CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS

CH-UNITED NATIONS & ITS ORGANISATIONS

Q1. Trace the evolution of the United Nations since its establishment in 1945. How does it
function with the help of its structures and agencies?

Ans. Evolution
1. The United Nations organization was founded in order to stop the conflicts between
states, to prevent the world from facing negative consequences of Second World
War to promote peace, brotherhood and human development.

2. UN was established in 1945 immediately after Second World War with an objective
to prevent international conflicts and to facilitate cooperation among states.

3. Furthermore, since conflicts often arose from lack of social and economic
development, the
4. UN was intended to bring countries together to improve the prospects of social and
economic development all over the world.

5. The UN was formed by 51 founder members and by 2011 the UN had 193 member
states. These included almost all independent states.

Functioning

1. In the UN General Assembly, all members have one vote each. In the UN Security
Council, there are five permanent members. These are-the United States, Russia, the
United Kingdom, France and China. These states were selected as permanent
members as they were the most powerful immediately after the Second World War
and because they constituted the victors in the War.

2. The present Secretary General of the United Nations is António Guterres from
Portugal. He is the ninth Secretary General of the UN (Appointed on 1st January
2017). He was the Prime Minister of Portugal (1995-2002) and the UN High
Commissioner for Refugees (2005-2015).

3. The UN consists of many different structures and agencies. War and peace and
differences between member states are discussed in the General Assembly as well as
the Security Council. Social and economic issues are dealt with by many agencies
including the World Health Organisation (WHO), the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Human Rights Commission (UNHRC), the
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO) , among others.
Q2. What reforms are required in the UN after the Cold War?

Ans. Following reforms are required in the UN after the Cold War:
1. Reform of the organizations structures and processes.
2. A review of the issues that fall within the jurisdiction of the organization.
3. Reforms with regard to structure is the reform with regard to permanent and non –
permanent members in Security Council, it is demanded that members in UNSC
should be increased to reflect realities of contemporary world politics in the
organization.
4. There is proposal to increase the membership from Asia, Africa, South America
5. Apart from this US and other western countries want improvement in UNs budgetary
procedures and its administration.
6. On the issues to be given priority or to be brought within the jurisdiction of the UN,
some countries and experts want the organisation to play greater role in peace and
security mission while others want its work to be confined on humanitarian grounds
like health, education, environment, population control, human rights, gender and
social justice etc.
7. Reforms are required due to certain limitations to the UN i.e. only five members on
permanent basis in the UN Security Council and their veto power, dominance of few
powerful countries etc.

Q3. What are the changes that have been taken since the founding of UN which have
made it necessary to introduce reforms?
OR
State the changes which took place in the world post the end of cold war.

Ans. The changes that have been taken since the founding of UN which have made it
necessary to introduce reforms are as follows:
1. Disintegration of Soviet Union.
2. The establishment of unipolar world. US became the strongest power.
3. The relationship between Russia successor of USSR and US are much more
cooperative.
4. China emerged as great economic power and India too is rapidly growing.
5. The economies of Asia are growing at an unprecedented rate.
6. Many new countries joined UN as they became independent from Soviet Union or
former communist state in Eastern Europe.
7. A whole new set of challenges confronts the world (Genocide, civil war, ethnic
conflict, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, climate change, environmental
degradation, epidemics).

Q4. Discuss the resolution adopted by General Assembly in 1992 over the reform of the
UN Security Council?

OR

Describe the three main complaints related to UN Security Council which were reflected in
the resolution passed by the UN general assembly in 1992
 OR

Describe the three new criteria that have been proposed for new permanent members of
UNSC.

Ans. In 1992, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution, which reflected three main
complaints:

a. The UN Security Council no longer represents contemporary political realities.

b. Its decisions reflect only western values and interests and are dominated by a few
powers.
c. It lacks equitable representation.

In view of growing demands for the restructuring of the UN, On 1 January 1997, the UN
Secretary –General Kofi Annan initiated an enquiry into how UN should be reformed.
Reforms were proposed as criteria for new permanent and non-permanent members of
UNSC as per given guidelines suggested after 1997, should be-:

a. A major economic power

b. A major military power.

c. A substantial contributor to the UN budget.

d. A big nation in terms of its populations.

e. A nation that respects democracy and human rights

f. A country that would make the Council more representative of the world’s diversity in
terms of geography, economic system, and culture.

Q5. List the problems associated with the suggestion or criteria kept to increase the
members in Security Council.

Ans. Although certain criteria’s have been mentioned but the criteria are been questioned:

a. A country should be major economic & military power but the question arises that how
big the military and economic power a country should be.

b. What level of budget contribution would enable to state to buy its way into the council.

c. A large population has been kept as criteria but is large population in asset or liability.

d. If respect for human rights was the criteria then many countries would stand in line to be
member but will they make effective council members.

e. If India is included, some emerging powers (Brazil, Germany, Japan, and South Africa) will
also be accommodated.
f. France and the US advocate that Africa and South America must be represented for they
do not have any representation in the present structure to have equitable representation in
Security Council.

Q6. Describe the composition of the UN Security Council. What is the major difference in
the privileges given to the permanent members and the non – permanent members of the
Security Council?

Ans. Composition of the UN Security Council:

1. United Nation Security Council is the most important organ of United Nations; it has five
permanent members and 10 non- permanent members. The five permanent members of
UNSC are USA, Britain, France, Russia and China. These countries were selected as they
were the most powerful immediately after Second World War. The 10 non-permanent
members are selected by General Assembly for the duration of 2 years.

2. UNSCs main functions are to establish peace in the world, to resolve conflicts and
propose solutions and use its power against any country. It elects judges of international
court of justice with the help of general assembly.

3. It holds a special privilege and power called “Veto Power”. All members have one veto.
However, the permanent members can vote in negative manner so that even if all other
non- permanent members vote for a particular decision, any permanent members’ negative
vote can stall the decision. This negative vote is called veto.

Difference in the privileges -:

1.Main differences are that permanent members are intact they are not be removed or
replaced where non- permanent members have the duration of 2 years at a time and give
way for newly elected members after average duration of 2 years . They cannot be re-
elected immediately after completing the term of 2 years.

2. Another difference is that the permanent members hold a special privilege and power
called “Veto Power”. All members have one veto. However, the permanent members can
vote in negative manner so that even if all other non- permanent members vote for a
particular decision, any permanent members’ negative vote can stall the decision.

Q7. What steps should be taken to make the UN more relevant in the changing context?

OR

Suggest any six steps since 2005 to make the United Nations more relevant in the
changing context?

OR
List any six steps which should be taken to make the United Nations more relevant in the
changing context as decided by the heads of all member states in September 2005.

Ans. In September 2005, the UN celebrated its 60th anniversary and leaders decided to
make it more relevant in the changing context by following steps:

a. Creation of Peace Building Commission.

b. Acceptance of responsibility of international community in case of failures of national

governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities.

c. Establishment of Human Rights Council (Operational since 19th June 2006)

d. Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.

e. An agreement to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Poverty, Shelter,

Environment, Sustainable Development, Hunger, Food supply are part of Millennium
Development Goals. They were given importance at 60th anniversary of UN in 2005.

f. Creation of democracy Fund

g. An agreement to wind up trusteeship council.

Q8. Examine the role played by India in the implementation of UN policies and
Programmes.

Ans. The role played by India in the implementation of UN policies and programmes are as
follows:

1. India believes that a strengthened and revitalized UN is desirable in the changing

world.
2. India also supports an enhanced role for the UN in promoting development and
cooperation among states.
3. India believes that the development should be central to the UN’s agenda as it is a
vital precondition for the maintenance of international peace and security.
4. India debates more representation in Security Council may enjoy greater support in
world community.
5. India has major concern about restructuring of UN Security Council.
6. India supports the increase in permanent and non- permanent members in Security
Council.

Q9. What makes India’s claim stronger to become sixth permanent member of Security
Council?

OR
Highlight any four factors which justify India’s claim to a permanent seat in UN Security
Council.

OR

Examine the role played by India in implementation of UN policies and programmes.

Ans. Since India is rapidly growing economy, India stands a good chance to hold the sixth
permanent seat in Security Council. Below given arguments can justify India’s claim

a. India is the second most populous country in the world comprising almost one – fifth of
the world population.

b. India is also world’s largest democracy.

c. India has participated in virtually all of the initiatives of the UN.

d. India’s efforts in US peace keeping operations are substantial and important.

e. India’s economic emergence in world stage is major factor which makes India claim in
UNSC much stronger.

f. India has made regular contribution in UN peace keeping operations and initiatives and
has never faltered on its payment.

Q10. List the obstacles or concerns which stand in India’s path to seek permanent
membership in UNSC.

Ans. The obstacles or concerns which stand in India’s path to seek permanent
membership in UNSC are as follows:

1. Neighbouring Pakistan, with which India has troubled relations, is not the only
country that is reluctant to see India become permanent veto member of Security
Council.

2. Some countries for instance are concerned about India’s nuclear weapon
capabilities; they feel being nuclear power India might not misuse its nuclear energy
in wrong manner.

3. Some feel that India having its troublesome relation with Pakistan will not let it
become effective member.

4. Yet other feel that if India is included then other emerging powers will have to be
accommodated like Brazil, Germany, Japan, S. Africa.

5. Some feel that Africa and S. America should be given importance since UNSC does
not have any permanent member from these continents.
Q11. Can the UN serve as a balance against the US dominance?

Ans. 1. No, the UN cannot serve against the US dominance in a comfort zone because:

a. After the disintegration of USSR, US have been the only superpower after 1991 and may
ignore international organizations economically and militarily.

b. Secondly within the UN the influence of US is considerable, as the single largest

contributor to the UN the US has unmatched financial power.

c. The fact that UN is officially based at USA gives Washington additional power and
influence on UN.

d. The US also has many nationals in UN bureaucracy.

e. Its veto power can stop any move damaging its interests or the interest of its allies and
friends.

f. The US enjoys a considerable degree of say in the selection of the UN Secretary General.

2. Besides the above mentioned grounds, the UN is playing an effective role to argument
against the US attitudes and policies , although US keeps surpassing UN instructions and
even give frequent criticism they too feel that UN is playing important role in bringing 190
nations together and solving all military , economic and social conflicts.

3. UN can and has served to bring the US and rest of the world into discussions over various
issues.

4. US leaders, in spite of their frequent criticism of the UN, do see the organization as
serving a purpose in bringing together over 190 nations in dealing with conflict and social
and economic development.

5. As for rest of the world, the UN provides an arena in which it is possible to modify US
attitudes and policy.

6. While the rest of the world is rarely united against Washington ad while it is virtually
impossible to balance US power,the UN does provide a space within which arguments
against specific US attitude

7. The UN is imperfect body but without it world will be worse off.

8. Given the growing connections and links between societies and issues – what we often
call interdependence-it is hard to imagine how more than seven billion people will survive
together.

9. Technology interdependence has promised to increase planetary interdependence and

therefore the importance of UN will only increase.
Q12. Describe the six principle organs of the United Nations.

Ans. The six principal organs of United Nations are General Assembly, Security Council,
Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International court of justice, Secretariat.

1. General Assembly: All the UN member states are involved in the General Assembly.
Usually only one conference is held for the General Assembly. By 2011, the UN had almost
193 member states these included almost all independent states. In the UN general
assembly all members have one vote each; the session for the general assembly is
conducted by General Secretary who is considered to be the most important UN
functionary. The main function of General Assembly are to propose and effective solutions
to the problems related to peace and safety, to pass UN budget and to elect members of
other organs of UN.

2. Security Council: The most important of them is United Nation Security Council; it has five
permanent members and 10 non- permanent members. The five permanent members of
UNSC are USA, Britain, France, Russia and China. These countries were selected as they
were the most powerful immediately after Second World War. The 10 non- permanent
members are selected by General Assembly for the duration of 2 years.

i. Main functions are to establish peace in the world, to resolve conflicts and propose
solutions and use its power against any country. It elects judges of international court of
justice with the help of general assembly.

ii. It holds a special privilege and power of negative vote called “Veto Power”. All members
have one veto. However, the permanent members can vote in negative manner so that
even if all other non- permanent members vote for a particular decision, any permanent
members’ negative vote can stall the decision.

3. Economic and Social Council: The members to this council are elected by the members of
General assembly. Member states have tenure of 3 years- 54 seats based on geographical
representation. The country can be chosen again as the member of Economic and Social
council once it completes its tenure of 3years. It takes measures related to economic, social,
and cultural, health and cure and to organize international summits.

4. Trusteeship Council: The countries which are kept under control and care of other UN
member countries are taken cared by this council. Since all the countries are decolonized
and are capable enough to maintain their systems there is no further significance of this
council. It was suspended on 1st November 1994.
5. International Court of Justice: There are total 15 judges chosen by the members of
General Assembly and Security Council. Tenure of judges is 9 years. Members and non –
members take their cases to ICJ. The headquarter is in Hague.

6. Secretariat: This is the UN head office, headed by Secretary General who is appointed by
General assembly on the recommendations of Security Council for a five year renewable
term. Its role is to control and supervise different organs of UN spread across the world. Its
role is to maintain record of all the action conducted under the umbrella of UNO.

Q13. Why do we need international organizations?

OR

What is the significance of international organizations?

Ans. We need international organizations because:

1. International organizations are not the answer to everything but they are important.
international organizations help with the matter of war and peace and they help countries
to cooperate in order to make better living conditions.

2. International organization help countries to deal with differences and antagonism and
discuss contentious issues and find peaceful solutions instead getting them escalated to
war.

3. International organization also help in dealing with issues which cannot be dealt or
solved by one country. It helps in pulling and binding of all the member countries in solving
such global issues for example – spread of diseases, epidemic, natural disaster, inoculating
or vaccination etc.

4. International organizations provide the mechanism on how countries can cooperate with
each other to solve common issues and threats, at times countries do conclude on common
understanding but are not able to resolve the conflict. IO create path to solve such issues.

5. International Organization is required to bind more than 190 countries of the world and
have networking between the World. With the existence of international organization we
have been able to solve and can think of solving some global issues like terrorism, global
warming etc.

Q14. State the objectives of the UN.

Ans. The two objectives of the UN are as follows:

1. To maintain international peace and security.

2. To facilitate cooperation among member countries by avoiding conflicts and war.
3. To develop friendly relations among nations.
 4. To promote social progress.
5. To maintain better living standards and human rights.

Q15. Mention the agencies of the United Nations.

Ans. The agencies of the United Nations are as follows:

1. IMF - International Monetary Fund

2. WHO - World Health Organization.
3. UNESCO - United Nation Education Scientific and Cultural Organization
4. ILO – International Labour Organisation
5. FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization
6. World Bank
7. WTO- World Trade Organisation
8. IAEA- International Atomic Energy Agency
9. Amnesty International
10. UNICEF- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
11. Human Rights Watch

Q16. . When was World Bank established? Describe any four functions of World Bank.

Ans. The World Bank was created immediately after the Second World War in 1945. Its
activities are focused on the developing countries.

Functions:

1. It works for human development (especially education and health)

2. It works for agriculture and rural development (irrigation, rural services)
3. It works for environment protection (pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing
regulations).
4. It works for good governance (anti-corruption, development, of legal institutions)
5. It provides loans and grants to the member countries for development project.

Q17. What is the full form of WTO? When was it set up and how does it function?

Ans. WTO stands for World Trade Organization. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an
international organisation which sets the rules for global trade. This organisation was set up
in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) created
after the Second World War. It has 157 members (as on 1 September 2012).

Functions:

All decisions are taken unanimously but the major economic powers such as the US, EU and
Japan have managed to use the WTO to frame rules of trade to advance their own interests.
The developing countries often complain of non-transparent procedures and being pushed
around by big powers.

Q18. When was IAEA established? Write its main functions.

Ans. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established in 1957. It came into
being to implement US President Dwight Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” proposal.

Functions:

1. It seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to prevent its use for
military purposes.
2. IAEA teams regularly inspect nuclear facilities all over the world to ensure that
civilian IAEA reactors are not being used for military purposes.

Q19. What is Amnesty International?

Ans. Amnesty International is an NGO that campaigns for the protection of human rights all
over the world. It promotes respect for all the human rights in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights. It believes that human rights are interdependent and indivisible. It prepares
and publishes reports on human rights. Governments are not always happy with these
reports since a major focus of Amnesty is the misconduct of government authorities.
Nevertheless, these reports play an important role in research and advocacy on human
rights.

Q20. What is Human Rights Watch? State any two objectives of Human Rights Watch.

Ans. Human Rights Watch is another international NGO involved in research and advocacy
on human rights. It is the largest international human rights organisation in the US.

Objectives:

1. To draw global media’s attention to human rights abuses.

2. To help in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban land-mines, to
stop the use of child soldier, and to establish international criminal court.

Q21. When was UNESCO established? Describe it main objectives.

Ans. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was
established on 4 November 1946. With its headquarter in Paris, France.

1. UNESCO is a special body of the United Nations whose main objective is to promote
education, natural science, society and anthropology, culture and communication.
2. During past several years, the special work done by UNESCO has been to promote
literacy, technical and educational training and independent media etc. all across its
member nations.
Q22. When was UNICEF established? What are the functions of UNICEF?

Ans. The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was established
in 1946 by the United Nations General Assembly as a body whose main task was to collect
emergency funds for children and to help in their development work all across the world.
Apart from this, UNICEF helps and encourages the works that promote children's health and
better life in all parts of the world. With its’ headquarter in New York, United States, UNICEF
has been working successfully in almost all 193 countries of the world.

Q23. When was ILO founded? What are the main objectives of ILO?

Ans. The International Labour Organization (ILO), founded in October 1919 with its
headquarter in Geneva, Switzerland, is a body of the United Nations which aims to promote
efficient conditions of social justice and work for workers through international labour
standards at the global level. In addition, there is an incentive for women and male workers
to engage in productive work and to create safety, parity and self-respectful conditions for
them at the workplace.

BACK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

Q1. What are the functions of Security Council?

Ans. Its main function is to maintain peace and security in the world and the other functions
are as follows:
1. The Security Council recommends methods to adjust disputes among nations.
2. Security Council can take military action if required.
3. Security Council elects the judges of International Court of Justice and appoints the
Secretary General by recommending to the General Assembly.
4. Security Council can apply economic sanction also to stop any aggression.
5. The Security Council can investigate the disputes in case a friction arises.

6.To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to
recommend what action should be taken.

Q2. As a citizen of India, how would you support India’s candidature for the permanent
membership of Security Council? Justify your proposal.

Ans. As a citizen of India, we may support India’s candidature for the permanent
membership of Security Council in the following manner:
1. India is the most populous country in the world with one-fifth of world population.
2. India is world’s largest democracy.
3. India’s economic emergence on the World Stage.
4. India is a regular financial contributor to the UN.
5. India signifies a growing importance in world affairs in conduct of its foreign policy.
6. India participated in all the initiatives of the UN.
Q3. Critically evaluate the difficulties involved in implementing the suggested reforms to
reconstruct the UN.

Ans. The following are the question marks in implementing the suggested reforms to
reconstruct the UN:
1. How big an economic and military power may qualify to become UNSC membership?
2. What level of budget contribution should be enabled?
3. No guarantee to be effective as Council Member in respect for democracy and human
rights.
4. Why should the issue of equitable representation decided by geography? Why not by
levels of economic development?
5. Why not to give more seats to members of developing world?
All the above mentioned criteria which were adopted bud not universally accepted. Hence,
the difficulties were involved.

Q4. Though the UN has failed in preventing wars and related miseries, nations prefer its
continuation. What makes the UN an indispensable organisation?

Ans.1. Interdependence and globalisation is not possible without the international

organisations such as the UN.
2. To enforce cooperation on the issues of poverty, unemployment, environmental
degradation, crime rate etc.
3. To provide financial assistance to developing countries to stabilise economy all over the
world,, the UN and its specialised agencies are always required.
4. The UN works as a forum to solve any international dispute among nations and sort out
the best possible way.
5. Hence, though the UN has failed in preventing related wars and miseries, despite the
nations require its continuation due to above mentioned reasons to promote international
peace and understanding.

Q5. “Reforming the UN means restructuring of the Security Council”. Do you agree with
this statement? Give arguments for or against this position.

Ans. Yes, we agree with the statement because Security Council plays a crucial role in
functioning of the UN. In today’s scenario power equations have been changed with the
disintegration of USSR and many new countries are entering into the UN:
1. The UN charter has given a privileged position to permanent members to bring stability
all over the world. This position remains the same and no one is allowed to enter.
2. Except permanent members enjoy veto power to be placed in a valuable position.
3. Permanent members category is from industrialised developed country which should be
balanced by enhancing representation from developing countries to become either
permanent or non-permanent members.
4. Hence, Security Council should reform and improve its working to make the UN more
effective i.e., inclusion of member states should be judged on the basis of contribution to
peace keeping initiatives.

TIME LINE

CARTOON BASED QUESTIONS

Q1. Study the cartoon and answer the following questions:

 1. What does the cartoon represent?

Ans. A humanitarian crisis in Dafur , Sudan.

2. What type of crisis does the cartoon show?

Ans. Starvation, genocide, horror

3. What message does the cartoon convey?

Ans. ‘A big helping words’ only because during these crises , the international
organisations performed debates, speeches on these but no actual aid or support was
reached to peoples.

4. How do you think the UN can intervene in situations like this?

Ans. The UN can intervene in such situations through its various agencies such as World
Health Organisations, World Food Programme which are under the control of the
General Assembly.

5. Would that require a change in its Jurisdiction?

Ans. There is a need for a change in its jurisdiction because these situations fall under
the Jurisdiction of the General Assembly. The decision of the General Assembly are not
binding on UN members. So they do not follow them. Thus, there should be a change
and the decisions of the General Assembly should be made binding on its members. This
will enable the General Assembly to intervene in such situation in an effective manner.

Q2. Study the cartoon and answer the following questions:

1. What does the cartoon represent?

Ans. It represents the role of the UN on attack on Lebanan by Israeli forces. During June
2006, Israel attacked Lebanon, saying that it was necessary to control the militant group
 called Hezbollah. The UN Secretary General was Kofi Annan .It shows the inefficiency of
the UN as immediate follow up and did not take place even after resolution of UN. Large
numbers of civilians were killed and many public buildings and even residential areas
came under Israeli bombardment. The UN passed a resolution on this only in August and
the Israel army withdrew from the region only in October.

2. Who is the person being commented in the cartoon?

Ans. The UN Secretary General

3. What message does the cartoon convey?

Ans. It conveys message on relevance of the UN as immediate follow-up was not there
by Israeli forces despite passing a resolution from the UN.

Q3. Study the cartoon and answer the following questions:

1. What does this cartoon represent?

Ans. This cartoon represents the use of military power to control the World.

2. What is the person standing in the picture representing?

Ans. America

3. What is the picture showing?

Ans. If the countries of the World refuse to accept the decision of the United Nations
then they will be forced to accept the matter by war.

4. Which country has a special influence on the United Nations?

Ans. America

5. How does the United Nations get its matter agreed by its member countries?
 Ans. The United Nations get its matter agreed by its member countries are as follows:

a. By converastion
b. By the aid of the armies of the member countries.
c. By War

MAP BASED QUESTIONS

Q1. Study the map given below and answer the questions that follows:

1. Should the UN increase its peacekeeping activities?

Ans. The UN should increase its peacekeeping forces because still many countries in
Asia, Africa and Latin America are developing countries. Democratic Governments have
not been only successful there. These countries are still the problems of ethnic
conflict,poverty,unemployment and development.

2. Which is the continent where peacekeeping missions were sent maximum number
of times?

Ans. African continent

3. In which parts of the World you would like to see the UN peacekeeping forces?

Ans. There should be peacekeeping mission in Asia, Africa and South America.
Q2. On the political map of the World, locate and label the following:

1. Five permanent members of UN Security Council.

Ans. France, Russia, UK, US and China

2. Locate and label peace keeping operations.

Ans. Cyprus 1964, Lebanon 1978, Israel 1974, Sudan2005, East Timor 2006 and so on.