Principles of Communications

ECE 011

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Transverse Electromagnetic wave

Changing electric field, produces a magnetic field
Frequency, Wavelength, Period, Phase

f = c/ 𝜆
f = FREQUENCY
𝜆 = WAVELENGTH
The Optical Spectrum
Three types of light waves are:
Infrared
Visible spectrum
Ultraviolet
Infrared 100 to 0.7 micrometer (μm).
Infrared radiation is produced by any physical equipment that generates heat, including
our bodies.
Infrared is used:
In astronomy, to detect stars and other physical bodies in the universe,
For guidance in weapons systems, where the heat radiated from airplanes or missiles
can be detected and used to guide missiles to targets.
In most new TV remote-control units, where special coded signals are transmitted by an
infrared LED to the TV receiver to change channels, set the volume, and perform other
functions.
In some of the newer wireless LANs and all fiber-optic communication.

Visible Spectrum
(400 to 800 nm)

Portion of the E.M. spectrum that the human eye can see
(R O Y G B I V)

Ultraviolet
4 to 400 nm
Ultraviolet is not used for communication
Causes sun tans & burns
Helps produce vitamin D
Can kill cells (good for cleaning germs, bad for skin)
Allows bees to see pollinated flowers
Dangerous in high doses

Spectrum Management and Standards

The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international

communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District
of Columbia and U.S. territories.
NTC:
1.) To regulate the installation, operation and maintenance of radio stations both for
private and public use.
2.) To regulate and supervise the provision of public telecommunications services.
3.) To manage the radio spectrum.
4.) To regulate and supervise radio and television broadcast stations, cable television
(CATV) and pay television.

International Telecommunications Union

-is a specialized agency of the United Nations. The ITU coordinates the shared global
use of the radio spectrum, promotes international cooperation in assigning
satellite orbits, works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing
world, and assists in the development and coordination of worldwide technical
standards.