RESEARCH CYCLE

Idea ----- Develop ----- Fund ----- Plan ----- Record ----- Process ----- Publish ----- Read

Bixler and Bixler ----- PROFESSION

 a well-defined and well- organized body of specialized knowledge

 Improved through the use of SCIENTIFIC METHOD

SCIENTIFIC METHOD (6)

 Aim to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena.

 Systematic process of collecting and analyzing information
 A careful, systematic study and investigation
 Observation – Question – Hypothesis – Experiment – Conclusion – Result

1) PURPOSE --- State the problem.

2) RESEARCH --- Find out about the topic.

3) HYPOTHESIS --- Predict the outcome to the problem.

4) EXPERIMENT --- Develop a procedure to test the hypothesis.

5) ANALYSIS --- Record the results of the experiment.

6) CONCLUSION ---- Compare the hypothesis to the experiment's conclusion

HOW CAN WE TELL (Theory – Methodology)

WHAT? Problem ------- WHY/HOW? Hypothesis ------ HOW TO? Research Design

WHAT DO WE KNOW? Literature/Measurement ------ WHAT IS? Data Collection

WHAT MIGHT BE? Data Analysis -------- SO WHAT? Generalization/Implications WHAT IF?

QUALITY NURSING CARE ----- SCIENTIFIC STUDIES AND RESEARCH

PROVIDING SERVICE TO SOCIETY - based on accurate knowledge which is distinctly NURSING.

RESEARCH TERMINOLOGY (8)

1) Theory - systematic, abstract explanation of some aspect of reality.

2) Data - Pieces of information obtained during investigation.

3) Phenomena - an event, happening, incident and observable facts.

 4) Discovery - Finding what existed

5) Inventions - new product development that did not exist in nature

6) Innovations - new ways to solve, change, alter old problems

7) Development - after invention to useful products and services

8) Evaluation of programs - wider outcomes and impacts, including unintended outcomes.

RESEARCH --- French word

 CERCHIER “to seek or search" ----- "re" means "again" and signifies replication of search.

 The person must find out or to take another more careful look.

 A systematic inquiry that uses discipline methods to answer questions and solve problems.

 ULTIMATE GOAL - To develop, define, and expand a body of knowledge.

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH TO HUMAN

 Is to serve man, for when he faces problem, he seeks a solution to it.

 SOLUTION - to adjust, a change of purpose, new understanding

GENERAL PURPOSES

1. It answers questions to solve problems - to observe in order to know

2. Provide tools for observation - to generate knowledge as basis for predicting the phenomenon.

SPECIFIC PURPOSES (9)

1) Identification
 Name the phenomena ----- To clearly identify phenomena about which little is known.

2) Qualitative studies ----- What is the phenomena?

3) Quantitative studies ------ Begins with phenomenon that has been previously studied.

4) Description ---- Observe, count, Describe and document situations under inquiry

 Example: Stress & coping, pain management, adaptation process, health beliefs

5) Quantitative description ---- prevalence, size, measurable attributes of phenomena

6) Qualitative description ---- description of dimensions, variations, importance of phenomena

7) Exploration -- Explore the relationship between phenomena answers questions "What”

8) Explanation -- Explain on how or why phendenon exist.

 It answers questions that ask "Why" a phenomenon occurred.

9) Prediction & control --- psychological and physiological reactions to nursing interventions.
 a) Prediction - situation or events that could rise from research Investigation.

b) Control- puts a barrier to minimize the effects of anticipated outcomes or reactions. .

EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP) ----- use of the BEST CLINICAL EVIDENCE

 Incorporates a search for the best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preference
and values.

 To provide the most consistent a best possible care to patients.

RESEARCH PURPOSE REATED TO EVIDENCE- BASED PRACTICE (6)

 Treatment Therapy or Interventions ------------------ Diagnosis and Assessment

 Prognosis ------------------- Prevention of Harm
 Etiology or Causation --------------------------- Meaning and Process

FEATURES OF EBP (3)

1) Clinical problem-solving strategy

2) Minimize decisions based on customs, authority, opinion, or ritual.
3) Identifies the best available research evidence and integrates it with other factors

ADVANTAGES OF EBP (3)

1) Offers a solution in improving health care Clinical Patient quality

2) Provides the best possible
3) Provides an important framework for self-directed lifelong learning.

MAJOR STEPS IN ERP (5)

1) Asking clinical questions -------- Searching and collecting relevant evidence

2) Appraising and synthesizing the evidence. -------- Integrating the evidence
3) Assessing the effectiveness of the decision, intervention, or advice.

REMEMBER! -------- Heart of Evidence- Based Practice (EBP).

 Modification, Development, and Evaluation of Nursing Care of Best Practice

EBP IN THE DAILY PRACTICE OF NURSING

1) INFECTION CONTROL
2) OXYGEN USE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH (11)

1. Gathering of new and existing data

2. It is directed toward the solution of a problem.
 3. It is analytical. --- carefully designed procedures in collecting data
4. Development of generalizations ,principles and theories
5. It requires expertise
6. It is empirical ---- based on direct experience and demands accurate observation
7. It strives to be logical, applying every possible test to validate the procedures being employed
8. IT IS HONEST AND CHARACTERIZED BY PATIENT AND UNHURRIED ACTIVITIES.
9. Similarities and differences of replicated research can be confirmed.
10. It requires innovative approaches.
11. It is carefully recorded and reported.

COMPONENTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (4)

1) ORDER AND SYSYTEM - from identification of the problem to the conclusions and
recommendations.

2) CONTROL - to minimize bias and maximize the precision and validity of the data gathered.

3) EMPIRICISM - gathering of evidence and relying on one's own senses.

4) GENERALIZATION - research findings may be applied to a situation or population larger

than the one studied.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER

R- Research Oriented ----- E- Efficient ----- S – Scientific ---- E- Effective ------ A- Active

R- Resourceful ------ C- Creative ------ H- Honest ------ E- Economical ------- R- Religious

Nursing Research -- a systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues

 Nursing practice, education, administration, and informatics.

PURPOSES OF NURSING RESEARCH (4)

1) Assess nursing problems or phenomena.

2) Find ways to improve nursing practice and patient care.
3) Initiate and evaluate change. -------- Take action to make new knowledge useful in nursing.

NURSES NEED RESEARCH IN ORDER FOR THEM TO (3)

 Advance their field --- Stay updated on the latest trends in nursing --- offer better patient care.

SEVERAL IMPORTANCE OF NURSING RESEARCH (3)

1) Provide strong evidence for informing nurses' decisions and actions.

2) Provide high-quality nursing care.
3) Elevate the standards and reputation of the nursing profession.
4) Increase body of knowledge -------------- 5) Improve personal and professional development.

General Purpose

 To answer questions or solve problems of relevance to the nursing profession.

Specific Purposes (5)

a) Identification -- QUALI - What is this phenomenon? ------ What is its name?

b) Description
 QUANTI - How prevalent is the phenomenon? /How often does the phenomenon occur?
 QUALI – What are the dimensions of the phenomenon?

c) Exploration
 QUANTI - What factors are related to the phenomenon?
 QUALI – What is the full nature of the phenomenon?

d) Prediction and Control

 QUANTI - If phenomenon X occurs, will phenomenon Y follow?

e) Explanation
 QUANTI - What is the underlying cause of the phenomenon or the causal pathway?
 QUALI – How does the phenomenon work?

PICO (T) ELEMENTS

P - Problem/Patient/Population --------------- I - Intervention/indicator

C – Comparison ------------------ O - Outcome

1) FRAME THE QUESTION --- Write out the information needed in the form of a question.

2) PLAN A SEARCH STRATEGY ----- Identify The Major Elements ------ P & I

 Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)

 Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

 Psychological Information Database. (PsycINFO) --- behavioral/mental health

 Initial Article Database --- CINAHL and Medline/PubMed

3) AFTER VIEWING THE INITIAL SEARCH RESULTS

 Comparison, Outcome, Time factors, or Type of study

4) FILTERING THE EVIDENCE - Use database filters ---- Ex. Excel

IN THE NURSING PROFESSION, RESEARCH IS UNDERTAKEN TO:

1) Provide a scientific basis for the nursing profession.

2) Develop and evaluate new techniques for delivering patient care
 3) Develop tools for assessing the effectiveness of nursing interventions.
4) Provide solutions to problems concerning health maintenance
5) Help determine the areas of need relative to nursing practices
6) Develop and evaluate alternative approaches to nursing education
7) Prepare oneself to be a diligent practitioner of research.

ROLES OF NURSES IN RESEARCH

 Florence Nightingale -- first nurse researcher, as well as the first modern nurse.

FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE

 Nurses often use research to improve client care.

 The nurse needs to:
 Awareness
 Be sensitive to the issues
 Be a discriminating consumer of research findings
 Identification of significant researchable findings