Animal/Human Tissues

Generalizations: Structures, Functions,

and Organ Locations
Tissues
• Groups of cells with common
structure and function

• Classified as:
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Nervous
4. Muscular
Epithelial Tissues
• Different forms, different functions

• Classified according to cell shapes and layers:

1. Simple epithelium
a. Simple squamous
b. Simple cuboidal
c. Simple columnar
d. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
2. Stratified epithelium
a. Stratified squamous
b. Stratified cuboidal
c. Stratified columnar
d. Transitional
Simple squamous epithelium
• Locations: capillary walls, alveoli of the lungs,
kidney glomeruli, lining body cavities
• Functions: diffusion and filtration

squamous epithelium of squamous epithelium (view

lining of the alveoli from the top)
Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Locations: lining kidney tubules, salivary ducts,
pancreatic ducts, surface of the ovary
• Functions: secretion, excretion and absorption

simple cuboidal epithelium

of kidney tubules
Simple columnar epithelium
• Locations: lining most of the digestive tract, gall
bladder and excretory ducts of some glands
• Functions: protection, secretion and absorption

simple columnar epithelium of

the small intestines
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

• Locations: nasal septum, trachea and bronchi,

uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus
• Functions: propel and trap pollutants and
reproductive cells by ciliary action
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

• Locations: nasal septum, trachea and bronchi,

uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus
• Functions: propel and trap pollutants and
reproductive cells by ciliary action
Stratified squamous epithelium
• Locations: lines the esophagus, mouth and
vagina; keratinized variety lines the surface of the
skin
• Function: protection of such areas from abrasion

non-keratinized keratinized
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
• Location: eg. duct of a sweat gland (an exocrine
gland)
Stratified columnar epithelium
• Location: eg. ducts of some other exocrine
glands – salivary and mammary glands; male
urethra, and conjunctiva of the eyes
Transitional epithelium
• Locations: ureter, urinary bladder
• Function: distention

balloon-shaped cells transitioning epithelia (from

cuboidal cells to balloon-
shaped cells)
Connective Tissues
• Bind and support other tissues
• Distributed throughout an extracellular matrix
• Types (according to fiber arrangement)
1. Loose or areolar connective tissue
2. Reticular connective tissue
2. Dense fibrous connective tissue
a. Collagenous – reg./irreg.
b. Elastic – reg./irreg.
3. Adipose tissue/fat tissue
4. Cartilage
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
5. Bone tissue/osseous tissue
6. Vascular tissue/blood
Areolar connective tissue
• Contains numerous fibroblasts that produce
collagenous and elastic fibers in abundant matrix
• Location: widely distributed under the epithelia
• Function: wraps and cushions organs
Reticular connective tissue
• has a branched and mesh-like
pattern, often called reticulum, due
to the arrangement of reticular
fibers (reticulin)
• Location: red bone marrow, spleen,
and lymph node stromal cells
• Function: to form a stroma and
provide structural support, such as
that in the lymphoid organs

*stromal cells - differentiating

cells found in abundance
within bone marrow but can
also be seen all around the
body)
Dense fibrous connective tissue
• Densely packed fibers in intercellular spaces; fewer
fibroblasts

dense regular collagenous dense irregular collagenous

connective tissue connective tissue
Dense fibrous connective tissue
• Densely packed fibers in intercellular spaces; fewer
fibroblasts

dense regular elastic dense irregular elastic

connective tissue connective tissue
Adipose tissue
• Large cells that store lipids; large fat droplets push the
nuclei to the plasma membrane
• Locations: around kidneys, under skin, in bones, within
abdomen and breasts
• Function: provide reserve fuel in the form of lipids,
insulate against heat loss, support and protect organs
Cartilage
• Hard yet flexible,
supporting certain
locations such as the
nose, ears, the rings
that reinforce the
windpipe, the discs that
cushion between our
vertebrae and the caps
of some bones
• Chondrocytes in
chondrin matrix
• Types:
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
• Cells are contained in lacunae surrounded by
intercellular material containing fine collagenous fibers
• Locations: embryonic skeleton; caps of long bones;
cartilage of nose, trachea and larynx
• Functions: support and reinforcement
Elastic cartilage
• Contains fine collagenous fibers and many elastic
fibers in its intercellular material
• Locations: external ear and epiglottis
• Function: maintain a structure’s shape while allowing
great flexibility
Fibrocartilage
• Contains many large, collagenous fibers in its
intercellular material; chondrocytes in isogenous
groups align with collagen fibers in between
• Locations: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, disks
of knee joint
• Function: absorb compression shock
Bone tissue
• Osteocytes lie within cavities called lacunae connected
to one another by canals called canaliculi in a calcified
matrix
• Bone matrix is deposited in concentric layers around
Haversian canals
• Functions: support, protect, provide lever system for
the muscles, store calcium, form blood cells
Vascular tissue
• Fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the
body
• Brings nutrients and oxygen to tissues, removes waste
products, transports a large number of products
including hormones and immunogenic agents, and
maintains homeostasis
• Types:
1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
2. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells)
3. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Red blood cells
• Biconcave disks; no nucleus (in man and all
mammals), with nucleus (in fishes, amphibians,
reptilians and birds); rich in hemoglobin
• Responsible for providing oxygen to tissues and partly
for recovering carbon dioxide produced as waste.
White blood cells
• Fight infections through phagocytosis
• Types:
1. Granulocytes

a. Neutrophils

b. Eosinophils

c. Basophils

2. Agranulocytes

a. Lymphocytes

b. Monocytes
Platelets
• Function in blood clotting
Muscular tissue
Muscular tissue
1. Skeletal muscles
Muscular tissue
2. Cardiac muscle
Muscular tissue
3. Smooth muscle
Nervous Tissue
• Types of cells:
1. Neurons – conduct impulses
Nervous tissue
• Types of cells:
2. Neuroglia/glial cells – protection, support
and nourishment; form sheaths, help protect,
nourish and maintain other cells

astrocytes microglia
Nervous tissue
• Types of cells:
2. Neuroglia/glial cells – protection, support
and nourishment; form sheaths, help protect,
nourish and maintain other cells

oligodendrocytes
Nervous tissue
• Types of cells:
2. Neuroglia/glial cells – protection, support
and nourishment; form sheaths, help protect,
nourish and maintain other cells

satellite cells