOV
>KA
QL
@LKPQOR@Q
MLPPF?IB
BUMI>K>QFLKP
CLO
QEB
MLBQF@

EV

OBDRI>OFQFBP
FK
>
?OL>ABO
PBKPB


!>@HDOLRKA
LC
QEBLOBQF@>I
CO>JBTLOH

PR

ILKD
TFQE
QEB
ABSBILMJBKQ
LC
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
>QQBJMQP
QL
P@EBJ>QFWB
>KA
RKFCV
QEB

CLOJ>QFLK
LC
QEB
MLBQOViP
JBQOF@>I
PQOR@QROB
KBSBO
PQLM
%LO
JLPQ
PQRAFBP
OBDRI>QBA
SBOPB
FP

@LKQFKR>IIV
AB?>QBA
>KA
RPR>IIV
QEB
OBPB>O@E
>OB>
FP
PQOBQ@EBA
QL
QEB
IFQBO>QROB
FK
LQEBO
BO>

RKPQLMM>?IV
"EBK

8FM

%>??

%>??

'>IIB

#R>KJR

>KA
LQEBOP 

,LPQ
JLABIP
@OB>QBA
FK
QEBPB
PQRAFBP
PELTBA
>
OBI>QFLK
LC
PR@@BPPFLK
>KA
QLLH
QEB
BUFPQBK@B
LC

PQOBPP
M>QQBOKP
FK
QEB
"EFKBPB
SBOPB
>P
>
MOBPRMMLPFQFLK
.QEBO
JLABIP
?LOOLTBA
QEB
QEBLOBQF@>I

CO>JBTLOHP
COLJ
$KDIFPE
MLBQOV
>KA
J>AB
PLJB
OBSFPFLKP
?BCLOB
>MMIVFKD
FQ
QL
QEB
"EFKBPB
SBOPB

3EFP
PQRAV
>PPRJBP
QE>Q
QEB
OBDRI>OFW>QFLK
LC
OBDRI>QBA PQVIB
SBOPB
FP
PE>MBA
DO>AR>IIV
FK
QEB




ABSBILMJBKQ
LC
QEB
MLBQF@
CLOJP
COLJ
QEB
QBQO>PVII>?F@
SBOPB
FK
QEB
551
5,
*+9
QL
QEB

MBKQ>PVII>?F@
SBOPB
3EB
OBDRI>OFW>QFLK
FP
>IPL
PE>MBA
FK
QEB
PLKDP
LC
QEB
,RPF@
!ROB>R
TEF@E
>OB

FKQBO>@QFSBIV
FKCIRBK@BA
?V
JRPF@>I
C>@QLOP
T>VP
LC
MBOCLOJ>K@B
PVKQ>@QF@
PQOR@QROBP
>KA
JLPQ

FJMLOQ>KQIV
MLBQF@
CB>QROBP
(AB>IIV
PMB>HFKD
>
P@EBJ>QFWBA
KBT
JLABI
BPQ>?IFPEBA
LK
QEB

ABSBILMJBKQ
LC
MLBQOV
TFII
?B
>?IB
QL
BUMI>FK
QEB
MLBQF@
OBDRI>OFW>QFLK


4KABOPQ>KAFKD
MLBQF@
BIBJBKQP
>KA
EFBO>O@EV

3EBOB
>OB
J>KV
BIBJBKQP
LOD>KFWBA
FK
LKB
T>V
LO
>KLQEBO
QL
CLOJ
>
MBOCB@Q
MLBJ
PR@E
>P
QEB

MLBQF@
PQOR@QROB
PLRKA
FJ>DBOV
CFDRO>QFSB
I>KDR>DB
MLBQF@
CLOJP
>KA
PL
LK
P
CRKA>JBKQ>I

W
C>@QLOP
QEB
MLBQF@
PQOR@QROBP
PLRKAP
>KA
FK
TE>Q
CLOJP
QEB
MLBJP
>OB
MOBPBKQBA
>OB
QEB
J>FK

IE
L?GB@QFSBP
QEFP
PQRAV
FKSBPQFD>QBP
3EFP
FP
ALKB
FK
LOABO
QL
CROQEBO
PRJJ>OFWB
>
JLABI
QL
BUMI>FK

QEB
OBDRI>OFW>QFLK
LC
QEB
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
2MB@FCF@>IIV
QEB
MLBQF@
PQOR@QROB
FP
@LJMLPBA
COLJ
QEB

EV
PJ>IIBPQ
RKFQ
TEF@E
FP
f?B>Qg
QL
QEB
I>ODBPQ
RKFQ
TEF@E
FP
fMLBJg
>KA
QEB
EFBO>O@EV
@>K
?B

ABJLKPQO>QBA
FK
>
QOBB
PQOR@QROB
>P
CLIILTP

PR


'FBO>O@EF@>I
MLBQF@
PQOR@QROB














































































/LBJ





































































































































































0R>QO>FK







0R>QO>FK



%LRO IFKB
PQ>KW>




















































































































































































"LRMIBQ



"LRMIBQ


















3TL IFKB
PQ>KW>





















































/LBQF@
IFKB



/LBQF@
IFKB












































'BJFPQF@E




'BJFPQF@E








































%LLQ








%LLQ










































































































!B>Q










!B>Q




2Q>KW>
FP
@LJMLPBA
LC
>
PBQ
LC
IFKBP
QE>Q
CLOJ
>
?>PF@
OB@ROOFKD
JBQOF@>I
P@EBJB
LO
>
OBDRI>O

OEVJB
TFQE
KBFQEBO
PQOF@QIV
OBNRFOBA
CLO
>
PQ>KW>
3EBOB
>OB
J>KV
AFCCBOBKQ
PQ>KW>F@
CLOJP
TEF@E

S>OV
COLJ
>
QTL IFKB
PQ>KW>
@LRMIBQ
QL
>K
BFDEQ IFKB
PQ>KW>
LQQ>S>
OFJ> 
TFQE
PLJB
RKFNRB

PQ>KW>F@
CLOJP
HKLTK
?B@>RPB
LC
QEBFO
FKSBKQLOP
LO
C>JLRP
MO>@QFQFLKBOP
3EB
JLPQ
FJMLOQ>KQ

@LJMLKBKQ
FK
PLRKA
FP
JBQBO
,BQBO
PMB@FCF@>IIV
OBCBOP
QL
>
M>QQBOK
LC
LOD>KFW>QFLK
LC
QEB
CLLQ
FK
>

MLBQF@
IFKB
(Q
@LRIA
?B
>
OBMBQFQFLK
LC
>
?>PF@
PQOBPP
M>QQBOK
IFHB
F>J?F@
LO
QOL@E>F@
LO
FQ
@LRIA
?B

JLOB
@LJMIF@>QBA
TFQE
>
@LJ?FK>QFLK
LC
PBSBO>I
HFKAP
LC
?>PF@
PQOBPP
M>QQBOKP
'>IIB

*BVPBO


"EBK

9E>KD
 
.K
QEFP
DOLRKA
JBQBO
FP
OB>IFWBA
>Q
QEB
IBSBI
LC
CLLQ
FK
QEB
MLBQF@

QOBB
PQOR@QROB
FK
 

W






9E>KD

PQ>QBA
QE>Q
CLLQ
FP
>
RKFQ
QE>Q
CRK@QFLKP
AFCCBOBKQIV
FK
MOLPLAF@
MELKLILDV
JBQOF@>I

IE
MELKLILDV
>KA
MLBQF@
MELKLILDV
(K
MOLPLAF@
MELKLILDV
CLLQ
FP
LKB
LC
QEB
MOLPLAF@
RKFQP
QE>Q

?RFIA
RM
QEB
EFBO>O@EF@>I
MOLPLAF@
PQOR@QROBP
(Q
FP
IL@>QBA
?BILT
QEB
MOLPLAF@
TLOA
>KA
>?LSB
QEB

EV
PVII>?IB
>P
PELTK
FK
 


'FBO>O@EF@>I
MOLPLAF@
PQOR@QROBP
2BIHFOH

'>VBP

-BPMLO

5LDBI

9B@
















9E>KD




PR



$?=:?6
C676C6?46
9EEADHHH3C:E2??:424@>2CEDE2?K2

 

W
(K
JBQOF@>I
MELKLILDV
ELTBSBO
CLLQ
FP
QEB
J>FK
RKFQ
QL
@LKPQOR@Q
QEB
JBQOF@>I
DOFAP
TEF@E

IE
BUMI>FK
QEB
QEBLOBQF@>I
CO>JBTLOH
LC
PQOBPP
LO
IFKDRFPQF@
MOLJFKBK@B
(K
MLBQF@
MOLPLAV
CLLQ
FP
QEB

?>PF@
RKFQ
QE>Q
CLOJP
>
OB@ROOFKD
JBQOF@>I
P@EBJB
>KA
QEB
M>QQBOK
>KA
LOD>KFW>QFLK
LC
QEB
CLLQ
FK
>

EV

MLBJ
IFKB
TFII
ABQBOJFKB
QEB
JBQBO
LC
>
MLBJ
(K
LQEBO
TLOAP
>
MLBJ
IFKB
@>K
?B
?OLHBK
FKQL

AFCCBOBKQ
KRJ?BO
LC
CBBQ
3EB
JLPQ
@LJJLK
CBBQ
FK
$KDIFPE
MLBQOV
>OB
QTL PVII>?IB
>KA
QEOBB
PR

PVII>?IB
FK
IBKDQE
#FCCBOBKQ @LJ?FK>QFLKP
LC
PQOBPPBA
>KA
RKPQOBPPBA
PVII>?IBP
CLOJ
AFCCBOBKQ
QVMBP

LC
JBQOF@>I
CBBQ
3EB
OB@ROOBK@B
LC
>
QVMB
LC
JBQOF@>I
CBBQ
QEBK
CLOJP >
PMB@FCF@
MLBQF@
JBQBO
9E>KD


>IPL
MRQ CLOT>OA QE>Q
FK
QEB
MLBQF@
MOLPLAV
LC
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
QEB
CRK@QFLKP
>KA
BUMOBPPFLKP

LC
CLLQ
>OB
AFCCBOBKQ
TFQE
CLLQ
FK
$KDIFPE
MLBQOV
3EFP
FP
ARB
QL
QEB
C>@Q
QE>Q
QEB
?FK>OV
@LKQO>PQ
FK

"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
FP
OB>IFWBA
?V
QEB
BSBK
QLKB
>KA
QEB
L?IFNRB
QLKB
LOD>KFWBA
FK
CLRO
PVII>?IBP FKPQB>A

LC
QTL
PVII>?IBP
3EB
AFCCBOBKQ
T>V
LC
OB>IFWFKD
QEB
?FK>OV
@LKQO>PQ
FK
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
FP
?>PBA
LK

QEB
C>@Q
QE>Q
QEBOB
FP
KLQ
BKLRDE
BSFABK@B
QL
MOLSB
QE>Q
CLLQ
>P
>
MOLPLAF@
RKFQ
CRK@QFLKP FK
QEB

"EFKBPB
I>KDR>DB
9E>KD

PMB@FCF@>IIV
BUMI>FKBA QEB
@LKAFQFLKP
>KA
BKSFOLKJBKQ
CLO
CLLQ >P

>
MOLPLAF@
RKFQ
QL
CRK@QFLK
FK
>
I>KDR>DB
&BKBO>IIV
PMB>HFKD
TEBQEBO
LO
KLQ
>
I>KDR>DB
E>P
CLLQ




>P
>
MOLPLAF@
RKFQ
ABMBKAP
LK
FC
QEBOB
>OB
?FK>OV
@LKQO>PQP
PVPQBJ>QF@>IIV
OBCIB@QFKD
QEB
MOLJFKBKQ

JBQOF@>I
CB>QROBP
>Q
QEB
TLOA
IBSBI
PR@E
>P
IFDEQ
SBOPRP
EB>SV
ILKD
SBOPRP
PELOQ
EFDE
SBOPRP
ILT

>KA
PQOLKD
SBOPRP
TB>H
!B@>RPB
QEBOB
>OB
KL
?FK>OV
@LKQO>PQP
PVPQBJ>QF@>IIV
OBCIB@QFKD
QEB

MOLJFKBKQ
JBQOF@>I
CB>QROBP
>Q
QEB
TLOA
IBSBI
FK
"EFKBPB
I>KDR>DB
QEB
PQ>QBJBKQ
QE>Q
CLLQ
>P
>

MOLPLAF@
RKFQ
MI>VP
>
M>OQ
FK
"EFKBPB
PELRIA
?B
NRBPQFLKBA
3EFP
OBJ>OH>?IB
CB>QROB
J>HBP
QEB

OBDRI>OFW>QFLK
LC
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
AFPQFKDRFPE>?IB
COLJ
TE>Q
$KDIFPE
MLBQOV
E>P
FK
@LKPQOR@QFKD

@BOQ>FK
QVMBP
LC
JBQOF@>I
CBBQ
>KA
MLBQF@
JBQBOP

!>PBA
LK
TE>Q
E>P
?BBK
AFP@RPPBA
>?LSB
FQ
FP
@IB>O
QE>Q
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
E>P
J>KV
RKFNRB
>KA

BU@IRPFSB
@E>O>@QBOFPQF@P
OBD>OAFKD
MLBQF@
MOLPLAV
@LJM>OBA
TFQE
PQOBPP QFJBA
I>KDR>DBP
IFHB

W
$KDIFPE
3EB
J>FK
AFCCBOBK@B
IFBP
FK
QEB
CLRKA>QFLKP
?>PBA
LK
TEF@E
QEB
MLBQF@
JBQBOP
>OB

IE
@LKPQOR@QBA
3L
MRQ
FQ
AFCCBOBKQIV
QEB
AFP@OBM>K@V
?BQTBBK
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
>KA
$KDIFPE
MLBQOV
FK

QBOJP
LC
T>VP
LC
?RFIAFKD
RM
QEB
JBQOF@>I
P@EBJB
FP
@LKPMF@RLRP
3EFP
PQRAV
PBQP
LRQ
QL
FKSBPQFD>QB

EV
QEB
MLBQF@
CB>QROBP
LC
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
QEOLRDE
AFCCBOBKQ
BO>P
>KA
QEB
@LKPB@RQFSB
OBI>QFLKPEFMP

>JLKD
AFSBOPB
CLOJP
LC
MLBQOV
3VMF@>I
JLABIP
TFII
?B
BPQ>?IFPEBA
QL
BUMI>FK
QEB
OBDRI>OFW>QFLK
LC

"EFKBPB
MLBQOV
FK
QEB
MLBQF@
ABSBILMJBKQ
TEF@E
CROQEBO
EFDEIFDEQP
QEB
MB@RIF>O
T>VP
FK
TEF@E
QEB

PR

JBQOF@>I
P@EBJB
FP
OB>IFWBA


/OBSFLRP
PQRAFBP
LK
MLBQF@
OBDRI>OFW>QFLK
FK
"EFKBPB
MLBQOV


3EB
PQOBPP LOFBKQBA
JLABIP


"EBK


(K
"EBKiP
QEBLOV
FQ
T>P
MLPBA
QE>Q
"EFKBPB
OBDRI>QBA
SBOPB
L?IFDBP
>
JBQOF@>I
PQOR@QROB
QE>Q
FP

KLQ
LKIV
?LQE
EFBO>O@EF@>I
>KA
?FK>OV
?RQ
>IPL
JRPQ
?B>O
PQOLKD
2
>KA
TB>H
6
I>?BIP
>Q
B>@E

KLAB
LC
QEB
QOBB
PQOR@QROB
"EBK
 
.K
QEB
?>PFP
LC
*FM>OPHV
 
"EBK
MOLMLPBA
QEB

 

RKABOIVFKD
ORIBP
LC
?LQE
QEB
QLK>I
M>QQBOKP
>KA
QEB
JBQOF@>I
M>QQBOKP
LC
"EFKBPB
OBDRI>QBA
SBOPB

QEOLRDE
>K
>AS>K@BA
EFBO>O@EF@>I
QOBB
PQOR@QROB 3EFP
EFBO>O@EF@>I
QOBB
PQOR@QROB
FP
>K
BUQBKABA

S>OF>KQ
LC
QEB
BUFPQFKD @>KLKF@>I
P@EBJBP
PELTK
FK
 
3EB
L?IFNRB
QLKB
>KA
QEB
BSBK
QLKB
FK


>OB
PVJ?LIFWBA
>P
fSg
>KA
f g
OBPMB@QFSBIV
3EB
>AABA
QOBB
PQOR@QROB
FP
QL
MOLSFAB
QEB
RKABOIVFKD

ORIBP
>@@LOAFKD
QL
QEB
QLK>I
M>QQBOKP
LK
QEB
PROC>@B
IBSBI
>KA
@LK@IRAB
J>KV
S>OF>QFLKP
ABOFSBA

COLJ
QEB
QLK>I
M>QQBOKP

 3LK>I
2@EBJBP
LC
"EFKBPB
1BDRI>QBA
5BOPB "EBK 

W
IE
EV
PR

As shown in the tree structure (4), a heptasyllabic line is divided into three metrical units as

12/34/567 (Jakobson 1970). On the basis of (4), Chen then reconsidered the division . As can be

seen in tree structures (5a) and (5b), there is a caesura between the second foot and the third foot

(F). According to Chen, such a caesura is observed in traditional verse recitation. Usually, there is

a major potential pause existing between the fourth and the fifth syllable, whereas only minor

pauses are accepted after the second, and either the fifth or sixth syllable. As a result of these

pauses, the last three syllables are presented as either 5/67 or 56/7. Eventually, a metrical line is

divided into two hemistiches (H) firstly, and later on each hemistich splits up into two metrical
 

feet (F) respectively. Since there might be two instances of pauses in the last three syllables, the

last trisyllabic hemistich is either right-branching as in (5a) or left-branching as in (5b) (Chen

1979:380).

(4) Seven-syllable line hierarchical structure (Chen 1979:380)

W
(5) Revised seven-syllable line hierarchical structure (Chen 1979:380)
IE
EV
PR

It is clear that the presupposition of creating such hierarchical tree structures is to admit that in

Chinese regulated-style verse every two syllables naturally form a metrical foot. As mentioned

above, foot as a prosodic unit is constructed by two units with binary contrast systematically

reflecting prominent metrical features at the word level. In poetic prosody, a metrical foot also

needs to be realized by prominence features in a binary contrast, such as a stressed syllable versus

an unstressed syllable in a stress-timed language. When it comes to Chinese regulated verse, the

only evident binary contrast emerges in the contrast between the even tones and the oblique tones,



which is presented every four syllables2. If that is the case, the tree structures in (5) will need to be

reconstructed.

The following are the steps proposed by Chen (1979) regarding the formation of the

heptasyllabic lines’ metrical pattern and tone assignment based on the principles shown in (6).

(6) a. Hierarchical Structure (Chen 1979:382)

A metrical line is hierarchically structured with exclusively binary branching. The
second hemistich can be either right or left-branching.

b. Tone Assignment (Chen 1979:382)

) are assigned to sister constituents down to the level of the
Opposite tones (T and

W
metrical foot.

c. Tone Specification (Chen 1979:383)

IE  is opposite to T, subject to the Tonotactic
T may assume the value of either E or O, and

Condition.
EV

d. Tonotactic Condition (Chen 1979:383)

If Tone Assignment produces four consecutive syllables carrying an identical tone, the
PR

tones of the second hemistich undergo alpha-switching (i.e., E to O, and vice versa).

First, the hierarchical structure is created according to (6a). The hierarchical structure in (7a)

is an example of a line in Heptasyllabic A in (3) with a right-branching subtree. After that, opposite

tones are assigned to sister constituents down to the level of the metrical foot as shown in (7b). As

 needs to be opposite to
stated in (6c) and (6d), T might be either even tone or oblique tone and

T. Even tones and oblique tones are assigned to specific nodes in the last step, as shown in the tree

structure in (7c).



C@>
E96
=64EFC6
?@E6D
@7
E96
D6>:?2C
@?
9:?6D6
(J?E2I
2?5
"@CA9@=@8J
:?DECF4E65
3J
%C@76DD@C
@?8>:?8
-92?8

:?

(AC:?8



6A2CE>6?E
@7
D:2?
!2?8F286D
2?5
F=EFC6D
*?:G6CD:EJ
@7
,:D4@?D:?"25:D@?

 

(7) A heptasyllabic line in hierarchical structure with tone assignment (Chen 1979:383-384)

W
Using this procedure, Chen believed that all the canonical lines of Heptasyllabic 1 to 4 are
IE
predictable. Moreover, it is also stated that with the same principles inferred for the heptasyllabic

verse, it is easily to generate the desired prosodic patterns according to the hierarchical tree
EV

structures of a five-syllable line, as shown in (8).

(8) A pentasyllabic line in hierarchical structure with tone assignment (Chen 1979:388)
PR
 

After building up the standard hierarchical tree structure of both heptasyllabic and

pentasyllabic lines along with tone assignment, some situations not ruled by the proposed

principles were fixed. Chen posed the Extracanonical Lines to try to explain the reasons why some

existing poem lines have tone arrangement that violate the desired principles. Based on the data

from 0FRiP

BAFQFLK
LC
QEB
.8++
;4*8+*
'4-
5+39
"EBK
>ODRBA
QE>Q
>
ILQ
LC
BU@BMQFLK>I

PFQR>QFLKP
TFQE
RKBUMB@QBA
QLKB
>PPFDKJBKQ
PELRIA
E>SB
QEBFO
LTK
OBDRI>QFLKP
%FSB
MLQBKQF>I
ORIBP

>OB
QERP
@LJMLPBA
QL
LCCBO
BUMI>K>QFLKP
QL
QEB
BU@BMQFLK>I
@>PBP
>P
ABJLKPQO>QBA
FK
 


$UQO>@>KLKF@>I
+FKBP
"EBK


W
IE
EV
PR

For each poem line, two free slots are permitted with the first slot always being free. Under the

condition that the fifth position is filled by an oblique tone and followed by an oblique tone at the

same time, the fifth position is free. The third position is usually free unless the fifth position is

free. The even-numbered and the final positions are fixed. As seen from (9), the circled positions

are considered free (Chen 1979:394-395).

The question lies in that the data base used by Chen was limited, making it difficult to create

rules on the basis of data that is not thorough enough. Moreover, the detailed statistical procedure

was not revealed, so whether the results had statistical significance is unknown. Under this

condition, the validity of the “five potential rules” for some certain patterns because of the lack of
 

the specific ratio of each type of the extracanonical lines are questionable. Aside from this, if the

desired hierarchical tree structures developed earlier are not able to conjecture all situations of tone

assignment and additional rules have to consider variations and exceptional cases, the theoretical

framework of making up rules will need a second thought.

With many questions not answered yet, Chen further advanced the tree structures in (5) and

proposed two new hierarchical tree structures as shown in (10). To revisit the principles of tone

assignment, (11) shows the last step in (7).

(10) Advanced hierarchical tree structures (Chen 1979:395-396)

W
IE
EV
PR

(11)



According to the principles of building up a hierarchical tree structure and assigning the tones

proposed by Chen, opposite tones should be assigned to sister constituents down to the level of the

metrical foot. As demonstrated in (10a), it is obvious that the 1 and 2 positions form a metrical

foot, the 3
and 4
positions form another metrical foot, the 5
position is one metrical foot and

the last two positions form a metrical foot. If the Tonotactic Condition is consistently applied to

all layers of the tree, tone assignment within one metrical foot should be completely different. Now

that in the advanced hierarchical tree structures, the layer of metrical foot is extended to the bottom

line with every two syllables forming a metrical foot, the tones of every two syllables that form a

metrical foot should be opposite. However, in (11), it seems that the 1 and 2 syllable are both

W
assigned the oblique tone, the 3
and 4
syllable are both assigned the even tone, and the last two
IE
syllables are both assigned the oblique tone. If the advanced tree structures are solid, then the tone

assignment in (11) violates the “binary contrast” nature of metrical feet. As for the advanced
EV
hierarchical tree structures shown in (10), there are two problems. First, since the two syllables

within a metrical foot are already assigned the same tone, as shown in (11), the reason why
PR

different S/W labeling are realized as two syllables with the same tone is unknown. Second, one

syllable can be one metrical foot under the condition that the syllable is a stressed syllable. In (10),

however, the 5 syllable is weak, but it was considered as one metrical foot by Chen. 3

Inspired by Kiparsky’s study on the Finish poetry and influenced by Metrical Phonology, Chen

(1979) from a new perspective, established a hierarchical structure and tried to explain the

underlying metrical patterns of Chinese regulated verse. The metrical foot is a perfect device to

analyze English poetry because English is a stress-timed language, while whether foot as a

prosodic unit in the Chinese language is still questionable. On this account, using metrical foot as



C@>
E96
=64EFC6
?@E6D
@7
E96


??F2=
,@C<D9@A
96=5
3J
%C@76DD@C
@?8>:?8
-92?8

Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.