Shop-drawing

for
Technical Installation
Tables and equations

By

Prof. Ramadan Amer

Dr. HanyElsawy
Dr. Eslam Sakr

Page 1
The equation used to predict the sensible and latent heat gains from people in the space
are:
𝐐̇𝐬 = 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞 × 𝐒𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧/𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧
or
𝐐̇𝑳 = 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞 × 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧/𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧

𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 (𝒄𝒇𝒎)

= 𝑵 (𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔) × 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏 (𝒄𝒇𝒎⁄𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏)
or
𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 (𝒄𝒇𝒎)
= 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 (𝒇𝒕𝟐 ) × 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 (𝒄𝒇𝒎⁄𝒇𝒕𝟐 )

The sensible load from ventilation is calculated using:

𝑸̇𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 × 𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 (𝒄𝒇𝒎) × ∆𝑻𝒊−𝟎 ( 𝑜𝐹 ) (𝑩𝑻𝑼⁄𝒉)
or
𝑸̇𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟎 × 𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 (𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔) × ∆𝑻𝒊−𝟎 ( 𝑜𝑪) (𝑾)
The latent load from ventilation is calculated using:
𝑸̇𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟕 × 𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 (𝒄𝒇𝒎) × ∆𝑾𝒊−𝟎 (𝑮𝒓⁄𝒍𝒃) (𝑩𝑻𝑼⁄𝒉)

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or
𝑸̇𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟎 × 𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 (𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔) × ∆𝑾𝒊−𝟎 (𝒈⁄𝒌𝒈) (𝑾)

Air Conditioning System

▪ Load Estimation:
For normal spaces
➢ located at Cairo
➢ Standard height of 3 m
➢ One exposure window
➢ Occupancy: 0.25 person/m2 of the floor area
➢ The lighting intensity is 25 W/m2 of the floor area
The load estimate factor can be taken as [ 80 BTU/h ft2 ] of the space floor area.

Notes 1 TR = 12000 BTU/h

1 m = 10.76 ft2
2

However, the main items of any cooling load estimate form are:
a) Transmission of heat from glass, wall, floor and ceiling
It represent about 30% of the space total load.
The height of the building plays the main roll of this item.
For that reason, for actual height (h) greater than 3 m.
𝒉−𝟑
The exceeded load is: {[( ) × 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎] × 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅}
𝟑

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 Also, for each one more exposure window, add 0.06 of the total load for each
exposure.
b) People load including ventilation (Fresh air) requirements
It represent about 40% of the space total load.
If the people factor (Pf) is more than 0.25 person/m2.
𝑷𝒇 −𝟎.𝟐𝟓
The increase in load is: {[( 𝟎.𝟐𝟓 ) × 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎] × 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅}
c) Light load
It represent about 10% of the space total load based on 25 W/m 2 at 3 m
finish to finish height.
Increasing the height increases this factor and consequently the lighting
load.
The increase in lighting load due height is about:
𝒉−𝟑
{[( ) × 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎] × 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅}
𝟑
d) Appliances load
It represents about 10% of the space total load and can be considered
relative to application.
Approximate total load = Sum loads 𝑩𝑻𝑼⁄𝒉 ÷ 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 = load T.R
𝑺𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑩𝑻𝑼⁄𝒉
Actual rough cooling load factor = = 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑩𝑻𝑼⁄𝒉 𝒇𝒕𝟐
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒇𝒕𝟐
Air Duct Design
The air flow rate entering or leaving the air handling unit is the sum of the room
return air value and the outdoor fresh air.
Of the air handling unit specifications, the unit capacity and the air flow rate are
submitted.
The air flow delivered from the air handling unit must be homogeneously
distributed inside the air conditioned space.
Care must be taken when selecting the locations of both the supply and the
return air grills or diffusers to prevent short air cycling or concentration/dead
air zones.
▪ Design Air flow rate
❖ For standard system with supply and return air flow to the air handling unit,
approximately, 400 cfm of air is always delivered with each 1 T.R.
▪ Selection of the Air conditioning machine:
❖ One has first to select the proper air conditioning unit capacity and flow rate.
For AHU capacity in T.R.;
Air flow rate = Capacity x 400 = cfm.

Rectangular Duct:
Width (W) Is the horizontal dimension of the rectangular duct.
Depth (D) Is the vertical dimension of the rectangular duct.
Aspect Ratio Is the ratio of the long side of the duct to the short side.

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 Air duct dimensions:
▪ The velocity of air at the entrance of the main duct is assumed to be about
900 ft/min and 600 ft/min for branches.
▪ the accepted max air duct dimensions aspect ratio is 4 (long dimension /
short dimension ≤ 4).
▪ By this information, it becomes easy to expect the minimum depth of an
air duct for a specific application.
▪ It should be remembered that, for calculating the minimum drop of the
false ceiling from the true ceiling, at least 4" must be added to each side of
the duct cross section as a space for insulation and supports.
▪ The velocity of air at the entrance of the main duct is assumed to be about
900 ft/min and 600 ft/min for branches.
▪ the accepted max air duct dimensions aspect ratio is 4 (long dimension /
short dimension ≤ 4).
▪ By this information, it becomes easy to expect the minimum depth of an
air duct for a specific application.
▪ It should be remembered that, for calculating the minimum drop of the
false ceiling from the true ceiling, at least 4" must be added to each side of
the duct cross section as a space for insulation and supports.
𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝐃𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 (𝑨𝒄 ) = 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝒄𝒇𝒎
𝐃𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 (𝑨𝒄 ) = = 𝑨 𝒇𝒕𝟐
𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒕⁄𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝐃𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 (𝑾 × 𝑫) = 𝑨 × 𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝒂 𝒊𝒏𝟐
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Let maximum aspect ratio =4 W = 4D
𝑫 = 𝒂⁄𝟒 = 𝑫𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝟐

𝑫 = 𝑺𝒒 𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝟐 𝒊𝒏 (𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃 = 𝐢𝐧)

𝒂
𝑾 = = 𝒊𝒏
𝑫
Thus; the suitable dimensions (𝑾 × 𝑫) for minimum depth is W" x D".
❑ The drop of the false ceiling from the true ceiling:
is not less than (W" + 4").

▪ Outlet dimensions:
▪ The terminal air velocity (𝑽𝒕 ) at the outlet for residential and commercial
building is 500 to 750 ft/min, for broadcast studios is 300 to 500 ft/min,
and for department stores is about 1500 ft/min.
▪ The outlet neck area (𝑨𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒌 ) is calculated according to next formula:
𝑪𝑭𝑴 × 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝑨𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒌 =
𝑽𝒕 × 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
Let
𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐for Diffuser =0.5
𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐for Grill =0.7
𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐for Slot Diffuser =0.7

▪ Square Ceiling Diffuser

▪ The outlet neck area (𝑨𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒌 ) is calculated according to next formula:
𝑪𝑭𝑴 × 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝑨𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒌 =
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒑𝒎 × 𝟎. 𝟓
𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = √𝑨𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒌

Note that all outlet dimensions must be even numbers.

Example: Diffuser with neck dimensions 18”x18” , has outside dimension
24” x 24” .

▪ Side Grill
▪ The outlet neck area (𝑨𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒌 ) is calculated according to next formula:
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 𝑪𝑭𝑴 × 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝑨𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒌 =
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒑𝒎 × 𝟎. 𝟕
If a side grill is applied, take the grill height 4’’ : 8’’ according to the available false
beam height, then:

𝑨
𝑮𝒓𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 = 𝑮𝒓𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒌
𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
Maximum aspect ratio for grill must be less than 12.
Note that all outlet dimensions must be even numbers.

▪ Slot Diffuser:
𝑪𝑭𝑴 × 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 (𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉) =
𝑽𝒕 × 𝟎. 𝟕 × 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 (𝒊𝒏. ) × 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒔
➢ Slot widths: 1/2, 3/4, and 1 inch.
➢ No. of slots: 1, 2, 3, …. till 8 slots

Let
Slot width ¾ inch.
Terminal air velocity =600 fpm
𝑪𝑭𝑴 × 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉(𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉) =
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒑𝒎 × 𝟎. 𝟕 × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒔

Piping Design
❖ For standard 2-pipes system with supply and return chilled water,
approximately, 2.4 gpm of water is always delivered with each 1 T.R.
❖ Note 𝒈𝒑𝒎 is 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆[𝟏 𝐠𝐩𝐦 ≅ 𝟑. 𝟖 𝐋𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫/𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞]

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