Fractional Distillation

Experiment

Name of experiment : fractional distillation

Data of experiment : 11/4
Data of submitting : 12/11
 Table of topics included in this report

Introduction
Calculation
The aim of this experiment
Tools and glassware
Discussion
Questions
References
Introduction

A very useful method for the purification of liquids of specific boiling points,
distillation is used to separate two miscible liquids from each other, the theory
behind the technique being that two liquids with noticeably different boiling
points/volatilities can be separated by heating the mixture, with one liquid boiling
and entering the vapor phase before the other .The evaporated liquid may then be
cooled in a condenser and collected as a distillate .Distillation is ideal for the
distillation of compounds from non-volatile residues or for the expiration of
liquids with boiling points differing by at least 50 ºC. Separation of liquids whose
boiling points occur within the 5-50 ºC range requires the use of a fractionating
column in a technique which is known as fractional distillation. The fractionating
column is a long vertical tube with a temperature gradient (hottest at the bottom).
In practice, the use of a long vertical tube is quite cumbersome and is normally
replaced by a shorter column off eringal ost the exact same properties.As the
mixture is heated, the more volatile liquid will gradually boil off and rise up the
column, with some of the less volatile liquid also boiling off with the less volatile
liquid. As the two liquids rise up the column, condensation occurs along the sides
of the column, thus forming another mixture with a higher percentage composition
of the more volatile liquid .This liquid boils off and ascends through the column to
form another mixture (or ‘fraction’)further up along the column. As this process
repeats itself, the fraction which is formed gradually becomes richer in the more
volatile liquid until a vapour of the almost pure more volatile liquid is collected as
a distillate.1The aim of this experiment was to make use of the technique of
fractional distillation to separate a 1:1 acetone-alcohol mixture, with the
components being collected as distillates attheir boiling points and tested with
Brady’s Test (also known as the 2, 4-DNPH Test) and the Iodoform Test to
differentiate between the acetone and alcohol
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The aim of this experiment

Distillations are performed to isolate volatile chemicals from non-volatile
or less volatile chemicals. This experiment addresses how distillations
(both simple and fractional) can be used to isolate chemical in pure form. 
In addition, boiling points and other physical properties can be
determined, including refractive index and density of purified materials.
We also setup a fermentation to isolate ethanol from these mixts.ure
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tools and glassware :
tripod
stand with clamp
250 or 500-mL round bottom flask
Bunsen burner
condenser
thermometer
rubber tubing (2)
boiling chips
Discussion
At the first we put the mixture that contains ethanol and water in
the round bottom flask and we put boiling stone on the mixture to
prevent bumping and then we connect the fractionating column
with the round bottom flask ,after that we put the thermometer on
the fractionating column (the thermometer has to be in the
beginning of the place that the condenser connect with the
fractionating column because of the vapor)and we connect the
condenser with the fractionating column and finally we connect
the condenser with the beaker .
Questions

Difference Between Fractional Distillation and Simple

Distillation ?
Boiling Point
Fractional Distillation: Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids
with closer boiling points.

Simple Distillation: Simple distillation is used to separate liquids with

boiling point gaps of at least 50 degrees. 

Apparatus 
Fractional Distillation: Fractional distillation uses a complex apparatus
with a fractionating column.

Simple Distillation: A simple apparatus with a flask to contain the

mixture, a condenser and a flask to collect purified components is used.
References

https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/distillation
http: //www.chemforlife.org/experiments/distillation/default.htm
https://pediaa.com