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Mock Test 7.2 | Academic Reading

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

A.    Coral reefs are found in shallow waters throughout the tropical world, and dominate the coastlines of many
countries in the South Pacific, Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. It has been estimated that over half a billion
people live within 100km of coral reef, with over 200 million living near reefs in South-east Asia and nearly 100
million living near reefs in the Indian Ocean (Bryant et al, 1998). [Crack IELTS with Rob
(https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy8jax6S4TR-WqvD5roQ3yw)] While these figures are often quoted in the
literature, it is known exactly how many people depend on reefs, or what their level of dependence is. We do know,
however, that there is a wide diversity of stakeholders.

B.  National and international interest in coral reefs are growing, for example as a focus for research studies by
marine biologists, reefs are also increasingly seen as part of a national heritage, as a dumping ground for waste or a
source of pleasure for tourists. Many of the people who live in adjacent coastal areas are: however, economically
dependent on the reefs. Some of these local inhabitants are able to develop strategies that make full-time, regular
use of the reef and its resources. [Crack IELTS with Rob (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy8jax6S4TR-
WqvD5roQ3yw)] Others can use the reef as a crucial safety net in difficult times. Still, others use the reef as a
resource that they tap into at certain times of the year, when they cannot earn a living from other resources. For
these groups, coral reefs provide a complex range of benefits.

C.  The reefs are formed from the skeletons of minute sea creature, and provide cover for a wide variety of plants
and animals. Raw materials include seasonally stable supplies of food, building materials and medicines. As well as
an immediate resource, these can also act as a medium of exchange, or a source of income and status. In addition,
reefs often give rise to islands that provide habitats for people, and lenses of fresh water for drinking and wave
action, and protect lagoons and other productive areas, such as sea grasses and, mangroves, which, in turn, provide
a reserve of food in all climatic conditions. [Crack IELTS with Rob
(https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy8jax6S4TR-WqvD5roQ3yw)] Furthermore, the physical structure of the reef
dictates that many activities are done communally, and this means that work on the reefs can be socially unifying.

D.   Reefs offer multiple opportunities for direct exploitation by people with many different skills, as well as access to
a wide range of different markets, including high-value export outlets. The structural- and species diversity of the reef
prohibits largescale, industrial production, and favours small-scale production, thus preserving opportunities for those
with few financial or physical resources. [Crack IELTS with Rob (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy8jax6S4TR-
WqvD5roQ3yw)] Furthermore, the fact that many reef resources are collectively owned means that people who are
displaced from other sectors are able to share in the, especially in times of emergency, although the high degree of
skill required to fully understand the reef limits the uptake of certain activities which require more complex harvesting
strategies.

E.  For poor coastal households, particularly female headed households and vulnerable groups such as the elderly,
shallow coral-reef resources are often their principal source of subsistence and income. Unlike many other types of
fishery, where the excluded from working, coral reefs offer opportunities for women and the elderly, because reef
products can be collected on foot. This has significant benefits in empowering women in the household, and different
reef-based occupations between men and women spread household risk. However, the ability of coral reefs to
continue to provide benefits to the poor is now changing. [Crack IELTS with Rob
(https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy8jax6S4TR-WqvD5roQ3yw)] Throughout the world the capacity of coral reefs
to buffer risks and provide livelihood stability is eroding as a result of the diminishing availability of resources. This
change is driven by a complex web of direct and indirect factors, over which the coastal poor have only a limited
degree of control.

F.   One of the principal factors responsible for declining reef benefits is reef degradation: coral reef ecosystems are
extremely sensitive to change, and easily suffer from disturbance. As coastal areas become ever more populated,
increasing numbers of reef stakeholders compete for access to reef benefits. This situation has led to increasing
pressure on reef resources, typically resulting in over harvesting and reef decline. In addition, lucrative markets for
reef species often drive unsustainable and destructive extraction regimes. The reefs are also degraded by coastal
and inland developments and the pollution these products, as well as by the natural impacts of storms and predator
outbreaks. [Crack IELTS with Rob (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy8jax6S4TR-WqvD5roQ3yw)] However,
perhaps the most significant large-scale cause of reef decline in the longer term is climate change, which threatens
to damage large areas of reef worldwide.

G.    For the poor, these changes have resulted in an increasing reliance on reefs; as larger coastal populations,
widespread development, an increasing global-market forces overwhelm and degrade alternative resources such as
farmland. [Crack IELTS with Rob (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy8jax6S4TR-WqvD5roQ3yw)] However, in
many cases coastal tourism developments, external markets and well-meaning efforts to halt reef decline have
excluded them from access to reef benefits too. In these cases, livehoods have often become criminalised by
legislation, increasing the burden of risk and transaction costs on the poor, who typically have few other alternatives.

english.vus.edu.vn
MỞ
Kỷ Lục HV Nhận Chứng Chỉ
  QUESTIONS 14 - 19

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

Project... Customer...

Apply Now Apply Now

NB     You may use any letter more than once.

14.  how coral reefs offer shelter from the weather  C

15.  population statistics  A

16.  various causes of reef deterioration  F

17.  the location of coral reefs  A

18.  examples of coral-reef products  C

19.  the ease of physical access to reefs  E

 QUESTIONS 20 - 25

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 20-25 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE                   if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE                 if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN         if there is no information on this

20.  Coral reefs are increasingly used for scientific purposes.  TRUE

21.  Some people only farm coral reefs to supplement other sources of income.  TRUE

22.  Foreign tourists are the main purchasers of coral-reef exports.  NOT GIVEN

23.  Coral reefs can support mass-production methods.  FALSE

24.  As with many fisheries, work on coral reefs is unsuitable for some sections
 FALSE
of the population.

25.  Coastal tourism developments have generally benefited the poor.  FALSE

 QUESTION 26

Choose the correct ether, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.

Which is the best title for Reading Passage 2?

What inhabits a coral reef
How to repair a coral reef
 The economic importance of coral reefs 

The ecological sustainability of coral reefs

Please click the red words below for other Sections in this Mock Test:

Mock Test 7 | Academic Reading Passage 1 (https://crackieltswithrob.com/detail-160)

Mock Test 7 | Academic Reading Passage 3 (https://crackieltswithrob.com/detail-162)

Mock Test 7 | Listening Test  (https://crackieltswithrob.com/detail-159)

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