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PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARDS

JOPERSON G PABLO, RCRIM., REB, REA
ETHICS HUMAN ACTS VS ACTS OF MAN
⚫ derived from an Ancient Greek word, ethikos, which means “relating to one’s character” HUMAN ACTS ACTS OF MAN
⚫ Ethikos is itself derived from another Greek word, the noun ethos meaning “character, disposition” actions performed by man, knowingly and freely actions which happen in man
⚫ came from the Latin word “ethos” means customary, behavior, moral. The two words Latin ethicus and Greek deliberate or intentional actions or voluntary instinctive and are not within the control of the will
ethikos have the same meaning which is customary. actions are the result of conscious knowledge and are biological and physiological movements in man such
subject to the control of the will as, metabolism, respiration, fear, anger, love, and
ETHICS OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY – a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and jealousy
recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.
PHILOSOPHY – the quality of human acts by which they are constituted as good, bad, or indifferent.
3 MAJOR AREAS OF STUDY WITHIN ETHICS
⚫ META-ETHICS – concerning the theoretical meaning and reference of moral propositions, and how their truth CLASSIFICATIONS OF ACTIONS ACCORDING TO THE NORMS OF MORALITY
values can be determined. ⚫ MORAL (GOOD) ACTIONS – are those actions which are in conformity with the norm of morality.
⚫ NORMATIVE ETHICS – concerning the practical means of determining a moral course of action. ⚫ IMMORAL (BAD) ACTIONS – are those actions which are not in conformity with the norm of morality.
⚫ APPLIED ETHICS – concerning what a person is obligated to do in a specific situation or a particular domain ⚫ AMORAL (INDIFFERENT) ACTIONS – are those actions which stand neutral in relation to the norm of morality.
of action.
VOLUNTARINESS
PHILOSOPHY ⚫ came from the Latin word “voluntas”, referring to the will.
⚫ derived from 2 Greek words. ⚫ essential to an act
⚫ PHILO means love; SOPHY means wisdom ⚫ Without it, an act is a mere act of man.
⚫ sa madaling sabi, philosophy then means LOVE OF WISDOM.
THE MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS
4 MAIN BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
⚫ IGNORANCE – absence of knowledge which a person ought to possess.
⚫ METAPHYSICS – considers the physical universe and the nature of ultimate reality.
Classification of Ignorance
⚫ EPISTEMOLOGY – considers how people come to learn what they know; the nature and origin of knowledge
1. Vincible Ignorance – can easily be reminded through ordinary diligence and reasonable efforts
and truth.
2. Invincible Ignorance – a person possesses without being aware of it, or having awareness of it, lacks the
⚫ AXIOLOGY – considers the study of principles and values.
means to rectify it.
⚫ LOGIC – seeks to organize reasoning.
⚫ PASSIONS – tendencies towards desirable objects, or tendencies away from undesirable or harmful things.
ETHICS AND LAW Classification of Passions
Customary ethics rather than laws have been the prime source of social conformity. For instance: 1. Positive Emotions – love, desire, delight, hope, and bravery.
⚫ The Code of Hammurabi 2. Negative Emotions – hatred, horror, sadness, despair, fear, and anger.
⚫ Plato in his Republic put little emphasis on laws per se and more on development of a polis. ⚫ FEAR – disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an impending danger or harm to himself or
⚫ The Common Law loved ones.
⚫ The practice of chivalry ⚫ VIOLENCE – any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling said
⚫ The high level of social order among traditional Islamic societies. person to act against will.
⚫ HABITS – a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain manner.

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RIGHT ◼ NON-FORMAL JUSTICE – treating persons in accordance with their rights, where the question of what a
⚫ OBJECTIVELY: it is anything which is owed or due. person’s right are.
⚫ SUBJECTIVELY: that is, as residing in a person, right is a moral power, bound to be respected by others, of ◼ BRAVERY – the quality or state of having or showing mental or moral strength to face danger, fear, or
doing, possessing, or requiring something. difficulty: courageous behavior or character.

KINDS OF RIGHTS PERSONAL VALUES – implicitly related to choice; they guide decisions by allowing for an individual’s choices to be
⚫ Natural rights compared to each choice’s associated values.
⚫ Human rights
⚫ Civil rights TYPES OF VALUES
⚫ Ecclesiastical/religious rights ⚫ ETHICAL/MORAL VALUES – a person who knows the difference between right and wrong and chooses right
⚫ Alienable and inalienable rights is moral.
⚫ Right of jurisdiction ⚫ DOCTRINAL/IDEOLOGICAL VALUES
⚫ Right of property ◼ doctrine, from Latin doctrina, meaning “teaching”, instruction or doctrine.
⚫ Juridical right ◼ a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions.
⚫ Non-juridical right (moral right) ◼ ideological – describes political, cultural, or religious beliefs.
⚫ SOCIAL VALUES – set of moral principles defined by society dynamics, institutions, traditions and cultural
DUTY beliefs.
⚫ OBJECTIVELY: it is anything we are obliged to do or to omit. ⚫ AESTHETIC VALUES – the value that an object, event or state of affairs possess in virtue of its capacity to
⚫ SUBJECTIVELY: it is a moral obligation incumbent upon a person of doing, omitting, or avoiding something. elicit pleasure or displeasure when appreciated or experienced aesthetically.

KINDS OF DUTIES KINDS OF VALUES

⚫ NATURAL DUTIES – those imposed by natural law such as, the duty to care for our health.
⚫ POSITIVE DUTIES – those imposed by a human positive law such as the duty to pay taxes and observe traffic
rules.
⚫ AFFIRMATIVE DUTIES – those which require the performance of a certain act, such as casting a ballot during
election; applying for a business license.
⚫ NEGATIVE DUTIES – those which require the omission of a certain act such as not carrying illegal firearms, or
not destroying the property of another.
DUTY
⚫ the term given to those ideas, behaviors, and actions that are important to us. Values are those things worth
fighting for and those things worth sacrificing for.
⚫ came from Latin word “valere”, meaning “to be strong or to be worth”
◼ INTEGRITY – the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness.
◼ HONESTY – when you speak the truth and act truthfully.
◼ HARDWORK – a great deal of effort or endurance.
◼ KINDNESS – the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate.
◼ COMPASSION – sympathetic, pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortune of others.
◼ EMPATHY – ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
◼ SYMPATHY – a shared feeling, usually of sorrow, pity or compassion for another person.
◼ JUSTICE – the morally fair and right state of everything.
◼ FORMAL JUSTICE – the impartial, consistent and strict application of established rules or law.
⚫ BIOLOGICAL VALUES – necessary to the physical survival of man as an organism. (life and health, food and
shelter, work)
⚫ SOCIAL VALUES – necessary to the sensual needs and fulfillment (leisure and sex, marriage, family and home,
parental authority, education)
⚫ RATIONAL VALUES – necessary to the functions and fulfillment of intellect and will. (understanding and control
of nature, guide and control of oneself, solidarity, parental authority with fellowmen, religion)
MORAL VALUES
⚫ those that directly pertain to the function of intellect and will.
⚫ those choices, decisions, and actions, by which man’s national faculties are involved and perfected.
VIRTUE
⚫ The ancient Romans used the Latin word virtus (derived from vir, their word for man) to refer to all of the
“excellent qualities of men, including physical strength, valorous conduct and moral rectitude.”
⚫ moral excellence
⚫ a trait or quality that is deemed to be morally good and thus is valued as a foundation of principle and good
moral being.

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4 MORAL VIRTUES ACCORDING TO SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY Benefits of Knowing God

1. PRUDENCE – treats how you handle yourself. ⚫ Eternal life/Quality of life
2. JUSTICE – treats your interactions with other people. ⚫ Proper Evaluation of Humanity
3. FORTITUDE/COURAGE – treats your aversion. ⚫ Knowing God Reveals Our Sin
4. TEMPERANCE/ MODERATION – treats your desire. ⚫ Knowing God Helps Us Give Value to Humanity
PRUDENCE – characterized by being careful about one’s choices, not taking undue risks, and not saying or doing ⚫ Proper Evaluation of Morality
things that might later be regretted. ⚫ Not knowing God Leads to Approval of Sin
⚫ Peace and Security
JUSTICE – the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, fairness or equity,
⚫ Increased Wisdom
along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics.
⚫ Multiplication of Blessings
Variation of Justice
⚫ Multiplied Grace
• Utilitarianism – a form of consequentialism, where punishment is forward-looking.
⚫ Multiplied Peace
• Retributive Justice – regulates proportionate response to crime proven by lawful evidence, so that ⚫ Multiplied Power
punishment is justly imposed and considered as morally correct and fully deserved. ⚫ A worthy and Pleasing life
• Restorative Justice – this approach frequently brings an offender and a victim together, so that the offender ⚫ Fruitfulness
can better understand the effect his/her offense had on the victim. ⚫ Endurance, Patience, Joy, and Thanksgiving
• Distributive Justice – directed at the proper allocation of things- wealth, power, reward, respect- among
different people. CODE OF ETHICS – a moral standard that the company expects employees to follow; Sometimes it is referred to
• Oppressive Law – exercises an authoritarian approach to legislation that is totally unrelated to justice, a as a Value Statement, it behaves like the Constitution with general principles to guide behavior.
tyrannical interpretation of law is one in which the population lives under restriction from unlawful legislation.
FORTITUDE – enables a person to stand firm against and endure the hardships of life, to restrain fear, or to CODE OF CONDUCT – applies the Code of Ethics to a host of relevant situations. It outlines specific behaviors
moderate fear in the face of danger, all done in accordance with reason. that are required or prohibited as a condition of ongoing employment.
TEMPERANCE – Sophrosyne in Greek is defined as “moderation in action, thought, or feeling; restraint”. It is the
habit of moderation in the use of pleasurable things. CODE OF ETHICS VS CODE OF CONDUCT
CODE OF ETHICS CODE OF CONDUCT
OTHER VALUES Helps people make decisions Requires specific behaviors
⚫ Religious Values – pertain to man’s relationship with God, guiding and regulating his communion with Him. Moral standard that the company expects employees to States how the company expects employees to
⚫ Cultural Values – pertain to man’s relationship sharing with others in a given community of persons, shaping follow behave
their spiritual kinship, and directing their attention to definite ideals of behavior. Are higher level concepts Gets down to specific action expectations
⚫ Social Values – pertain to the relationship necessary in the promotion of human society as a whole, integrating Might state that all employees must obey all safety
the motivation and interests of members towards the common objective or goal. protocols

Hierarchy of Values KEY PRINCIPLES OF CODE OF CONDUCT

⚫ refers to the order of values from the lowest to the highest in importance. ⚫ Respect for laws and regulations
⚫ the goods pertaining to the soul, the intellect and will occupy the highest level of importance while the biological ⚫ Respect for people
values occupy the lowest rank. ⚫ Respect for the environment
⚫ Respect for competition law regulations
THE HIGHEST VALUE-GOD ⚫ Respect for rules on insider training
⚫ Summum bonum – a Latin expression meaning the highest good which was introduced by the Roman ⚫ Prevention of conflicts of interest
philosopher Cicero, to correspond to the idea of the God in ancient Greek philosophy. ⚫ Protection of Activities
⚫ Transparency and integrity of information

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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS – encompasses the personal, and corporate standards of behavior expected by
professionals.
ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING – the process of evaluating and choosing among alternatives in a manner
consistent with ethical principles.
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT IN THE WORKPLACE
⚫ Professional behavior is a form of etiquette in the workplace, that is linked primarily to respectful and courteous
conduct.
⚫ Being conscious of how you treat co-workers and clients, and ensuring a positive workplace attitude can help
you to improve your productivity and effectiveness in the workplace.

ETHICAL DILEMMAS – AKA MORAL DILEMMAS, are situations in which there is a choice to be made between 10 GOLDEN RULES TO BEING PROFESSIONAL IN SERVICE TO ORGANIZATION
two options, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion. 1. Always strive for excellence
2. Be trustworthy
ETHICAL MODELS – theoretical grounded ethical decision-making models that draw from the latest relevant 3. Be accountable
literature in ethics and integrate multiple theoretical perspectives. 4. Be courteous and respectful
5. Be honest, open and transparent
6 STEPS FOR MAKING ETHICAL DECISIONS 6. Be competent and improve continually
1. Establish the facts in a situation 7. Always be ethical
2. Decide whether the situation involves legal or ethical issues 8. Always be honorable and act with integrity
3. Identify your options and possible consequences 9. Be respectful of confidentiality
4. Evaluate your options 10. Set good examples
5. Choose the best option
6. Implement your decision PROFESSIONAL ETHICS – the ethics that a person identifies with in respect to people and situations that they
deal with in everyday life.
FIDUCIARY DUTY
⚫ a legal obligation of one party to act in the best interest of another. WAYS TO UPHOLD PROFESSIONALISM AND WORKPLACE ETIQUETTE
⚫ The obligated party is typically a fiduciary, that is, someone entrusted with the care of money or property. ⚫ Honor your commitments and get your job done.
⚫ Also called FIDUCIARY OBLIGATION ⚫ Be on time for work and any meetings/events.
⚫ Pay attention to cultural norms and follow them.
IMPORTANCE OF CODE OF CONDUCT ⚫ Check your communication.
⚫ CODE OF CONDUCT is a central guide and reference for employees in supporting day to day decision making. ⚫ Keep personal business during work time to a minimum.
⚫ A well written code clarifies organization’s mission, values and principles, linking them with standards of ⚫ Bring a notepad and pen or pencil to every meeting.
professional conduct. ⚫ Think before you post, tweet or comment at work or about work.
⚫ Avoid office politics and gossip.
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT – the field of regulation of members of professional bodies, either acting under
statutory or contractual powers. ETHICAL STANDARDS
⚫ establish the parameters of behavior that owners and top executives expect from employees and also from
IMPORTANCE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT suppliers, at least to the extent of their relationship with the organization.
⚫ Professional conduct involves ethics, morals, and standards of behavior. Being a professional, it is necessary ⚫ mostly done through behavior-modeling, which means that top executives should set the example of how lower-
for the person to maintain his/her ethical behavior and to have good professional conduct. level employees should act.
⚫ Professionalism is the conduct, aims or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or professional person;
it implies quality of workmanship or service. LEGAL ETHICAL STANDARDS – company policies put in place that are based on laws, rules and regulations
⚫ Every organization knows that a professional reputation is the difference between success and failure and they that come from government or regulatory bodies.
seek to keep their most professional staff.

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MORALLY-BASED ETHICAL STANDARDS COMPANY BEHAVIOR POLICIES

⚫ a company standard for doing the right thing. This standard could be regarding laws, regulations or customer All companies specify what is acceptable behavior and what is not, when hiring an employee. Many even summarize
service and human resource standards. expected conduct in job descriptions or during the interview process.
⚫ When it comes to law falling into morally based standards, the company has decided to exceed the law. 1. The importance of integrity
2. Professional Accountability
3 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ETHICAL STANDARDS 3. Being a part of a team
1. MACRO LEVEL – sometimes called the systematic level, ethics are defined and influenced by the wider 4. Dedication and Commitment
operating environment in which the company exists. Factors such as political pressures, economic 5. Meetings
conditions, societal attitudes to certain businesses, and even business regulation can influence a company’s 6. Communication
operating standards and policies. 7. Time Management
2. COMPANY/CORPORATE LEVEL – ethical standards are embedded in the policies and procedures of the 8. Employee Safety
organization, and form an important foundation on which business strategy is built.
3. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL – individuals may well have a very different set of ethical standards from their employer WHISTLE BLOWER PROTECTION
and this can lead to tensions. ⚫ provides safeguards against retaliation for those who report suspected legal or ethical violations.
⚫ A whistleblower tells the public or authorities about alleged misconduct occurring in a government department,
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S MORAL DEVELOPMENT private company, or organization.
⚫ LEVEL 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL
◼ Throughout the pre-conventional level, a child’s sense of morality is externally controlled. Children accept JUSTICE
and believe the rules of authority figures, such as parents and teachers. ⚫ JUSTICE AS PROCESS – justice prevails when people under similar circumstances are treated in an equal
◆ STAGE 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation – focuses on the child’s desire to obey rules and fair manner before the law.
and avoid being punished. ⚫ JUSTICE AS SUBSTANCE – justice prevails when people receive from the law what they deserve to receive.
◆ STAGE 2: Instrumental Orientation – expresses the “what’s in it for me?” position, in which right
behavior is defined by whatever the individual believes to be in their best interest. THE NEED FOR POLICE TO STUDY ETHICS
⚫ LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL ⚫ Limited Academic Training in Ethics
◼ Throughout the conventional level, a child’s sense of morality is tied to personal and societal relationships. ⚫ The intellectual capabilities of today’s Officers
◆ STAGE 3: Good boy, Nice Girl Orientation – children want approval of others and act in ways to
avoid disapproval. Emphasis is placed on good behavior and people being nice to others. POLICE PROFESSIONALISM
◆ STAGE 4: Law and Order Orientation – the child blindly accepts rules and convention because of ⚫ The 1st era in the history of policing was introduced by Sir Robert Peel, an English statesman, with the
their importance in maintaining a functioning society. Rules are seen as being the same for everyone, establishment of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829. The members of the Metropolitan Police were
and obeying rules by doing what one is supposed to do is seen as valuable and important. regarded as professional because they were hired, trained and paid to do the job on a fulltime basis. These
⚫ LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL people replaced a semi-voluntary system of night watchmen. This is referred to as “Political Era” which was
◼ Throughout the post conventional level, a person’s sense of morality is defined in terms of more abstract followed by the Reform Era between 1910 and 1950.
principles and values. People now believe that some laws are unjust and should be eliminated. ⚫ During the Reform Era strict controls were placed on police officers and police organizations in order to fight the
◆ STAGE 5: Social-Contract Orientation – the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, corruption and incompetence of police officers. Chains of command were tightened, uniforms and a more military
and values. such perspective should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. look were harnessed and Internal Affairs were created to investigate accusation of police misconduct. The police
◆ STAGE 6: Universal-Ethical-Principal Orientation – moral reasoning is based on abstract academy was invented, and training was taken seriously for professionalizing the police.
reasoning using universal ethical principles. The chosen principle focuses on equality, dignity or
respect. PROFESSIONAL
⚫ A professional is anyone who does a job for pay (a professional athlete as compared to an amateur)
⚫ A professional is anyone who looks clean cut, disciplined, and a polished when on the job (a military standard)
⚫ A professional is anyone who develops and uses a special skill at work (a carpenter or a plumber)

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⚫ A professional is anyone who possess an academic experience and possess a body of knowledge that is CODE OF CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS &
unknown to lay people (a physician, lawyer, engineer, or teacher)
EMPLOYEES
PROFESSIONALS MUST POSSESS
⚫ KNOWLEDGE – a systematically organized body of knowledge that lay people (non-professionals) do not DEFINITION OF TERMS
understand. ⚫ GOVERNMENT – includes the National Government, the local governments, and all other instrumentalities,
⚫ EDUCATION – an academic experience that involves studying and learning. This systematically organized body agencies or branches of the Republic of the Philippines including government-owned or controlled corporations,
of knowledge within a wider conceptual framework. and their subsidiaries.
⚫ REGULATION – self regulation, standards of education and licensing that are set by member of the profession ⚫ PUBLIC OFFICIALS – includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary,
themselves, normally controlled by professional organizations such as PCAP. whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel, whether or not they receive
⚫ DISCIPLINE – self policing, investigation and disciplining of members accused of misconduct by their peer compensation, regardless of amount.
professionals. ⚫ GIFT – refers to a thing or a right to dispose of gratuitously or any act or liberality, in favor of another who
⚫ PROBLEM SOLVING – done in a collegial manner; all licensed members of the profession are co-equal partner accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or an ostensibly onerous disposition thereof.
in problem-solving- using their expertise and insight to solve problems together. ⚫ RECEIVING ANY GIFT – includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly, a gift from a person other than a
member of his family or relative as defined in this Act.
THE PROFESSIONAL OFFICER POSSESSES (WILLIAM K. MUIR) ⚫ LOAN – covers both simple loan and commodatum as well as guarantees, financing arrangements or
⚫ PASSION – the understanding that resorting to violence or threats is ethically acceptable if and only if is done accommodations intended to ensure its approval.
in the interest of justice and in accordance with the welfare of the community; that no guilt need be associated ⚫ SUBSTANTIAL STOCKHOLDER – any person who owns, directly or indirectly, shares of stock sufficient to
with the pain or unpleasantness of using force. elect a director for corporation.
⚫ PERSPECTIVE – the development of an inner understanding of the motives of the people, a sense of life’s ⚫ FAMILY OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS – their spouses and unmarried children under eighteen years of age.
causes and effects, and a knowledge of the tragedy of life. ⚫ PERSON – includes natural and juridical persons unless the context indicates otherwise.
⚫ RELATIVES - refers to any and all persons related to a public official or employee within the fourth civil degree
of consanguinity or affinity, including bilas, inso and balae.
PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS ⚫ CONFLICT OF INTEREST – arises when a public official or employee is a member of a board, an officer or a
SOME IMPORTANT STEPS TO FOLLOW: substantial stockholder of a private corporation or owner or has a substantial interest in a business, and the
interest of such corporation or business.
⚫ Get started on your code of ethical conduct
⚫ Conduct initial research ⚫ DIVESTMENT – the transfer of title or disposal of interest in property by voluntarily, completely and actually
⚫ Secure commitment depriving or dispossessing oneself of his right or title to it in favor of a person or persons other than his spouse.
⚫ Focus in your organization
⚫ Consider a social audit NORMS OF CONDUCT OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES
⚫ Assemble high-priority ethical values A. Every public official and employee shall observe the following as standards of personal conduct in the
⚫ Compose and circulate a draft code discharge and execution of official duties.
⚫ Adopt the final code 1. Commitment to Public Interest
⚫ Institute a procedure for dealing with issues 2. Professionalism
⚫ Review bi-annually 3. Justness and Sincerity
4. Political Neutrality
5. Responsiveness to the public
6. Nationalism and Patriotism
7. Commitment to Democracy
8. Simple living

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B. The Civil Service Commission shall adopt positive measures to promote. LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS
1. Observance of these standards including the dissemination of information programs and workshops
authorizing merit increases beyond regular progression steps, to a limited number of employees “As law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind.
recognized by their office colleagues to be outstanding in their observance of ethical standards. To safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or
2. Continuing research and experimentation on measures which provide positive motivation to public intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder.
officials and employees in raising the general level of observance of these standards. To respect the constitutional rights of all men to liberty equality and justice.
I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all.
Maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn or ridicule and develop self-restrain.
DUTIES OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS & EMPLOYEES
Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my official capacity will be kept secret
⚫ Act promptly on letters and request.
unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duty.
⚫ Submit annual performance reports.
I will never permit personal feelings, prejudice, animosities or friendships to influence my decisions.
⚫ Process documents and papers expeditiously.
I will never act officiously.
⚫ Act immediately on the public’s personal transactions.
With no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals I will enforce the law courteously and
⚫ Make documents accessible to the public.
appropriately without fear or favor, malice or ill will.
I will never employ unnecessary force or violence.
PROHIBITED ACTS & TRANSACTIONS I will never accept gratuities.
⚫ Financial and material interest
I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith, and I accept it as a public trust to be held so long as I
⚫ Outside employment and other activities related thereto
am true to the ethics of police service.
⚫ Disclosure or misuse of confidential information
I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals dedicating myself before god to my chosen
⚫ Solicitation or acceptance of gifts
profession…… Law Enforcement.”
ROBERT PEEL’S 9 PRINCIPLES OF POLICING
2 MAJOR PURPOSES OF CODE OF ETHICS
1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder.
1. They provide moral guidelines for practitioners of criminal justice.
2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions.
2. Codes of Ethics define professional behavior in the workplace.
3. Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to
secure and maintain the respect of the public.
CANONS OF POLICE ETHICS
4. The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionally to the necessity of
⚫ PRIMORDIAL POLICE RESPONSIBILITY
the use of force. ◼ primordial – primary
5. Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating ◼ the primary responsibility of the police is CRIME PREVENTION
absolute impartial service to the law. ⚫ LIMITATION OF POLICE AUTHORITY
6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only ◼ laws set limits to the authority of the police in the performance of their functions.
when the expertise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient. ◼ police officers are not exempted from obeying the law they are enforcing.
7. Police at all time should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition; the ⚫ KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAW AND OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES
police are public and the public are the police. The police being only full-time individuals charged with the ◼ police officers must know and understand the laws they are enforcing.
duties that are incumbent on all of the citizens. ◼ police officers must know the relationship of the PNP with other law enforcement agencies.
8. Police should always direct their actions strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the ⚫ USE OF PROPER MEANS TO OBTAIN PROPER ENDS
powers of the judiciary. ◼ Means - ways; manner
9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action ◼ Ends - goals; objectives
in dealing with it. ◼ police officers must use lawful methods in performing their official duties and functions.
⚫ COOPERATION WITH PUBLIC OFFICIALS

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⚫ PROPER CONDUCT AND BEHAVIOR ⚫ REDUCTION OF CRIME AND DISORDER

◼ police officers must be careful with what they say and what they do at all times, whether in their personal ◼ the test of police efficiency is the reduction of crime and disorder until totally eradicated, not by evidence
lives or official capacity. of police presence and action in dealing with the community.
⚫ CONDUCT TOWARDS THE COMMUNITY ⚫ POLICE DISCRETION
⚫ CONDUCT IN ARRESTING LAW VIOLATORS ◼ the act or the liberty to decide according to the principles of justice and the police officer’s ideas of what
◼ police officers must always abide by the rules and prescribed procedures in making lawful arrests. is right and proper under the circumstances.
⚫ FIRMNESS IN REFUSING GIFTS OR FAVOR ABUSE OF DISCRETION
◼ police officers must NEVER ASK for, and NEVER ACCEPT, gifts or favors in exchange for their help or • the use of discretion in such a way as to deprive a person of his right.
assistance to avoid misinterpretation. • police officers must NEVER ABUSE POLICE DISCRETION granted to them.
⚫ IMPARTIAL PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE
◼ impartial – fair
◼ police officers must present all evidence, whether the evidence proves the innocence or guilt of the suspect.
⚫ ATTITUDE TOWARDS POLICE PROFESSION
◼ police officers must have a high regard and respect for the police profession. THE PNP CODE OF ETHICS, PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARDS
◼ police officers must strive to improve their knowledge and skill in order to serve the community the best
possible way they can. DEFINITION OF TERMS
⚫ NEGLECT OF DUTY/ NONFEASANCE – the omission or refusal, without sufficient excuse, to perform an act
PROFESSIONAL POLICE PRINCIPLES or duty.
⚫ PREVENTION OF CRIME AND DISORDER ⚫ IRREGULARITIES IN THE PERFORMANCE OF DUTY/ MISFEASANCE – the improper performance of some
◼ the primordial responsibility of the police. act which might be lawfully done.
◼ the primary objective of the police organization. ⚫ MISCONDUCT/MALFEASANCE – the doing, either through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that which the
⚫ COOPERATION OF THE COMMUNITY officer had no legal right to do all, as where he acts without any authority whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores or
◼ the ability of the police to perform their duty is dependent upon community support. abuses his powers.
◼ the police must secure the respect and trust of the community in order to gain their support. ⚫ INCOMPETENCY – the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of police
⚫ UNREASONABLE FORCE REDUCES COMMUNITY COOPERATION duties.
◼ police officers must not abuse their authority because it affects the attitude and opinions of the community ⚫ OPPRESSION – an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful execution, domination or excessive use of authority.
towards them, which in turn affects their desire to cooperate. ⚫ DISHONESTY – the concealment or distortion of truth in a matter of fact relevant of one’s office or connected
⚫ USE OF REASONABLE FORCE WHEN PERSUASION IS NOT SUFFICIENT with the performance of his duties.
◼ police officers are allowed to use force when dialogue is no longer effective, but the kind or degree of force ⚫ DISLOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT – consists of abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the
must be REASONABLE. government of the Philippines, or advocating the overthrow of the government.
⚫ IMPARTIAL ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS ⚫ VIOLATION OF LAW – presupposes conviction in court of any crime of offense penalized under Revised Penal
◼ police officers must enforce the law equally to all persons, without regard to social status. Code.
◼ the law should apply to all.
⚫ THE COMMUNITY ARE THE POLICE THE POLICE OFFICER’S CREED
⚫ POLICE SHOULD NOT USURP JUDICIAL POWER ⚫ “I believe in God, The Supreme Being, a Great Provider, and The Creator of all men and everything dear to me.”
◼ USURP – take on; assume ⚫ “I believe that respect for authority is a duty.”
◼ JUDICIAL POWER – the authority to judge and impose penalty. ⚫ “I believe in selfless love and service to people.”
◼ police officers have no authority to decide if the suspect is guilty or not, and cannot impose the penalty ⚫ “I believe in the sanctity of marriage and the respect for women.”
that they want. ⚫ “I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over material things.”
⚫ RULES OF ENGAGEMENT IMPARTIALLY OBSERVED ⚫ “I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness.”
◼ police officers must always abide by the prescribed procedures in conducting police operations.

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PNP CORE VALUES ⚫ HUMAN RIGHTS

⚫ Love of God ◼ police officers must respect and protect human dignity and man’s inalienable right to life, liberty and
⚫ Respect for Authority property.
⚫ Selfless Love and Service to People ⚫ SETTING EXAMPLE
⚫ Sanctity of Marriage and Respect for Women
⚫ Responsible Dominion and Stewardship over Material Things POLICE PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
⚫ Truthfulness ⚫ COMMITMENT TO DEMOCRACY
◼ police officers must never forget that they are public servants and they must at all times uphold the
PNP STAND ON BASIC ISSUES Constitution and be loyal to the country, the people and the PNP organization.
⚫ PNP IMAGE – PNP members shall possess the following virtues: ◼ they shall commit themselves to the democratic way of life and values and maintain the principle of public
◼ HONOR accountability.
◼ INTEGRITY ⚫ COMMITMENT TO PUBLIC INTEREST
◼ VALOR ◼ Public Interest – for the good of the people or community.
◼ JUSTICE ◼ police officers must always uphold public interest over and above personal interests.
◼ HONESTY ◼ police officers must respect the fact that their resources are funded by taxpayers’ money and should
◼ HUMILITY therefore be used wisely and economically to avoid wastage of public funds.
◼ CHARITY ⚫ NON-PARTISANSHIP
◼ LOYALTY TO SERVICE ◼ police officers must not be identified with any particular political party or figure.
⚫ CAREER MANAGEMENT: THE KEY IN PROFESSIONALISM ◼ they must extend their assistance to all regardless of party affiliation.
◼ the PNP recognizes the need to have proper and strict policies regarding recruitment, training, assignment, ◼ they shall provide services to everyone without discrimination.
promotion, awards, discipline and retirement to ensure sound administration and to look after the welfare ⚫ PHYSICAL FITNESS AND HEALTH
of its members. There should be a strict adherence of policies and implementation of human resources ◼ police officers shall strive to be mentally fit and in good health at all times.
development system. ⚫ SECRECY DISCIPLINE
⚫ POLICE MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP ◼ police officers must guard the confidentiality of all official information and all matters relating to the official
◼ the effectiveness of law enforcement is reflective of the managerial capabilities and competent leadership function of the police organization.
of the men and women who run the PNP organization. ◼ disclosure must always be authorized.
⚫ DELICADEZA ⚫ SOCIAL AWARENESS
◼ sense of pride and self-worth. ◼ police officers and their immediate family members shall be encouraged to actively get involved in religious,
◼ police officers must be able to sacrifice self-interest in the name of duty. social and civic activities without affecting their official duties.
◼ police officers must not do anything that would bring dishonor to himself and to the PNP organization itself. ⚫ PROPER CARE AND USE OF PUBLIC PROPERTY
⚫ EQUALITY IN THE SERVICE ◼ police officers shall promote and maintain a sense of responsibility in the protection, proper care and
◼ all police officers shall have equal opportunities for improvement and career advancement based on merit. judicious disposition and use of property entrusted to their care and custody.
◼ there should be a judicious equitable distribution of opportunities to prove one’s worth in the police service ⚫ NON-SOLICITATION PATRONAGE
as in the giving of assignment, training, promotions, and awarding of achievements to avoid an ◼ shall seek self-improvement through career development and shall not directly or indirectly solicit influence
atmosphere of demoralization. or recommendation from politicians, high ranking government officials, and prominent citizens, persons
⚫ POLICE LIFESTYLE affiliated with civic or religious organizations with regards to their assignment, promotions and transfer nor
◼ police officers must live a simple, yet credible and dignified life, free from greed, corruption and exploitation. shall they initiate any petition to be prepared and presented by citizens in their behalf.
◼ police officers must set a good example. ⚫ RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
⚫ POLICE PATRONAGE ◼ police officers shall respect and protect human dignity and uphold human rights of all persons.
◼ police officers must never ask for recommendations from public officials in matters pertaining to promotion, ⚫ DEVOTION TO DUTY
assignment, awards and others. ◼ police officers must perform their duties with dedication, thoroughness, efficiency, enthusiasm,
determination and manifest concern for public welfare.

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⚫ CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

◼ police officers shall help in the development and conservation of our natural resources for ecological POLICE CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
balance and posterity.
⚫ DISCIPLINE DEFINITION OF TERMS
◼ police officers must act and behave according to the rules and regulations of the organization at all times.
⚫ CUSTOMS
⚫ LOYALTY
◼ rules of conduct formed by repetition of acts, uniformly practiced as social rules.
◼ police officers must be loyal to the Constitution and to the police service, as manifested by their loyalty to ◼ established usages or social practices carried on by tradition that have obtained the force of law.
their superiors, peers and subordinates. ⚫ TRADITIONS – bodies of beliefs, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to generation with
⚫ OBEDIENCE TO SUPERIOR the effect of an unwritten law.
◼ police officers must obey lawful orders of their superiors. ⚫ COURTESY – a manifestation or expression of consideration and respect for others.
◼ police officers must always be courteous to superiors and other appropriate authorities within the chain of
⚫ CEREMONY – a formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as proper to special
command. occasion.
⚫ COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY ⚫ SOCIAL DECORUM – a set of norms and standards practiced by members during social and other functions.
◼ police officers shall be responsible for the effective supervision, control and direction of their personnel.
POLICE CUSTOMS
POLICE ETHICAL STANDARDS – refer to established and generally accepted moral values and ethical
⚫ POLICE CUSTOMS ON COURTESY
acts. ◼ SALUTE – the usual greeting rendered by uniformed members in recognizing persons entitled to a salute.
⚫ MORALITY
◼ SALUTE TO NATIONAL COLORS AND STANDARDS - members stand at attention and salute the
◼ police officers must adhere to high standard of morality and decency and shall set good examples for national color and standard as it passed by them or when the national color is raised or lowered during
others to follow. ceremonies.
◼ they must not be involved with illegal activities. ◼ ADDRESS/TITLE – junior in rank address senior members who are entitled to salute with the word "Sir"
◼ they shall be loyal to their spouses. or Ma’am. All Police Commissioned Officers shall be addressed sir or ma’am by Police Non-
⚫ JUDICIOUS USE OF AUTHORITY
Commissioned Officers and Non-Uniformed Personnel.
◼ Judicious – wise; proper ◼ COURTESY CALLS
◼ police officers must exercise proper and legitimate use of authority in the performance of duty. ◆ Courtesy Call of Newly Assigned/Appointed Member - PNP members who are newly appointed
⚫ JUSTICE – respect for the rights of others. or assigned in a unit or command call on the chief of the unit or command and other key personnel
⚫ HUMILITY as a matter of courtesy, as well as for accounting, orientation and other purposes.
◼ police officers must never forget that they are public servants and not masters of the people
◆ Christmas Call – PNP members pay a Christmas Call on their local executives in their respective
◼ they should perform their duties without arrogance.
area of responsibility.
⚫ ORDERLINESS – police officers must follow logical procedures in accomplishing tasks to minimize waste of ◆ New Year's Call – PNP members pay a New Year's call on their commanders and/or key officials
time, money, effort and other resources. in their respective area of responsibility.
⚫ PERSEVERANCE – police officers must exert all efforts to achieve their goal or mission even in the face of ◆ Promotion Call – newly-promoted PNP members call on their unit head. On this occasion, they are
difficulties and obstacles.
usually given due recognition and congratulations by their peers for such deserved accomplishment.
⚫ INTEGRITY – police officers must not allow themselves to be victims of corruption and dishonest practices in
◆ Exit Call – PNP members pays an Exit Call on their superiors in the unit or command when relieved
accordance with applicable laws. or reassigned out of the said unit or command.
⚫ IMPARTIALITY – police officers shall perform all duties impartially, without favor or affection or ill-will, and ◼ COURTESY OF THE POST – the host unit extends hospitality to visiting personnel who pay respect to
without regard to status, sex, race, religion, political or aspiration. All citizens will be treated equally with courtesy, the command or unit.
consideration, and dignity. ◼ RANK HAS ITS OWN PRIVILEGE (RHIP) – PNP members recognize the practice that different ranks
carry with them corresponding privileges.
“PUBLIC OFFICE IS A PUBLIC TRUST” – SECTION 1, ARTICLE XI, 1987 PH CONSTITUTION ⚫ POLICE CUSTOMS ON CEREMONIES
⚫ Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost ◼ FLAG RAISING CEREMONY – PNP members honor the flag by hoisting it and singing the National
responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives. Anthem before the start of the official day's work.
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◼ FLAG RETREAT CEREMONY – at the end of the official days' work, the PNP members pause for a POLICE CUSTOMS
moment to salute the lowering of the flag. ⚫ SPIRITUAL BELIEFS – the PNP members are traditionally religious and God-loving person. They attend
◼ HALF-MAST – the flag is raised at half-mast in deference to deceased uniformed members of the religious services together with the members of their family.
command. ⚫ DISCIPLINE – the discipline of PNP members is manifested by instinctive obedience to lawful orders and
◼ FUNERAL SERVICE AND HONORS – departed uniformed members, retirees, war veterans or former through and spontaneous actions towards attainment of organizational objectives guided by moral, ethical and
PC/INP members are given vigil, necrological services and graveside honors as a gesture of farewell. legal norms.
◼ HONOR CEREMONY – arrival and departure honor ceremonies are rendered to visiting dignitaries, VIPs, ⚫ GENTLEMANLINESS – the PNP members are upright in character, gentle in manners, dignified in appearance,
PNP Officers with the grade of Police Brigadier General and above and AFP officers of equivalent grade, and sincere in their concern to their fellowmen.
unless waived. ⚫ WORD OF HONOR – the PNP members' word is their bond. They stand by the commit to uphold it.
◼ CEREMONY TENDERED TO RETIREES – in recognition of their long faithful and honorable service to ⚫ LOYALTY - PNP members are traditionally loyal to the organization, country and people as borne by history
the PNP, a testimonial activity is tendered in their honor. and practice.
◼ TURN-OVER CEREMONY – the relinquishment and assumption of command or key position is publicly ⚫ DUTY - the PNP members have historically exemplified themselves as dedicated public servants who perform
announced in a Turn-Over Ceremony by the out-going and in-coming officers in the presence of the their tasks with a deep sense of responsibility and self-sacrifice. They shall readily accept assignment anywhere
immediate superior or his representative. Outgoing Commander/Director should not leave his post without in the country.
proper turnover of properties/equipment, human and material resources. ⚫ CAMARADERIE - the binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation in the police organization,
◼ WEDDING CEREMONY – during marriage of PNP members, a ceremony is conducted with participants extending to the people they serve, is manifested by the PNP members' deep commitment and concern to one
in uniform and swords drawn. another.
◼ ANNIVERSARY – the birth or institutional establishment of a command or unit is commemorated in an
Anniversary Ceremony.
⚫ POLICE CUSTOMS ON SOCIAL DECORUM CHALLENGES TO POLICE ETHICAL BEHAVIOR
◼ PROPER ATTIRE – PNP members always wear appropriate and proper attire in conformity with the
occasion. DEFINITION OF TERMS
◼ TABLE MANNERS – PNP members observe table etiquette at all times. ⚫ DEVIANCE – behavior inconsistent with the police culture’s norms.
◼ SOCIAL GRACES – PNP members conduct themselves properly in dealing with people during social ⚫ CORRUPTION – immoral, habitual behavior involving misuse of office for self-interest.
functions.
⚫ FAVORITISM – unfair or unjust acts usually given to friends or relatives.
◼ UNIFORM/APPEARANCE – the public looks upon a PNP member as distinctively a man among men. ⚫ MISCONDUCT – wrongful violations of a police department’s rules, policies, and procedures.
They are best exemplified by those who are neat in appearance and wearing the prescribed uniform.
◼ MANNER OF WALKING – every PNP member is expected to walk with pride and dignity.
DEVIANT BEHAVIORS
⚫ OTHER POLICE CUSTOMS ⚫ BRUTALITY – the infliction of physical harm. It is often a product of immaturity. Institutionalized brutality is a
◼ VISITING THE SICK – immediate commanders or other available officers of the unit visit PNP members by-product of poor training, peer support and lax/incompetent supervision.
who are sick in the hospital, their residence or any place of confinement in order that their needs are ⚫ ABUSE OF AUTHORITY
attended to. ⚫ LYING
◼ SURVIVOR ASSISTANCE TO HEIRS OF DECEASED MEMBERS – a survivor officer is designated
◼ Falsifying Reports
whenever PNP members die, to render maximum assistance to their legitimate bereaved family until all
◼ Falsifying Evidence
benefits due shall have been received. ◼ Cover-up
◼ VISITING THE RELIGIOUS LEADERS – PNP Officers visit religious leaders in their area of assignment ◼ Lying in Court
to establish or maintain rapport and cooperation between the difference religious leaders and the PNP. ⚫ SEXUAL MISCONDUCT
◼ ATHLETICS – PNP members indulge in physical fitness activities to ensure that their proper physical ⚫ EXTORTION
appearance and bearing are maintained with the waist line measurement always smaller than size of his
⚫ SEXUAL LIAISONS
chest and in conformity with the standard set forth by the organization. ⚫ THEFT
◼ HAPPY HOURS – usually on Friday or any other day suitable for the occasion, PNP members gather ⚫ BRIBERY
together at their PNP club for a light-hearted jesting or airing of minor gripes. ⚫ ALCOHOL/DRUG ABUSE

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⚫ DELIBERATE INEFFICIENCY
⚫ CORRUPTION – the misuse of police authority for personal gain. The term police corruption is often used in
reference to all kind of wrongful police conduct, including police brutality or excessive use of force, racial
discrimination and perjury.
TYPE OF POLICE DEVIANCE
⚫ POLICE GRATUITY
◼ A GRATUITY is the receipt of free meals, services, or discounts. These are considered fringe benefits of
the job. Nevertheless, they violate the code of ethics because they involve financial reward/gain and they
are corruption because the officer has been placed in a compromising position.
◼ When the officer is quite blatant about demanding free services, it is called CHISELING.
⚫ POLICE PERJURY – a means to effect an act of corruption, leaving out certain, pertinent pieces of information
in order to fix a criminal prosecution. Dropsy evidence is typical, where the officer testifies untruthfully that he/she
saw the offender drop some narcotics or contraband.
⚫ POLICE BRUTALITY – excessive force, name calling, sarcasm, ridicule and disrespect.
⚫ POLICE PROFANITY
◼ there are many reasons why a police officer would use obscene and profane language.
◼ words having religious connotations (hell, goddamn) – least offensive
◼ words indicating excretory functions (shit)
◼ words connected with sexual functions (fuck) – most offensive
⚫ SEX ON DUTY OR DUTY-RELATED – contacts with promiscuous females and minimal supervision and part
of the job.
◼ Traffic Stops – to get a closer look at the female or information about her.
◼ Fox Hunting – stopping college girls to get the “I’ll do anything” routine.
◼ Voyeurism – window peeping.
◼ Victim Re-contacts – consoling victims who have psychological needs.
◼ Opposite Sex Strip Searches – touching or sex with jail inmates.
◼ Sexual Shakedowns – letting prostitutes go if they perform sex acts.
⚫ SLEEPING ON DUTY – on the night shift, the police car is sometimes referred to as the travelling bedroom. In
police argot, a hole or coop is where sleeping takes place, typically the backroom of someplace the officer has
a key to and can engage in safe cooping.
⚫ DRINKING AND ABUSING DRUGS ON OR OFF DUTY – there are endless opportunities to drink or take drugs
while on duty and the reasons for it are many: to get high, addiction, stress, burnout, or alienation from the job.
⚫ MISUSE OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – normally involves the jeopardization of ongoing investigations
by leaking information to friends, relatives, the public, the press or in some cases, directly to the criminal
suspects or members of the gang.
⚫ OPPORTUNISTIC THEFT – a theft that arises naturally out of the performance of an officer’s routine duties.
⚫ TAKING BRIBES FROM OTHER OFFICERS – the falsification of attendance records, influence vacations and
day offs, and reports them present even if they are not.
CLASSIFICATION OF CORRUPT POLICE OFFICERS
⚫ MEAT EATERS/“carnivorous cops” – those who actively and aggressively seek personal gain through
position or power.
⚫ GRASS EATERS/“vegetarian cop” – those who passively accept gifts and bribes as they come along.
⚫ STRAIGHT SHOOTERS – honest policemen who are ready to cover and conceal corrupt practices of the police
department as part of camaraderie and the unwritten code of silence.
The OPPOSITE of these corrupt police officers is:
• WHITE KNIGHTS OR EAGLES – policemen with integrity and honest and straight forward.
Mostly idealistic they rise above corruption and confront it.
ADMIN OFFENSES
⚫ NEGLECT OF DUTY/NON-FEASANCE
⚫ IRREGULARITIES IN THE PERFORMANCE OF DUTY/ MISFEASANCE
⚫ MISCONDUCT/MALFEASANCE
⚫ INCOMPETENCY – ignorance or material lack of adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance
of police duties; has reference to any physical, psychological, moral or intellectual quality, the lack of which
substantially incapacitates one to perform duties.
⚫ OPRESSION – an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful exaction, domination, or excessive use of authority; the
exercise of unlawful powers or other means, in depriving an individual of his property or liberty against his will.
⚫ DISHONESTY – concealment or distortion of truth in a matter of fact relevant to one’s office or connected with
the performance of his duties.
⚫ DISLOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT – consists of abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the
Government of the Philippines, or advocating the overthrow of the government, through overt and covert acts.

POLICE CORRUPTION
⚫ NEGOTIABLE GRAFT – the mutual bargaining behavior engaged in between officers and criminals.
⚫ EXTORTION – the practice of solicitation of money or favors by officers in return for ignoring violations of law.
⚫ ACCEPTANCE OF PETTY BRIBES – happens most of the time in the roads.
⚫ TAKING KICKBACKS AND SIMILAR REWARDS – the money or something of value given to the officer by a
“business” in exchange for consideration.
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