;1: @npâtuic 40 Xctml`eni miå`tre`c

XTCDIMBNP
]ln  y fcs  elfe`nl ul levmi `rm`emltm fm feae`uitnf.
• •• n) ³@uîi ms mi pc-
tml`eni miå`tre`c ml
Pm``eðl 40.> mi pultc N3
40.48 Ml bciå`uins fm `icrurc fm scfec knsmcsc, mi ecl `icrc d) ³@uîi ms in feam-
temlm bîs fm ul mim`trðl qum ul prctðl, y mi ecl scfec temlm rml`en fm pctml`eni
ul prctðl bîs qum ul mim`trðl. In festnl`en nprcxebnfn mltrm mltrm ics pultcs  N 
mstcs eclms ms 8.46 lb. ³@uîltc trndngc sm rmquemrm pnrn el`rm- y D3
bmltnr in festnl`en mltrm mstcs eclms jnstn >.8 `b3 40.08 @untrc `nrkns pultunims efålte`ns (+>.1> l@) mstîl `cic-
•40.4> ]ln dcin fm bmtni fm bnsn 0.88 » >8‐1 ok y `nrkn + =.88 `nfns ml ics vårte`ms fm ul rm`tîlkuic qum befm 0.88 b pcr =.88
b@ temlm uln mlmrkân `elåte`n fm 1.88 » >8 : G. Pm fmspinzn ferm`tn- b. Pe mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c sm tcbn ekuni n `mrc ml mi elaeletc,
bmltm ml ul pinlc elaeletc fm `nrkn `cl festredu`eðl fm `nrkn fm ³`uîi ms mi pctml`eni ml mi `mltrc kmcbåtre`c fm mstm rm`tîlkuic3
+6.88 @/b4. Pe njcrn sm ml`umltrn n >.88 b fmi pinlc fm `nrkn, 40.0> Pe ul kmlmrnfcr Qnl fm Krnnaa temlm ul pctml`eni miå`- miå `-
³`uîl `mr`n iimknrî fmi pinlc nltms fm fmtmlmrsm3 =
tre`c fm >.88 0  >8  Q y ul feîbmtrc fm 48.8 `b, ml`umltrm
`uîltcs prctclms bîs qum mim`trclms jny ml su supmrae`em.
Pm``eðl 40.4
40.04 Nikc fms`udemrtc furnltm in mxpicrn`eðl fm Bnrtm aum
40.44 ]l mim`trðl n`mimrn fmsfm mi rmpcsc jnstn uln feamrml-
in n`ubuin`eðl fm `nrkn mstîte`n ml vmjâ`uics, rmsuitnlfc ml
`en fm pctml`eni fm 0;8 Q. ³@uîi ms su vmic`efnf aelni3
ul pctml`eni fm >88. Q c bîs. @ni`uim
@ni` uim `uîltn `nrkn fmdm `cic-
40.40 ³@uîltc trndngc fmdm rmnieznr ul `nbpc miå`tre`c pnrn `nrsm ml in supmrae`em fm uln msamrn fm rnfec >.88 b pnrn qum mi
bcvmr ul prctðl fmsfm ul pultc `cl pctml`eni fm +>:8. Q pctml`eni miå`tre`c gustc pcr nrredn fm in supmrae`em smn >88. Q.
jnstn ul pultc `cl pctml`eni fm ‐18.8 Q3 Pupclkn qum in `nrkn mstî
m stî festreduefn uleacrbmbmltm.
40.46 ³^uå feamrml`en fm pctml`eni sm rmquemrm pnrn prcpcr- 40.00 ]ln `nrkn ^  2  y 
`eclnr 488 omQ fm mlmrkân `elåte`n n uln pnrtâ`uin nian (`cb- +=.18 @ mstî festre-
pumstn pcr 4 prctclms y 4 lmutrclms)3 duefn uleacrbmbmltm ^  =.18 @
40.4= ]l prctðl, ele`enibmltm ml rmpcsc, ms n`mimrnfc n trn-
scdrm uln `crtmzn `e-
 vås fm uln feamrml`en fm pctml`eni fm =88. Q. Q. ³@uîi ms su vmic- iâlfre`n fm piîste`c. Mi
`efnf aelni3 rnfec, T, fm in `crtmzn
ms 6.=8 `b. @ni`uim mi
40.41 ]ln dntmrân fm >8.8 Q mstî `clm`tnfn n fcs pin`ns bmtî-
pctml`eni miå`tre`c ml x 
ie`ns pnrnimins `cic`nfns ml mi vn`âc. ]l mim`trðl ms n`mimrnfc n mi crekml fm ul sestm-
pnrter fmi rmpcsc fmsfm in pin`n lmkntevn jn`en in pin`n pcsetevn. bn fm `ccrfmlnfns x y T  6.=8 `b

n) ³^uå mlmrkân `elåte`n temlm mi mim`trðl gustc `unlfc iimkn qum sm bumstrn ml in
n in pin`n pcsetevn3 aekurn. Pupclkn qum mi
d) ³@uîi ms in vmic`efnf fmi mim`trðl gustc `unlfc
`unlfc iimkn n in pctml`eni miå`tre`c ml
pin`n pcsetevn3 mi elaeletc ms `mrc ml
• 40.4; ]l `nþðl fm prctclms fespnrn ul prctðl fmsfm in betnf
pultcs elaeletnbmltm imgcs fmi crekml.
fm in festnl`en mltrm fcs pin`ns, N y D, qum sm ml`umltrnl n uln 40.06 ]l `clfu`tcr msaåre`c jum`c `cl rnfec =.8 `b temlm
festnl`en fm >8.8 `b mltrm sâ? mi prctðl sm bumvm ele`enibmltm uln `nrkn supmrae`eni fm :.8 l@.
n uln vmic`efnf fm >=8.8 ob/s jn`en in pin`n D. In pin`n N sm n) ³@uîi ms mi pctml`eni n :.8 `b fmi `mltrc fm in msamrn3
bnltemlm n pctml`eni `mrc, y in pin`n D, n ul pctml`eni fm 688.8
688. 8 Q.
Q. d) ³@uîi ms mi pctml`eni n 0.8 `b fmi `mltrc fm in msamrn3
n) ³Mi prctðl iimknrî n in pin`n D3D3 `) ³@uîi ms mi pctml`eni ml mi `mltrc fm in msamrn3
d) Ml `nsc lmkntevc, ³fðlfm
³fðlfm mbprmlfm mi rmkrmsc3 40.0= Ml`umltrm mi pctml-  
`) ³N quå vmic`efnf `jc`n `cltrn in pin`n N3 `eni ml mi `mltrc fm `urvn-
•
04
40.4: Eclms fm nzuarm ( P) tctnibmltm smkrmknfcs (fclfm sm turn fmi ninbdrm (fmiknfc)
jnl rmternfc tcfcs ics mim`trclms) scl n`mimrnfcs ml ul n`mim- qum sm bumstrn ml in aeku- T

rnfcr n pnrter fmi rmpcsc usnlfc ul vcitngm tctni fm >.88  » >85 Q

 Q.. rn. Vemlm uln `nrkn (fes-
Mi 04P temlm >1 prctclms y >1 lmutrclms. Mi n`mimrnfcr prcfu`m treduefn uleacrbmbmltm)
ul jnz qum `clstn fm 1.1> » >8>4 eclms pcr smkulfc. Mstm jnz fm pcr ulefnf fm îrmn fm   2 0.88 » >8‐: @/b y ul 
eclms sm fmtemlm pcr `cbpimtc ml ul vmrtmfmrc. ³@uîi ms in pc- rnfec fm `urvnturn fm T 2 :.88 `b.

tml`en tctni qum fmdm ndscrdmr mi vmrtmfmrc3 •40.01 @clsefmrm ul fepcic `cl `nrkn q y sm- x 
f 
pnrn`eðl f . ³@uîi ms mi pctml`eni n uln festnl-
Pm``eðl 40.6 `en x   fmi `mltrc fm mstm fepcic n ul îlkuic  
40.45 Fcs `nrkns pultunims mstîl ude`nfns ml fcs vårte`ms fm `cl rmspm`tc ni mgm fmi fepcic, `cbc bumstrn in 
ul rm`tîlkuic, `cbc bumstrn in aekurn. aekurn3
 

Xrcdimbns ;15

•40.0; ]ln kctn fm nkun msaåre`n fm =8.8 b fm feîbmtrc
temlm uln `nrkn festreduefn uleacrbmbmltm fm +48.8 p@. Ml-
`umltrm n) mi pctml`eni ml su supmrae`em y d) mi pctml`eni ml
su `mltrc.
•40.0: @clsefmrm ul mim`trðl ml mi mstnfc aulfnbmltni fmi
îtcbc fm jefrðkmlc, smpnrnfc fmi prctðl pcr uln festnl`en
fm 8.8=45 lb.
40.66 Fcs pin`ns pnrnimins sm bnltemlml n ul pctml`eni fm
+488.8 Q y ‐>88.8 Q. In festnl`en mltrm ins pin`ns ms >.88 `b.
n) Ml`umltrm mi `nbpc
`nbpc miå`tre`c mltrm ins pin`ns.
d) Ele`enibmltm, ul mim`trðl sm `cic`n n in betnf fm in fes-
tnl`en mltrm ins pin`ns. Ml`umltrm su mlmrkân `elåte`n `unlfc
`jc`n `cltrn in pin`n pcsetevn.
40.6= ]ln pnrtâ`uin fm pcivc fm 4.=8 bk `cl uln `nrkn fm

n ) Pe mifmimim`trðl
fmfcr prctðl sm
ml`clsefmrn `cbc
mi pctml`eni ul sntåietm`ni`uim
ul
mim`trcstîte`c, ml ðrdetn
ðrdetn nirm-
in vmic- >.88 @ `nmmiå`tre`c
mi pctml`eni vnrânx smk÷l
ml ul pultc   2 4.88Q (bx )ml
 2 uln rmkeðl
2 (4.88 ml
Q/b4)x 4 in qum
 ‐ (0.88
`efnf fmi mim`trðl ml su ðrdetn. Q/b0)x 0. ³@cl quå n`mimrn`eðl mbpemzn n bcvmrsm in pnrtâ`uin
d) @ni`uim uln vmic`efnf fm ms`npm mam`tevn pnrn mi mim`trðl. fmspuås fm ntmrreznr3
`) @ni`uim in mlmrkân fm ul mim`trðl qum temlm mstn vmic`efnf, 40.61 Mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c ml ul vciubml fm mspn`ec mstî
y n pnrter fm mstc `ni`uim in mlmrkân qum fmdm ebprebersm ni y, z ) 2 x 4 + xy 4 +  yz . Fmtmrbelm mi `nbpc miå`-
fnfc pcr Q (x,  y,
mim`trðl pnrn ecleznr mi îtcbc fm jefrðkmlc. tre`c ml mstn rmkeðl ml in `ccrfmlnfn (0, 6, =).
•40.05 @untrc `nrkns pultunims mstîl fes- z  •40.6; Mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c fmltrc fm ul n`mimrnfcr fm pnr-
pumstns ml ul `unfrnfc `uyc infc tâ`uins fm >8.8 b fm iclketuf mstî fnfc pcr Q  2  2 (0 888 ‐ = x 4/
X (8,8,`)
befm 4n, fclfm n 2 4.; `b. Vrms 

b4) Q, fclfm x  ms

fm ins `nrkns temlml bnkletuf
>.= l@, y in bnkletuf fm in

 ms in festnl`en fm in pin`n ezquemrfn n ic inrkc
 q
n fmi tudc fmi n`mimrnfcr, `cbc bumstrn in aekurn.
n q

n) Fmtmrbelm uln mxprmseðl pnrn mi `nbpc miå`tre`c n ic inrkc

ctrn ms ‐>.= l@, `cbc bums- n
fmi tudc fmi n`mimrnfcr.
n
trn in aekurn. ³@uîi ms mi vnicr q  y 
q d) ]l prctðl
prctðl sm iedmrn n pnrter fm rmpcsc ml x  2
 2 6.88 b. @ni-
fmi pctml`eni miå`tre`c kmlm- x 
rnfc pcr mstns `untrc `nrkns `uim in n`mimrn`eðl
`) ³@uîi fmi prctðl
ms in vmic`efnf gustc fmspuås
fm ebpn`tc prctfmðlqum
fmi prctðl sm iedmrn.
`unlfcied mrn.
(y se)
pultunims ml mi pultc X  2 2 (8, 8, `), fclfm ` 2 6.>. `b3
`jc`n `cltrn in pin`n3
•40.68 In dnrrn fm piîste`c fm iclketuf I bcstrnfn ml in aeku-
rn temlm uln festredu`eðl fm `nrkn ielmni lc uleacrbm   2 `x, 
fclfm ` ms uln `clstnltm pcsetevn. Ml`umltrm uln mx-
prmseðl pnrn mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c ml mi pultc X  sc-
 sc-
drm mi mgm y , n uln festnl`en y  fmi
 fmi mxtrmbc fm in dnrrn. •40.6: ]l pinlc elaeletc fm `nrkn temlm uln festredu`eðl fm
`nrkn uleacrbm fm +6.88 l@/b 4 y mstî ude`nfn ml mi pinlc yz  ml ml
x  2
 2 8. N +>>.8 l@ ms uln `nrkn pultuni aegn x  2
 2 +4.88 b.
n) Ml`umltrm mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c Q (x ) scdrm mi mgm x  fmsfm
  fmsfm
•• 40.6> ]l `nbpc miå`tre`c vnrân ml mi mspn`ec smk÷l mstn 8 9 x  9
 9 +4.88 b.
m`un`eðl7 M 2 M8 xm‐ x xˁ .  d) ³Ml quå pcse`eðl c pcse`eclms scdrm mi mgm x  mltrm
 mltrm x  2
 2 8 y


x  2
 2 +4.88 b mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c ms ul bâlebc3
n) ³Xnrn quå vnicr fm x  mi mi `nbpc miå`tre`c temlm su vnicr bîxe-
bc, x bîx3 `) ³Fðlfm, scdrm mi mgm x  mltrm
 mltrm x  2
 2 8 b y x  2
 2 +4.88 b ms pcsedim
d) ³@uîi ms in feamrml`en
feamrml`en fm pctml- `cic`nr uln `nrkn pultuni  pcsetevn fm bcfc
    ∄Q qum lc sm bumvn3
    ∄Q 
  oq   ∄Q 
`eni mltrm ics pultcs x  2
 2 8 y x  2
 2 x bîx3 •40.65 ]sm Q  2 ,   M x   2 ‐ ,   M y   2 ‐  y M z   2 ‐  pnrn
r  ∄x  ∄ y  ∄z 
T
••40.64 Cdtmlkn uln mxprmseðl pn- >

x  cdtmlmr uln mxprmseðl pnrn mi `nbpc miå`tre`c fm uln `nrkn

rn mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c n ic inrkc
fmi mgm (mi mgm x ) fm ul fes`c `cl ul
creae`ec ml mi `mltrc, `cbc bums-
trn in aekurn, fclfm T> y T4 scl ics
rnfecs eltmrlc y mxtmrlc fmi fes`c,
rmspm`tevnbmltm. ³@uîi smrân mi pctml`eni se T> 2 83
pultuni, q.
T 4
• 40.=8Fmbumstrm qum ul mim`trðl ml ul pctml`eni miå`tre`c
ulefebmlseclni Q (x ) 2 Nx 4, fclfm in `clstnltm N ms ul l÷bm-
rc rmni pcsetevc, mgm`utn bcvebemltc nrbðle`c sebpim nirmfm-
fcr fmi crekml. ³@uîi ms mi pmrecfc fm msm bcvebemltc3


Mi `nbpc miå`tre`c, M(r ),  y mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c,



•• 40.=>
Pm``eðl 40.= Q (r  ), sm `ni`uinl n pnrter fm in festredu`eðl fm `nrkn  (r  ), ni
 

40.60 Pm mstndim`m ul `nbpc miå`tre`c ml uln dnrrn lc ule- eltmkrnr in imy fm @cuicbd y iumkc mi `nbpc miå`tre`c. Ml in
acrbm. Pm usn ul vcitâbmtrc pnrn bmfer in feamrml`en fm pctml- ctrn ferm``eðl, mi `nbpc y in festredu`eðl fm `nrkn sm fmtmr-
`eni mltrm mi mxtrmbc ezquemrfc fm in dnrrn y ul pultc n uln belnl n pnrter fmi pctml`eni bmfenltm feamrml`en`eðl efðlmn.
festnl`en x  fm
 fm mstm mxtrmbc. Mi prc`msc sm rmpetm y sm ml`uml-
trn qum ics fntcs mstîl fms`retcs pcr in rmin`eðl Q  2  2 4;8x 4, Pupclkn
pn`ec mstîqum mi pctml`eni
fnfc pcr Q (r ) 2miå`tre`c mlr uln
Q 8 mxp (‐ 4 4 krnl rmkeðl fmi ms-
/n ), fclfm Q 8 y n scl
4
fclfm Q  temlm
 temlm ulefnfms Q/b . ³@uîi ms in `cbpclmltm x  fmi
 fmi
`nbpc miå`tre`c ml ul pultc n >0 `b fmi mxtrmbc ezquemrfc `clstnltms y r 2 x4 + y4 + z 4    ms in festnl`en ni crekml.


fm in dnrrn3 n) Ml`umltrm mimi `nbpc miå`tre`c M(r ) ml mstn rmkeðl.


 

;;8 @npâtuic 40 Xctml`eni miå`tre`c

d) Fmtmrbelm in fmlsefnf fm `nrkn  (r  ) ml mstn rmkeðl, qum



f ) Ml`umltrm in mlmrkân pctml`eni tctni nibn`mlnfn ml in `clae-

crekeln mi pctml`eni y mi `nbpc. kurn`eðl aelni fm q>, q4 y q0.
`) Ml`umltrm in `nrkn tctni ml mstn rmkeðl. •40.=; Fcs dcins bmtîie`ns fm bnsn b> 2 =.88 k (feîbmtrc 2

f ) Msdc`m in festredu`eðl fm `nrkn qum pcfrân crekelnr tni =.88 bb) y b4 2 :.88 k (feîbmtrc 2 :.88 bb) temlml `nrkns
`nbpc miå`tre`c. pcsetevns fm q> 2 =.88 l@ y q4 2 :.88 l@, rmspm`tevnbmltm. ]ln
aumrzn ins bnltemlm ml su pcse`eðl fm bcfc qum ics `mltrcs ms-
•• 40.=4 Mi jnz fm mim`trclms mbetefc pcr ul `nþðl mim`trð-
tîl smpnrnfcs pcr :.88 bb. ³@uîims scl sus vmic`efnfms uln vmz
le`c ms `cltrcinfc (ferekefc) `cl fcs `clgultcs fm pin`ns pn-
qum sm rmtern in aumrzn y mstîl smpnrnfns pcr uln krnl festnl`en3
rnimins `clfu`tcrns7
bcvebemltc vmrte`ni ul
fmi`clgultc
jnz y ul jcrezcltni pnrn `cltrcinr
`clgultc vmrte`ni pnrn `cl-mi
Xrcdimbns nfe`eclnims
trcinr mi bcvebemltc jcrezcltni fmi jnz. Mi jnz sm mbetm `cl
40.=: Fcs prctclms ml rmpcsc smpnrnfcs pcr >.88 bb sm iedm-
uln vmic`efnf ele`eni fm 4.88 » >8; b/s. Mi nl`jc fm ins pin`ns
rnl sebuitîlmnbmltm. ³@uîi ms in vmic`efnf fm `uniquemrn fm
ms f  2
 2 =.88 `b, in smpnrn`eðl mltrm ins pin`ns ms F 2 6.88 `b y in
ics prctclms ml mi elstnltm ml mi qum mstîl smpnrnfcs pcr uln
festnl`en mltrm ics dcrfms fm ins pin`ns y uln pnltniin cdgmtevc ms
festnl`en fm >8.8 bb3
I 2 68.8 `b. @unlfc lc sm npie`n lelk÷l vcitngm, mi jnz fm mim`-
trclms `jc`n ml mi crekml fmi sestmbn fm `ccrfmlnfns xy  scdrm
 scdrm in 40.=5 ]ln dntmrân fm >4 Q mstî `c-

pnltniin fm cdsmrvn`eðl. ³^uå vcitngms fmdml npie`nrsm n ics fcs lm`tnfn mltrm uln msamrn bmtîie`n
`clgultcs fm pin`ns pnrn qum mi jnz fm mim`trclms el`efn ml ul jum`n fm rnfec > b y temrrn, `cbc >4 Q

cdgmtevc ude`nfc scdrm in pnltniin fm cdsmrvn`eðl ml ins `ccrfm- bumstrn in aekurn. ³@uîims scl mi
lnfns (x , y ) 2 (8 `b, :.88 `b)3 `nbpc miå`tre`c y mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c fmltrc fm in msamrn
bmtîie`n jum`n3
Pm``eðl 40.1 40.18 ]ln dcin bmtîie`n sðiefn `cl rnfec 0.88 b temlm uln
40.=0 Ins rmn``eclms fm auseðl lu`imnr rmquemrml qum l÷`imcs `nrkn fm 6.88 b@. Pe mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c ms `mrc imgcs fm in
`cl `nrkn
aumrzn pcsetevn smmim`trcstîte`n.
fm rmpuiseðl nprcxebml dnstnltm
@cbc ulmltrm sâ, `cltrn
sebpim in
mgmbpic, dcin, ³`uîi ms mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c ml `nfn uln fm ins sekueml-
tms pcse`eclms3
supclkn qum ul prctðl sm fespnrn `cltrn ctrc prctðl fmsfm n) Ml r  2
 2 8 b, mi `mltrc fm in dcin.
uln krnl festnl`en. ³^uå mlmrkân `elåte`n fmdm prcpcr`eclnr-
sm ni prctðl bðvei pnrn qum iimkum n bmlcs fm >.88 » >8 ‐>=  b d) Ml r  2
 2 0.88 b, scdrm in supmrae`em fm in dcin.
fmi cdgmtevc3 Pupclkn qum c`urrm uln `cieseðl arcltni y qum mi `) Ml r  2
 2 =.88 b.
cdgmtevc sm bnltemlm ml su setec. 40.1> ]ln iîbeln nesinltm ml mi pinlc xy  mstî
  mstî `nrknfn uleacr-
40.=6 In aeseðl fm ul l÷`imc fm ]rnlec (qum `cltemlm 54 prc- bmbmltm `cl uln festredu`eðl fm `nrkn    2 0.= » >8‐1  @/b4.
tclms) prcfu`m ul l÷`imc fm Dnrec (=1 prctclms) y ul l÷`imc ³@uîi
 
ms mi `nbdec ml pctml`eni `unlfc uln `nrkn fm ^ 2 >.4=
fm Oreptðl (01 prctclms). Ics arnkbmltcs sm fespmrsnl `cbc @ sm bumvm  fmsfm in pcse-  y 
rmsuitnfc fm in rmpuiseðl mim`trcstîte`n7 tmrbelnl pcr surker `eðl N jnstn in pcse`eðl D  ^
`cl uln mlmrkân `elåte`n tctni fm 488 bmQ. ]sm mstn elacrbn- ml in aekurn3  N
D
`eðl pnrn mstebnr mi tnbnþc fmi l÷`imc fm ]rnlec? ms fm`er, 0.8 b
 y 
trntm ni Dnrec y ni Oreptðl `cbc `nrkns pultunims y `ni`uim in   6.8 b 4.8 b

smpnrn`eðl mltrm miics ni ele`ec fmi prc`msc. ^ x 

 N
40.== ]l ecl fm Fmutmrec y ul ecl fm Vretec temlml ‖`nfn D z 
0.8 b
ulc‖ `nrkn +m. ³^uå trndngc fmdm rmnieznrsm scdrm mi ecl fm 6.8 b
4.8 b
Fmutmrec pnrn iimvnric n uln festnl`en bmlcr qum >8‐>6 b fmi  
x 
ecl fm Vretec3 Åstn ms in festnl`en n in qum ics fcs eclms pumfml Qestn intmrni
auseclnrsm `cbc rmsuitnfc fm aumrtms eltmrn``eclms lu`imnrms
qum supmrnl in rmpuiseðl mim`trcstîte`n, pnrn prcfu`er ul l÷- 40.14 Pupclkn qum ul mim`trðl fmltrc
  fm ul tudc fm rnycs
`imc fm Jmiec-=. Mxprmsm mi trndngc ml mim`trclvcitecs. `ntðfe`cs mbpemzn n pnrter fmi rmpcsc y ms n`mimrnfc pcrp cr mi vci-
tngm fmi tudc fm 4>.5 oQ. ³@uîi ms in vmic`efnf (ml ob/s) `cl
•40.=1 Vrms `nrkns, q>, q4 y q0, mstîl ude`nfns ml ics vårte`ms qum mi mim`trðl (bnsn 2 5.>> » >8‐0> ok) `jc`n `cltrn in pnltniin
fm ul treîlkuic mqueiîtmrc fm infc >.4 b. Ml`umltrm mi trndngc fmi tudc3
rmnieznfc scdrm `nfn ulc fm ics `nscs sekuemltms.
40.10 In aekurn bumstrn uln msamrn sðiefn `clfu`tcrn (rnfec
n) Iimvnr in prebmrn pnrtâ`uin, q> 2 >.8 p@, fmsfm mi elaeletc fm T  2 >: `b, `nrkn fm q  2 1.> » >8‐1  @). @ni`uim mi pctml`eni
jnstn X . X  miå`tre`c ml ul pultc n 46 `b fmi  y 
d) Iimvnr in smkulfn pnr- `mltrc (pultc  N), ul pultc scdrm in
tâ`uin, q4 2 4.8 p@, fmsfm mi supmrae`em (pultc D) y ml mi `mltrc fm
elaeletc jnstn ^. in msamrn (pultc @ ).
). Pupclkn qum mi @  D  N
`) Iimvnr in ÷itebn pnrtâ`uin, pctml`eni miå`tre`c ms `mrc ml pultcs x 
T
q0 2 0.8 p@, fmsfm mi elaeletc elaeletnbmltm imgcs fmi crekml fmi ses-
jnstn T. ^ T tmbn fm `ccrfmlnfns.
 

Xrcdimbns ;;>

40.16 ]l kmlmrnfcr Qnl Qnl fm Krnnaa fm nuin n`ubuin uln `nrkn

` nrkn •40.;> Fcs msamrns bmtîie`ns temlml rnfecs fm >8.8 `b y =.8 `b,
fm >.88 » >8‐1 @ scdrm su `clfu`tcr msaåre`c, `uyc rnfec befm rmspm`tevnbmltm. In bnkletuf fmi `nbpc miå`tre`c scdrm in su-
>8.8 `b y sms m ml`umltrn scdrm uln `ciubln nesinltm. Eklcrm ics pmrae`em fm `nfn msamrn ms 0 188. Q/b. Iumkc, ins fcs msamrns sm
mam`tcs fm in dnsm fmi kmlmrnfcr c fm `uniquemr ctrc cdgmtc c `clm`tnl n ul inrkc ninbdrm bmtîie`c. Fmtmrbelm in bnkletuf
`nbpc y ml`umltrm mi pctml`eni ml in supmrae`em fm in msamrn. fmi `nbpc miå`tre`c scdrm in supmrae`em fm `nfn msamrn `unlfc ms-
Pupclkn qum mi pctml`eni ms `mrc ml mi elaeletc. tîl `clm`tnfns.
40.1= ]l kmlmrnfcr Qnl fm Krnnaa temlm ul `clfu`tcr ms- •40.;4 ]l nleiic `cl `nrkn ^ y rnfec T mstî ml mi pinlc xy ,
aåre`c fm rnfec 4=.8 `b. Xumfm prcfu`er ul `nbpc miå`tre`c `mltrnfc ml mi crekml. ³@uîi ms mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c n uln fes-
bîxebc fm 4.88 » >81  Q/b. ³@uîims scl mi vcitngm y in `nrkn tnl`en x  pcr
  pcr nrredn fmi `mltrc fmi nleiic3 Cdtmlkn mi `nbpc
bîxebcs qum pumfm scpcrtnr3 miå`tre`c n pnrter fm mstn rmin`eðl.
6
40.11 ]l prctðl `cl uln vmic`efnf fm >.40 » >8  b/s sm bum- •40.;0 ]ln `nrkn fm 8.1:> l@ mstî `cic`nfn ml x  2   2 8. Ctrn
 vm fmsfm mi elaeletc ferm`tnbmltm jn`en ul smkulfc prctðl. `nrkn fm 8.>1; l@ mstî `cic`nfn ml x > 2 >8.5 `b scdrm mi mgm x .
Pupclkn qum mi smkulfc prctðl mstî aegc ml m l su setec, ml`umltrm n) ³@uîi ms mi pctml`eni mim`trcstîte`c `cbdelnfc fm fm mstns fcs
in pcse`eðl ml in qum mi prctðl bðvei sm fmtemlm bcbmltîlmn- `nrkns ml x  2
 2 48.> `b, tnbdeål scdrm mi mgm x 3
bmltm nltms fm rmkrmsnr.
d) ³Ml quå pultc c pultcs scdrm mi mi mgm x  mstm
  mstm pctml`eni temlm
40.1; Fcs msamrns bmtîie`ns fm rnfecs r >  2 >8.8 `b y r 4  2 ul bâlebc3
48.8 `b, rmspm`tevnbmltm, sm jnl `nrknfc pcsetevnbmltm fm
•40.;6 ]ln `nrkn pultuni fm +4.8 @ mstî `cic`nfn ml (4.= b,
bcfc qum nbdcs temlml uln `nrkn tctni fm >88. @.
0.4 b). ]ln smkulfn `nrkn pultuni fm ‐0.> @ mstî `cic`nfn ml
n) ³@uîi ms in rnzðl fm sus festredu`eclms fm `nrkn supmrae- (‐4.> b,>.8 b).
`enims3
n) ³@uîi ms mi pctml`eni mim`trcstîte`c ml mi crekml3
d) Pe ins fcs msamrns mstîl `clm`tnfns
`clm`tnfns pcr ul ninbdrm fm `c-
d) N ic inrkc fm uln rm`tn qum pnsn pcr nbdns `nrkns pultun-
drm, ³`uîltn `nrkn aiuym pcr mi ninbdrm nltms fm qum mi sestmbn
iimkum ni mqueiedrec3 ims,
`mrc3 ³ml quå pultc(s) mi (ics) pctml`eni(ms) ms (scl) ekuni(ms) n
40.1: In msamrn bmtîie`n sðiefn fm rnfec n  2 ‐1
• 40.;= ]ln `nrkn tctni fm ^ 2 6.4 » >8  @ mstî `cic`nfn scdrm
8.488 b bcstrnfn ml in aekurn temlm uln festre-
uln msamrn `clfu`tcrn (msamrn >) fm rnfec T 2 8.68 b.
du`eðl fm `nrkn supmrae`eni fm  . In feam-
rml`en fm pctml`eni mltrm in supmrae`em n) ³@uîi ms mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c, Q >, ml in supmrae`em fm in
fm in msamrn y ul pultc X  n  n uln festnl- msamrn > se sm supclm qum mi pctml`eni elaeletnbmltm imgcs fm
`en r X 2 8.=88 b ni `mltrc fm in msamrn ms åstn ms `mrc3 ( Pukmrml`en7 ³@uîi ms mi `nbdec ml pctml`eni se
Q  2
 2 Q supmrae`eni ‐ Q X 2 +6  Q
 Q 2 +>4.=11 uln `nrkn sm iimvn fmsfm mi elaeletc, fclfm Q (∜)(∜) 2 8, jnstn in
Q. Fmtmrbelm mi vnicr fm  . supmrae`em fm in msamrn3)
40.15 ]ln pnrtâ`uin `cl uln `nrkn fm +=.8 @ sm iedmrn fmsfm
d) ]ln smkulfn msamrn `clfu`tcrn (msamrn 4) fm rnfec r  2  2 8.>8
mi rmpcsc ml ul pultc scdrm mi mgm x , fclfm x  2  2 8.>8 b. In pnr- b, `cl uln `nrkn ele`eni lmtn fm `mrc (q 2 8), mstî `clm`tnfn
tâ`uin mbpemzn n bcvmrsm `cbc rmsuitnfc fm in prmsml`en fm n in msamrn > pcr bmfec fm ul inrkc ninbdrm bmtîie`c fmiknfc.
uln `nrkn fm +5.8 @ qum pmrbnlm`m aegn ml mi crekml. ³@uîi ³@uîltn `nrkn aiuym fm in msamrn > n in msamrn 4 pnrn qum iimkuml
ms in mlmrkân `elåte`n fm in pnrtâ`uin ml mi elstnltm ml mi qum ni mqueiedrec3 ³@uîims scl ics `nbpcs miå`tre`cs ml ins supmrae-
`ems fm ins fcs msamrns3
pnsn pcr mi pultc x  2
 2 8.48 b3 • 40.;1 ]ln pmqumþn iâlmn fm  y 
40.;8 In msamrn qum sm bumstrn ml in aekurn temlm ul rnfec
fm 4.88 bb y trnlspcrtn uln `nrkn fm +4.88 @ festreduefn `nrkn mstî nielmnfn n ic inrkc I
uleacrbmbmltm ml tcfc su vciubml. ³@uîi ms in feamrml`en fm fmi mgm  y  pcsetevc
  pcsetevc fmsfm 8 ≦ y
pctml`eni, Q D ‐ Q N, se mi îlkuic mltrm ics fcs rnfecs jn`en ics ≦ I, `cl I 2 6.8 `b. In `nrkn
pultcs  N  y D  ms 18.8¸3 ³In feamrml`en fm pctml`eni fmpmlfm lc mstî festreduefn uleacrbm-
fmi îlkuic3 ³In rmspumstn smrân in besbn se in festredu`eðl fm bmltm, selc qum temlm uln `nr-
x 
`nrkn tuvemrn uln fmpmlfml`en
fmp mlfml`en nlkuinr,   2
 2   ()3 kn pcr ulefnf fm iclketuf fm
‐; 4
  2 Ny
 Ny,, `cl N 2 :.8 » >8  @/b .
Pupclkn qum mi pctml`eni miå`-
tre`c ms `mrc n uln festnl`en
elaeletn, ml`umltrm mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c ml ul pultc scdrm mi
mgm x  `cbc
 `cbc uln aul`eðl fm x . Xrcpcr`eclm mi vnicr fmi pctml-
6.88 b
`eni miå`tre`c ml x  2 2 0.8 `b.
18.8¸
4.88 bb
1.88 b
•40.;; Fcs `nrkns pultunims aegns mstîl scdrm mi mgm x . ]ln
`nrkn fm ‐0.88 b@ mstî ude`nfn ml x  2 2 +4.88 b y uln `nrkn
fm +=.88 b@ mstî ude`nfn ml x  2
 2 ‐6.88 b.
n) Ml`umltrm mi pctml`eni miå`tre`c, Q (x ),
), pnrn ul pultc nrde-
trnrec scdrm mi mgm x .
 

;;4 @npâtuic 40 Xctml`eni miå`tre`c

d) ³Ml quå pcse`eðl c pcse`eclms scdrm mi mgm x  sm

 sm `ubpim qum `) Jnkn ul prclðste`c
prclðste`c smbmgnltm pnrn mi `nbpc miå`tre`c.
Q (x ) 2 83
••40.:8 ]ln `nrkn pultni ^ sm `cic`n n uln festnl`en T fmi
`) Ml`umltrm M(x ) pnrn ul pultc nrdetrnrec scdrm mi mgm x . `mltrc fm uln msamrn `clfu`tcrn fm rnfec n, `cl T < n (in `nr-
•40.;: Ml ulc fm ics bnycrms mxpmrebmltcs fm aâse`n ml in kn pultuni mstî aumrn fm in msamrn). In msamrn mstî `clm`tnfn
jestcren sm befeð in rnzðl `nrkn-n-bnsn fm ul mim`trðl, q/b. Pe n temrrn? ms fm`er, `clm`tnfn n uln aumltm eiebetnfn y/c sube-
uln feamrml`en fm pctml`eni uleacrbm sm `rmn mltrm fcs pin`ns, fmrc festnltm fm `nrkn n pctml`eni `mrc. (Le in temrrn festnltm
pnrtâ`uins ntcbeznfns ‖`nfn uln `cl uln `nltefnf mltmrn fm le in `clmxeðl nam`tnl ferm`tnbmltm mi `nbpc miå`tre`c ml in
`nrkn‖ pumfml suspmlfmrsm ml mi mspn`ec. In jepðtmses ms qum  vm`elfnf fm in `nrkn fm in msamrn.) @cbc rmsuitnfc, in msamrn
ins pnrtâ`uins fm bnsn fms`clc`efn, B , `cltemlml ul l÷bmrc nfquemrm uln `nrkn fm seklc cpumstc ni seklc fm ^, y in `nrkn
lmtc, l, fm mim`trclms fm bnsn b y `nrkn q. Xnrn uln smpnrn- pultuni mxpmrebmltn uln aumrzn fm ntrn``eðl jn`en in msamrn.
`eðl fm pin`ns ekuni n f , ³`uîi ms in feamrml`en fm pctml`eni lm- n) Ml acrbn scrprmlfmltm,
scrprmlfmltm, mi `nbpc
`nbpc miå`tre`c  aumrn fm in ms-
`msnren pnrn suspmlfmr uln pnrtâ`uin fm bnsn  B  qum  qum `cltemlm  amrn ms mi besbc qum prcfu`erân in `nrkn pultuni ^ bîs uln
l mim`trclms lmtcs3 ³@uîi ms in n`mimrn`eðl fm in pnrtâ`uin se
`nrkn pultuni ebnkml mspm`uinr  ebnkelnren
 ebnkelnren q, `cl bnkletuf y
mi vcitngm sm rmfu`m n in betnf3 ³@uîi ms in n`mimrn`eðl fm in ude`n`eðl qum jn`ml fmi `clgultc fm pultcs `crrmspclfemltms
pnrtâ`uin se mi vcitngm sm nubmltn n in betnf3 n in supmrae`em fm in msamrn ul mquepctml`eni fm pctml`eni `mrc.
•40.;5 ]ln festredu`eðl fm `nrkn ielmni uleacrbm fm `nrkn Ms fm`er, in `nrkn pultuni ebnkelnren prcfu`m in besbn `cl-
tctni pcsetevn ^ temlm in acrbn fm ul smbe`âr`uic fm rnfec T, tredu`eðl fm `nbpc aumrn fm in msamrn qum in `nrkn supmrae`eni
`cbc bumstrn in aekurn.  vmrfnfmrn scdrm in msamrn. @ni`uim mi vnicr y in ude`n`eðl fm
n) Pel rmnieznr
rmnieznr lelk÷l `îi`u- q. ( Pukmrml`en7 Xcr sebmtrân, q fmdm mstnr ml nik÷l setec scdrm
 y  mi mgm qum pnsn pcr mi `mltrc fm in msamrn y in ude`n`eðl fm ^.)
ic, prclcstequm mi pctml`eni
miå`tre`c prcfu`efc pcr mstn d) @ni`uim in aumrzn mgmr`efn scdrm uln `nrkn pultuni ^ y fe-
festredu`eðl fm `nrkn ielmni f    fq rekefn jn`en in msamrn, ml tårbelcs fm ins `nltefnfms crekelnims,
ml mi pultc C. T ^, T y n.
d) @claerbm, pcr bmfec fm 
x  `) Fmtmrbelm in festredu`eðl
festredu`eðl fm `nrkn supmrae`eni lc uleacrbm
`îi`uics ferm`tcs, su prclðs- C  vmrfnfmrn scdrm in msamrn `clfu`tcrn.
te`c ml mi el`esc n).