Types of Metamorphic Rocks:

NS E: EARTH SCIENCE Foliated metamorphic rocks are those that formed in

an environment with either directed pressure or shear stress.
ROCKS AND MINERALS
Non-foliated metamorphic rocks are those that are
I. Types of Rocks and Rock Cycle
not foliated because they have formed in an environment
without directed pressure or relatively near the surface with
Rocks are defined as naturally occurring aggregates of
very little pressure at all.
geological material, called minerals.
There are three ways that metamorphic rocks can form:
Igneous Rocks
Contact Metamorphism occurs when magma comes
Igneous rocks are rocks that form from the cooling
in contact with an already existing body of rock.
and solidification of molten rock.
Regional Metamorphism occurs over a much larger
Rocks partially or completely liquefy due to
area. This metamorphism produces rocks such as gneiss and
conditions beneath the Earth’s crust; this molten rock is called
schist. Regional metamorphism is caused by large geologic
magma.
processes such as mountain-building. These rocks when
exposed to the surface show the unbelievable pressure that
The liquid magma that finally emerges on the surface
cause the rocks to be bent and broken by the mountain
of the Earth is called lava and it is associated with volcanic
building process.
eruptions.
Dynamic Metamorphism also occurs because of
When magma or lava cools, it solidifies and
mountain-building. These huge forces of heat and pressure
crystalizes, creating igneous rocks in the process.
cause the rocks to be bent, folded, crushed, flattened, and
sheared.
There are two types of igneous rocks:
Intrusive igneous rocks are those igneous rocks that *Example of metamorphic rocks are slate, gneiss, and schist.
solidify within the Earth’s crust.

Extrusive igneous rocks are those igneous rocks that ROCK CYCLE
are formed by the cooling and solidification of lava on the
Earth’s surface.

*Examples of intrusive igneous rocks are granite and diorite.

Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are defined as lithified sediments
(i.e., formed from deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of
once-living organism that accumulate on the Earth’s surface).

*Sediments are particles formed by the weathering of rocks

due to forces like wind and water.

There are three types of sedimentary rocks:

Clastic sedimentary rocks
• also called detrital sedimentary rocks are formed by
the lithification of sediments called clasts.
• They are the most basic form of sedimentary rocks.

Organic sedimentary rocks

• formed by the lithification of sediments from organic
materials, such as bones, shells and teeth

Chemical sedimentary rocks

• form when water evaporates and produces
sediments of dissolved matter.

*Examples of Sedimentary Rocks are sea salt, siltstone, and

limestone.

Metamorphic Rocks
Formed through the metamorphosis of sedimentary
or igneous rocks.

Metamorphosis is the change in rock type due to

environmental factors like heat, pressure, or chemical
environments.
Takes place when a rock is buried deep inside the
Earth’s surface, which is a high heat and high-pressure
environment.
STEPS IN ROCK CYCLE
Weathering
Weathering is a process of breaking down rocks into
smaller and smaller particles without any transporting agents
at play. Factors like temperature extremities, biological
involvement of nature and water plays the main role.
It can be broken down into chemical, physical and
biological influencing agents.
Physical: Mainly change of temperature rapidly or at extreme
levels causes weathering and tectonic plates.
Chemical: Usually occurs with rainwater trying to react with
the rock minerals and create other minerals or chemical
compounds.
Biological: Boring through rocks for protection, cracking rocks
under pressure while growing, breaking down rocks o build
houses.
Erosion and Transport
Erosion too is the natural process of breaking down
rocks into sand-like particles. The only difference between
weathering to erosion is the presence of agents like water and
wind.
Deposition of Sediment
Sediment is the constant deposition or settling down
of small particles of sand, pebbles, etc. That is broken down
from rocks. It is usually done by:
• Wind and water- Water in the rivers and glaciers
from mountains slowly erode sand particles and
create layers of sediments.
• Biological Influence- Living organisms die and get
sedimented under great pressure to form rocks.
• Evaporation- Chemicals like CaCO3 and NaCl are
sedimented in troughs and seashores to create
limestone and rock salts respectively.
Burial and Compaction
Once the sand particles are sedimented, they create
layers which are soon covered by another layer of new
sediments and the process goes on.
FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Deformation and Metamorphism
The constant pressure and sudden movements put
some sedimentary and igneous rocks under great pressure.
Such forces can create folds or fissures among the rocks and
among all these events, rocks deform to create metamorphic
rocks.
*Deformation basically means folding and faulting of rocks.
This is caused by compression and tension.
FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
When Igneous, Sedimentary or Metamorphic rocks undergo
immense pressure and heat, the shape of the rocks change.
Under such circumstances, some of the properties of the rocks
change giving rise to new forms of rock known as
metamorphic rocks. The process might even repeat on
metamorphic rocks again.
Melting
As soon as the rocks reach the bottom of the earth,
the more the temperature rises and so does the pressure.
Soon, they melt and give rise to melted rocks called lava.
Crystallization of Magma
Magma is basically lava that remains dormant inside
the volcanoes. Magma is the liquid form of rocks under great
pressure and temperature due to heat from the earth core.
*Magma can be both sticky or less viscous. It depends on
factors like temperature and amount of dissolved gas.
FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rocks are formed from cooled magma and are often
either very rigid or porous depending on the place of cool
down. They have minerals in the form of crystals which are
often very visible.
Uplift
The process of forming a crust of earth upwards due
to natural forces causing movements in the tectonic plates is
called uplifting. This is how mountains rise higher while new
islands come up in the middle of the oceans.
DEFINITION AND FORMATION OF MINERALS
Mineral
• is an element or chemical compound that is usually
crystalline and that has been formed because of
geological processes.
• minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
*Mineral Crystals are the black, white, and gray spots found
in igneous rocks.
• there are over 2,000 varieties of minerals, and some
of the commonly known minerals are quartz,
diamonds, gold, talc, and granite.
• we can tell that minerals come in a variety of color,
size, shape, and textures.
Mineralogist
• is the study of the composition, crystal structure, and
physical and optical properties of minerals.
• A mineralogist is a person who studies minerals. Most
mineralogists study mineral with economic value,
such as metals like copper, aluminum, iron ore.
• Mineralogists determine the physical and chemical
properties of minerals, how to retrieve them, and
how to process them.
WHAT MAKES A MINERAL A MINERAL?
FIVE CHARACTERISTICS WE SHOULD FIND IN
A MINERAL.
1. Minerals are solid under normal conditions
on Earth.
Liquids and gases are not considered as
minerals. Minerals cannot be liquids or gases;
they exist only as solids, a state of matter that
possesses a high amount of order.
2. Minerals are naturally occurring on Earth,
not man-made.
 Anything that is man-made, laboratory or
factory made is automatically not a mineral. You
must find minerals in nature; substances
produced in laboratories don't qualify.
3. Minerals are inorganic, not living or made
from living things.
When we say inorganic, meaning they are not
products or not made of materials that were
living or once lived.
4. Minerals have a fixed chemical formula
made of a specific combination of
elements.
Each mineral has its own specific combination of
atoms that cannot be found in any other
mineral.
5. All minerals have a Crystalline Structure.
Crystalline structure means that the atoms
inside that mineral must have a repeating
pattern. Minerals form crystals that contain
repeated arrangements of atoms or ions.
MINERAL GROUPS AND CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
Metallic Minerals
Exhibit luster in their appearance and consist of metals in their
chemical composition.
Two types of Metallic Minerals:
Ferrous metallic minerals
• These minerals are naturally occurring inorganic
substances that contain iron (Fe) as an element in
the composition.
• EXAMPLES: magnetite, hematite, and others.
Non-ferrous metallic minerals
• These minerals are naturally occurring inorganic
substances that do not contain iron (Fe) as an
element in the composition.
• EXAMPLES: copper, brass, aluminum, and others.
Non-metallic Minerals
Non-metallic minerals are minerals which either show a non-
metallic luster or shine in their appearance. Extractable metals
are not present in their chemical composition.
*EXAMPLES: limestone, graphite, dolomite, and others.
GROUPS OF MINERALS
Oxides group
Minerals have oxygen (O2–) as their anion. The oxide group
of minerals include naturally occurring compounds where
oxygen is combined with one or more metals such as iron,
manganese, aluminum, chromium, titanium, and copper.
Sulphide group
minerals containing sulphide S–2 or disulphide as the major
anion. Some sulfide minerals are economically important as
metal ores such as lead, zinc, copper, and molybdenum.
Sulphate group
are minerals with the SO4–2 anion. Many sulphate minerals
form when sulphate-bearing water evaporates.
Halide group
The anions in halides are the halogen elements including
chlorine, fluorine, and bromine.
Carbonate group
Minerals in which the anion is the CO3–2 complex, including
calcite. The carbonate mineral calcite is the main component
of rocks formed in ancient seas by organisms such as corals
and algae.
Phosphate group
Minerals which anion is the PO4–3 complex. One of the
8mportañt example of phosphate mineral is hydroxyapatite,
which makes up the enamel of your teeth.
Silicate group
Silicates are by far the predominant group in terms of their
abundance within the crust and mantle. These minerals are
composed of silicon and oxygen elements. It has an anion of
(SiO44–).
Native Element group
These are minerals made of a single element, such as gold,
copper, silver, or sulphur.
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
*Color, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and
crystal form are the most useful physical properties for
identifying most minerals. Other properties—such as reaction
with acid, magnetism, specific gravity or density, tenacity,
taste, odor, feel, and presence of striations—are helpful in
identifying certain minerals.
COLOR
The most obvious characteristic of a mineral is its color, but
CAUTION: Many minerals' colors are caused by minute
impurities or flaws in their crystal structures.
LUSTER
When light reflects off a mineral's surface, the phenomenon
known as luster characterizes the look of the material. It's
either shiny or drab. It appears to be either glass or metal. A
metallic or nonmetallic luster may be seen on most minerals.
1. Metallic Luster
 2. Non-metallic Luster geometrically regular arrangement of the molecules and
charged ions.
There are several types of nonmetallic lusters:
• Vitreous luster is like that of glass. Other Reactions:
Remember that glass can be almost any • Reaction to acid.
color, including black, so don't be fooled by • Magnetism.
the color. • Striations.
• A dull luster has an earthy appearance
caused by weak or diffuse reflection of light.
• Pearly luster, like a pearl or the inside of a
fresh clam shell.
• Greasy luster, as though covered by a coat
of oil.
• Waxy luster, like paraffin.
• Resinous luster, like resin or tree sap.

HARDNESS
A smooth surface's hardness determines how resistant it is to
being scratched or abraded. A softer mineral won't scratch a
tougher mineral, but a harder mineral won't be scratched by
a softer tone.

MOHS HADRNESS SCALE

STREAK
Simply said, streak is a mineral powder's hue. When minerals
are powdered, they often take on a distinct hue than when
they are in crystal or massive form.

CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE

The configuration of a mineral's atoms and the strength of the
chemical bonds keeping them together control how the
material fractures. Where there are no atoms and relatively
weak chemical bonds, breakage happens.

When a mineral cleaves, it usually does so along parallel, flat

surfaces known as cleavage planes. If a mineral breaks along
random, uneven surfaces, it fractures.

The amount of cleavage orientations and the angles between

them play a key role in mineral identification as they indicate
the underlying atomic architecture that helps describe each
mineral.
• One Cleavage Direction
• Two Cleavage Direction
• Three Cleavage Direction
• Four Cleavage Direction
• Six Cleavage Direction

CRYSTAL FORM
The crystallinity of a mineral solid's crystalline structure is one
of its distinguishing features. This characteristic denotes a