Mechanics of Solids

Axial Load
 

Thermal Strain

Thermal Deformation 

Thermal Strain 

Thermal Stress 

σ thermal = E ɛthermal 
A B
 

Thermal Strain

4-85 The AM1004-T61 magnesium alloy tube AB is capped with a rigid plate. The gap
between E and end C of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy solid circular rod CD is 0.2 mm when the
temperature is 30oC . Determine the highest temperature to which it can be raised without
causing yielding either in the tube or the rod. Neglect the thickness of the rigid cap. (p. 157)
25 mm
-6 o
Segment AB: EAB = 44.7 GPa; αAB = 26 x10 / C 20 mm

σY-AB = 152 MPa

a E Section a-a
Segment CD: ECD = 68.9 GPa; αCD = 24 x 10-6/oC
D=25 mm
σY-CD = 255 MPa A a B C D
FAB = FCD = F ≤ 107.5 kN 300 mm 0.2 mm 450 mm

E
FAB FDC
D=25 mm
A B C D
= 152 x 2 2
π (25 -20 ) = 107.5 kN

= 255 x π 12.52 = 125.2 kN

 

Thermal Strain

4-85 The AM1004-T61 magnesium alloy tube AB is capped with a rigid plate. The gap
between E and end C of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy solid circular rod CD is 0.2 mm when the
temperature is 30oC . Determine the highest temperature to which it can be raised without
causing yielding either in the tube or the rod. Neglect the thickness of the rigid cap. (p. 157)
25 mm
20 mm
FAB = FCD = F ≤ 107.5 kN
a E Section a-a
δAD= 0.2 mm = δAB + δCD  (Compatibility) D=25 mm
A a B C D
300 mm 0.2 mm 450 mm

E
FAB FDC
D=25 mm
A B C D

= 0.2 mm δF δ∆T
FDC FDC
D=25 mm
 

Thermal Strain

4-85 The AM1004-T61 magnesium alloy tube AB is capped with a rigid plate. The gap
between E and end C of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy solid circular rod CD is 0.2 mm when the
temperature is 30oC . Determine the highest temperature to which it can be raised without
causing yielding either in the tube or the rod. Neglect the thickness of the rigid cap. (p. 157)
25 mm
20 mm
FAB = FCD = F ≤ 107.5 kN
a E Section a-a
δAD = 0.2 mm = δAB + δCD  (Compatibility) D=25 mm
A B C D
a
= 0.2 mm 300 mm 0.2 mm 450 mm

E
=- 1.02 mm = -1.43 mm FAB FDC
D=25 mm

A B C D
=2.65 mm
Segment AB: EAB = 44.7 GPa; αAB = 26 x10-6/oC
ΔT = 142 oC σY-AB = 152 MPa
Segment CD: ECD = 68.9 GPa; αCD = 24 x 10-6/oC
Th = 30 + ΔT = 172 oC
σY-CD = 255 MPa
 

Axial Load: Deformation

a
Saint-Venant’ Principle Hooke’s Law
σ = E ε 

N [kN]

NAB
20 kN 15 kN NCD
0  A B C D
A B C D
NBC L
NBC - NAB = - 20 kN
NCD - NBC= + 15 kN
 

 Poisson’s Ratio

When a deformable body is stretched by a tensile force, not only does it elongate but it
also contract laterally, i.e. it would contract in other two dimensions.
Likewise, a compressive force acting on a deformable body cause it to contract in the
direction of force and yet its sides expand laterally

Poisson’s ratio is a constant.

Lateral strain is the same in all lateral direction;

Usually 0 ≤ v ≤ 0.5. For most linearly elastic material v ≈ 0.3;  

 

Poisson’s Ratio
Poisson’s ratio is a constant.

Lateral strain is the same in all lateral direction;

Usually 0 ≤ v ≤ 0.5. For most linearly elastic material v ≈ 0.3;  

ơ 
yy
ơ yy'

ơ 
zz
= + +
'
ơ zz ơ 
zz
ơ 
xx
ơ xx'

ε'z =σzz/E ε''z = -υ (σyy/E) ε’’’z = -υ (σxx/E)

y εz = ε‘z + ε’’z + ε’’’z = [σzz - υ (σyy + σxx ) ]/E

εx = [σxx - υ (σyy + σzz ) ]/E

z
o
εy = [σyy - υ (σxx + σzz ) ]/E
x
 

Poisson’s Ratio
Poisson’s ratio is a constant.

Lateral strain is the same in all lateral direction;

ơ  Usually 0 ≤ v ≤ 0.5. For most linearly elastic material v ≈ 0.3;  

yy

 dx (1+εx )dx
 dz εz = [σzz - υ (σyy + σxx ) ]/E (1+εz )dz
 dy
ơ 
zz εx = [σxx - υ (σyy + σzz ) ]/E
(1+εy )dy
ơ 
xx εy = [σyy - υ (σxx + σzz ) ]/E

 dV=dx dy dz V’ = (1+εx ) (1+εy ) (1+εz ) dx dy dz

y δV = (1+εx ) (1+εy ) (1+εz ) dx dy dz - dx dy dz

z = ( εx+εy+εz ) dx dy dz
o
δV 1 - 2υ (σ  + σ  + σ ) 
x Volume Strain: e= = εx+εy+εz  = zz yy xx
dV   E
 

Poisson’s Ratio
Poisson’s ratio is a constant.

Lateral strain is the same in all lateral direction;

ơ  Usually 0 ≤ v ≤ 0.5. For most linearly elastic material v ≈ 0.3;  

yy

 dx
(1+εx )dx Volume Strain:
 dz
ơ 
zz (1+εz )dz
e=
δV 1 - 2υ (σ  + σ  + σ ) 
 dy = zz yy xx
dV   E
ơ 
xx
(1+εy )dy
σzz = σyy = σxx = p 

 dV=dx dy dz V’ = (1+εx ) (1+εy ) (1+εz ) dx dy dz

y p  E
Volume Modulus of elasticity:  k = =
e  3(1 - 2υ)
(Bulk modulus)
z
o

x
 

Poisson’s Ratio

3-25 The plastic rod is 200 mm long and 15 mm in diameter. If an axial load of 300 N is applied
to it, determine the change in its length and the change in its diameter. E=2.70GPa, v =0.4.
(p. 111)
200 mm
300 N 300 N

A B

 Ans.

= 0.126/200=0.00063

= - 0.00063 x 0.4 = - 0.00025

= - 0.00025 x 15 = - 0.00377 mm
 Ans.
 

Poisson’s Ratio
Poisson’s ratio is a constant.

Lateral strain is the same in all lateral direction;

ơ  Usually 0 ≤ v ≤ 0.5. For most linearly elastic material v ≈ 0.3;  

yy

 dx
(1+εx )dx Volume Strain:
 dz
ơ 
zz (1+εz )dz
e=
δV 1 - 2υ (σ  + σ  + σ ) 
 dy = zz yy xx
dV   E
ơ 
xx
(1+εy )dy
σzz = σyy = σxx = p 

 dV=dx dy dz V’ = (1+εx ) (1+εy ) (1+εz ) dx dy dz

y p  E
Volume Modulus of elasticity:  k = =
e  3(1 - 2υ)
(Bulk modulus)
z
o

x
 

Strain Energy

Work of a Force:  x

W=Fx F 

F = f(x) W

F=kx
Axial Load: F (k = P/ δ=EA/L )

P
W

0 δ 
δ   x P

External Work
 

Strain Energy

F=kx
Axial Load: W e = U i F (k = P/ δ )

P
External Work

W
0 δ 
δ   x P
Internal Work – Strain Energy
ơ 
y
dF  y = ơ  ydA = ơ  ydxdz
 dx
 dz
d  Δ z = εdz
 dy

ơ 
y
 

Strain Energy

ơ 
Internal Work – Strain Energy y

 dx
 dz
 dy
Strain Energy Density - Strain-energy per unit volume 

i
ơ 
y

Modulus of resilience - When stress reaches the proportional limit, strain energy density is
referred to Modulus of resilience x
σ   σ 
 fr

σ 
 pl

σ 
 z
Modulus of toughness -The higher the modulus of
toughness, the more strain energy can be stored
(absorbed) inside the material before fracturing.
0
ɛ 
 z ɛ 
 pl  
ɛ 
 

Strain Energy

ơ 
Internal Work – Strain Energy y

 dx
 dz
Total Strain Energy inside deformable body
 dy
The above equation is the elemental strain energy, by integrating it, the
total volume and substituting Hooke's law we have that:

ơ 
y

External Work
If the deflection δ of a structure or member under a single concentrated
load P is known, the corresponding Work W  may be obtained by writing
δ 
F 
W
 

Strain Energy

14-73 Determine the horizontal displacement of join B. Each A-36 member has a cross-
sectional area of 1250 mm2. (p. 760) B
1 kN

θ 
2.4 m

C
A
1.8 m 1.8 m